Pharoahs and the After life: The Art Of Ancient Egypt

7/28/2019 Pharoahs and the After life: The Art Of Ancient Egypt

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Ancient Egypt


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History

Egyptian focus not on life, but on the afterlife inart, architecture, and living.Based around the Nile: worlds longest river, 1-12miles wide all along. Floods yearly (theme ofcontinual rebirth) brings fertilizing silt into areas thatwould otherwise get no moisture.The flooding of the Nile is the most importantfactor of prosperity of Ancient Egypt. Droughtshows gods displeasure, river is physical and symbolic

meeting of heaven and earth.Nile carried agricultural products and goods, alsoduring floods floated huge blocks of stone to buildingsites.


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Succession of pharaohs divided into dynasties.Absolute chronology is debated, ancient kingslist existed: from gods to kings in 31 dynasties.

Mesopotamian gods were mediators, pharaohsWERE gods. Rulers sons of Ra (sky god).

Divided geographically and politicallyinto Upper(southern upstream) and Lower (northerndownstream) Egypt.


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Egyptian Mythology

Osiris was murdered by brother Set. Mourned by sistersIsis and Nephthys, Isis recovered his body, temporarilyrestored his life and conceived a child: Horus.

When Horus became a man, battled and defeated Set.Horus depicted as a hawk or falcon.

Osiris is the god of the Nile: symbolically dies and isreborn each year.

Netherworld where dead wait to join sun god nightly,getting to the Field of Rushes with abundant grain. Fieldsurrounded by water, cross in ferryboat manned by Face-behind. Only those with just and honorable lives

succeeded.


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6Rosetta Stone

Rosetta stone (named aftercity found in by Napoleon in

1799) weighs 1,500 pounds,

was a thank-you note from a

pharoah to priests written in

3 texts.Written in Greek, demotic,and formal hieroglyphic

which led to the

deciphering of

hieroglyphics.


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Figure 3.1 People, boats, and animals, watercolor copy of a wall painting from tomb 100 atHierakonpolis, Egypt, Predynastic, ca. 35003200 BCE. Paint on plaster, approx. 16 3 long.Egyptian Museum, Cairo.

Funerary scene.Boats symbolizejourney down riverof life and death:

carry tomb cargo

and mourning

women (figures

above top boatshow grief by

outstretched

hands). When noblemandied women putmud in hair and

walked around

town beating

breasts.


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Palette of King Narmer

One of the earliest historical works preserved:victory over lower Egypt: becomes unified.Earlyblueprint of figure formula to last 3,000years. Profile head, legs and arms, front view of eyeand torso, inside of feet (both left), kneecapsstylized, wears bull tail at back.

Also contains hieroglyphics of Narmers name onthe back top center panel, making it the earliestlabeled work of art.


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*Figure 3-2 Palette of King Narmer (back), from Hierakonpolis, Egypt,Predynastic, ca. 30002920 BCE. Slate, approx. 2 1 high. Egyptian Museum,Cairo.

Back: Narmer wearshedjetof upper

Egypt.Human armed falconon man-headed

hieroglyph from the

land of papyrus

(lower) held by Horus

(god of upper).2 heads of Hathor(cow with womans

face) Threatening enemywith mace, holds by

hair (symbol of

domination) 2 more

enemies on bottom,

rectangle shape

fortified town.Servant standing behind with sandals: eventtaking place on holy ground.


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*Figure 3-2 Palette of King Narmer (front), from Hierakonpolis, Egypt,Predynastic, ca. 30002920 BCE. Slate, approx. 2 1 high. Egyptian Museum, Cairo.

Red cobra crown oflower, going to

inspect decapitated

enemies seen fromabove: heads in

between legs.Sandal bearer behind.Standard bearersbefore (may be

representatives of

different regions)Two roped cats incenter: unification?

Held make-up in

center: used in ritual

/protect from sun/fight

eye infection? Bull knocking down city: nude man inferior.


