Petroleum Composition & Products

1. Preliminary assay-inspection data.The preliminary assay provides general data on the oil and is based on simple tests such as distillation range, water content, specific gravity, and sulfur content that enable desirable or undesirable features to be noted. This form of assay requires only a small quantity of sample and is therefore particularly useful for the characterization of oil field samples produced from cores, drill stem tests, or seepages. The tests in the preliminary assay are relatively simple and can be completed in a short time and generally on a routine basis. This assay gives a useful general picture of the quality of petroleum, but it does not cover the work necessary to provide adequate data, for example, for the design of refinery equipment, nor does it produce a sufficient quantity of the various products from the crude so that they can be examined for quality.

Types of Assay

2. A full assayInvolves the preparation of a true boiling point curve and the analysis of fractions and product blends throughout the full range of the crude oil.A full assay of petroleum is based on a true boiling point distillation of the crude, and sufficient data are obtained to assess the yields and properties of the straight-run products, covering light hydrocarbons, light, middle, and heavy distillate, lubricants, residual fuel oil, and residuum. Often, the middle ground is reached between the preliminary assay and the full assay, but the requirements may also be feedstock dependent.

Types of Assay

Assay Protocol(s)

• Sampling• Measurement• Accuracy• Precision

SAMPLINGThe value of any product is judged by the characteristics of the sample as determined by laboratory tests. The sample used for the test(s) must be rep-sampling representative of the bulk material, or data will be produced that are not representative of the material and will, to be blunt, be incorrect no matter how accurate or precise the test method is. In addition, the type and cleanliness of sample containers are important: If the container is contaminated or is made of material that either reacts with the product or is a catalyst, the test results may be wrong.

MEASUREMENTThe issues that face petroleum analysts include the need to provide higher quality results. In addition, environmental regulations may influence the method of choice. Nevertheless, the method of choice still depends to a large extent on the boiling range (or carbon number) of the sample to be analyzed. For example, there is a large variation in the carbon number range and boiling points (of normal paraffins) for some of the more common petroleum products and thus a variation in the methods that may be applied to these products (Speight, 2001).The predominant methods of measuring the properties of petroleum products are covered by approximately seven test methods that are used in the determination of bulk quantities of liquid petroleum and its products (ASTM D-96,ASTM D-287,ASTM D-1085,ASTM D-1086,ASTM D-1087, ASTM D-1250, ASTM D-1298).

ACCURACYThe accuracy of a test is a measure of how close the test result will be to the true value of the property being measured. As such, the accuracy can be expressed as the bias between the test result and the true value.However, the absolute accuracy can only be established if the true value is known.

PRECISIONThe precision of a test method is the variability between test results obtained on the same material using the specific test method. The precision of a test is usually unrelated to its accuracy. The results may be precise butnot necessarily accurate. In fact, the precision of an analytical method is the amount of scatter in the results obtained from multiple analyses of a homogeneous sample. To be meaningful, the precision study must be performed using the exact sample and standard preparation procedures that will be used in the final method. Precision is expressed as repeatability andreproducibility. The term reproducibility or reproducibility interval (R) is analogous to the term repeatability, but it is the maximum permissible difference between two results obtained on the same material but now in differentlaboratories. Therefore, differences between two or more laboratories should not exceed the reproducibility interval more than five times in a hundred.

R = 2.77 * standard deviation of test

METHOD VALIDATIONMethod validation is the process of proving that an analytical method is acceptable for its intended purpose. Many organizations, such as the ASTM, provide a framework for performing such validations. In general, methods for product specifications and regulatory submission must include studies on specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, range, detection limit, and quantitationlimit.

Carbon Residue, Asphaltene ContentThe carbon residues of petroleum and petroleum products serve as an indication of the propensity of the sample to form carbonaceous deposits (thermal coke) under the influence of heat.Tests for Conradson carbon residue (ASTM D-189, IP 13), Ramsbottom carbon residue (ASTM D-524, IP 14), the microcarbon carbon residue (ASTM D4530, IP 398), and asphaltene content (ASTM D-893, ASTM D-2006, ASTM D-2007, ASTM D-3279, ASTM D-4124, ASTM D-6560, IP143) are sometimes included in inspection data on petroleum. The data gives an indication of the amount of coke that will be formed during thermal processes as well as an indication of the amount of high-boiling constituentsin petroleum.

