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Transcript of PGPM 33
PGPM 33 Material & Logistics Management Rajkumar baghel 28-12-31-6399-2102
ASSIGNMENTNICMAR / CODE OFFICE
1. Name Rajkumar Baghel
2. Reg. No. 28-12-31-6399-2102
3. Course No. PGPM 33
4. Course Title Material & logistics Management
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PGPM 33 Material & Logistics Management Rajkumar baghel 28-12-31-6399-2102
ASSIGNMENT
Your company has been awarded a contract of developing and constructing a new International
Airport 30km away from a city. You have been appointed as Planning Engineer (Materials and
equipment). Project is to be implemented in phases. In phase I, one strip of landing of 100m width is to be
constructed in 100 days. The scope of work for this assignment is only as follows
a) Cutting and dozing of 100,000 cum of earth. Average height 0.75m
b) Transportation of 20,000 cum of surplus earth from site to dumping place 3km away
from site (including spreading). Filling of 80,000 cum in landing strip
c) Bringing in 3000 cum of sand from 20km (including spreading and leveling ) at site
d) Procurement of 1,50,000 litres of bitumen. Duration of work 30 days from the 60th
day of starting of work. Bitumen to be obtained from refinery at Bongaigaon in
Assam. Lead time up to site is 45 days. Storage facility available at site 50,000 litres
tank.
Estimate total cost of work and your plan of
i. Equipment planning- Procurement & deployment
ii. Ordering and replenishing of Bitumen.
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PGPM 33 Material & Logistics Management Rajkumar baghel 28-12-31-6399-2102
SCOPE OF WORK
a) Cutting and dozing of 100,000 cum of earth. Average height 0.75m
b) Transportation of 20,000 cum of surplus earth from site to dumping place 3km away
from site (including spreading). Filling of 80,000 cum in landing strip
c) Bringing in 3000 cum of sand from 20km (including spreading and leveling ) at site
d) Procurement of 1,50,000 litres of bitumen. Duration of work 30 days from the 60th
day of starting of work. Bitumen to be obtained from refinery at Bongaigaon in
Assam. Lead time up to site is 45 days. Storage facility available at site 50,000 litres
tank.
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EQUIPMENT MANAGEMENT CONSISTS THE FOLLOWING:
1) Selection of equipment
2) Number and sizes of units
3) Matching capacities
4) Schedule of procurement
5) Arrangement of skilled staff for operation and maintenance
6) Establishment of services and repair facilities
7) Maintenance of spare parts inventory
8) Decision regarding number of shifts per operation
Thus a systematic approach in planning for equipment is necessary, incorporating all the factors
detailed above. In addition an important factor to be considered is the necessary inter-disciplinary
acceptance of the planning for equipment.
MATERIAL MANAGEMENT CONSISTS THE FOLLOWING:
Materials management is very important for timely completion of the projects. A delay
in providing the materials for construction will naturally put the project behind schedule from which
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PGPM 33 Material & Logistics Management Rajkumar baghel 28-12-31-6399-2102
it may never recover or the cost of bringing it back on schedule may never recover or the cost of
bringing it back on schedule may be very high.
Some important functions are below:
Identification and estimation of materials management
Procurement
Transportation
Inventory control
Storage
Control and analysis of material information
Disposal of surplus, materials, scrap, empties etc
PROCUREMENT:
The procurement of material can be done by two methods
Centralized procuring:- indicates that the entire purchases is done at on replace.
Decentralized procuring:-indicates that materials are purchased at different places.
LEAD TIME:
One of the factors to be considered in procurement of material is lead time. It is the period elapses
between the point of time when the need for material is contemplated and the point of time the
material actually available on the site of construction for use.
It comprises time required for:
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PGPM 33 Material & Logistics Management Rajkumar baghel 28-12-31-6399-2102
o Users intimation to the materials management department regarding the time and quality of
material required.
o Materials management to decide that the materials purchased.
o Selecting the source, fixing the price and ultimately placing the order.
o To deliver material
o Transportation and receiving the material including inspection and testing of material if
necessary.
