PETRIE FuneralFurnitureERA59

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TH E FUNER L FURNITURE OF EGYPT


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BRITISH SCHO OL O F ARCHAEOLOGY I N EGYPTAND EGYPTIAN RESEARCH ACCOUNT

F O RT Y- TH IRD YEAR 1937

TH

FUNERAL FURNITUREOF GYPTY

FLI N D ER S PETRIE KT.D.C.L. LL.D. LITT.D. D.LIT. D.SC. F.R.S. F.B.A.

EMERITUS PROFESSOR OF EGYPTOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF LONDON

LONDONBRITISH SCHOOL OF EGYPTIAN ARCHAEOLOGY

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE GOWER ST. W.C.1ANDBERNARD QUARITCHGRAFTON ST. NEW BOND ST. W II9 7


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PRINTED N GREAT BRITAINBY HAZELL WATSON AND VINBY LTD.

LONDON AND AYLESBURY


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BRITISH SCHOOL OF ARCHAEOLOGY IN EGYPTPATRONS

BARON LL OYD O F DO LOBRAN P.C. G.C.S.I. G.C.I.E. D.S.O.SIR JOHN CH AN CELLOR G.C.M.G. G.C.V.O. D.S.O.

GEN. SIR ARTHU R WAUCHO PE G.C.M.G. K.G.B. C I E DS .0.

GENERAL COMMITTEE (*Executive Members)Prof. HENRYBALFOURH. E. BOWMANMrs J. W CROWFOOTSir PERCIVAL AVID,Bt.G. EUMORFOPOULOSN. EUM~RFOPOULOSSir JAMES FRAZERRt. Rev, the LORDBISHOP F GLOUCESTER*P. L. 0 GUYDr. A. C. HADDONDr. WILFREDH LLThe PRINCIPALF KING SCOLLEGEE. S. LAMPLOUGH*Mrs. R. MACINNESChairman)Sir HENRYMIERS

Dr. J G. MILNEProf. ELLISMINNS*E. N. MOHLSir ROBERTMONDDr. M. A. MURRAYP. E. NEWBERRYJ R. OGDENSir CHARLES EERSDr. RANDALL-MACIVERDr. G. A. REISNERMrs. STRONG*Dr. E. L. SUKENIKThe PROVOSTF UNIVERSITYOLLEGE*Rev. Pbre VINCENTSir LEONARD OOLLEY

Honorary Director-Prof. Sir FLINDERS ETRIEHonorary Treasurer-*A. P. S. CLARK

Hon. Assistant Director and Organising Secretary-Lady PETRIEDonations may be sent (cheques crossed Barclay) to Lady PETRIE r to Miss BONAR, niversity College,

Gower Street, London, W.C.1 or to Lady PETRIE, t address, American School of Research, Jerusalem.


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PUBLICATIONSI. NAQADA AND BALLAS, by FLINDERSETRIEn d J. E. QUIBELL. 86 pl. 21s.11. TH E RAMESSEUM, by J E. QUIBELL. (Out of print.) 4 guin.111. EL KAB, by J. E. QUIBELL. 27 p1. 40s.IV. HIERAKO NPOLIS I, text b y W. M. F. P. 43 PI. 5s.V. HIERAKONPOLIS11,b y F. W. GREENnd J.E. QWIBELL. 39 pl. (4 coloured and 20 phot.) 5 guin.VI. EL ARABAH, b y J. GARSTANG. 0 pl. (Out of print.) 6 guin.VII. MAHASNA, b y J. GARSTANGnd KURT ETHE. 43 pl. (Out of print.) 70s.VIII. TEMPLE OF TH E KINGS, b y A ST. GEORGE AULFEILD.24 pl. (Out of print.) 4 guin.IX. TH E OSIREION, b y M. A. MURRAY.37 pl. (Out of print.) 5 guin.X SAQQARA MASTABAS I, b y M. A. MURRAYand GUROB, by L. LOAT. 64 pl. (Out of print.)XI. SAQQARA MASTABAS 11 b y M. A. MURRAYnd KURT ETHE. 21s.XII. HYKSOS AND ISRAEL ITE CITIES, b y FLINDERSETRIEnd J. GARPOW VNCAN.40 pl 5s. I n doublevolume with g4 pl. (Out of print.) 3 uin.XIII. GIZEH AND RIFEH, b y FLINDERSETRIE.40 pl. 5s. I n double volume with 109 pl. 60s.XIV. A THRIBIS, b y FLINDERSETRIE,J. H. WALKERnd E. B. KNOBEL.43 pl. (Out of print.) nos.

XV MEMPHIS I, b y FLINDERSETRIE nd J. H. WALKER. 54 pl. 5s.XVI. QURNEH, b y FLINDBRSETRIEnd J H. WALKBR. 56 pl. (Out of print.) 20s.XVII. TH E PALACE OF APRIE S MEM PHIS 11), b y FLINDERSETRIEnd J. H. WALKER. 35 pl. 5s.XVIII. MEYDUM AND ME MP HIS 111), b y FLINDERSETRIE,E. MACKAY nd G. WAINWRIGHT.7 pl. 5s.XIX. HISTORICAL STUDIES. 25 pl. 5s.XX ROMAN PORTRAITS MEM PHIS IV), b y FLINDERSETRIE.32 pl. 5s.