DistillationThe distillation tests give an indication of the types ofproducts and the quality of the products that can beobtained from petroleum, and the tests are used tocompare different petroleum types through the yieldand quality of the 300°C (572°F) residuum fraction.For example, the waxiness or viscosity of thisfraction gives an indication of the amount, types, andquality of the residual fuel that can be obtained fromthe petroleum. In this respect, the determination ofthe aniline point (ASTM D-611, IP 2) can be used todetermine the aromatic or aliphatic character ofpetroleum. Although not necessarily the same as thewax content, correlative relationships can be derivedfrom the data.

Usually seven fractions provide the basis for a reasonably thorough evaluation of the distillation properties of the feedstock:1. Gas, boiling range: <15.5°C (60°F)2. Gasoline (light naphtha), boiling range: l5.5–149°C (60–300°F)3. Kerosene (medium naphtha), boiling range: 149–232°C (300–450°F)4. Gas oil, boiling range: 232–343°C (450–650°F)5. Light vacuum gas oil, boiling range: 343–371°C (650–700°F)6. Heavy vacuum gas oil, boiling range: 371–566°C (700–1050°F)7. Residuum, boiling range: >566°C (1050°F)From 5 to 50 liters of crude oil are necessary to complete a full assay, depending on the number of fractions to be taken and the tests to be performed on the fractions.

Light HydrocarbonsThe amount of the individual light hydrocarbons inpetroleum (methane to butane or pentane) is oftenincluded as part of the preliminary assay.Although one of the more conventional distillationprocedures might be used, the determination of lighthydrocarbons in petroleum is best is carried out witha gas chromatographic method (ASTM D-2427).

Metallic ConstituentsPetroleum, as recovered from the reservoir,contains metallic constituents but also picks upmetallic constituents during recovery,transportation, and storage. Even traceamounts of these metals can be deleterious torefining processes, especially processes inwhich catalysts are used. Trace components,such as metallic constituents, can also produceadverse effects in refining either (1) by causingcorrosion or (2) by affecting the quality ofrefined products.

Salt ContentThe salt content of crude oil is highly variable and results principally from production practices used in the field and, to a lesser extent, from its handling aboard the tankers bringing it to terminals. The bulk of the salt present will be dissolved in coexisting water and can be removed indesalters, but small amounts of salt may be dissolved in the crude oil itself. Salt may be derived from reservoir or formation waters or from other waters used in secondary recovery operations. Aboard tankers, ballast water of varying salinity may also be a source of salt contamination.Salt in crude oil may be deleterious in several ways. Even in small concentrations, salts will accumulate in stills, heaters, and exchangers, leading to fouling that requires expensive cleanup. More importantly, during flash vaporization of crude oil certain metallic salts can be hydrolyzed to hydrochloric acid according to the following reactions:2NaCl + H2O 2 HCl + Na2OMgCl2 + H2O 2 HCl + MgO

Sulfur ContentSulfur is present in petroleum as sulfides, thiophenes,benzothiophenes, and dibenzothiophenes. In most cases,the presence of sulfur is detrimental to the processingbecause sulfur can act as catalytic poisons duringprocessing.The sulfur content of petroleum is an important propertyand varieswidely within the rough limits 0.1% w/w to 3.0% w/w, and asulfur content up to 8.0% w/w has been noted for tar sandbitumen. Compounds containing this element are amongthe most undesirable constituents of petroleum becausethey can give rise to plant corrosion and atmosphericpollution. Petroleum can evolve hydrogen sulfide duringdistillation as well as low-boiling sulfur compounds.