MASS DIAGRAM
Earth moving is basically an operation where is removed from high spots and deposited in low
spots with the “making up” of any deficit with borrow or the Wasting of Excess Cut Material. The mass
diagram is an excellent method of analyzing linear earth moving operations. It is a graphical means of
measuring haul distance in terms of earth work volume. On mass diagram graph, the horizontal dimension
represents the stations of a project and the vertical dimension represents the cumulative sum of excavation
and embankment from some point of beginning on the project profile. the diagram provides information
covering
1. Quantities of materials
2. Average haul distances
3. Types of equipment that should be considered.
When combined with a ground profile, the average slope of haul segments can be estimated. The mass
diagram is one of the most effective tools for planning the movement of material on any project of linear
extent.
Using column 1 and column 12 of an earth work sheet, a mass diagram is plotted. In below mass diagram
positive ordinate values are plotted above the zero datum line and negative values below.
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PGPM 33 Material & Logistics Management Rajkumar baghel 28-12-31-6399-2102
MASS DIAGRAM PROPERTIES:
An excavation operation produces an ascending mass diagram curve; the excavation quantity exceeds the
embankment quality requirements. Excavation is occurring between A and B and between Station D and
E
USING MASS DIAGRAM:
The Mass Diagram Is an Analysis Tool for Selecting the Appropriate equipment for
excavating and hauling material. The analysis is accomplished using balance lines and calculating
average hauls.
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Balance lines:
A Balance line is a horizontal line of specific length that intersects the mass diagram in two
places. The balance line can be constructed so that its length is the maximum haul distance is the limiting
economical haul distance for a particular type of equipment.
MACHINE TYPE ECONOMICAL HAUL DISTANCE
Large dozers, pushing material up to 300 ft*
Push-loaded scrapers 300 to 500ft*
Trucks hauls greater than 5,000ft
Average grade % = change in elevation x 100
Average haul distance
= - 18 mt x 100 => - 8.9%
203 mt
The return trip will be an 8.9% grade.
EQUIPMENTS CONSIDERED
EARTH MOVING EQUIPMENTS
1. EXCAVATORS / DOZERS:
All excavators are designed to move large amounts of soil and earth in a minimal amount of time.
Large excavators are useful for digging foundations and other huge projects, but many times you need a
smaller excavator to handle more delicate jobs. These smaller excavators are also called compact
excavators or mini excavators. Mini excavators bring many advantages to a wide range of construction
job sites. Mini excavators are maneuverable and easy to operate. Most compact hydraulic excavators have
three distinct assemblies: house, undercarriage and workgroup. The compact hydraulic excavator has
many advantages over the traditional center-mount backhoe. Compact excavators offer many attachments
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PGPM 33 Material & Logistics Management Rajkumar baghel 28-12-31-6399-2102
to make any job easier. Remember, to optimize power and performance it’s important to match the
attachments to type and size of compact excavators to prevent overloading. Excavators often have
attachments, or you can purchase additional attachments to fit the machinery. Few of the attachments
include jackhammers (breakers), shovels, grapples, augers, etc… Grapples are similar to claws and are
used to grasp objects (trees, stumps, etc…). Hydraulic Mining Excavators often uses shovels. Finally,
augers are similar to a drill bit, and are used to move materials. The role of excavators is to dig holes,
trenches, and foundations. Excavators use large machinery with hinge metal buckets, which are often
attached to hydraulic arms, while using the equipment to move heavy or bulky quantities of soil or earth.
In addition, excavators are used in demolition, general landscaping, grading, heavy lifting, laying pipes,
river dredging, mining, open-pit mining, brush cutting, etc. Brush cutting is possible when operators use
hydraulic attachments.
2. SCRAPERS:
A wheel tractor-scraper is a piece of heavy equipment used for earthmoving. The rear part has a
vertically moveable hopper with a sharp horizontal front edge. The hopper can be hydraulically lowered
and raised. When the hopper is lowered, the front edge cuts into the soil like a cheese-cutter and fills the
hopper. When the hopper is full (8 to 34 m3 (10 to 45 yd3) heaped, depending on type) it is raised, and
closed with a vertical blade. The scraper can transport its load to the fill area where the blade is raised, the
back panel of the hopper is hydraulically pushed forward and the soil load tumbles out. Then the empty
scraper returns to the cut site and repeats the cycle.
Scrapers can be very efficient on short hauls where the cut-and-fill areas are close together and
have sufficient length to fill the hopper. The heavier scraper types have two engines ('tandem powered'),
one driving the front wheels, one driving the rear wheels, with engines up to 400 kW (550 horsepower).