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Old KingdomPreoccupation in life to ensure safety/happiness innext.Main belief: from birth accompanied by other selfkaand that after death of body, Ka could inhabitcorpse or statue of person and live on: bodymust remain in tact (statue with name and titles,often later people would replace names and use

themselves).Back of tomb with false door with eye of Horusfor Ka to pass through: tombs full of food andobjects that would be necessary for survival.


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MummificationScribe marked spot on the side, another made incision: peltedand cursed as ran away; not supposed to hurt a member ofcommunity.Body soaked in brine for a month, hung out to dry.Embalming took 70 days: removed all organs except heart(thought necessary for life), organs placed in canopic jars.Brain thought useless and discarded.Body packed in natron (baking soda and salt mix, turned skinblack), later skin painted red for men, yellow for women.Within wrappings had charms, Book of the Deadbetween thelegs.Incision closed: eye of Horus amulet placed to ward off evil.Treated with oils and wrapped up to 20 times in linen, onionsunder eyelids, nested in coffins and stone sarcophagus.In middle ages, Europeans pulverized mummy remains andingested!! Thought great medicinal value. Also foundmummies of hundreds of thousands of cats!!


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Canopic jars, Egypt

Canopic jars for liver, lungs, stomach and intestines. Sometimes

buried below ground of sarcophagus.


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Figure 3-3 Section (left), plan (center), and restored view (right) of typical Egyptian mastaba tombs.

Mastaba with sloped sidesover tomb chamber

connected by a shaft for

access to Ka.Above ground: chapel forofferings to Ka and secret

cubicle for statue. Originally single burials,later multiple family.

Interior walls with coloredrelief carvings and

paintings from daily life for

food/entertainment to Ka.


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Figure 3.4 IMHOTEP, Stepped Pyramid and mortuary precinct of Djoser, Saqqara, Egypt, Dynasty III, ca. 26302611 BCE.

First artist known of recorded history: Imhotep; was a priest, scribe,physician: later thought of as a god.First to use cut-stone masonry.

Used during pharoahs life and after his death. Pyramids most popular during the Old Kingdom.From 3rd dynasty, inside ancient necropolis. First monumental royaltomb.


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Stepped pyramid: faces toward cardinal directions, combination ofmastabas and later true pyramids; Resembles ziggurats but as tomb, nottemple platform.

Stairs to sun god Ra: originally limestone veneer. Outer perimeter with 35 foot high wall to keep people away fromburials. Rooms outside pyramid to perform rites after death.

Figure 3-5 Restored plan (top)and view (bottom) of themortuary precinct of Djoser,Saqqara, Egypt, Dynasty III, ca.26302611 BCE.


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Pyramid burial

Texts in passageways for priest during burial, insistdestiny to join gods in the sky.Only Ka and priest could enter sanctuary.Priest would wash and clothe the gods statue everyday, twice giving meals (Ka derived nourishmentfrom the spirit of the food) which priests thenremoved and ate.Buried on the west side of the Nile (where sunsets).


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PyramidsClimax of pyramids in the 4th dynasty.Pharaohs thought sons of Re, spirit and powerresided in pyramid which would be preserved intomb.

Building: June-October: land flooded, populationidle, stone floated in. Housing for 4,000 workersfound near pyramid of Khafre, some records showpaid: temples built to honor their gods. Tombs and

bodies found miles away: all with back stress.Stone cut into cliff faces, deep into flawless stone,used stone or copper chisels, wooden mallets andwedges; rollers and sledges to move once out.


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The Great Pyramids

Shape: like sun shining through clouds, pharoahmounted rays into heaven.Took approximately 23 years to build (lifespan 35).2.3 million blocks, each about 2.5 tons.Dirt ramp built up as made, when completed tookaway dirt and carved glyphs on the way down.Perfectly aligned with the cardinal directions, using

very basic tools.When died, carried across Nile to temple: evenfound 143 foot long boat outside complex to ridein.