Chemical Industry-The Fact Sheet

70000 products10 Million direct employees50 Million indirect employeesWide range of products/processes/ feed-stocksEnabling better quality of lifeAnnual growth rate 2.4 %

Global enterprise valued at $2.2 Trillion …… and growing

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Catalysis in Chemical Industry

Catalysts- Motors of Chemical Industry

Constraints in feedstock with respect to availability, quality & costEco friendly processes & products: stringent emission levels- Preserving the environmentNeed for conserving energy Waste minimization/effective treatment Catalysts with higher efficacy: activity/selectivity/ life / Max.atom efficiencyProcess improvements: milder conditions/fewer steps Ever-increasing demand for niche /specialty products at affordable pricesNew catalysts /processes: Reduction in discovery & process development cycle time

Chemical Industry-The challenges

Catalysis provides innovative solutions

Energy

Environment

Cost of production

Feed stock

New products

New processes

Catalysis

Energy

Environment

Cost of production

Feed stock

New products

New processes

Catalysis

Catalysis- Key to process innovations

Catalysis: The science behind sustainable energy & chemicals

Science takes on the demands from the environment

Production Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel requires ultra high active Hydro De-Sulfurising HDS catalysts

Target ( <10ppm S) achieved through scientific pursuits

How Science responds to the technological challenges ?

Major market segmentsPetroleum RefiningPolymerizationPetrochemicals /

ChemicalsEnvironmental

Global Catalyst Market

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

1999 2002 2005 2007

Year

US$

Billi

on

Global Catalyst Market

Global Catalyst market: $ 12.9 Bill(up to 2007).

Market Projections- 2012Growth rate 6.3 %Market value 16.5 Bill.US$

Catalysts for Energy & Environment to grow faster

Chemical Industry- Products pattern

Chemicals- Intricately woven with our day to day life

Petrochemicals-37%

Energy

Chemicals &Fertilizers

Petrochemicals

Transport

Petroleum Refining

Petroleum Refining- The Mother Industry

Product Slates

Petroleum FuelsFeed-stocksHydrogenLubricantsSyngasSulfur

Petrochemical feed-stocksC2-C3 gasLPGC4 streamNaphtha for light olefinsNaphtha for aromaticsKeroseneGas oil for cracking

CRUDE OIL

REFINARY

FEEDSTOCKSGas, Naphtha, Gas Oil, Kerosene

PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY

BASIC CHEMICALSEthylene, Propylene, 1.3-Butadiene & BTX,

PETROCHEMICALSPE,PP,PVC,PS,PBR,MEG,LAB,ACN, AF, PTA, PHA, MA,CPL

Petrochemicals- The Origin

Basic/Building block Chemicals

EthylenePropyleneButadiene (1,3)BenzeneTolueneXylenes

Petrochemicals from Ethylene

Petrochemicals from Propylene

AdiponitrileADN

PolybutadieneRubber

PBR

Styrene-ButadieneRubber SBR

Acrylonitrile-Butadiene

-Styrene ABS

Butadiene

Petrochemicals from ButadienePetrochemicals from B

Specialty Polymers /Chemicals

Petrochemicals from Benzene

Toluene

Specialty/Functionalized

chemicals

XylenesBenzene

Petrochemicals from Toluene

Xylenes

O-Xylenep-Xylenem-Xylene

Phthalic anhydrideTerephthalic acidPTAIso-phthalic acid

PlasticizersPolyestersPET

Petrochemicals from Xylenes

Table.3. Major petrochemical processes & catalystsProcess Catalysts/Processes

Aromatics

Naphtha reforming- Production of Gasoline & BTX

Pt-Re/Al2O3, Pt-Sn/Al2O3,Semi-regenerative/ CCRUOP/Axens/Criterion/Chevron/IPCL/RIL

Xylene Isomerization- Towards maximization of p-Xylene- EB Conversion/ EB dealkylation prcesses

ZSM-5 CompositeUOP, Axens, Exxon-MobilZeolyst , IPCL/RIL

C7+C9 Aromatics Transalkylation-Upgradation of low value C7& C9 streams, towards maximization of p-Xylene

ZSM-5 CompositeUOP, Axens, Exxon-Mobil,SK Corpn

Toluene Disproportionation- Up gradation of low value C7 stream- Value added products- Benzene & p- Xylene

ZSM-5 CompositeUOP, Axens, Exxon-Mobil,

Alkylation of Toluene/ Ethylbenzne-Value added products- p-Xylene & PDEB

Pore regulated ZSM-5IPCL/RIL, UOP

Dehydrogenation

C3 ,C4 paraffins to Olefins-Monomers- Propylene, Iso-butene

Cr2 O3/Al2O3, Pt-Sn/Al2O3,UOP, CATOFIN, Phillips, Linde

C10-C13 paraffins to Mono olefins- For alkylation with Benzene to Linear Alkyl Benzene (LAB)