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3. ROAD ROLLER:
A Road roller (sometimes called a roller-compactor, or just roller) is an engineering vehicle used
to compact soil, gravel, concrete, or asphalt in the construction of roads and foundations. In many parts of
the world, road rollers are still known colloquially as steam rollers, regardless of their method of
propulsion. This typically only applies to the largest examples (used for road-making). This article
concentrates on non- steam-powered rollers. Road rollers work by using the weight of the vehicle to
compress the surface being rolled. Initial compaction of the substrate is done using a pneumatic-tyred
roller, where instead of the single- or double-drum is replaced by two rows (front and back) of
pneumatically filled tyres. The flexibility of the tyres, with a certain amount of vertical movement of the
wheels, enables the roller to operate effectively on uneven ground. The finish is done using metal-drum
rollers to ensure a smooth, even result. Rollers are also used in landfill compaction. Such compactors
typically have knobby ('sheep’s-pad') wheels and do not attempt to achieve a smooth surface, merely a
squashed one.
CALCULATIONS
Dimensions of the landing
Average height of filling of earth = 0.75m
Volume of the earth refilled = 80,000cum
Width of the landing = 100m
Length of the landing = 80,000/(100*0.75) = 1066.7m =1.067km
Volume of sand filling = 3000cum
Height of sand filling = 3000/ (1066.7*100) = 0.028m
Total quantity of asphalt required for the work = 1,50,000 litres
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BITUMEN ORDERING SCHEDULE
Economic Order quantity (EOQ):
The quantity of order corresponding to the frequency is known as economic order quantity.
The curve AMB indicates the graph of inventory cost for various frequencies of ordering OMG shows the
ordering costs corresponding to various frequencies. AMB+OMG= PQR (TOTAL INVENT COST).Q is
the least c and hence intercepts OS shows most desirable frequency of order of which the total inventory
cost is minimum.
Lead time for bitumen to arrive at site = 45 days
Day in which bitumen is
AVAILABLE AT SITE from
commencement of project
Day in which bitumen is
ORDERED from
commencement of project
Order no. Order quantity (in
litres)
60th day 15th day I 50,000
70th day 25th day II 50,000
80th day 35th day III 50,000
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DIRECT TUBE HEATING:
Direct tube heating is the most efficient and economical method available in asphalt tank heating.
The ONE-PLUS-ONE direct heating system offers both precise temperature control and even heating
distribution characteristics without flame impingement, hot spots or product degradation.
Direct Fire Tanks
Each unit has an oversized refractory lined submerged fire tube the length of the tank with dual
jacketed exhaust venting system, thus increasing heat transfer and reducing energy loss. All of the tanks
are also wrapped with a high-density insulation covered by a stucko embossed aluminum jacket skin that
traps precious energy inside providing the ability to produce high performance asphalt at enormous cost
savings.
Hot Oil Heated Tanks
o All the hot oil heated tanks are constructed with a multiple pass serpentine coil design, which
provides over 1200 feet of heat exchange area. As a result, we can heat asphalt more
consistently and at hotter temperatures without coking issues.
MONITORING
Someone must be present to visually monitor asphalt that is loaded and unloaded. That person
must be able to shut off product transfer before an overfill occurs. On a monthly basis, a visual inspection
is required. This inspection must include a walk through of the site to identify crack. Visual examination
of the exterior surfaces of tanks, piping, valves, pumps, and other equipment for cracks, corrosion,
releases, and maintenance deficiencies must take place. The monthly inspection must also identify poor
maintenance, operating practices, or malfunctioning equipment.
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ASPHALT HAUL TRUCKS
Various types of trucks are used to deliver hot mix to the paver. The most common type is the 5-ton
end-dump truck but other trucks have been used and can be used to deliver mix.
Truck Condition
Trucks must have metal beds, and the beds must be clean, smooth, and free of holes. All trucks
must meet minimum safety criteria. Each truck must be clearly numbered for easy identification and
must be equipped with a tarpaulin. Before being loaded, the truck bed must be cleaned of foreign
material and hardened asphalt and then lightly coated with a release agent (lubricant) that assists
in preventing fresh hot-mix asphalt from sticking to the surfaces of the bed. After the bed is coated,
any excess release agent must be drained from the bed. Before loading, the truck must also be weighed to
establish its unloaded weight. This weight is later subtracted from the loaded weight of the truck to
determine the weight of the hot mix that the truck is hauling.