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*Figure 3-8 Great Pyramids, Gizeh, Egypt, Dynasty IV. From left: Pyramids

of Menkaure, ca. 24902472 BCE; Khafre, ca. 25202494 BCE; and Khufu, ca.25512528 BCE.

3 pyramids arranged inconfiguration of Orion(identified with Osiris);Khufu (largest, first),

Khafre (medium, son),and Menkaure (smallest,grandson) over 75 years. Originally covered in

dressed limestone: so

precisely matched, canbarely fit credit card

between slabs, most

removed and used in

Islamic architecture. Had gilded capstone atthe peak to reflect the

sun and for the pharahs

divine solar

identification.


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Figure 3-10 Model of the pyramid complex, Gizeh, Egypt. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Semitic Museum.1. Pyramid of Menkaure, 2. Pyramid of Khafre, 3. Mortuary temple of Khafre, 4. Causeway, 5. Great Sphinx6. Valley temple of Khafre, 7. Pyramid of Khufu, 8. Pyramids of the royal family and mastabas of nobles


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*Figure 3-9 Section of the Pyramid of Khufu, Gizeh, Egypt.

False chamber below,one airshaft points to

polar stars in north,another to Orion.

From Queens chamberaligns with star of Isis.

Passage to kingschamber with corbelledceiling: slabs of 400 ton

granite over to release

weight and allow

opening. Sarcophagus alsomade of granite: had to

be placed and built

around.


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Figure 3-11 Great Sphinx (with Pyramid of Khafre in the background at left), Gizeh, Egypt, Dynasty IV, ca. 25202494 BCE.Sandstone, approx. 65 high, 240 long.

Many tombs plundered as funeral ended, afterward started makingsmaller and inconspicuous. Khufus with many dead ends: still

plundered.


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Great Sphinx before Khafres temple, silent tomb guardian (like laterLamassu).

Lion figure with human head of Khafre, nemi scarf and folds only kingsallowed to wear. Carved from natural outcrop of stone: some layers

softer and have eroded. Head height of 6 story building, 13 feet wide.


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Figure 3-12 Khafre, from Gizeh, Egypt, DynastyIV, ca. 25202494 BCE. Diorite, approx. 5 6 high.Egyptian Museum, Cairo.

Image ofdeceased as

home for the

Ka, stone forroyals (one of

7 for Khafre).Made ofdiorite (from

royal quarry

700 miles

away)In sunlightdeep blue:

color of Horus

for the sky.


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Block Statuespopular in themiddle and new kingdoms

leave no space, unified with

throne.

Lotus and papyrus intertwined(unified), wings of Horus shelter

head, short pleated kilt, linen

headdress with cobra symbol,

false beard, still canon ofproportions.


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Figure 3-13 Menkaure and Khamerernebty (?), from Gizeh, Egypt, DynastyIV, ca. 24902472 BCE. Graywacke, approx. 4 6 1/2 high. Museum of Fine

Arts, Boston.

Canon of proportionscan be gridded to

side of stone before

carving to makecorrect (heel to hair

18 fists!!). Pharoah: arms down,hands in fists (bumps

could be cloth, orscroll ofpapyrus.

Left leg forward (no hip shift), taller,idealized body, repetition of rectangles makes

ceremonial. Queen: lower rank; foot less forward, morenaturalistic, arm bent, in embrace, smaller.

Gesture of marital status. Both originally painted, never completed.


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*Figure 3-14 Seated scribe (Kay?), from his mastaba at Saqqara, Egypt,Dynasty V, ca. 24502350 BCE. Painted limestone, approx. 1 9 high.

Louvre, Paris.

Unknown identity,crossed legs shows scribe.

Literacy only in priestsand government officials,

1-2% of elite literate.Right hand posed to writewith pen (lost), intelligent

and alert. On ground, carvesopenings, sagging chest

and belly, relaxed and

more realistic (would be

disrespectful andinappropriate for a god

-king). This scribe importantenough, had own tomb


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Figure 3-16 Ti watching a hippopotamus hunt, relief inthe mastaba of Ti, Saqqara, Egypt, Dynasty V, ca. 24502350 BCE. Painted limestone, hunting scene approx. 4

high.