Pt-Sn/Al2O3,UOP, IFP,IPCL/RIL

Ethyl benzene to StyreneFe-K/Al2O3UOP

Hydrogenation

Acetylenics in C2/C3/C4 hydrocarbon streams- Purification of monomers

Pd/Ni supported on alumina with promotersAxens, Sud-Chemie, BASF

Benzene to Cyclohexane- For caprolactum production

Ni/Alumina, Pt/AluminaAxens, SC,UOP

Hydrogenation of Oils/Fats Ni/Alumina

Purification of PTA- removal of 4-CBA

Pd/CarbonBASF, Sud-Chemie,Chemit

Hydrogenation of unsaturated organic compounds

Supported Ni/Pd with promoters

Oxidation /Epoxidation /Oxychlorination / Ammoxidation

Ethylene to Ethylene oxidePromoted Ag/Alumina, DOW,Shell,Sci.Design

Ethylene to Acetic acid Supported Pd

Ethylene+ HCl to Ethylene dichloride CuCl2- KCl/AluminaBASF, KNF, Oxyvinyl

Propylene to Acrylonitrile Molybdates of Bi,Fe,Ni/SilicaIneos

Propylene to Acrylic acid V-P-O,Ineos

Propylene to Propylene oxide Supported Mo Oxides/Au

O-Xylene to Phthalic anhydride Vanadia/TiO2

P-Xylene to Purified Terephthalic acid(PTA)

Co-Mn fatty acids

Butane to Maleic anhydride V-P-O, Ineos

Syngas conversions

CO+2H2→ CH3OH ZnO-CuO-Chromia

CO+H2→ n-Paraffins (Fischer-Tropsch)

Supported Co/Fe with promoters

CO + CH3OH→ Acetic acid Rh-,Ir-Iodide promoted

Polymer Processes

Ethylene to PolyethyleneLDPE, LLDPE, HDPE

High pressure tubular process (LDPE)Chevron-Phillips slurry processBasell Spherilene process ( LLDPE/HDPE)NOVA- Sclairtech process ( LLDPE/HDPE)

Propylene to PolypropylenePP, PE Copolymers

Basell Spheripol PP processDow UNIPOL PP processBorstar PP process

Vinyl chloride to Polyvinyl chloride PVC

Innovyl Suspension PVCUHDE, Goodrich process

A partial list of products made from Petroleum (144 of 6000 items)

One 42-gallon barrel of oil creates 19.4 gallons of gasoline. The rest (over half) is used to make things like:

• Solvents, Diesel fuel, Motor Oil, Bearing Grease Ink, • Floor Wax, Ballpoint Pens, Football Cleats, Upholstery, Sweaters,• Boats, Insecticides, Bicycle Tires, Sports Car Bodies, Nail Polish,• Fishing lures, Dresses, Tires, Golf Bags, Perfumes• Cassettes, Dish-W parts, Tool Boxes, Shoe Polish, MC Helmet• Caulking, Petroleum Jelly, Scotch Tape, CD Player, Faucet

Washers, Antiseptics, Clothesline, Curtains, Basketballs,• Preservatives, Soap, Vitamin Caps, Antihistamines, Purses,• Shoes, Dashboards, Cortisone, Deodorant, Footballs• Putty, Dyes, Panty Hose, Refrigerant, Percolators• Life Jackets, Rubbing Alcohol, Linings, Skis, TV Cabinets,• Shag Rugs, Insul. Tape, Tool Racks, Battery Cases, Epoxy• Paint, Mops, Slacks, Insect Repellent, Oil Filters• Umbrellas, Yarn, Fertilizers, Hair Coloring, Roofing