Determination of the no. of trucks required
The number of trucks required on the project is determined by many factors:
the mix production rate at the plant,
the length of the haul,
the type of traffic en- countered
The expected time needed for unloading.
Types of Trucks
Each type of truck used for hot-mix delivery must have certain physical features that are required to haul
properly and to discharge the mix properly into the paver. Below are listed a few guidelines for the two
most common types of trucks.
END-DUMP TRUCKS
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PGPM 33 Material & Logistics Management Rajkumar baghel 28-12-31-6399-2102
An end-dump truck must first be inspected to be certain the rear of the bed overhangs the rear wheels
enough to discharge mix into the paver hopper. If it does not, an apron with side plates must be added to
increase the overhang and prevent spillage of the mix in front of the paver. The bed must also be of a size
that will fit into the hopper without pressing down on the paver. Leaking trucks should not be used.
Tarpaulins should be pulled over the mixture during hauling in cool weather or on long hauls to protect
the mixture from excessive cooling. A cool mix forms lumps and a crust over its surface. When a
tarpaulin is used, care must be taken to be sure it is securely fastened to the top of the truck bed so that
cold air cannot funnel under it.
BOTTOM-DUMP TRUCKS
Bottom-dump trucks can be used when a grader is spreading the mix or when a pickup device is used to
feed the windrow left by the truck into the paver hopper. Two common methods for unloading bottom-
dump trucks are in use. The first method involves the use of a spreader box, designed to be operated
under the gates of the truck. The amount of material, placed in the windrow, is governed by the width of
the spreader box opening. The disadvantage of this method is that the spreader box can restrict the
amount of material to less than the required amount. The second method, which is used more often than
the first, is to use chains to control the dump gate opening.
Truck Hitches
The purpose of a truck hitch on the front of the paver hopper is to keep the truck dumping hot mix into
the hopper in contact with the paver. If, during dumping, the truck and the paver separate and hot mix
spill, it must be cleaned up before the paver passes over it. Two types of truck hitches are in common use.
One type uses an extension that reaches under the truck and hooks onto the rear axle of the truck. The
other type of hitch has retractable rollers that are attached to the truck push bar and grip the outer side of
the rear wheels of the truck. The rollers revolve with the wheels while the truck dumps its load into the
hopper.
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PGPM 33 Material & Logistics Management Rajkumar baghel 28-12-31-6399-2102
Pivoted Truck Push Rollers
The pivoted push roller is a device, mounted on the front of the paver that adjusts when alignment
between the truck and paver is uneven. This device reduces the uneven force exerted on the paver by the
misaligned truck, minimizing interference in the steering of both vehicles.
ASPHALT FINISHERS (PAVERS)
Even though the finishers may operate differently, their primary jobs are all the same: receiving
asphalt and spreading it in a predetermined, uniform length, width, thickness, and shape. The finisher also
provides initial compaction of the mat (layer of mixture in place.) Because asphalt finishers are different,
you must always read the operator’s manual for the unit you are operating. It is also good to have a
practice sand letdown before actually using a hot mix. This is to familiarize yourself and others with the
machine and also ensure that the machine is working properly. Figure 16-39 shows a practice letdown,
using just the aggregate mix without the asphalt
Tractor Unit (Power Unit)
The tractor unit provides moving power for the paver wheels or tracks and for all powered machinery on
the paver. The tractor unit includes the receiving hopper, feed conveyor, flow control gates,
distributing augers (or spreading screws), power plant (engine), transmissions, dual controls, and
operator’s seat. The tractor unit power plant (engine) propels the paver, pulls the screed (leveling) unit,
and provides power to the other components through transmissions. Hot mix is deposited in the hopper
and is then carried by the feed conveyor through the flow control gates to the distributing augers
(spreading screws). The augers distribute the mix evenly across the full width of the paver, thus providing
uniform placement of the mix onto the roadway surface. These operations are controlled by the paver
operator by means of dual controls within easy reach of the operator’s seat. To ensure the paver functions
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PGPM 33 Material & Logistics Management Rajkumar baghel 28-12-31-6399-2102
properly, you should inspect the paver before commencement of paving. Below are some of the
comments you should check.
ASPHALT DISTRIBUTOR
The asphalt distributor is a unit consisting of an insulated storage and heating tank, an open
flame heating system, an asphalt pump, a low-pressure air blower, and a circulating and spraying
system. Power to operate the components is PTO driven.