Ti was a commoner, achievedpower at court and money to

build own mastaba.Shows hunting birds and hippos,foxes fleeing in profile:

provisions for Ka.Killing of hippos official duty ofcourt members: would damage

crops, also companions of Seth(god of darkness shows triumph

over evil)Water: wavy lines at the bottom.Ti much bigger in typicalrepresentation, servants more

natural. Left leg forward shows

man, body dead but spirit alive.


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Figure 3-17: Goats treading seed and cattle fording a canal, mastaba of Ti, Saqqara, Egypt

Same tomb,servants with

sheep and

cows, waterbelow.

Degree ofnaturalism

corresponds

with strata ofsocial order:

calf on

youths back

looking back

at mother forreassurance.

Tombpaintings in

fresco secco.


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The Middle Kingdom

2150 the power of the kings had been challenged,eventually united again under a single king: 11, 12,and 13th dynasties to revive. Unified 2000 years,little art remains (stolen for later)Literature of time makes reference to violence,hunger and misery. One man who argued with soulto abandon life and commit suicide but spirit repliesit would forever part.Pyramids on smaller scale to thwart thieves.Increased size of sarcophagus (literally flesh-eaters)for remains.


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The New Kingdom

Burial tombs still needed care: some 500 feet intohillsides, mortuary temples along Nile.Innovations of weaponry (bow and arrow) and war(horse-drawn chariot).Ahmose I made luxurious new capital at Thebes.Thutmose III (died in 51st year of reign) possibly greatestpharoah of Egyptian history, conquered Syria and

Mesopotamia, brought glassmaking.


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Queen Hatshepsut

Hatshepsut stepmother of Thutmose III; after her husband(and half-brother) Thutmose II died, she came to rule as regentfor 12 year old boy (whose mother was a minor wife). He tookover in his late 20s. Unknown how Hatshepsut died: naturally or

violently, many portraits destroyed after death by son who had hisascension slowed by her.Called self his majesty declared self king in 2nd year of reign.First female monarch of recorded history.

Dressed as male pharoah: headdress and kilt, sometimes beard,some sculptures more delicate with breasts.Ruled for 21 years, known for peaceful rule of most

powerful and prosperous empire in the world.


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*Figure 3-21 Mortuary temple of Hatshepsut (with the Middle Kingdom mortuary temple ofMentuhotep II at left), Deir el-Bahri, Egypt, Dynasty XVIII, ca. 14731458 BCE.

Not intended asmortuary temple,

wanted burial in

Valley of theKings.

Began in 7thyear, took 15

years. Partiallydestroyed by

earthquake and

Thutmose III.Built bySenmut: advisor,daughters

guardian,

lover(?). 3 terraces connected by ramps, had sphinxes, pools, plants,statues.

Relief showing her coronation and decorations usually forpharoahs.


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Figure 3-22 Hatshepsut with offering jars, from theupper court of her mortuary temple, Deir el-Bahri, Egypt,ca. 14731458 BCE. Red granite, approx. 8 6 high.Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

Most of her sculptures destroyed,here with offering jars pieced

back together after having been

smashed and thrown into dump.

Ritual honor of the sun god.Royal male headdress andpharaoh beard, had hacked off

cobra from front.


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36Mummified head of Ramses II

Ramses II last great warrior king,19th dynasty. After death of father

threw aside brother and became

king. Known for battle against theHittites to regain empire in Asia,

his victory shown on walls of his

temple. Cemented ties to the

Hittites by marrying theirprincesses.

Had 200 wives and concubines,sired 96 sons and 60 daughters

during 67 year reign. Outlived 13

heirs, died at 90. Found in 1881; skin, hair, andteeth still in tact. 58, curved

spine of age. Had dyed hair red,

peppercorns in nose to keep hook.


