Petroleum and Petrochemical Report

8/17/2019 Petroleum and Petrochemical Report

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PETROLEUM P ROCESSINGAND PETROCHEMICALS

V I L L A L V A

D O N A S C OI L E J A YR A B A C AM O R I L E S

P A B U A L A N

M A Y 1 8 , 2 0 1 5


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O UTLINEI. IntroductionII. Petroleum Constituents

III. Petroleum Processing

IV. Manufacture of Petrochemicals

V. Application Products


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INTRODUCTIONOBJECTIVE◦ The objective of this report is to present the individual

constituents of raw petroleum, petroleum processing (such as

separation processes, conversion processes, etc.), manufacture

of petrochemicals from crude oil, and the specific applications

of the products, as well as the by-products.


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INTRODUCTIONPETROLEUM◦ There is a generalization that petroleum (or crude oil) was

formed from organic matter near shore, in marine deposits and

associated minerals converted by time and pressure.

◦ Drake's crude oil well in 1859 first showed the world the existence

of underground reservoirs by drilling through a pipe such that

the hole was small and the sides do not collapse. At a totaldepth of 21 meters, a crevice was hit and initiated the rise of

crude oil.


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INTRODUCTIONPETROLEUM◦ Crude petroleum is made up of thousands of different chemical

substances, over 200 of which are identified, including gases,

liquids, and solids and ranging from methane to asphalt.


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INTRODUCTIONPETROCHEMICALS◦ A petrochemical is a chemical that is made from petroleum or

natural gas.

◦ Eighty percent of all organic chemicals are currently

petrochemicals and despite the increasing price of raw

materials nearly ten to one, the said percentage still continues

to increase.


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INTRODUCTIONPETROCHEMICALS◦ There are different classes of end use for petrochemical

products like adhesives, agrichemicals, alcohols, ammonia,

antifreeze, detergents, explosives and others.


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PETROLEUMC ONSTITUENTSALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS◦ Alkanes

◦

Iso-alkanes◦ Alkenes

RING HYDROCARBONS

◦ Cycloalkanes

◦ Aromatics

LESSER COMPONENTS

◦ Sulfur

◦

Nitrogen◦ Metals

◦ Salt


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PETROLEUMPROCESSING◦ The main purpose of processing petroleum is to refine thepetroleum itself using both (1) separation processes to cleanse it

from impurities, and (2) conversion processes to convert the

constituents to desired organic products either readily used or

used for manufacture of petrochemicals.


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PETROLEUMPROCESSINGSEPARATION PROCESSES (PHYSICAL treatment)The following unit operations are extensively in the separation

section:

1. Fluid flow

2. Heat transfer

3. Distillation

4. Absorption

5. Adsorption

6. Filtration

7. Crystallization

8. Extraction


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PETROLEUMPROCESSINGCONVERSION PROCESSES (CHEMICAL treatment)1. Cracking or pyrolysis. The breaking down of hydrocarbon

molecule into smaller molecules by heat or catalytic action.

Zeolite catalysts are common.

2. Polymerization. The linking of hydrocarbons.

3. Alkylation. The union of an alkene with an alkane or an

aromatic hydrocarbon.

4. Hydrogenation. The addition of hydrogen to alkenes.


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PETROLEUMPROCESSINGCONVERSION PROCESSES (CHEMICAL treatment)5. Hydrocracking. There is no unsaturated formed.

6. Isomerization. Alteration of the arrangement of the atoms in

the hydrocarbon.

7. Reforming or aromatization. The conversion of naphtha to

obtain products of higher octane number. Catalyst usually

contain rhenium, platinum, or chromium.

8. Esterification. The process in which an alcohol and an acid are

converted to an ester and water.


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MANUFACTURE OFPETROCHEMICALS

Alkylation

- The reaction of benzene with propylene over a catalyst such asphosphoric acid derivative at 250 deg Celsius and 700kPa makescumene which is isopropyl benzene. A refinery cut of mixed

propylene-propane is frequently used instead of the moreexpensive pure propylene. Benzene is provided in substantial excessto avoid polyalkylation. Other catalysts which have been used arealuminium chloride and sulfuric acid.

Dealkylation and hydrodealkylation

-now practiced quite extensively to convert available moleculesinto others more desired. Two such processes practiced extensivelyare:

Toluene or xylene or C 9 and heavier aromatics + H2 (presence of adealkylation catalyst)= mainly benzene.

2 toluene + a little H2 (presence of a fixed bed catalyst)= benzene + mixed xylenes


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MANUFACTURE OF

PETROCHEMICALS

Tetraethyl lead

- is prepared commercially by two processes. The first and older processinvolves the reaction between ethyl chloride and a sodium-lead alloy. Anewer electrolytic process uses the Grignard reagent and anelectrolytic cell to produce either TEL or TML.

Cracking or Pyrolysis

- Cracking on a very large scale has been used for over 50 years toproduce carbon black. Olefins and diolefins are made, mainly bycatalytic cracking of various hydrocarbons, and the scale is very large.

It is made by steam cracking at 760 at 870 deg Celsius with very short

residence time. Quenching followed by compression to 3.5 MPa,precedes separation processes.

- Acetylene is made by cracking and is used in substantial quantities.


