Petroleum Intro

8/6/2019 Petroleum Intro

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Petroleum industry in India

Exploration-O.N.G.C,O.I.L,Cairn,Reliance,EssarRefining-I.O.C(Digboi,Guwahati,Haldia,Baruni,Mathura,Panipat,Koyali,CPCL,BRPL)BPCL-Mumbai,KRL,NRLHPCL-Mumbai,Vizag,

MRPLRELIANCEEssar oil



Petrochemical-1.Reliance2.GAIL3.FACT-PD4.GSFC15 th largest consumer in world22 nd rank in productionCrude oil reserve is 0.59%

Crude Production-33mmtaCrude consumption-130 mmtaRefining capacity-175mmta



India had only 15 days of crude stockFirst oil well in India-1866 at Nahorpung(Assam)

1890 at DigboiFirst refinery -1893 (Assam oil company)Japan & U.S have 6 months stock1barrel-42 us gallon

-35 imperial gallonOPEC-Organization for Petroleum exportingcountries(producers)IEA-International energy agency(consumers)



First oil well in the world-1855(Pennsylvania)First oil refinery in world-1859Only major refinery till 1954 in India is AssamOil company

- 1955 with help of Russia,They conductedsurvey,BH,Ankleshwar oil fields are developed

- ONGC set up in 1956- OIL-1958- IOC-1964



1947-Production-0.25mmtaRefining-0.5mmtaConsumption-2.6mmtaMajor Oil fields-1.BH(south,North,Heera,Gandhar,Neelam)2.KG basin3.Ankleshwar in Gujarat4.Upper assam(OIL)

5.Mangala oil field-Cairn energy6.Nagapatnam7.Rauva oil field



NELP-New exploration licensing policy

APM-Administrative pricing mechanism

MDPM-Market determined pricing mechanismTotal 742 refinery in the world

Exxon mobil is the largest refiner

Shell is the secondU.S is the largest consumer

Saudi is the largest producer



Major products

Light distillate-LPG,Gasoline,NaphthaMiddle distillate-Kerosene,ATF,HSD

Heavy distillate-Furnace oil,LSHS,HSHS,Lubeoil,Bitumen,Pet coke,Paraffin waxPetrochemical-Aromatics,P-

Xylene,PTA,Ethylene,Propylene etc.SolventsSulphur



Euro specification of GasolineEuro 1 Euro2 Euro3 euro4

Colour orange orange orange orange

Density 710-771 710-772 710-773 710-774

Lead(gm/lit) 0.013 0.013 0.005 0.005

Sulphur % 0.05 0.025 0.015 0.005

Benzene Vol% 5 5 1 1

Aromatics Vol% 42 35

Olefin 18 10

RON 95 95 95 95MON 85 85 85 85

Oxygen wt% 2.5 2.5 2.7 2.9



Euro specification of dieselEuro1 Euro2 Euro3 Euro4

Sulphur % 0.2 0.05 0.035 0.005

Cetane number 49 49 51 53

95% RecoveryTemp

370 370 360 340

Poly cyclicaromatics

No spec No spec 11 11

Density 820-860 820-860 845 840



History and development of Refining

The invention of Kerosene lamp in 1854Henry Ford invented automobile

Gasoline production increased tremendouslyafter the development of cracking processSteam- Naphtha reforming

Maximize Propylene productionNaphtha converted into gasoline



Refining Technology

A.D.U-L.P.G,Naphtha,Kerosene,Diesel,R.CV.D.U-L.V.G.O,H.V.G.O,V.RVisbreaking unitBitumen unitFCCU/Hydrocracking/Coking(Secondary)Reformer/CCRLEFPUPurification-Merox,Hydro desulphurisationSulphur Recovery



Organic theory-Englers theory- 1.Marine animal/vegitablematter decomposed by bacteria formbituminous residue2.Cracking- give liquid product rich in olefincalled Protopetroleum

3.Polymerisation,Polyolefin so formedundergo changes to become Naphthenic andParaffinic hydrocarbon



Modern theory-Plant/animal-fatty acid-Kerogen(aliphatic material)-Oil/gas in sedimentary rockOccurrence of Petroleum- in pockets of porous rock

such as sand stone surrounded by non porousrock.Gas,oil,water have seeped into such pocket andbeen trappedThree types of traps

1.Anticline-arch or bulgeFault-earth movement cause crack and shiftStratigraphic-barrier to fluid flow