XXI. TH E LABYRINTH AND GERZEH, by FLINDERSETRIE,. MACKAYnd G. WAINWRIGHT. 2 pl. 25s.XXII. PORTFOLIO OF HAW ARA PORTRAITS. 24 coloured pl. 21s.XXIII. TARKHA N I AND MEMPHIS V, b y FLINDERS ETRIE. 1 pl. 5s.XXIV. HELIQPOEIS I AND KAFR AMMAR, b y FLINDERSETRIE.58 pl. 5s.XXV. RIQQEH AND MEM PHIS VI, by R. ENGELBACH,ILDAPETRIE,. A. MURRAYnd FLINDERSETRIE.2pl.5s.XXVI TARKHAN 11, b y FLINDERSETRIE. 2 pl. 5s.XXVII. LAHUN I, THE TREASURE, by GUYBRVNTON. 3p1. (8coloured). 15sXXVIII. HARA GEH, by R. ENGELBACHnd B. GUNN. 81 pl. 5s.M I X . SCARABS AND CYLINDERS, b y FLINDESETRIE. 73 PI. 16s.XXX TOOLS AND WEAPO NS, b y FLINDERSETRIE. 6 pl. 15s.XXXI. PREHISTORIC EGYPT, by FLINDERSETRIE. 53 p1. 5s.XXXII. CORPUS OF PREHISTORIC POTTERY, b y FLINDERSETIUE. 8 pl. 5s.

XXXIII. LAHUN 11, THE PYRAMID, by FLINDERSETRIE,G. BRWNTONnd M. A. XURRAY.75 pl. 5s.XXXIV. SEDMENT I, b y FLINDERSETRIE nd G. BRUNTON. 7 PI. 5s.XXXV, SEDMENT 11, b y FLINDERSETRIEnd G. BRUNTON.43 pl. 5s.XXXVI. THE GOSPEL OF ST. JOHN, COPTIC MS., by Sir HERBERTHOMPSON.0 plates. 5s.XXXVII. TOMBS OF T H E COURTIERS AND OXYRHYNKHOS, b y FLINDERSETRIE,ALANGARDINER, ILDAPETRIE nd M. A. MURRAY.55 p1. 5s.XXXV III. BUTTONS AND DESIGN SCARABS, b y FLINDERST R I E . 30 pl. 5s.XXXIX. ANCIENT WE IGHT S AND MEASURES, b y FLINDERS ETRIE.54 p1. (Out of print.)XL. GLASS STAMPS AND WEIGHTS, b y FLINDERSETRIE. 6 pl. (Out of print.)XLI. GUROB, b y GUYBRUNTONnd R. ENGELBACH.3 pl. 12s. 6d,XLII. OBJECTS OF DAILY USE, by FLINDERSETRIE. 62 pl. 25s.XLIII. GERAR, b y FLINDERSETRIE. 72 pl. 25s.XLIV-V. QAU AND BADA RI I and 11, b y GUYBRUNTON. 9 a n d 55 pl. 5s. each.XLVI. BADAR IAN CIVILISATION, b y GUYBRUNTONnd G. CATON-THOMPSON.5s.XLVII. BAHREIN AND H EMAMIEH, b y E. MACKAY,. HARDINGnd FLINDERSETRIE, 12s. 6dXLVIII. BETH-PELET I, b y FLINDERSETRIEn d 0. TUFNELL. 72 pl. 42s.XLIX. CORPUS OF PALESTINIAN POTrER Y, b y J. GARROWUNCAN.84 pl. 21s.L. QAU AND BADARI 111,by GUYBRUNTON. 7 pl. 12s. 6dLI. ANTAEOPOLIS QAU), by FLINDERSETRIE. 8 pl. 21s.LII. BETH-PELET 11, b y EANNMACDONALD,. L. STARKEYnd L. HARDING. 92 pl. 42s.LIII-VI. ANCIENT GAZA I, 11, 111, IV, b y FLINDERSETRIE.62, 59, 54, 70 pl. 7 guin.LVII. SHABTIS, b y FLINDERSETRIE.5 pl. 21s.LVIII. ANTHEDON SINAI), b y FLINDERSETRIEnd J. C. ELLIS. 51 pl. 21s.LIX. FUNERAL FURNITURE and STONEAND METAL VASES, b y FUNDERSETRIE.45pl. 21s. In fire .)LX. SEVEN MEM PHITE TOMB CHAPELS, b y HILDAWRI nd M. A. MURRAY.21s. In W .)LXI. A STREET IN PETRA, by M. A MURRAYnd J. C E u ~ s . 21s. In veg.)


