Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Dose Optimization ...
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![Page 1: Pharmacokinetics a. route of administration b. absorption and elimination Pharmacodynamics a. dose-effect curve b. therapeutic index c. ligand binding.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e4b5503460f94b3f08e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
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Pharmacokineticsa. route of administrationb. absorption and elimination
Pharmacodynamicsa. dose-effect curveb. therapeutic indexc. ligand bindingd. agonist vs. antagoniste. neurotransmitter systems
![Page 3: Pharmacokinetics a. route of administration b. absorption and elimination Pharmacodynamics a. dose-effect curve b. therapeutic index c. ligand binding.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e4b5503460f94b3f08e/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Pharmacokineticsa. route of administrationb. absorption and elimination
Pharmacodynamicsa. dose-effect curveb. therapeutic indexc. ligand bindingd. agonist vs. antagoniste. neurotransmitter systems
![Page 4: Pharmacokinetics a. route of administration b. absorption and elimination Pharmacodynamics a. dose-effect curve b. therapeutic index c. ligand binding.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e4b5503460f94b3f08e/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Routes of Administration
a. oral easy self-administration prolonged effect stomach distress some drugs not orally effective
b. topical applied only to needed area poor absorption
c. rectal infants and unconscious adults variable absorption
d. inhalation rapid onset/offset irritation
e. injection rapid onset good control of dosage requires sterile conditions
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Injection Route
a. Intravenous (i.v.)- into vein
b. Subcutaneous (s.c.)- under skin c. Intraperitoneal (i.p.)- into peritoneal cavity d. Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.)- into cerebral ventricle e. Intrathecal- into spinal fluid
f. Epidural- into space that surrounds the dura of spinal cord
g. Intramuscular (i.m.)- into muscle
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Pharmacokineticsa. route of administrationb. absorption and elimination
Pharmacodynamicsa. dose-effect curveb. therapeutic indexc. ligand bindingd. agonist vs. antagoniste. neurotransmitter systems
![Page 8: Pharmacokinetics a. route of administration b. absorption and elimination Pharmacodynamics a. dose-effect curve b. therapeutic index c. ligand binding.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e4b5503460f94b3f08e/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
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Pharmacokineticsa. route of administrationb. absorption and elimination
Pharmacodynamicsa. dose-effect curveb. therapeutic indexc. ligand bindingd. agonist vs. antagoniste. neurotransmitter systems
![Page 10: Pharmacokinetics a. route of administration b. absorption and elimination Pharmacodynamics a. dose-effect curve b. therapeutic index c. ligand binding.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e4b5503460f94b3f08e/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
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Comparing Dose-Effect CurvesComparing Dose-Effect Curves
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% of Maximal % of Maximal EffectEffect
[Drug][Drug]
Drug ADrug A
Drug CDrug C
Drug BDrug B
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Pharmacokineticsa. route of administrationb. absorption and elimination
Pharmacodynamicsa. dose-effect curveb. therapeutic indexc. ligand bindingd. agonist vs. antagoniste. neurotransmitter systems
![Page 13: Pharmacokinetics a. route of administration b. absorption and elimination Pharmacodynamics a. dose-effect curve b. therapeutic index c. ligand binding.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e4b5503460f94b3f08e/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
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Pharmacokineticsa. route of administrationb. absorption and elimination
Pharmacodynamicsa. dose-effect curveb. therapeutic indexc. ligand bindingd. agonist vs. antagoniste. neurotransmitter systems
![Page 15: Pharmacokinetics a. route of administration b. absorption and elimination Pharmacodynamics a. dose-effect curve b. therapeutic index c. ligand binding.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e4b5503460f94b3f08e/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Saturation
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Scatchard plot
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RECEPTOR-LIGAND BINDING
•Must be saturable
•Must be reversible
•Must be specific
•If it is a receptor, there must be a biological effect
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Pharmacokineticsa. route of administrationb. absorption and elimination
Pharmacodynamicsa. dose-effect curveb. therapeutic indexc. ligand bindingd. agonist vs. antagoniste. neurotransmitter systems
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% Maximum % Maximum EffectEffect
[Drug][Drug]
Agonist
Antagonist
Partial agonist
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Agonist
Antagonist
Partial agonist
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% of Maximal % of Maximal EffectEffect
[Drug][Drug]
AgonistAgonist
Agonist + competitive Agonist + competitive antagonistantagonist
Agonist + non-competitive Agonist + non-competitive antagonistantagonist
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Pharmacokineticsa. route of administrationb. absorption and elimination
Pharmacodynamicsa. dose-effect curveb. therapeutic indexc. ligand bindingd. agonist vs. antagoniste. neurotransmitter systems
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NEUROTRANSMITTER CRITERIA
•Must be localized in neuron
•Must be released with stimulation
•Must be mimicked with exogenous application
•Must be pharmacologically active at receptor
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