Exploration

1.Identify the potential area2.Drilling3.Recovery of oil and gas from the well

Identify the potential area1.Geophysical methodA.Gravimetric methodB.Electrical conductivity methodC.Magnetic methodD.Seismic survey



2.Geochemical methodA.Gas survey

B.Bacterial methodC.Gass logging-gamma ray logging,NeutronloggingDrilling-Mud fluid circulating systemCoring



Types of drilling1.Percussion drilling

2.Rotary drilling3.Vibratory drilling4.Augar drilling

5.Turbo drilling



Recovery of oil1.Primary oil recovery(Natural method)Dissolved gas drive

Gas cap driveWater driveGravity driveSecondary recovery-Producing more oil byintroducing more energy into a reservoirWater floodingGas flooding



Enhanced oil recovery-ultimate oil can be economicallyrecovered from a petroleum reservoirThermal methods

-Steam injection-Steam flooding-In situ combustion.Miscible/Immiscible displacement process

-CO2 injection-L.P.G injection-Inert gas injection



Chemical flooding processSurfactant/Polymer injection

Alkaline flooding



Transportation of crude

Crude oil contain a mixture of light and heavyhydrocarbon.Stabilized oil may cotainparaffinic,naphthenic,and aromaticcomponents.In addition asphaltenes and resinsmay also present.Pipe lineMarine carriers

1.ULCC-350TMTVLCC-250,SUEZ MAX-135,LR1-85,LR11-65,MR-40Tank trucks by road



Transportation of Waxy crude

Presence of wax crystal changes the flowbehaviour from Newtonian to non newtonian

Low sulphurGood distillate and product yeildLow viscous flow at fair temp

Middle east crude-Pour point below 0 and waxcontent below 7%BH-30-12.5%



Methods of pipeline transportation

Select pumps to allow a parallel/seriesarrangementSeparate low flow,high head pumps for restarting

Reverse pumpingHydrocarbon diluent less waxy crude or lightdistillateUse pour point depressants/flow improvers

Mixing water with crude to form an emulsionConditioning the crude to change the structure of wax crystal



Pour point depressants

Alkyl acrylate polymers and copolymerOlefin alkyl maleate copolymer

Vinyl esterAlkylated polystyreneDeveloped by RRL

SWAT-104,SWAT-106



Composition of crude oil

Hydrocarbon along with sulphur,N2,O2,and somemetalsElemental compositionC-84-87%,H2-11-14%,S-0.06-8%,N2-0.02-1.7%,O2-0.68-1.82%,Metals-0-.14%-Hydrocarbons

1.Parffins,2.Naphthenes,3.Aromatics-Non hydrocarbons1.Sulphur compounds(0.05 to 8%)



Free elemental SulphurHydrogen sulphideThiols(R-SH)Sulphides(RSR)Disulphides(RSSR)2.Nitrogen compounds(0.2%)Basic-Pyrrole,Indole,CarbazoleNon basic-Pyridine,Quinoline



3.Oxygen compounds(2%)Phenol,Cyclohexanone,Benzaldehyde,4.Resins and Asphaltenes-half of the totalcombined N2, O2,and S present in the crude oil inthe form of resins and asphaltenes5.Metallic constituents

Nickel and Vanadium are the most abundanttrace metal found in crude oilFe,Cu,Al,Ba,Bo,Ca,Co,



Natural gas

Methane together with small amounts of heavier hydrocarbon and some nonhydrocarbon gases like N2,Co2,H2,H2S,He1.Non associated gas2.Associated gas

3.Dissolved gas-dry or lean gas,wet gas,Sourgas,Sweet gas,residue gas,casing head gas4.Natural gas liquid(LNG)



Characterization of crude oil

Crude oils differ from each other based on theirplace of origin,hydrocarbon content.Paraffin base-paraffin wax,lubricating oil,highgrade kerosene(More than 5% paraffin in residue)

Naphthenic/Asphaltic base-Non hydrocarbonsrelatively high,high quality gasoline,M/C

lubricating oil and asphalt(less than 2% paraffin)Mixed base-both wax and asphalt,lower yeild(2-5% paraffin)



Methods for determination of base of crude

1.Correlation index-U.S .Bureau of minesCI=473.7d-456.8+(48.64/K)K=average B.P0 to 15=paraffinic,15 to 50=naphthenic,above 50 aromatic2. Characterization factor,K uop10.5 to 12.5-paraffinic,12.5 to 13 naphthenic3.Watson factor Kw



4.Viscosity gravity index

VGC=10G-1.072 log(V-38)/10-log(V-38)