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C O N T E N T SCHAPTER I

THE V RIETY OF BELIEFSP GE

I The Sources I2 The Future I3.Amulets I4. Grouping I

CHAPTER ITHE W NDERING SOU

Funerary provisionBa-bird and NutContracted burial-Opening theProvision of foodAltarsVasesSlain servantsSoul houseStatuesFuneral stelesAmulets

CHAPTER 111KINGDOM O F OSIRIS

Provision for the kingdomOrigin of the kingdomRelation to OsirisWorks in the kingdomOsiris the corn godDismemberment of OsirisFigures of wivesBoxes of clothingToilet objects.FurnitureGamesWeaponsToolsServantsGranaries animalsDolls and toysAmulets

mouth

CHAPTER IVLIFE WITH R

P GE33. The boat of Ra 1234. Boat models I35. Obelisk and pyramidion I436. Amulets I4

CHAPTER VTHE REVIVED BODY

The mummy revivedProvision for the bodyFuneral processionEarly mummiesMummies of xviii dyn.Mummies of xxvi dyn.Detail of bandagesPortions a t University College LondonCartonnagePortraitsAnimal mummiesSealings and InscriptionsLeather neck-bandLabels on mummiesCasing of the bodyPlaster headsMummiform coffins and catafalquesCensersHypocephaliWinged scarab and networkName plate or beadFour sons of HorusJars for visceraPtah-sokar-Osiris figures

PERIODS OF PREHISTORYBadarian.Amratian.Gerzean.Semainean.


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7. Ancient Weights nd Measures records over 5,000 weights, with r,ooo figures and fulldiscussion of the various standards, superseding the previous theories on the subject.8 . Glass Stumps nd Weights, the companion volume to this, deals with the Byzantineand Arab periods, and records the most complete series known. I t contains over 700

photographs with transcripts and translations.g Objects of Daily Use, with 62 photographic plates, contains 1,600 figures. Theclasses comprise jewellery, toilet articles, carvings, furniture and basketry, games and writing.

10 Shbt i s contains 400 figures, with analysis of the text and copies, and a catalogue ofContinental collections.XI Fumral Furniture, the present volume, gives detailed descriptions of many classes

of objects, with catalogue of 650 specimens.12. Stone nd Metal Vases follow in the same volume. Drawings are given of 1,300

vases of various dates, mostly early, with some photographs to show texture.13. Corpus of Proto-dymstic Pottery, 30 plates with over 800 figures.The last volume named is already completed for press and will soon be issued, makinga total of thirteen Catalogues which w ll serve as text-books on the various subjects.Besides these, I wrote seven more Catalogue Volumes :14 Glass and Glazes.15. Textiles.16. Stone nd Plaster Work.17. Coptic Objccts.18. Small Inscriptions.19 Roman Terra Cotta Figures.20 Small Figures, Glaze and Bronze,

but these volumes in manuscript have disappeared, in a clearance of College records whichwas made just before my return from Palestine in 1934.There also remain to be prepared, by my successors, the Catalogues of21. Bead Necklaces, illustrating the unique collection of over x,ooo strings, ranging fromBadarian earliest prehistoric) down to Coptic Age. The representation of these in colour

has been purposely postponed, awaiting a photographic process whichw ll give a continuouscolour, without white spotting.22 Flint Im lements.23. Statuettes.24. Ittscriptions. FLINDERS PETRIEpostal addressAmerican School of Research, Jerusalem.


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ERRATAp.4 l. 12 or here read fragments herep. 5 sect. 14 or SCULPTURES yead INSCRIPTIONSp. 6 sect. 18 or wine yecad vinep. 7 l . 21 for aily Life read aily Use.


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T H E FU NER L F U R N IT U R E OF EGYPTCHAPTER I

THE VARIETY O BELIEFSI AT first sight there seems to be a mass of in-consistencies and contradictions in the statementsand remains which are found in the Egyptian tombs.The dead were to wander in the cemetery, or toenjoy life in the kingdom of Osiris, or to sail with

the sun the offerings appropriate to one kind oflife are quite useless for another there seems noprinciple but what is confuted by some diversepractice. The clue to all this confusion lies in themixture of many different races in prehistoric times,all of which go to make up what we call the AncientEgyptians, who inherited many different naturesand psychologies. The greatest problem at presentin Egyptian pre-history and religion is how to dis-entangle all these various elements, to assign to eachits different attributes, and so restore the perspectiveto the fore-shortened view which seems so confusedwhen taken as a whole.We have to take into account four different theoriesabout the future existence, five different civilisations,from different quarters, several different classes ofgods, and five different purposes of amulets. If wecan succeed in linking these rightly together, themeaning which they will give to the funerary systemsand their inconsistency, will go far to make a reason-able picture of the changes of prehistoric ages inEgypt.

2. Take, first, the association of the theories ofthe future with the different civilisations. The fulllength burial and mummification came in with the

the Amratian age the Osiris worship had alreadypassed into Libya, see Geography of the Gods, Anc.Eg.1917, p. 109. There Ausar is the old man, andArau is the child, Osiris and Horus. Thatcivilisation held with the Osiris worship. Beforeall that was the long Badarian age, when corn wasalready cultivated, and therefore not before Osiris,who brought in agriculture. Being Asiatic in origin,there is no bar to this being the age of the earlyreligion of the charms, known as the Book of theDead. These are clearly linked with the geographyof the Caucasus, see Anc. Eg., 1926, p. 41, and nowemphasized by the later Caucasian immigrants(Gaza 11 . The Osiris myth also has its link, thetree which contained the coffin of Osiris, with thesacred tree in the midst of the cathedral, in which aspirit dwells. Myths in the Caucasus now point toa connection with Osiris (Anc. Eg., 1928, p. 20 .There remains a yet earlier kind of belief about thewandering soul coming out from the tomb to seek itsfood and rest in the cemetery, and fed by the cow-headed goddess living in the sycomore tree. Thisseems to be linked with animal worship, and belongto the aboriginal African stock, and the ages beforeOsiris worship.3 The different classes of amulets also derive fromdifferent beliefs. The similars are the lowest of allthen the protective amulets of animal figures, lastlythe figures of the gods.4. The connections then seem to fall together