• Toilet Seats, Fishing Rods, Lipstick, Denture Adhesive, Linoleum• Ice Trays, Syn. Rubber, Speakers, Plastic Wood, Electric Blankets• Glycerin, Tennis Rackets, Rubber Cement, Fishing Boots• Dice, Nylon Rope, Candles,Trash Bags, House Paint• Water Pipes, Hand Lotion, Roller Skates, Surf Boards,• Shampoo, Wheels, Paint Rollers, Shower Curtains, Guitar Strings• Luggage, Aspirin, Safety Glasses, Antifreeze, Football Helmets• Awnings, Eyeglasses, Clothes, Toothbrushes, Ice Chests,• Footballs, Combs, CD's & DVD's, Paint Brushes, Detergents,• Vaporizers, Balloons, Sun Glasses, Tents, Heart Valves,• Crayons, Parachutes, Telephones, Enamel, Pillows• Dishes, Cameras, Anesthetics, Artificial Turf,• Artificial limbs,Bandages, Dentures, Model Cars,• Folding Doors, Hair Curlers, Cold cream, Movie film,• Soft Contact lenses, Drinking Cups, Fan Belts, Car Enamel,• Shaving Cream, Ammonia, Refrigerators, Golf Balls,

Toothpaste• Gasoline…….• Americans consume petroleum products at a rate of three-and-a-half gallons of

oil and more than 250 cubic feet of natural gas per day each! But, as shown here petroleum is not just used for fuel.

Azeri BTC 36.1° 0.14% BP Azerbaijan Ceyhan, Turkey

Azeri Light 34.8° 0.15% BP Azerbaijan Supsa Terminal, Georgia

BCF-17 16.5° 2.53% Venezuela La Salina

Bạch Hổ 33.8° 0.08% Vietnam

Bachaquero 17 17° Venezuela

Bachaquero 24 24° Venezuela

Balder 30.1° 0.48% Norway Balder FPSO

Baobab 23° 0.39-0.46% Ivory Coast Baobab FPSO

Basrah Blend

Basrah Light 30.5° 2.90% Iraq

Basrah Light/Mesa 30 Blend (35/65) 30.5° 1.63% Iraq/USAIraq/USA

Bayou Choctaw Sour 32.2° 1.43% United States

Bayou Choctaw Sweet 36.0° 0.36% United States

Bayu Undan 55.9° 0.07% Australia/East Timor Liberdade FSO

Belanak 47.8° 0.02% Indonesia Belanak FPSO

Belayim Blend 27.5 2.40% Egypt Wadi Feiran

Belida

Benchamas

Beryl 37.5 0.42% United Kingdom Beryl

Bintulu Condensate 69.3 0.03% Malaysia Bintulu

Bonga 29.1 0.26% Nigeria Bonga FPSO

Bonito Sour 35.5° 0.99% United States

Bonny Light 33.4° 0.16% Nigeria

Bontang Condensate

Boscan 10.1° 5.70% Venezuela Bajo Grande

Bouri 26.3° 1.91% Libya Bouri

Bow River 24.7 2.10% Canada

Brass River 0.14% Nigeria

Brega 39.8° 0.20% Libya Brega

Brent Blend 38.3° 0.37% United Kingdom

Brunei Light

CPC Blend

Cabinda 32.4° 0.13% Angola

Canadian Par 40° Canada

Canadon Seco

Cano Limon 29.2° 0.50% Colombia Covenas

Captain 19.2° 0.70% United Kingdom Captain FPSO

Ceiba 29.9° 0.57% Equatorial Guinea Sendje Ceiba FPSO

Cepu 32° 0.15% Indonesia Cepu FSO

Cerro Negro 16° 3.34% Venezuela Puerto José

Champion 28.7° 0.13% Brunei Seria

Chinguetti 28.3° 0.49% Mauritania Berge Helene FPSO

Cinta 31.1° 0.09% Indonesia Cinta

Clair 23.7° 0.44% United Kingdom Sullom Voe

Cold Lake 21.2° 3.70% Canada Westridge Terminal

Cossack 47.7° 0.05% Australia Cossack Pioneer FPSO

Cusiana 43.1° 0.14% Colombia

DUC 33.6° 0.26% Denmark Fredericia

Dalia 23.6° 0.51% Total S.A. Angola offshore

Daqing 32.2° 0.11% China Dairen (Dalian)