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Ramses II

Found burial in 1995 near KV5 with remains of manysons. Largest tomb ever found. Only partially excavated,(major floods every 50 years) could have lower level,robbed within 500 years of construction.Normally tombs with 5 rooms: here over 150. Manyimages of Ramses greeting sons into next world.

Temple of Ramses II had inscriptions that he usedprisoners of war as laborers, located in Nubia to proclaimidentification with Ra and show Egyptian domination.Also had temple for Queen and chief wife Nefertari.


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*Figure 3-23 Temple of Ramses II, Abu Simbel, Egypt, Dynasty XIX, ca. 12901224 BCE. Sandstone, colossi approx. 65 high.In 1968 tunneled 180 feet into cliff to move 600 feet higher for theflooding of the new Aswan dam (no more yearly floods)

4 colossal statues of self at front with typical headdress, each 65 feettall seated. Figures of family between legs.

Statues toppled by Christians: was pharaoh at time Moses left Egypt.


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Figure 3-23Alternate Viewview of rock-cut faade fr SE (moved to higher ground in 1960s)


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Figure 3-24 Interior of the temple of Ramses II, Abu Simbel(now relocated), Egypt, Dynasty XIX, ca. 12901224 BCE.Sandstone, pillar statues approx. 32 high.

Hypostyle hall eight 33 foot tallstatues of Osiris with face of

Ramses. Pillars not load-bearing. Atlantids


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*Figure 3-30 Fowling scene, from the tomb of Nebamun, Thebes, Egypt,Dynasty XVIII, ca. 14001350 BCE. Fresco on dry plaster, approx. 2 8 high.British Museum, London.

Nobleman scribe andcounter of grain.

In text: enjoyingrecreation in his eternal

afterlifeHunting with wife anddaughter (more

naturalistic, he is typical)Mens skin often darker(time outside), noble

women lighter, expected

to stay out of sun. Not static pose:swinging throwing stick.Water in usual way,

some shading on the

fish!! Abundance in afterlife.


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*Figure 3-31 Musicians and dancers, detail of a fresco from the tomb of Nebamun, Thebes, Egypt, Dynasty XVIII, ca. 14001350 BCE. Fragment approx. 1 x 2 3. British Museum, London.

From same tomb. At burial family would have meal at tomb, and everyyear after.

Noble guests in formal rows, servants and entertainers more realistic:profile shows lesser importance, two musicians facing forward: veryrarely attempted.

Shows soles of feet, shaded, movements of strands of hair, pleatedrobes.


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Models placed in tombs

Women in tomb artoften as

possessions. Many models fromtombs survive: not

wanted by robbers.Show commoneveryday events

continued into

afterlife.Top: womengrinding grain,butchering.

Bottom: rowers,

person of

importance under

canopy.


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New Kingdom: Amarna PeriodAmenhotep IV introduces monotheism, changes his name toAkhenaton (reviled god Amen, sacred to Thebes andtemples). Proclaims religion of Aton: enlarged powers of oldsun god to god of all men and moves capital to Akhetaten.

New and universal god, prophet of Aton: 17 year reign.Tried to annihilate memory of former gods; priests resented

diminuition of gods they had served.Devoted completely to religious reform: Hittites begantaking back territory. Letters from his father asking why hehas neglected land.Temporary relaxation of focus on death: literature withpoetry, celebrates physical beauty and sensual pleasures.


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*Figure 3-32 Akhenaton, from the temple of Aton, Karnak,Egypt, Dynasty XVIII, ca. 13531335 BCE. Sandstone, approx.

13 high. Egyptian Museum, Cairo.

Amarna period: elongated headand neck, intimate poses,

naturalistic, relaxed, androgynous

males.Curving contours, full-lipped,heavy lidded eyes.