thusSaw ge age a a evzean Sem ainian

dynastic race, the Semainian age. Before that therewas a great importance of the principality of Heli- i: ;opolis, and therefore of Ra worship the Gerzean Wanderingprehistoric civilisation had brought in Eastern pro- ir:ler.fducts, and appears to have come from the East, sirnilarswhere solar worship was fixed the travel of thesoul with the boat of the sun therefore seems linked Such a grouping reconciles what is yet known ofto the Gerzean prehistoric age Before that, in the religion and the funerary systems, and i t will be

CaucasusKingdomof OsirisUnused

ElamitePtah HathorRevivedbodyGods

LibyanSetKingdomof OsirisProparty

EasternRaLife withRaProtec-tion


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2 THE WANDER ING SOULfollowed here as a classification. Some mattersgeneral in all the classes, as the forms of tombs, andthe positions of cemeteries, will be dealt with inthe volume on Egy$tian Architecture.The funeral and tomb have been unduly promi-nent in the general perception of Egypt. This isowing to the towns being largely covered by the Niledeposits, and the tombs being all exposed on thedesert. Thus a hundred objects have come fromtombs for each thing obtained from a town. Prob-ably the churchyard is more familiar to Englishpeople than the desert cemetery was to the Egyptian.The systematic divisions of the subject are :-Chapter11. The wandering soul, seeking food.

111. The kingdom of Osiris, organised society.IV. Life with Ra, in the Sun boat with gods.V. The revived body, provision for the mummy.

CHAPTER I1THE WANDERING SOUL

5. THEvarious elements and developments of thisview of the future are largely represented in modernAfrican customs. They are here taken in thefollowing orderObjects in the text are not numbered when theybelong to other Catalogue volumes.Number in Section inCollection this volume

1 3. Ba bird, human-headed,fed by tree goddess 6Contracted burial.Opening of the mouth 7Food offerings 8P 1 . Food models.

12 14. Altars15 16. Fire bowl.17 37. Vases 1038 39. Killed vesselsSacrificed servants.40 77. Soul house 1 2Lamp in shrine.78 82. Statues ISteles I4Tomb chapel.Opening for spirit.Scenes in chapel.Amulets of similars I5Amulets of powers.

6 The soul was represented as a human-headedbird ; and the source of this idea was probably fromthe large owls, which house in empty tomb pits, andwhen disturbed, fly up out of the pit on noiselesswings, and look at the intruder with a plaintive faceThis idea might not be older than the formation ofshaft tombs, about the iind dynasty ; but the owlsmay have been associated earlier with the dead incave-burial.The Ba-figures here are :

1. Bronze, 8.2 long, 7.8 high, body, legs, and baseseparate castings ; joined with blue paste.2. Wood, 5.0 long, well carved, Hawara.3 Wood, 4-0 high, coarsely cut and painted.Glass relief, opaque blue body, white head, 1 2long ; see Amulets, and next two, green glaze, singlebird, and two birds side by side. These are in chapxvii, Book of the Dead, the soul is in a pair of

gods, two Horus falcons, the avenger of hisfather and Horus in the two eyes, sun andmoon, human and celestial. Green glaze relief, flatback.This Ba-bird was represented as picking up itsfood in the cemetery, and as fed by the goddess inthe sycornore fig tree. No illustrations of this beliefare before the xviiith dynasty ; but the idea isobviously one of the most primitive. The sycornorfig tree is sacred in Africa (Anc. Eg. 1914, p. 163)The goddess is sometimes identified with Hathor ofthe dynastic age, having a cow's head. She givecakes to the Ba bowing at the foot of the tree, andgives drink to the figure of the dead woman kneelingbefore her (Florence stele 2591 ; L.D.M. cccxxii) :in a red niche-the focus of domestic worship-sheis shown giving drink to a kneeling woman, who hascome out of a tomb on the desert (Ramesseum,XX).Hathor, human headed, feeds Queen Thyti (M.A.F.v, 412, vii). In other instances the goddess is Nut,the earliest protector of the dead in the prayers :she is always in human form, in two examples shegives drink to the Ba alone W., M. and C. iii, 63,118) while holding a tray of figs. In one case Nutholds a tray of food, and pours drink to the Ba, andto the man Yaya standing (L.D.M. cli). To Anikneeling, the goddess gives cakes and drink, buthere is no Ba ; also in Lepsius' Todtenbuch (latethere are only hands coming out of the tree givingcakes and drink to the man standing, without anyBa. In four other cases there is no Ba, and therecipients of the drink are comfortably seated, andreceive the streams (Pasar and Nezemger, Ros. Civ.


