Petroleum Systems (Part One) Source, Generation, and Migration GEOL 4233 Class January 21, 2009
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Petroleum Systems Petroleum Systems (Part One) (Part One) Source, Generation, and Migration Source, Generation, and Migration GEOL 4233 Class GEOL 4233 Class January 21, 2009 January 21, 2009
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Petroleum Systems (Part One) Source, Generation, and Migration GEOL 4233 Class January 21, 2009. Petroleum Systems. Elements. Processes. Source Rock Migration Route Reservoir Rock Seal Rock Trap. Generation Migration Accumulation Preservation. Petroleum System Summary - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Transcript of Petroleum Systems (Part One) Source, Generation, and Migration GEOL 4233 Class January 21, 2009
Petroleum SystemsPetroleum Systems(Part One)(Part One)
Source, Generation, and MigrationSource, Generation, and Migration
GEOL 4233 ClassGEOL 4233 ClassJanuary 21, 2009January 21, 2009
Petroleum Systems
Source RockSource RockMigration RouteMigration RouteReservoir RockReservoir RockSeal RockSeal RockTrapTrap
ElementsElements
GenerationGenerationMigrationMigrationAccumulationAccumulationPreservationPreservation
ProcessesProcesses
Petroleum System Summary
• Source (Material and Rocks)
• Generation (Maturation)
• Migration
• Trap
• Reservoir
Source Material
Non-Biogenic Origins
Biogenic (Kerogen) – Host rock (Shales and Coals)
Kerogen TypesType I – Algal (oil prone) sapropelic
Type II – MixedType III – Woody (gas prone) humic
Siljan ‘Ring’Inorganic Gas Prospect
Drilled to ~22,000’ in 1987Found abiogenic methane,but no poro-perm
Sedimentary Rocks – Where the Action Is
Source Material
Non-Biogenic Origins
Biogenic (Kerogen Types)Type I – Algal (oil prone) sapropelic
Type II – MixedType III – Woody (gas prone) humic
Host rock (Shales and Coals)
Types of PetroleumTypes of Petroleum
Oil and gas are formed by the thermal cracking of Oil and gas are formed by the thermal cracking of organic compounds buried in fine-grained rocks.organic compounds buried in fine-grained rocks.
Algae = Hydrogen rich = Oil-proneAlgae = Hydrogen rich = Oil-prone
Wood = Hydrogen poor = Gas-proneWood = Hydrogen poor = Gas-prone
Kerogen TypesKerogen TypesType 1 Type 2 Type 3
From the Paleontological Research Institute <http://www.priweb.org/ed/pgws/history/pennsylvania/pennsylvania.html>
Ganges DeltaicSediments
Modern Mahakam Delta PlainEast Kalimantan, Indonesia
(A Rich Source of Kerogen)
Inferred Middle Booch Depositional EnvironmentsArkoma Basin in Oklahoma
Source Material
Non-Biogenic Origins
Biogenic (Kerogen Types)Type I – Algal (oil prone) sapropelic
Type II – MixedType III – Woody (gas prone) humic
Host Rock (Shales and Coals)
The Origin of PetroleumThe Origin of Petroleum
Organic-richOrganic-richSource RockSource Rock
Thermally MaturedThermally MaturedOrganic MatterOrganic Matter OilOil
Source Rock for PetroleumSource Rock for Petroleum
Organic-Rich Thin Laminae
3.39 378
Total Organic Carbon
LOMPOC Quarry SampleMonterey Formation, CA
HydrogenIndex
1 Inch1 Inch
Woodford Shale (Oklahoma)
Channel-Fill Sandstone Resting on Marine ShaleRed Fork (Oklahoma)
Coals and Coaly ShalesSan Juan Basin (New Mexico)
Source rock kerogen canbe correlated to oil/gas found in carrier bedsand reservoirs
T.O.C.Total Organic Carbon
Basinal Summary Chart
Petroleum System Summary
• Source (Material and Rocks)
• Generation (Maturation)
• Migration
• Trap
• Reservoir
The Petroleum KitchenTemperature-Pressure-Time
Geothermal Gradient: (thermogenic hydrocarbons)Range: <1 to 11 degrees F per 100’Typical Sedimentary Basins: 1.0-1.7 degrees F per 100’Good average 1.2
Oil window of ~ 120-300F (50-150C), or about 5,000-20,000’In practice, oil below 15,000’ rare
Gas – no practical limit to stable depthCracking of oil to gas controlled by source kerogen and temperatureDeep basins mostly gasPractical limits related to maturity of source – not reservoir
Hydrocarbon Occurrence & Thermal Maturity
OklahomaGeologic Provinces
Map of Oklahoma Oil and Gas Fields; Distinguished By GOR and Coalbed Methane Production. From Boyd (2002)(GOR Cutoffs: Oil <5,000; Oil and Gas 5,000-20,000; Gas > 20,000)
Schematic Cross-section of the Anadarko BasinModified from Witt and others (1971).