Was physically a weak man: narrowchest, weak arms, pot belly,feminine hips. So realistic:

diagnosis of glandular disorder

Marfans syndrome. Another

symptom causes you to be cold

(explains sun god?)Holds crook and flail (for Osiris andEgyptian royalty). Combined hedjet

and deshnet crowns.


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Figure 3-32 Detailhead and upper torso from front center

2005 Saskia Cultural Documentation, Ltd.

Profile relief carving ofexaggerated features.


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Figure 3-33 THUTMOSE, Nefertiti, from Tell el-Amarna,Egypt, Dynasty XVIII, ca. 13531335 BCE. Painted limestone,approx. 1 8 high. gyptisches Museum, Berlin.

Model of Nefertiti, wife ofAkhenaton to be used when

making her royal portraits.

Unfinished (left eye), found in

artists studio with clay and casts

from life.

Exaggerated weight of crown(hair pulled up inside as well) and

length of neck, giving her flower

-like shape. Attempt at realism unknown,creases at corners of mouth showage.


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Figure 3-35 Akhenaton, Nefertiti, and three daughters, from Tell el-Amarna,Egypt, Dynasty XVIII, ca. 13531335 BCE. Limestone, approx. 12 1/4 high.

gyptisches Museum, Berlin.

Sunken relief of royalfamily. King and Queen

seated: Queen on throne

with plants of unifiedEgypt.

Children in unnaturalproportions of miniature

adults, behavior of

children.King kisses and patsdaughters, other stroking

mothers cheek, all 3

nude, younger shaved as

custom: older with patchof hair in braid.

Center: sun reachesdown, rays end in hands

and ankhs (breath of life).Akhenaton also made open-air altars for sungod worship.


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Figure 3-34 Tiye, from Gurob, Egypt, DynastyXVIII, ca. 13531335 BCE. Wood, with gold,silver, alabaster, and lapis lazuli, approx. 3 3/4high. gyptisches Museum, Berlin.

Tiye mother of Akhenaton,commoner by birth,

married for love. Older with lines andfurrows, carved wood,

ebony eyes with glass,

earrings of gold and lapis

lazuli.Covering original silverfoil headdress with cobras

and jewelry. Headcloth of

plaster and linen, small

blue beads added when sonin power for solar

references.


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New Kingdom:Tutankhamen

Akhenatons son by minor wife, ruled 9 years anddied at 18.Persuaded by priests to restorepolytheismand movecapital back to Thebes. Also changed name from

Tutankhaten.Best know for tomb discovery in tact in 1922.5,000 works of art including mummy. Toured in 1970,

greatest number of visitors recorded for any singletour of works.Shows what wealth others must have had!! Alsocould be more wealthy due to restoring polytheism.


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Tutankhamen tomb Discovery

Howard Carter made the discovery, had beendigging for 6 years and was twice within 2 yards of the

tombs entrance. When he found, lit a match into thedark and saw everywhere the glint of gold.

Fruit, flowers, camp bed, toy box, 4 chariotscovered in gold, golden couches, walls, solid golddeath mask.

Outside: death shall come on swift wings to himwho disturbs the peace of the king. More than 20

people connected to unsealing died under mysteriouscircumstances


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Tutankhamen tomb Discovery continuedLord Canarvon (paid for expedition) came for tombopening. Went to Aswan and was bitten on cheek bymosquito: shaved and opened wound, becameinfected. No antibiotics: died at 57.

At exact moment of death, all electricity went out inCairo.Cobra snake got into Carters house and ate his petcanary.

Vultures (signs of lower Egypt) circled tomb all day.1972 artifacts at British museum, weeks beforeforeman of museum dropped dead: crews sworn tosecrecy not to mention curse.


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Back of chair in tomb of Tutankhamen, Thebes, Egypt, Dynasty XVIII, ca.1323 BCE. Egyptian Museum, Cairo.