V=viscosity at 37.8CG=gravity at 15.6C

Lower the index number more paraffinic is crude5.A.S.T.M distillation6.T.B.P distillation

7.E.F.V



Different types of B.P

1.volume average B.P2.Weight average B.P

3.Molal average B.P4.Mean average B.P5.Cubic average B.P



Evaluation of crude oil

1.Colour-green,dark brown,black,C/H2 ratio 6 to 8

2.Specific gravityLight crude-less than 0.825Medium crude-less than 0.875

Heavy crude-less than 1.0Extra heavy crude-more than 1.0



3.Crude oil Pour pointPumpability of crude varies from -60 to 30c4.Crude oil viscosityPressure drop in pipelines.Viscosity of paraffiniccrude increase rapidly with decrease in temp5. V.P and Flash point of crude oil

Assess the amount of light hydrocarbon presentin it and assess the amount of light hydrocarbonthat may be lost during filling and draining



6.Sulphur content of Crude oil(0.05 to 5%)More than 6 ppm H2S Sour crude

Less than 6ppm H2S-Sweet crude7.Nitrogen content of Crude oilOn heating they decompose to give organic

bases or Ammonia,which reduce the acidity of refining catalysts and initiate gum formation8.Bottom sediments



9.Salt content of crude oilScale formation,H.E fouling,begin to hydrolyseat 120C releasing HCl gas10.Crude oil Acid numberPresence of Carboxylic acidForm emulsion with caustic solutionCorrosive at high tempAttack ordinary carbon steel



Benchmark crude

North sea brent crude(Europe)West texas intermediate crude(U.S)Dubai crude (India)

Desirable crude oil propertiesAPI gravity-30-40Pour point <18CN2<1400ppmAcid number <0.5 mg of KOH/gm of crudeSulphur <0.3 wt%



Thermal properties of Petroleumfraction

1.Flash point- is the lowest temp at whichapplication of test flame causes the vapour abovethe oil give momentary flash2.Fire point- is the lowest temp at whichapplication of test flame causes the vopour abovethe oil to ignite and continues to burn for 5 sec.

Flash point and fire point can be taken as indirectmeasure of volatility of the product.Method of storage, transportation, safety



3.Cloud point- is the temp at which a cloud orhaze of wax crystal appears at the bottom of thetest jar when the oil is cooled under prescribedconditions.Cloud point give rough idea of the temp abovewhich the oil can be safely handled without anyfear of congealing or filter clogging.4.Pour point-is the lowest temp expressed inmultiples of 3C at which oil is observed to flowwhen cooled and examined under prescribedconditions.



Indicate pump ability of crudeWaxy nature of the oils5.Freezing point-is the temp at which crystals of

hydrocarbons formed on cooling disappear whentemp of fuel is allowed to riseJet fuel test is very important.6.Viscosity-

Dynamic viscosity-is the ratio of applied shearstress to rate of shear and thus a measure of theresistance of a fluid flow



Kinematic viscosity-is defined as the measureof the resistance to gravity flow of fluid. Thetime of flow of a fixed volume of fluid isdirectly proportional to its Kinematic viscosity.Viscosity is an important characteristics of afuel it is used for pump design, flow throughpipe line, orifice, atomization of fuelRedwood ,Say bolt universal,Engler viscometer



7.Viscosity index-is the most widely used way of characterizing the effect change of temp on theviscosity of any oil.

An oil with min change in viscosity with temp has ahigh VI,oil whose viscosity changes rapidly with changein temp has a low VIVI=(L-U/L-H)x100U-K.V at 40C of the oil whose VI is to be calculatedL- K.V at 40C of the oil of 0 VIH- K.V at 40C of the oil of100 VI



T.B.P Apparatus



Sequence-1, DebutanisationSequence-2,Distillation at atm pressureSequence-3,Distillation at 100mm Hg

Sequence-4,Distillation at 2mm HgObservation which are to be recorded1.Time in hours and minute2.Volume in ml3.Vapour temp4.Temp of boiling liquid5.Pressure and pressure drop in column



Report-Different cut obtained arecollected,their initial and final distillation tempare recorded along with their volume/weight

and specific gravities.Temp v/s cumulativevolume%.A.S.T.M distillation

It is non fractionating distillationsystem,distinguishing itself as a differentialdistillation carried out with std A.S.T.M flask



Distillation flask with heating arrangementCondenserReceiverVacuum equipmentEquilibrium flash vaporisation-conduct flashdistillation

T.B.P slopeA.S.T.M gapT.B.P overlap

Petroleum Intro

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