Geologic Time ScaleModified From Harland (1990) and Hansen (1991).
D IV IS IO N S O F G EO LO G IC TIM E
Eon Era Period Epoch
Age (approx.)in m illions of
years
Cenozo
icM
eso
zoic
Pale
ozo
ic
Phanero
zoic
Carb
onife
rous
P ennsylvanian
M ississipp ian
Tertia ry
Q uate rnary
C retaceous
Jurassic
Triass ic
Perm ian
D evon ian
S ilurian
O rdovic ian
C am brian
H o locene
P leistocene
P liocene
M iocene
O ligocene
Eocene
Paleocene
La te
Early
La te
M iddle
Early
La te
M iddle
Early
La te
Early
La te
M iddle
Early
La te
Early
La te
M iddle
Early
La te
Early
La te
M iddle
Early
La te
M iddle
Early
0.010
1.6
5
23
35
57
65
97
146
157
178
208
235
241
245
256
290
303
311
323
345
363
377
386
409
424
439
464
476
510
517
536
570
Regional Stratigraphic Cross-Section(Hung from Top of Booch)
Oklahoma Arkoma Basin (Booch)
(Present burial depth not necessarily maximum burial depth)
Arkoma BasinEstimated Overburden Removal
Petroleum System Summary
• Source (Material and Rocks)
• Generation (Maturation)
• Migration (Expulsion)
• Trap
• Reservoir
Source Rock for PetroleumSource Rock for Petroleum
Organic-Rich
Thin Laminae
LOMPOC Quarry SampleMonterey Formation, CA
1 Inch1 Inch
Migration Pathways
• Hydrocarbon Expulsion
• Vertical vs. Horizontal Migration
• Residual Saturations
Basement
GEOGRAPHIC EXTENT OF PETROLEUM SYSTEM Present-Day
STRATIGRAPHICEXTENT OF
PETROLEUM SYSTEM
Petroleum accumulation
Top of oil window
Bottom of oil window
Trap TrapTrap
Seal
Reservoir
Source
Underburden
Overburden
A A’
Magoon and Dow, 1994Magoon and Dow, 1994
Present-Day Petroleum SystemPresent-Day Petroleum System
Inferred Middle Booch Depositional EnvironmentsArkoma Basin in Oklahoma
Spill PointSpill Point
Seal Rock(Mudstone)Reservoir Rock
(Sandstone)Migration from‘Kitchen’
1) Early Generation
2) Late Generation
Gas displaces all oil
Gas beginning to displace oil
Displaced oil accumulates
Petroleum SystemPetroleum System
The Leaky Trap
Petroleum System ProcessesPetroleum System Processes
24803
Petroleum System ElementsPetroleum System Elements
120° F120° F
350° F350° FGenerationGeneration
MigrationMigration
Seal RockSeal Rock
Reservoir RockReservoir Rock
OilOil
WaterWater
Gas CapGas Cap
EntrapmentEntrapmentAccumulationAccumulation
Source Source RockRock
Schematic Migrational PathwaysFrom Basin to Shelf
Asphalt SeepViola Limestone (Oklahoma)
The End of the Road
On to the Trap
One More Thing…….Basin Assignments
• North American• San Juan• East Texas• Gulf Coast• Anadarko• Arkoma• Powder River• Wind River• Green River• Williston• Delaware• Midland• Black Warrior• Fort Worth• Others………..
Facts to Consider
Basin Location, Size, Maximum Depth, Age (from basement to outcrop + max subsidence), Stratigraphy Other items; eg - Structure (extensional, compressional)
Petroleum SystemSource Rocks: Name(s), kerogen type(s), TOC, depth to top of oil window, kitchen location
Migration Pathways: Carrier bed(s), faults, distance (vertical and horizontal)
Traps: Structural, Stratigraphic, Combination (dominant type)
Reservoirs: Names, Rock types (both reservoir and seal)
Representative Fields (The biggest ones)OOIP, OGIP, RF, Cum Prod
Other notable Facts – anything else you want to add (history, technology, companies, etc)
Powerpoint presentation: 10-12 slides (or more), approach as management presentation in which object is to highgrade future exploration opportunities for your company. For any answers you cannot find, treat as source of increased risk of entry.
Map of Selected Sedimentary Basins
1-Williston Basin2-Powder River Basin3-Denver Basin4-Salina Basin5-Forest City Basin6-Kennedy Basin7-Big Horn Basin8-Wind River Basin9-Laramide Basin10-Washakie-Red Desert B.11-Green River Basin