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THE W NDERING SOUL 3cxxxiv, I, 3 ; Leps. Todt. xxiii ; xxvi dyn. tomb,L D iii, 264). These last are evidently the laterform, when the kneeling to the goddess was omitted.The Hathor, cow-headed, is the early form, withkneeling recipient ; Nut is a later form, and theomission of the Ba is the latest. On the otherfunctions of the Ba, see the Book of the Dead, chaps.i, xvii, xlvii, lxxxix, xcii, cxxiii, cxxxii, vignettes.7. There can be no doubt that contracted burialbelongs to these beliefs, as it was universal till thedynastic period. The opening of the mouth, sothat it should be capable of feeding, is probably alsoas early as this, because the instrument used was thesaw-edged forked flint lance, which in this associa-tion became dwarfed s an amulet, called pesesh-kef.The full-sized lance had a gold handle fitted to it inprehistoric times, and was copied until the amuletsof the xxvith dynasty (see Amulets, p. 16). Thatthis opening of the mouth is older than themummy, upon which the operation is figured in latertimes, is evident as the forked flint lance had dis-appeared from use long before there was a mummyin Egypt. The custom therefore belonged to anearlier stage, and we can hardly separate it fromthe burial of food offerings. For examples of themouth opener, see Amulets, nos. 38, 123.

8. The provision of food and drink for the dead isconstant all through the prehistoric ages from theBadarian onward. Beside jars with remains of foodand beer there were also large jars containing ashes,but never any bones. These suggest that a greatquantity of food and property was burnt at thefuneral, and the ashes collected to place in thegrave. There was a regular ritual of burial in theprehistoric Gerzean age, as the positions of thevarious jars were the same in most cases. The bodylay on the left side, with the head to the south, andthe face to the west. The large jars of ashes werestacked at the north end of the grave, beyond thefeet. single pointed jar is usually at the south,beyond the head. The rare black incised bowls aretoward the north end, but not a t the side of thegrave. The painted pottery is mostly at the southand west, about the face and head. The slatepalettes are usually near the hands, before the body.The malachite is often in the hands. The flint knivesand lances are usually along the back. Similarly inAfrica at present, not only beer and flour offerings,but also the personal possessions of the dead,weapons, insignia, ornaments, as well as sacrifices,are buried with the dead.

4. Pieces of thin flat cake of coarsely ground corn.The burial of actual food was reduced later to the

burial of models of food. Of the prehistoric agethere are here models of garlic made in clay ; andof historic time :-5, 6 two wooden models of a haunch, 4.3 long,one painted black, red, and white.

7, 8 two wooden models of dates, 1-7, 2.1 long,painted red-brown.9, 10 red wax models of ducks, head on back,2-2 long, 1 1long.

11mud model of a crested ibis, akh, painted black,2.7 long.

9. For the place of offering, stone altars wereprovided. These regularly have two hollows forthe offerings, as in modern Africa there are two holesfor offerings in front of the burial mound. Theearliest altar in position is that in the court of thepyramid temple of Sneferu at Meydum. The mostcomplete altar is tha t of the princess Ptahneferu,daughter of Amenemhat 111, with 88 named offeringsof foods and drinks (Kahulz,v . That of Senusert I1is far simpler (Illahun iii), having only the figuresof the reed mat, on which the offerings were to bedeposited, two cakes, two vases, and a pile of flourin a dish-the primitive hetep (Deshasheh, 35). Theprivate altars sometimes have a tank for water, withsteps down the sides (Belmore tablets, last pl.), andone in Cairo has the water levels at different seasonsmarked on it. In Egyptian Sczllptzcre the altars herewill be published; there are two with names ofking Userkaf and two others of v th dyn., three ofxiith dyn., a fragment of Akhenaten, an altar of kingPainezem, an altar of Amasis and a late one uninscribed. Little model altars are not unusual, thosehere are of :12 slate, very rudely engraved with vase andcakes, 2.9 X 2.4.

13 slate, engraved with mat, bearing two vases,a table with a goose, four cakes above, 3.9 X 2.9.

14copper, model table, 3.6 X 2.1 X 1 0 high, withfive dishes, -g diam., vith dyn. See earlier form, ofvth dynasty, Borchardt Ne-zcser-re, p. 130.

The bowl of fire was also offered. At Amarna anactual fire dish stood before a raised seat in theinner hall-a pottery pan about a foot across. Thiswas imitated by fire offerings of bowls containingcharcoal partly burnt to ash.15 bowl, hemispherical, 6.3 wide, 3 5 high, withcharcoal, grave 605 Tarkhan, xith dyn. Anotherfire offering was found of S.D. 81, middle of 1st