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MANUFACTURE OF

PETROCHEMICALS

Dehydration

Dehydration is commonly used in the production of ethersby the dehydration of alcohols. Much diethyl ether is madeby dehydrating ethyl alcohol with sulfuric acid as the

dehydrating agent. Vapor phase dehydration over anacidic catalyst, produces substantial quantities of ethers asby-products. The reverse reaction, ethers to alcohols, canbe accomplished by recycling the ethers over a catalyst.

Esterification with Inorganic Acids A variety of solvents, monomers, medicines, perfumes, andexplosives are made from esters of nitric acid.


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MANUFACTURE OF

PETROCHEMICALS

Esterification of Organic Alcohols and Acids

- Ester synthesis is relatively simple. The alcohol and an acidare heated together in the presence of a little sulfuric acid,and the reaction is driven to completion by removing theproducts as formed (usually by distillation) and employingan excess of one of the reagents. Amyl, butyl, and isopropylacetates are all made from acetic acid and appropriatealcohols.

Unsaturated vinyl esters for use in polymerization reactionsare made by esterification of olefins. The addition reactionmay be carried on either in the liquid, vapour, or mixedphases. The choice depends upon the properties of theacid. Care must be taken to reduce the polymerization ofthe vinyl ester produced.


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MANUFACTURE OF

PETROCHEMICALS

Esterification of Organic Alcohols and Acids

(cont.)

- Esters of all allyl alcohol, e.g., diallyl phthalate, are used as

bifunctional polymerization monomers. They can beprepared by simple esterification of phtalic anhydride withallyl alcohol. Several acrylic esters, such as ethyl or methylacrylates, are also widely used and can be made fromacrylic acid and the appropriate alcohol. The esters aremore volatile than the corresponding acids.


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MANUFACTURE OF

PETROCHEMICALS

Halogenation and Hydrohalogenation

-Most chlorination produce HCl as a by-product, and foryears a method was searched for to make this useful forchlorination. The Deacon process was most frequentlysuggested it employs the following reaction.

-Because this is an equilibrium reaction not greatly favoringthe right hand side, and because most of the componentsare highly corrosive to common materials of construction,this reaction has never been really successful commercially.The reaction however can be used and driven tocompletion by use of the oxychlorination procedure. Thisreacts the chlorine with a reactive substance as soon as it isformed, thus driving the reaction to completion.


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MANUFACTURE OF

PETROCHEMICALS

Nitroparaffins

- Vapor-phase nitration of paraffin hydrocarbons,particularly propane, can be brought about by uncatalyzedcontact between a large excess of hydrocarbon and nitricacid vapor at around 400C, followed by quenching. Amultiplicity of nitrated and oxidized products results fromnitrating propane; nitromethane, nitroethane,nitropropanes, CO2, etc., all appear, but yields of usefulproducts are fair. Materials of construction must be veryoxidant-resitant and are usually ceramic lined steel


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MANUFACTURE OF

PETROCHEMICALS

Hydration and Hydrolysis

Synthetic alcohol is generally thought of as a product of fermentation, butmost is actually made by hydration of ethylene. This is because alcoholfrom ethylene is cheaper and purer. Primarily because of political pressureand government subsidies, the production of fermentation alcohol isgrowing astronomically. Much ethanol and methanol is finding its way into

fuel mixtures, commonly known as gasohol.Four processes compete in hydration process:

1. a sulfuric acid process similar to the one described for ethanol hydration

2. a gas-phase hydration using a fixed-bed-supported phosphoric acidcatalyst.

3. a mixed-phase reaction using a cation exchange resin catalyst

4. a liquid-phase hydration in the presence of a dissolved tungsten catalyst.


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APPLICATION

PRODUCTS

PRODUCTS OF PETROLEUM PROCESSING

Final Product Application

LPG cooking

Motor and aviation gasoline airplanes, automobilesStabilized gasoline farm

Light lubrication oil sale

Asphalts roads

Furnace oil hone heating jet fuel

Diesel oil railroad trucks

Heavy fuel oils factories, ships

Refined waxes wax paper

Coking coke


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APPLICATION

PRODUCTS

PETROCHEMICALS

◦ Adhesives

◦ Agrichemicals

◦ Alcohols◦ Ammonia

◦ Antifreeze & antiknock

◦ Detergents

◦ Dyes, lakes, & toners◦ Explosives

◦ Fertilizers & Pesticides

◦ Flavors & Perfumes

◦ Flotation agents

◦ Food additives◦ Industrial carbon

◦ Industrial gases

◦ Lubricants & additives

◦ Medicinal products◦ Nitrogen industries

◦ Paints, varnishes

◦ Plastics, Polymers

◦ Plasticizers

◦ Rubber, rubberchemicals

◦ Solvents

◦ Sulfur and sulfuric acid

◦

Surface coatings◦ Synthetic fibers

◦ Synthetic motor fuels


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REFERENCES

Austin, George T. Shreve’s Chemical Process Industries.

Coulson, J. M., Richardson, J F, Sinnott R. (1983). Chemical Engineering,

Volume 6 , Oxford: Pergamon PressHalpern and J. Reeves (1988). Petroleum

Yadey, Dr. J. B. Petrochemical .

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