Dar Blend 26.42° 0.12% Sudan Al-Khayr

Djeno 27.0° 0.47% Congo Djeno

Doba 21.1° 0.10% Chad Kome Kribi 1 FSO

Doroud 34° 2.5% Iran Kharg Island

Draugen 39.9° 0.15% Shell Oil Company Norway offshore

Dubai 31° 2.0%

Dukhan 41.1° 1.22% Qatar Umm Said

Dulang 37.6° 0.05% Malaysia Dulang FSO

Duri 20.8° 0.20% Indonesia Dumai

EA Crude 35.1° 0.08% Nigeria

East MS Mix 30.9 2.10% United States

Ekofisk Blend (Norway) 37.2° 0.23% Norway

Ekofisk Blend 37.5° 0.23% ConocoPhillips United Kingdom Teesside

El Sharara 43.1° 0.07% Libya Zawiya terminal

Enfield 21.7° 0.13% Australia Nganhurra FPSO

Erha 31.8° 0.21% Nigeria Erha FPSO

Sidra 37° Waha Oil Company Libya Sidra

Escalante 24.1° 0.19% Argentina Comodoro Rivadavia

Escravos 34.2° 0.17% Nigeria

ESPO blend 34.8° 0.62% Russia Kozmino

Eugene Island 34.3° 1.18% United States

Fateh 30.4° 2.13% Dubai Fateh

Fife United States

Flotta 35.4° 1.22% United Kingdom Flotta

Foinaven 26.6° 0.40% United Kingdom

Forcados (to Europe) 30.8° 0.16% Nigeria

Foroozan Blend 29.7° 2.34% Iran Kharg Island

Forties Blend 40.3° 0.56% BP United Kingdom Hound Point

Fulmar Shell United Kingdom[2]

Furrial 30.0° 1.06% Venezuela

Galeota Mix 37.8° 0.19% Trinidad

Gippsland 42° Australia

Girassol 29.9° 0.32% Total S.A. Angola offshore

Glitne 32.9° 0.50% Statoil Norway offshore

Grane 18.7° 0.83% Statoil Norway Sture terminal

Gryphon

Gullfaks Blend 37.5° 0.22% Statoil Norway offshore

Handil Mix 43.9° 0.05% Indonesia Senipah

Hanze Veba Oil Netherlands[3]

Harding 20.7° 0.59% United Kingdom Cromarty Firth

Heavy Hardisty 22° Canada

Heavy Louisiana Sweet 32.9° 0.35% United States

Heidrun 25.0° 0.52% Statoil Norway Mongstad terminal

Hibernia 34.4° 0.41% Canada

Hungo Blend 29.1° 0.61% ExxonMobil Angola Kizomba A FPSO offshore

Iran Heavy 30.2° 1.77% Iran Kharg Island

Iran Light 33.1° 1.50% Iran Kharg Island

Isthmus 33.4° 1.25% Mexico Dos Bocas, Salina Cruz

Jasmine

Jotun

Karachaganak Condensate 44.7° 0.81% Kazakhstan Novorossiysk, Odessa

Kashagan 42-48° 0.80% Kazakhstan Ceyhan

Khafji 28.5° 2.85% Saudi Arabian Neutral Zone Ras al-Khafji

Kikeh 34.9° 0.11% Malaysia Kikeh FPSO

Kirkuk (Netback Price at U.S. Gulf) 33.9° 2.26% Iraq

Kissanje Blend 29.8° 0.38% ExxonMobil Angola Kizomba B FPSO offshore

Kitina 36.4° 0.11% Congo

Kittiwake

Kole 32.1° 0.33% Cameroon Kole

Kuito 19.0° 0.68% Angola Kuito FPSO

Kumkol 41.2° 0.11% Kazakhstan Yuzhnaya Ozereevka, Batumi

Kutubu Blend 46.6° 0.04% Papua New Guinea Kumul

Kuwait Blend 30.2° 2.72% Kuwait

Labuan 32.0° 0.09% Malaysia Labuan

Laguna 10.9° 5.4% Petróleos de Venezuela S.A. Venezuela Puerto Miranda[2]

