Pharmacology Part 2 Medication Classifications Toine Penick, LPN, CST Antibiotic Antibacterial (not effective against virus) Classifications Aminogycosides ex. Gentamycin, Neomycin Cephalosporin ex. Cephalexin (Keflex) Macrolides/Erythromycins ex. Azithromycin (Zithromax) Penicillins Tetracyclines Quinolones ex. Ciprofloxin (Cipro) Glycopeptides ex. Vancomycin Sulfonamides ex. Trimetoprim (Bactrum & Septra) Metronidazole (Flagyl) Polymixin-B sulfate Adrenergic Increases blood pressure Dilates bronchioles Examples Ephinepherine Phenylephrine HCl (Neo-Synephrine) Antiarrhythmic Correct cardiac dysrhythmia Examples Lidocaine Procainamide HCl (Pronestyl) Potassium Chloride Miscellaneous Cardiac Cardiac glycoside - Increase cardiac output Digitoxin (Lanoxin) Coronary Artery Dilator - Increases blood flow to the heart Nitroglycerine Vasodilator Dilate peripheral blood vessels Papaverine Vasopressor Vasoconstrictor, raises B/P Vaspressin Norepinephrine Metaraminol Antihypertensive Reduce blood pressure Classifications Diuretics Vasodilators Adrenergic receptor antagonist Atenolol (Tenormin) Metoprolol (Toprol & Lopressor) Adrenergic receptor agonst Clonidine (Catapress) Calcium Channel Blockers Verapamil (Calan) Diltiazem (Cardizem) ACE Inhibitor Lisinopril (Zestril & Prinivil) Diuretic Increases urinary output Reduces edema Decreases blood volume to decrease B/P Examples Furosemide (Lasix) Mannitol Antimuscarinic (anticholinergic) Block secretions Prevent laryngospasm Prevent reflex bradycardia Increase heart rate Increase respiratory rate Examples Atropine sulfate Glycopyrrolate (Robinul) Bronchodilator Expand lumens of upper respiratory passages Examples Aminophylline Ephedrine sulfate Albuterol (Proventil, Ventolin) Antihistamine Counteract allergic reaction Examples Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) Antiemetic Reduce nausea Prevent vomiting Examples Droperidol (Inapsine) Metoclopramine (Reglan) Ondansetron (Zofran) Histamine 2 (H 2 ) Decrease gastric acidity and volume Examples Cimetidine (Tagamet) Rantidine (Zantac) Antianxiety Reduce anxiety May have antiemetic properties Potentiate anesthesia Examples Diazepam (Valium) Hydroxine HCl (Atarax) Promethazine HCl (Phenergan) Midazolam (Versed) Phenobarbital sodium Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Reduce edema Prevent swelling Treat shock Examples Dexamethasone (Decadron) Hydrocortisone (Cortisol) Methylprednisolone (Medrol) Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Reduce inflammation Examples Ketorolac tromethamine (Toradol) Ibuprophen (Advil, Motrin) Naproxen (Aleve) Aspirin Analgesic (narcotic) Minimize perception of pain Potentiate anesthesia Examples Codeine Fentanyl citrate (Sublimaze) Meperidine HCl (Demerol) Morphine sulfate (Duramorph, Astrapmorph) Anesthetics Produce and maintain systemic anesthesia Inhalation agents Enflurane (Ethrane) Desflurane (Suprane) Halothane (Fluothane) Sevoflurane (Ultane) Isoflurane (Forane) Nitrous Oxide Intravenous agents Propofol (Diprovan) Etomidate (Amidate) Thiopental sodium (Pentothal sodium) Methohexital sodium (Brevital) Ketamine HCL (Ketalar) Neurmuscular blocking agents Produce total skeletal muscle paralyzation Examples Succinylcholine (Anectine) Mivacurium chloride (Mivacron) Rocuronium bromide (Zimuron) Cisatracurium besylate (Nimbex) Vecuronium bromide (Norcuron) Nerve conduction blocking agents Produce local or regional anesthesia Examples Bupivacaine HCl (Marcaine, Sensorcaine) Lidocaine HCl (Xylocaine) Tetracaine HCl (Cetacaine) Procaine HCl (Novocaine) Electrolytes Calcium Chloride Myocardial stimulant Magnesium Sulfate Prevent seizures in eclamptic patients Sodium Bicarbonate Combat metabolic acidosis Miscellaneous Dantrolene Sodium Skelatal muscle relaxant used to treat malignant hyperthermia Narcotic antagonist Reverse narcotic effect Example Naloxone (Narcan) Cholinergic Increase smooth muscle activity Couteracts some muscle relaxants Examples Prostigmine (Neostigmine) Anticoagulants Interfere with blood-clotting mechanism Examples Warfarin (Coumadin) Heparin Enoxaprin (Lovenox) Acetyl Salicylic acid (ASA, Aspirin) Thrombolytics Dissolves clots Examples Stretokinase (Streptase) Urikinase (Abbokinase) Reteplase (Retavase) Coagulants/Hemostatic Agents Controls intraoperative bleeding Promotes, accelerate or makes possible blood coagulation Examples Absorbable gelatin sponge (Gelfoam) Microfibrillar collagen (Avitene) Oxidized cellulose (Surgicel) Thrombin Bone Wax Silver Nitrate Tannic acid with Neo-Synephrine Vitamin K Calcium Gluconate Protamine Sulfate Prepared human blood plasma Gelfoam Avitene Contrast Media Enhance X-Rays Examples Omnipaque (Iohexol) Iodipamide Cholographin) Diatrizoate meglumine (Hypaque) Myelogram Intravenous Pyelogram Dye Enhance visualization Mark intended incision lines Examples Methylene Blue Indigo Carmine Gentian Violet Stains Identify abnormal tissue Examples Lugols Solution Acetic Acid Hormones Supplement or replace Examples Oxytocics Oxytocin, Pitocin Epinephrine Glucagon Insulin Glucocorticoids Cortisone Hydrocortisone Solu-Cortef Depo-Medrol Decadron Ophthalmic agents Cycloplegic Paralyze ciliary muscle Cyclopentolate (Cyclopgyl) Mydiatics Dilate pupil Atropine (Atropisol) Tropicamide (Mydriacyl) Epinephrine Phenylphrine HCl (Neo-Synephrine) Miotic Constrict Pupil Acetylcholine Chloride (Miochol) Pilocarpine (Pilocar) Viscoelastic agent Viscoat Amvisc Intravenous Solutions Provide hydration and nutrition Enhance renal function Examples Dextrose 5% in water Dextrose in normal saline 0.9% Normal saline 0.45% Normal saline Lactated Ringers solution Hyperalimentation solutions (amino acids, glucose and water) Blood Products Replace blood loss Whole Blood Treat red blood cell deficiency Packed red blood cells Replace plasma Plasma When plasma not available Dextran (artificial plasma) Plasma expander for shock patients Albumin Irrigation Solutions Surgical wound irrigation (medications may be added) Normal Saline (most common) Lactated Ringers solution Sterile distilled water (occasionally) Corneal & Intraocular irrigation Balanced Salt Solution (BSS)