Heating System
The air blower provides low-pressure air to atomize fuel for the burners. The burners heat the tubes,
located in the tank. An asphalt covering must be maintained over the fire tubes to prevent them from
overheating and causing a fire or explosion. Because the distributor is mobile, care must be taken to
ensure that heating is performed in a level area that is well-ventilated and that the distributor truck is not
moving at all and is at a COMPLETE HALT. Whenever you are heating cutbacks, the asphalt must be
circulating at all times. This is a must to prevent any chance of volatile liquids overheating around the
flues, which can be very dangerous
Spray System
The spray system consists of necessary piping, a series of hand-operated valves to control the flow of
bitumen, and an adjustable length spray bar, capable of providing coverage from 4 to 14 feet wide. The
spray bar may be equipped with either 1/8-inch nozzles or 3/8-inch nozzles; the 1/8-inch nozzles are used
for most applications. The application rate is controlled by the length of the spray bar, the pump output,
and the forward speed of the distributor truck.
Spray Bar Adjustments
For normal use, the spray bar of the distributor should be adjusted, so the vertical axes of the nozzles are
perpendicular to the roadway. Also, each nozzle on the spray bar should be set at the same angle. The
angle set for each should be between 15 degrees to 30 degrees of the horizontal axis of the spray bar (fig.
16-34) or according to manufacturer’s specifications. This action prevents the fan-shaped spray patterns
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PGPM 33 Material & Logistics Management Rajkumar baghel 28-12-31-6399-2102
of the nozzles from interfering with each other. Another adjustment that is essential for uniform prime or
tack coat coverage is the adjustment of the height of the spray bar.
NO OF EQUIPMENTS CONSIDERED AND REQUIRED COST:
a) Cutting and Dozing of earth
Scope of work = 100000 cum of earth of avg height = 0.75m
w.k.t Phase I, one strip of landing of 100m width
Therefore =100000 / 0.75
= 133,333 sqm.
For executing 100000 cum let us consider excavator with grader.
As per the productivity norms = 1000 m3
Total Days required = 100000 / 1000
= 100 Days
Let us consider two excavators with grader can be deployed in our project
= 100 / 2 = 50 Days
Market Hire rate for excavator with grader including operator including taxes = 1,80,000 Rs
As per the terms and condition the excavator with grader should work 10 hrs / day , 260 cumulative hrs in
a month.
Diesel Cost involved = 34 x (10 x 11 x 26) (Consumption norms = 10 – 12 lit / hr)
= 97,240 Rs
Total cost for one excavator with grader = 1,80,000 + 97,420
= 2,77,240 Rs.
Therefore total cost involved for completing the 100000 cum of earth = 2 x 277240
= 5, 54,480 Rs
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PGPM 33 Material & Logistics Management Rajkumar baghel 28-12-31-6399-2102
b) Transportation of surplus earth & filling of earth
Scopes of work are as follows
i) Transportation of 20,000 cum of surplus earth from site to 3 km away from site
ii) Filling of 80,000 cum in landing strip
For executing the above scope of work let us consider the tippers
As per the productivity norms = 10 m3 / trip
i) Transportation of 20,000 cum of earth to 3 km away per site
Let us consider 10 trips can be done in a day
Therefore the out per tipper = 10 m3 / trip x 10 trips
= 100 m3
Total Days required for executing 20,000 cum of earth disposal = 20000 / 100
= 200 Days
Let us consider 20 tippers are to be deployed for completing the 20,000 cum of earth disposal with a
lead of 3 km away from site = 200 / 40
= 5 Days
ii) Filling of 80,000 cum in landing strip
Let us consider 10 trips can be done in a day
Therefore the out per tipper = 10 m3 / trip x 10 trips
= 100 m3
Total Days required for executing 80,000 cum of earth disposal = 80000 / 100
= 800 Days
Let us consider 40 tippers are to be deployed for completing the 80,000 cum of earth filling on landing
strip = 800 / 40
= 20 Days will be requires to complete the work
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PGPM 33 Material & Logistics Management Rajkumar baghel 28-12-31-6399-2102
Market Hire rate for tipper including operator including taxes = 25,000 Rs
As per the terms and condition the excavator with grader should work 12 hrs / day, 336 cumulative hrs in
a month.