Laminaria

LA Mississippi Sweet 40.7° 0.34% United States

Lavan Blend 34.2 1.93% Iran Lavan Island

Light Louisiana Sweet 35.6° 0.37% United States

Lion Crude 39.6° 0.18% Ivory Coast

Liuhua

Liverpool Bay° 45 0.21% United Kingdom Liverpool Bay Platform

Lloyd Blend 22° Canada

Lower Zakum 39.8 1.02% BP Abu Dhabi Das Island

Lufeng 33.3° 0.06% Statoil China offshore

MacCulloch

Mandji 30° Gabon

Marib Light (Alif) 48.9° 0.07% BP Yemen[4]

Marlim 19.6 0.67% PETROBRAS.SA Brazil Campos Basin - Offshore

Mars Blend 30.3° 1.91% United States

Mars/Mesa Blend (40/60) 30.1° 1.65% Loop

Mars/Urals Blend (50/50) 31.1° 1.57% United States

Masila 31.4° 0.54% Yemen Ash Shihr

Maureen

Maya 21.8° 3.33% Mexico Cayo Arcas, Salina Cruz

Medanito 34.9° 0.48% Argentina Puerto Rosales

Mediterranean Sidi Kerir (Heavy) 30° Iran

Mediterranean Sidi Kerir (Light) 34° Iran

Mesa 30 29.4° 1.12% Venezuela

Minas 35.3° 0.09% Indonesia Dumai

Miri 32.3° 0.08% Malaysia Miri

Mixed Blend Sweet

Mondo 28.8° 0.44% ExxonMobil Angola Mondo FPSO offshore

Murban 40.2° 0.79% BP Abu Dhabi Jebel Dhanna

Naptha Koch 57.8° 0.11% United States

N'kossa 41.0° 0.04% Congo N'Kossa

NFC II 57.95° 0.23% Qatar Ras Laffan

Northwest Shelf Condensate 61.2° 0.01% Australia Withnell Bay

Nang Nuang

Nanhai Light 40.1° 0.06% China Nan Hai Fa Xian FPSO

Napo 19° 2% Ecuador Esmeraldas

Nemba 40.9° 0.18% Angola

New Zafiro Blend 29.5° 0.26% Equatorial Guinea Serpentina FPSO

Nile Blend 33.9° 0.06% Sudan Port Sudan

Njord 46.6° 0.05% Statoil Norway offshore

Norne 30.8° 0.22% Statoil Norway offshore

Nowruz/Soroush 18-19° 3.4-3.5% Iran Kharg Island

Odudu 30.5° 0.15% Nigeria

Oguendjo 27.3 1.50% Gabon

Okono 41.9° 0.06% Nigeria

Olmeca 37.3° 0.84% Mexico

Oman Blend 34° 2.00% Oman

Oriente 24.1° 1.51% Ecuador

Ormen Lange condensate 52.3° 0.007% Statoil Norway Nyhamna

Oseberg Blend 37.8° 0.27% Statoil Norway Sture terminal

Ösgard Blend

Oso Condensate 45.7° 0.06% Nigeria

Palanca/Soyo Blend 37.8° 0.16% Angola

Panyu 28-32° <0.25% China Panyu FPSO

Peng Lai 21.8° 0.29% China Peng Lai FPSO

Pennington 35° 0.08% Nigeria Pennington Terminal

Petrozuata Heavy 19.5° 2.69%[3] PDVSA, Conoco[4] Venezuela

Pierce

Plutonio 32.6º 0.39%[5] BP Angola

Port Hudson 45.0° 0.05% United States

Poseidon Streams 29.6° 1.97% BP United States Houma[6]

Premium Albian 35.5° 0.04% Canada

Qatar Marine 35.8° 1.47% Qatar Halul Island

Qua Iboe 36.3° 0.14% Nigeria

Rabi Light 37.7° 0.15% Gabon

Rang Dong 37.7° 0.05% Vietnam Rang Dong FPSO

Rincon 35.8° 0.39% Argentina San Vincente, Chile

Rio Grande do Norte 29.5° 0.33% PETROBRAS S.A. Brazil

Ross

Saharan Blend 45° 0.09% Algeria

Santa Barbara 39.5° 0.49% Venezuela

Sarir 37.6° 0.16% Libya Marsa El Hariga

Saudi Arabia Heavy 27° Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia Light 34° Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia Medium 31° Saudi Arabia