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THE KINGDOM OF OSIRIS 7(Social Life nAnc. Eg., p. 66), the heart was weighed half a dozen up to 400, and they were inscribed asby Anubis, and the result recorded by Thoth. The serfs to work for the dead whenever he was calledheart needed to be heavy enough to balance the on to do work by Osiris. The differences of rankemblem of Truth (Book of the Dead, end of chapter i; and ability, therefore, which belong to the scenesand L. Todt., pl. 1) ; thus evil was not regarded as of the wandering soul and its estates, had no placepositive-to weigh down the heart-but as a nega- in the kingdom of Osiris ; it was only long after,tive defect of omission. If the heart weighed light, when foreign ideas changed Egypt, that the deputingthe monster hippopotamus with a crocodile head was of labour to inferiors first appears.waiting, presumably to devour the person ; or in The description of the Fields of Adu states thatother examples there is the figure of a pig being the glorified ones reap corn g cubits high, the barleydriven away from the judgement, presumably a had stalks of 7 cubits, of which 3 was the ear, thetransformation of the evil person W.. M. and C. wheat was 5 cubits, of which 2 was the ear. Thisiii, p. 467 ; Sarcophagus of Sety I). fertility is still seen on the Iora, with maize 7 to 119. Once accepted by Osiris, the person passed f t . high. The wall round the region was of iron ;into a blessed state. He went to the Fields of Peace, this was doubtless settled by the occurrence ofSekhet Hetep, among which was the Field of Reeds, meteoric iron, from which the name arose metalSekhet A YU (the Iora of the Caucasus) or Adu of heaven for iron. The meteors were thereforeoften written Atinru (nr = 1). The chapter cxxv fragments of the wall of the heavenly region. Theof the Book of the Dead, the illustrations of which last representation of the dead reaping in Aa u isgive the scenes of life in this future, refers to the engraved on haematite, of about the iind centuryFields of Peace as a final stage a t the head waters A D Objects of Daily Life, xi, 8a).of the blessed river Iora. There is curiously no The portions of the Book of the Dead in themention of Osiris in the long text, which refers to collection areHorus and Set ; it is therefore needful to look at 83-181. Inscribed on linen, hieratic, with vigthe passages which connect Osiris with the Fields. nettes, chapters, or parts, (4 copies), IS, 16, 17 5).In chap. i, which is addressed to Osiris, in the rubric 18 (3), 26, 28 (z), 30, 43, 4 4 45 (2), 47, 50, 81, 91,the dead is promised that his name shall be among 92, 93, 125, 127, 128 (2), rzg, 130, 134, 145 (3),the fields in Sekhet ABnru L. Todt., p. 122). In 148 (z), 149 (3), 157, 158, 159, 161, 162. Saqqareh,chap. lxii, the opening of the cool great place of 145 gates 12-16 (Edwards).Osiris s named, and the dead w ll go round about 182. Painted on linen, one piece, parts of chaps.the lakes in Sekhet Agru, and then arrive in Sekhet 81, 84, 87, 126. Rifeh.Hetep. In xcix, the dead says, Let me come to 183. Papyrus, parts of a finely written text,see my father Osiris and come forth in all like Ani, chaps. 6, 38, 50, 64, 109, 113, 125, 126,forms in Sekhet ABru. In the scenes of Sekhet 131, 136, 151. Rifeh. Part of chap. 42 with veryHetep, in chap. cx, there is on a canal the boat of delicately painted figures of gods (in Writing(Osiris) Unnefer. In chaps. cxlv-vi, there are named section),

the pylons of Sekhet AQnre in the dwelling of 184. Papyrus, chaps. 163, 164, 182, on the backOsiris. There seems no question, from these pas- a diagram of a shrine (Edwards) for Peduasar, sonsages, that the blessed Fields were expressly the of Nekht-ne-uast.domain of Osiris ; and the dead is promised that he zo. Osiris as the founder of the civilisation andshall make his appearance as a follower of Osiris, of agriculture naturally became a corn god, and isafter the judgment (cxxv, rubric). represented lying mummified amidst the vegetation

In the text of chap. cx there is no mention of any at Philae (Ros. Cult. xxiii ; Hawara, ii). Figuresservants or helpers, the dead person whatever his of Osiris containing corn were buried, also Osirisrank on earth was to do everything for himself. beds I f sprouting corn (Davis, T., Tomb of Iouiya,The illustrations agree with this, down to late times. p. 45). There is here a mud figure of Osiris, wrappedThe shabti figures buried in the tomb were only in linen, and buried in a mud mummy case, g ins.single figures, representing the dead person, to act long. Pans of grain sprouted were also buried byfor him in case of the destruction of his body. After the entrances of tombs ; there are herethe Asiatic influences of the xviiith dynasty, a fresh 185 pan-full of mud with sprouted corn 64wide,belief crept in ; the figures were multiplied, from Thebes.


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THE KING OM OF OSIRIS186 earth with growing wheat, from a box beside

the entrance to the pyramid of Lahun, Senusert 11.These pans of wheat were apparently amulets of

similars, to promote the revivification of the dead,-regarded as being one with the corn-god Osiris.On the various connections of Osiris with vegetationsee Murray, Osireion, pp. 27-29.

