Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius
-
Upload
flavia-miranda -
Category
Documents
-
view
39 -
download
4
description
Transcript of Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius
![Page 1: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Phantoms of the RainforestThe genus Casuarius
![Page 2: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Mathurin Jacques Brisson
Born: April 30th, 1723
Died: June 23rd,1806
![Page 3: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Nomenclature
• Emeu
• Kesuari or Suwari
• Dromaius – fleet of foot
• Casuarius – chance, fortune
• Seram Cassowary
• Southern Cassowary
![Page 4: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Cornelius Houtmann
• Java 1596• Amsterdam 1597• Clusius 1605
![Page 5: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
She was a phantom of delightwhen she first gleamed upon my sight
A lovely apparition sentto be a moment’s ornament
![Page 6: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Common ancestors
• 110 mya Ratites and Tinamous diverge
• 90 mya Emuaries diverge from Ostrich/Rhea line
• 80 mya Emuaries diverge from Moas
• 75 mya Ostrich and Rhea diverge
![Page 11: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Recent events
• 45 mya Emuaries and Kiwis diverge
• 25 mya Cassowaries and Emus diverge
• 1 mya New Guinea complete
• 8 kya Last AUS/NG landbridge ends
![Page 13: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
![Page 20: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Casuarius casuarius20 named subspecies
![Page 24: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Casuarius unappendiculatus12 named subspecies
![Page 29: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
![Page 33: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Casuarius bennetti16 named subspecies
![Page 34: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
![Page 35: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
![Page 36: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
![Page 37: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
![Page 38: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Species distribution
![Page 39: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Next to nothing
• Lack of information about unappendiculatus
• Joan Bentrupperbaumer – C. c. johnsoni
• Cliff & Dawn Frith – C. c. johnsoni
• Crome & Moore – C. c. johnsoni
• Andy Mack – C. bennetti
• Helen Fortune Hopkins – C. bennetti
![Page 40: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Physiology• Ancestors flew• Pneumatic bones• Rudimentary
wing• No keeled
sternum• Three toes• Palaeognathic
pallet• Casque
![Page 41: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
![Page 42: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Feathers & Pterylosis
• Double feather unique to Cassowary and Emu
• 7 remiges, 5 secondaries and 2 metacarpals (Gadow, 1888)
• 6 spines
• Claw
• Apteria under wing and elsewhere
![Page 43: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
![Page 44: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
![Page 45: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
![Page 46: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Biology
• Precocial• Monotypic• Male alone sits on eggs, hatches and cares for
young• Female is probably often polyandrous• Omnivorous• Adult at 3 years• Can live about 30 years, record is 38 years
![Page 47: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Size
• Casuarius casuarius – 1.4 to 1.7m
• Casuarius unappendiculatus – 1.5 to 1.8m
• Casuarius bennetti – 1.0 to 1.4m
![Page 48: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
![Page 49: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
![Page 50: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Precocial
![Page 51: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Chick
![Page 52: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
![Page 53: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
![Page 54: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Feeding habits
• Mainly vegetarian
• Fruits, seeds, leaves and grasses
• Will pick through own droppings
• Varied and opportunistic feeder on live insects, crustacea, reptiles, small mammals and birds.
• Might eat carrion
![Page 55: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Behaviour
• Very shy and often takes headlong flight. Can easily jump own height.
• Dangerous when cornered and when defending territory or young.
• Swims very well.
• Makes deep booming sound during mating display and when taking aggressive pose.
![Page 56: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
How dangerous are they?
• Cassowaries will not attack for no reason. But they can be territorial, very defensive of their young or be expecting food if people have been doing the wrong thing by feeding them and there is quite a list of people having been chased, charged, kicked, pushed, pecked, jumped on, and head-butted. Statistics show that most cassowary attacks were actually self defence, they are quite capable of killing dogs by gutting them with their sharp claws on their huge feet and have even been rumoured to have killed small horses.
![Page 57: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Mossman - April 1926
Cassowaries are among the very few birds that can kill a person but the only time on record that happened was in April 1926 when some boys were hunting a Cassowary near Mossman, North Queensland. The Cassowary turned and chased the boys and one of them, 16 year old Phillip McClean, fell over and got his jugular vein on his neck slashed open by the sharp claw on the cassowary's foot.
• *Tales
![Page 58: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Ecology
• No natural predators except man
• Rainforest habitat, but often ventures outside (in search of food?)
• Symbiosis: At least partly responsible for the maintenance of the forest through seed dispersal
• Range size varies according to time of year
![Page 59: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Cairns, Queensland
![Page 60: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Queensland
![Page 61: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Papua New Guinea Highlands
![Page 62: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Some of the food plantsknown from Queensland
• 30 species of trees
• 3 Palms
• 3 Shrubs & herbs
• 2 Vines
• 4 Ground cover plants
![Page 63: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Food seeds identified in Casuarius bennetti dung samples
• Podocarpaceae
• Ericaceae
• Myrsinaceae
• Myrtaceae
• Rosaceae
• Rubiaceae
• Rutaceae
![Page 64: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
![Page 65: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
"the excrement of the Cassowary looks like that of a horse.“ Lumholtz, 1889
![Page 66: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
The Cassowary in culture
• Inseparable element in native culture
• Diverse linguistic element
• Important religious role
• Economic role
![Page 67: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
The Cassowary as a source of ornaments, tools and weapons
![Page 68: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
![Page 69: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
![Page 70: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
![Page 71: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
![Page 72: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Linguistics
• Over 600 different languages in New Guinea.
• 600 different names for the Cassowary?
• Malay influence
• Indonesian influence
![Page 73: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Religion/cultural beliefs
• Suangi - witchcraft & sorcery
• Adat – customs & beliefs
• Women had superior powers
• Cassowary (good) and snake (bad)
• Mother Cassowary
![Page 74: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Trade
• Hunting for food etc.
• Pets for the pot
• Barter at local level
• Regional trade – Tribute 1375 to China
![Page 75: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Cultural side effects
• Native plays and short stories
• Poetry
• Paintings & drawings
• Zoo & museum exhibits
![Page 76: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
![Page 77: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
![Page 78: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
![Page 79: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
![Page 80: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
![Page 81: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
![Page 82: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Threats
• Habitat destruction and fragmentation
• Uncontrolled hunting
• Introduction of foreign species
• Road accidents and traps
![Page 83: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Captive Cassowaries
• Historical breeding records
• Current captive population
• Huge bias towards unknown origin and Casuarius casuarius
• Breeding success minimal
• F2 exists but ……..
• Uncertain value for conservation purposes
![Page 84: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
![Page 85: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
![Page 86: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Captive breeding experience
• April to September favoured months• Each egg must be separately fertilised• Eggs laid at two or three day intervals• Clutch size of 3 – 4 eggs• Incubation lasts 50 – 54 days• Incubation at 36.1C to 36.4C
• Wet bulb 27.3C – 28.9C with 65% humidity• Chicks hatch asynchronously• Hatch rate is low
![Page 87: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Conservation measures
• Queensland
• Papua New Guinea
• Indonesia
• Ex-situ programmes
• More inter-governmental action
![Page 88: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
![Page 89: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Future action needed
• More field observation
• DNA
• Establish population sizes & ranges
• Education
• Cooperation with stakeholders to give effective protection
![Page 90: Phantoms of the Rainforest The genus Casuarius](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/568135f4550346895d9d670d/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
• Every exit is an entrance somewhere else
• Thank you for your attention!