Saxi Batuque Blend 32.8° 0.32% ExxonMobil Angola Saxi Batuque FPSOoffshore

Schiehallion Blend 25.5° 0.47% BP United Kingdom Sullom Voe

Senipah 51.9° 0.03% Indonesia Senipah

Seria Light 36.2° 0.08% Brunei

Seria Light Export

Shah Deniz Condensate 47° 0.03% Azerbaijan Ceyhan

Shengli 24.2° 0.84% China Qingdao

Siberian Light 35.1° 0.57% Russia Tuapse

Sincor 30-32° 0.13% Venezuela Puerto José

Siri 38.1° 0.22% Denmark Siri[disambiguation needed ]

Sirri 33.4° 1.81% Iran Sirri Island

Sirtica 42.2° 0.40% Libya Brega

Sleipner Condensate 62.0° 0.02% Statoil Norway Kårstø

Snorre

Snøhvit Condensate 60.1° 0.019% Statoil Norway Melkøya

Sokol (Sakhalin I) 37.9° 0.23% Russia DeKastri

Souedieh 24.1° 3.90% Syria Banias, Tartous

South Arne 37.71° 0.21% Denmark

Southern Green Canyon 30.4° 2.24% United States Port Arthur, Texas and Texas City, Texas

South Louisiana Sweet 35.9° 0.33% United States

Statfjord 39.1° 0.22% Statoil Norway offshore

Su Tu Den (Black Lion) 36° 0.04% ConocoPhillips[7] Vietnam Su Tu Den Terminal

Suez Blend 30.8° 1.49% Egypt Ras Shukheir

Syncrude Sweet Blend 30.5-33.6° 0.07-0.13% Canada

Syrian Light 37.7° 0.74% Syria Banias, Tartous

Tapis Blend 45.2° 0.03% Malaysia Tapis

Tempa Rossa

Tengiz

Terra Nova 33.2 0.48% Canada Whiffen Head

Thamama Condensate 58.4° 0.11% Abu Dhabi Jebel Dhanna

Tia Juana Heavy 11° 2.66% Venezuela Punta Cardon

Tia Juana Light 31.9° 1.18% Venezuela La Salina

Triton 37.5° 0.32% United Kingdom Triton FPSO

Troll Blend 31.1° 0.21% Statoil Norway Mongstad terminal

Turkmen Blend 33.0° 0.15-0.29% Turkmenistan Aladzha, Okarem

Ukpokiti 41.7° 0.08% Nigeria

Umm Shaif 36.5° 1.39 Abu Dhabi Das Island

Upper Zakum 32.9° 1.78% Abu Dhabi Das Island

Urals (to Mediterannean) 31.7° 1.35% Russia / C.I.S.

Urucu 42.1° 0,09% PETROBRAS S.A. Brazil Urucu

Varg 37.9° 0.23% Talisman Norway offshore

Vasconia 24.5° 1.01% Colombia

Vityaz (Sakhalin II) 34.6° 0.22% Russia Molikpaq-Prigorodnoye

Volve 27.9° 1.8% Statoil Norway offshore

Wafra 24.5° 3.80% Saudi Arabian Neutral Zone Mina Saud

West Seno 38° 0.12% Indonesia Santan[disambiguation needed ]

West Texas Intermediate 39.6° 0.24% United States Cushing, Oklahoma

West Texas Sour 31.7° 1.28% United States Midland, Texas

Western Canada Select 20.3° 3.43% Canada Hardisty

White Rose 29.8° 0.32% Canada SeaRose FPSO

Widuri 33.2° 0.07% Indonesia Widuri

Williams Sugarland Blend 40.9° 0.20% United States

Wytch Farm Perenco United Kingdom Hamble

Xikomba 34.7° 0.39% ExxonMobil Angola offshore

Yoho Crude 39.3° 0.08% Nigeria

Zakum 40.2° 1.01% Abu Dhabi[5] Das Island

Zarzaitine 42.8° 0.06% Algeria[6] La Skhirra, Tunisia

Puerto José 32° 0.13% Total S.A. Venezuela[7] Jose terminal

Zuwetina 41.5° 0.31% Libya[8][9] Zuwetina, Libya

[edit]

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