21. One of the greatest features of the Osiris mythis his dismemberment and reconstruction. Thismust be taken in connection with the dismember-ment often found on the actual body, and thereconstruction sometimes found, and also describedin the Pyramid Texts. The instances of the dis-memberment are stated in Naqada, pp. 30-32 ;other graves in Diospolis, pp. 32-36, see nos. B. 17,24, 37, 102 ; H 16, 36, 76 ; R. ; U 96, 261 ;other graves in Labyrinth and Gerzeh, pp. 8-11 ;the iiird dynasty nobles unfleshed, in Meydum, pp.13-19 ; other graves in Deshasheh, pp. 20-24. Theaccount of reconstruction of the bones in thePyramid Texts has been fully collected in Labyrinth,pp. 11-15, by Wainwright. I t is useless to restatethe dozens of instances of dismemberment whichcannot possibly be explained on any other hypo-thesis ; they are incontestable, and are amplysupplemented by the written evidence. There arehere examples of parts of mummies wrapped up.187. Shin bone with splint bone

placed in front.188. Foot with ankle bones mis-placed.189. Two shin bones wrapped uptogether, all showing un-

fleshing and separation ofbones.

Deshashehvth-vith dyn.

One of the most usual mutilations was the removalof the head, not merely an attack by a plunderer,but the burying of other objects in the place of thehead, and the subsequent placing of the head insome special position, as upon a pile of stones.This cannot be separated from the present WestAfrican custom of removing the head, and keepingit as an object of family adoration, placing it amidall the ceremonies and interests of family life Anc.Eg. 1914, p. 117). The head being thus removed,it was very important to provide that if it were notrestored to the body there should be a duplicatehead for the soul of the dead see Shubtis, pp. I, 2).Hence stone heads were placed in the grave. They

are not found in the prehistoric age, but appear inthe ivth dynasty ; there is here

190. Stone head, 10 2 high, ivth dynasty. Forothers found by Dr. Reisner, see Museum of FineArts Bulletin, Boston, April 1915, and Anc. Eg.,1916, 48.

The question now is, in what period this customof dismemberment arose It is not found in theBadarian rehistoric age, the Osirian civilisationbut it appears in the Amratian. The division ofthe body of Osiris being represented as being madeby Set, an enemy, suggests that it belongs to theintroduction of Set worship. I t was a usual customin Neolithic times in Europe, and it seems to haveentered Egypt with the Amratian invaders fromLibya, and continued until it died out in the vithdynasty see Deshasheh, pp. 20-24).

Perhaps part of the attention paid to the head isshown by the gold plates embossed, placed over theeyes, and specially the tongue. Here there arePair of eye plates Amzllets).

191-2. Five tongue plates 3 in Amulets). Forothers, see Labyrinth, xxxvi.22. For the renewed bodily life in the future there

were many objects placed in the tombs ; these aremuch more detailed than could be required by thewandering soul, and they seem therefore to beplaced for the benefit of the life in Aiilu.Wife jgzlres.-There are several classes of nudefemale figures which need to be distinguished.I) Female statuette along with master Sedment, xi).2) The funereal offerings of figures on couches,

beginning in the xviiith dynasty, and continuing ontill they become degraded figures found in Greek andRoman town sites. 3) The religious figures, someexcessively rough, holding the breasts, and attri-buted to Ishtar and Ninlil-when found in Baby-lonia. Later there are terra-cotta figures of awoman, nude, in a shrine with offerings and a child,or Roman figures with palm trees, or figures of Bes;also figures of the Aphrodite type in a shrine, andvariants of these down to the most pan-demic.4) The doll figures ; cut short a t the knees, in lime-

stone, and in blue glaze, of the xiith dynasty ; thesemight be thought to be wife figures, but a largefigure in wood of this type was found with the burialof a girl and her toys, settling tha t these are dolls.Other doll figures are of pottery very roughlymade, sometimes with a child on the back. All ofthese are catalogued in Objects of Daily Use, li-lv,Labyrinth, xxx.


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I0 THE KING OM OF OSfRISthe Badarian through the whole prehistoric age, personal use, and not for fanning a fire. Thereand down to the middle of the ist dynasty, S.D. 8 are here(Tarkhan I . They are catalogued in Prehistoric 209. Solid model fan, copper, tomb of Mena,Egypt, xliii, xliv. Dendereh, vith dyn., 5.3 wide.The kohl pot was the successor of the palette. 210. Openwork fan, copper, Diospolis, D. 7 vithIn the Old Kingdom, small vases of green or blue dyn., 4.4 wide.glaze were used, see Glazes. Little alabaster vases Trays for sandals are of the ist dyn., see Tarkhanof the same form were used in the ixth-xith dynasties I xi, xii.(Dios., xxviii). In the xiith dynasty these became 25. Furnitu~e.-The burial of couches with thethe regular kohl pot, with narrow neck, wide flat dead was usual in the late prehistoric and ist dynastybrim, and flat lid on it to keep out the dust. The tombs the most complete examples are in Tarkhanforms became clumsyand uglyin the xviiith dynasty, I, viii, ix. There are here two side poles of such adown to Tahutmes 111, when Asiatic influences couch also four lion-head legs of Roman couches,brought in the tube form (note Keren-ha-puk, in Daily Use, xl, 11 12. For couches of the iiirdhorn of antimony, Job's daughter). For all these, dynasty, see Tomb of Hesy, xviii-xx. A funeralsee the Catalogues of Stolze Vases, xxx, xxxi, and of model is