Chair back fromTuts tomb: he and

wife enthroned

with sign of Aten,

not as formal. Remnants of hisfathers reign


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Tutankhamens Sarcophagus

Royal mummy inside 3 coffins shaped as Osiris.Outermost 2 in wood with gilded gold, inside solid

gold weighing 250 pounds.

Tut found in original state: dried flowers and beadson chest, linen around head. End of mummy ritualpoured gallons of oil into coffin: made face affix tomask and body stick to coffin: had to cut into parts to

remove.In linen found over 100 pieces of jewelry.Tut had spine disease: found 130 walking sticks.


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*Figure 3-36 Innermost and middle

coffin of Tutankhamen, from his

tomb at Thebes, Egypt, Dynasty

XVIII, ca. 1323 BCE. Gold with

inlay of enamel and semiprecious

stones, approx. 6 1 long. Egyptian

Museum, Cairo.

Both innermost andmiddle with beatengold, lapis lazuli,

turquoise, etc. Rigid pose, closedspaces, holding

crook and flail (usedto thresh grain,

associated with

Osiris).Two goddessesprotecting head,wings around upper

body of Horus.


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*Figure 3-37 Death mask of Tutankhamen, from theinnermost coffin in his tomb at Thebes, Egypt, DynastyXVIII, ca. 1323 BCE. Gold with inlay of semipreciousstones, 1 9 1/4 high. Egyptian Museum, Cairo.

Death mask with relaxedface, confident in afterlife.

Unusually full lips and thinnose hints at Amarna style.

Mask to prove personbelonged with kings,

inscription from the Book ofthe Dead on the back.


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Figure 3-38 Painted chest, from the Tomb of Tutankhamen, Thebes, Egypt, ca. 13331323 BCE. Wood, approx. 1 8 long. Egyptian Museum, Cairo.

Lid shows Tut asgreat hunter: side

great warrior (too

young to fight butmust be shown as

conqueror).Tut larger, drawingbow against Asian

enemies who fall in

confusion into desert

surface with dots.

Slays in great

numbers. Vulture goddessshelters with wings.

3 sets of chariots

behind: increases

army.


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Book of the DeadBook of the Dead to help survive tests: placed amongmummy. Illustrated on papyrus scrolls, some 70 feetlong.Some sold with owners name inscribed in blank space,costing a middle class person 6 months salary: worth theprice; importance of afterlife.Last judgement: if worthy of eternal life. Weighs heart(seat of soul) against feather (of goddess Maat: protector

of truth and right).


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*Figure 3-39 Last judgment of Hu-Nefer, from his tomb at Thebes, Egypt, Dynasty XIX, ca.12901280 BCE. Painted papyrus scroll, approx. 1 6 high. British Museum, London.

Ammit (half hippo/lion) waits to devour sinful.Above witnesses. Ibis headed god Thoth stenographer, (inventedhieroglyphics).

After justified, brought to Horus (falcon head) to green faced Osiris(shown mummified in white shroud, floating on natron)

Four sons of Horus entrusted with organ on lotus blossom out of lake. Goddess Isis and Nephys to receive eternal life.

Led intohall by

Anubis

(jackalhead, god

of

embalming)

adjustsscales.


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Opening of the Mouth, from the Last Judgement of Hu-Nefer

Restored the mummies ability to breath, feel, hear, and speak. Mostimportant: can say prayers to get into the next world.

Priest with leopard skin, altar, two priests in white robes with ritualobjects.

Two mourning women, mummy, and Anubis. Stele tomb behind withpyramid.


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Figure 3-40 Mentuemhet, from Karnak, Egypt, Dynasty XXVI, ca. 650BCE. Granite, approx. 4 5 high. Egyptian Museum, Cairo.

Late Period: Egypt lost commandingrole, empire dwindled, land invaded and

ruled by foreign powers. Mentemhet is last mentioned reign, 25thdynasty in 7th century b.c.e.

Rigid, frontal, arms at side, left legadvanced, only realism in head and

double-wig differs from Old Kingdom.

Pharoahs and the After life: The Art Of Ancient Egypt

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