Diesel Cost involved = 34 x (30 x 26) (Consumption norms = 2-3 km / lit)
= 26,520 Rs
Total cost for one excavator with grader = 25,000 + 26,520
= 51,520 Rs.
Therefore total cost involved for completing the 100000 cum of earth = 40 x 51520
= 20,60,800 Rs
c) Bringing 3000 cum of sand from 20 km (including spreading & leveling at site)
Total Qty of sand to be procured = 3000 cum
Let us plan 6 trips per day of 10cum capacity of tipper
Total Days required = 3000 / 60
= 50 days
so we are telling to the subcontractor to supply the material by 5 tippers,
so that = 50/5 = 10 Days
Cost of the Sand including the transportation and taxes = 7 Rs / Cft
Cost of sand including the transportation and taxes = 7x 35.31
= 247.17 Rs / Cum
Total sand to be procured = 3000 x 247.17
=7, 41,510 Rs
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PGPM 33 Material & Logistics Management Rajkumar baghel 28-12-31-6399-2102
For doing the spreading and leveling and rolling works we need
a) Road Rollers (Vibratory Rollers)
b) Water Tanker
c) JCB
a) Road Rollers (Vibratory Rollers) :
As per the Productivity norms = 750 – 800 Sqm /Day
Total scope of work = 100000 / 0.75 = 133333 m2
Therefore No of days requires = 133333 / 6 = 178 Days
Let us consider 7 Road rollers are to be deployed = 178 / 7 = 26 Days
Hire charges for the road roller with operator including taxes = 120000 Rs
Diesel cost to be involved = 34 x 26 x 10 x 10 (Consumption norms = 8 – 10 lit / hr)
= 88,400 Rs
Total cost involved for one Road Roller = 1,20,00 + 88,400
= 2,08,400 Rs
Total cost to be involved for 7 rollers hired = 7 x 113040
= 14,58,800 Rs
b) Water Tanker :
The cost of water tanker of (10,000 lit capacity) = 1500 Rs / trip
Water are generally used for compacting the soil to attain its Maximum Dry Density
Therefore total cost of water tanker = 1500 x 26 days
= 39,000 Rs
c) JCB
As per the Productivity norms = 1000 Cum /Day
We are going to hire 5 JCB for spreading and leveling works
Initially 5 JCB will be involved in loading of sand in tipper’s
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PGPM 33 Material & Logistics Management Rajkumar baghel 28-12-31-6399-2102
Total No of Days = 20000 cum / 1000 cum /Day
= 20 Days
If 5 Jcb’s are involved for loading = 20 / 5 = 4 Days
Later on the jcb are to be mobilized in the spreading work
Total No of Days = 80000 cum / 2000 cum /Day
= 40 Days
If 5 jcb’s are to be put in the job = 40/ 5 = 8 Days
Hire charges for the road roller with operator including taxes = 60000 Rs
Diesel cost to be involved = 34 x 26 x 10 x 6 (Consumption norms = 5 – 6 lit / hr)
= 53,040 Rs
Total cost involved for one Road Roller = 60000 + 53040
= 1,13,040 Rs
Total cost to be involved for 5 rollers hired = 5 x 113040
= 5,65,200 Rs
BITUMEN CHARGES:
Procurement of Bitumen = 1,50,000 lit
(1lit = 0.93 kg)
The rate of Bitumen 60 / 70 as on dated 25.04.2008 = Rs. 33000/ Mt (including taxes)
Therefore the rate for 1,50,000 lts of Bitumen =(1,50,000*0.93) = 139.5 Mt.
= 139.5 Mt * 33000/ Mt.
= 46, 03,500 Rs/-
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ABSTRACT COST OF THE WHOLE WORK:
Sl.No DESCRIPTION Unit Qty AMOUNT
1 Cutting and Dozing works Cum 100,000 5,54,480
2 Transportation of surplus earth
(20,000 + 80,000)
Cum 100,000 20,60,800
3 Procurement of Sand Cum 3000 7,41,510
4 Spreading and leveling works Cum 100,000 20,63,000
5 Bitumen Charges Lit 1,50,000 46,03,500
Total 1,00,23,290
Sub contractor super vision charges 15% = 15,03,494
Sub contractor Profit charges 10% = 10,02,329
Grand Total 1,25,29,113
ASSUMPTIONS & REFERENCES:
1. Schedule of rates
2. Prices from the suppliers.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Knowledge gained from working experience.
2. Details from the Internet.
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