Daily Use, xxii. After the xxth dynasty, the use 211. Couch model, frame work, from grave ofof kohl seems to have vanished, and no provision of Siit-rannut, 19.4 long, xiith dyn. Labyr. xxx 35-6.it is found in the tombs until, in Coptic times, it The finest examples of furniture are those of theoccurs in wooden tubes, which are turned and tomb of Iouiya.painted. Headrests. The earliest dated are the figures inMirrors begin to appear in graves of the vith The Tomb of Hesy, xiv, of the beginning of the iiirddynasty, and they abound in the xiith and xviiith, dynasty. On the early types see Helio#olis, 20and are usually painted on the sarcophagus. One xviii. The double pillar type gave way to the singlehere, 208, is from the tomb of Emsaht at Asyut, in pillar in the ivth dynasty. The single block bea group of ixth dyn. For the forms, see Objects o longs to the vth and vith dynasties. The head-Daily Use, xxiv-xxix. Afterwards the Egyptian piece supported on six sticks is of the xth or xith.ovoid form disappears, and the Greek and Roman A very massive well-cut single block was made in thecircular mirror is general. xith and xiith. This was fined away and some-

Combs are usual in the earlier prehistoric age, times inscribed in the xviiith and xixth. After thewith animal figures on the top, and long teeth Ramessides there are no wooden head rests known,for fastening up hair. In the later age they were and the stone head rests of later times are nevermerely short scratch-combs. They are rare and found in tombs. See catalogue of Daily Use,small in the ist dynasty, of ivory are also rare in xxx-xxxii.the xiith dynasty, of wood, and are never among Walking sticks are often found in tombs of allobjects painted on the sarcophagi. In the xviiith ages. See Daily Use, 47dynasty, combs were often buried, but after that Writing palette. The earliest found in a tomb isthere is an entire gap till Roman, Coptic, and of the middle of the ist dynasty (Gizeh and Rifeh, iii).Arabic combs of wood, which are common. These The two pans, for red and black ink, were carried inare in Daily Use, xx, xxi. this form in the iiird dynasty (Hesy panels), but by

Hairpins (see Daily Use, xix) are found all through the ivth dynasty the long wooden case for the reedsthe prehistoric age, with carved heads. They are had the two saucers cut a t the end of it , in therare and shapeless in the ist dynasty there are form which lasted till late times, probably Roman.some in the xiith tombs, they are much more The examples of palettes here are in Daily Use,usual in the xviiith-xixth dynasties, and after lvi-lix.that vanish till the great mass of them in Roman 26. Games have been discussed in the catalogue,times. For hairpins and comb in position on a Daily Use, xlvii-xlix. Various gaming pieces belongprehistoric head, see Dios#olis vi. None are shown to prehistoric times the boards and pieces areon sarcophagus paintings. figured in the Tomb of Hesy the deceased in the

Fans are rare ; they are figured on sarcophagi Book of the Dead, chap. xvii, is represented playingalong with the mirror, showing that they were for draughts (Any, and Trin. Coll. Dublin) draught


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THE KINGDOM O F OSIRIS II

boards, of 3 X 1 squares, have often been found intombs ; and in the Ptolemaic tale of Setna the deadin the tomb is said to play a board-game with theliving.Musical instruments were also provided, see DailyUse, 1. Reed pipes are found buried in tombs(Illahun, xxvii ; Leyden, Cat. 11 ccxliii ; BurialCustoms, pp. 154, 155) ; a pottery model of acitharist was found in a grave (Hyksos Cities,xxxvii B). There are here models of a citharist, alyrist, and a piper and drummer, which wereprobably for funereal figures ; also part of a lute,and Roman pan-pipes, from tombs.27. Weapons, see Tools nd Weapons.-From theearliest time, the dead was provided with weapons ;the disc mace in the Amratian civilisation, followedby the pear mace, Gerzean, being the most usual.Practically all known kinds of Egyptian weaponshave been placed in tombs for the use of the dead.The funeral models here are :Red pottery, 4 forked lances and dagger ; 4 paintedwood daggers, in Prehistoric Egypt, xxviii.

2 12. Limestone mace head, with cross bindingpainted. Hawara, xiith dyn., 2-3 high.213. Parts of painted limestone model flail,found with previous (Labyrinth, 36, xxxi).214. Alabaster model of a mace head, 1 0 high.215. Ceremonial flail of green glaze and carne-lian. Harageh 49, xiith dyn., 7.0 long.Set of model copper daggers, 3-3-4.4 long.Painted wood model dagger, Illahun, 12 1 long, xiithdynasty. These daggers are in Tools catalogue.216. Wooden model of a dagger with handle, 10.3long. Presented by Mr. S. Bruzaud.Throwstick, from a tomb, Lahun, 37.0 long.With others in Tools, xliii, lxix.Bow and arrows. Red and white prehistoric, blackbanded prehistoric ; 3 plain wood, and reed arrows,historic (in Tools, lxix).217. Wooden model of ped aha, he upright

bow, in a case. Kahun, xiith dyn., 7.6 1.28. Tools.-A great variety of tools are found ingraves ; of the prehistoric age are harpoons, modelflint knives and long arrow heads of flint, chisels,adzes, and axes of copper (see Prehistoric cata-logue). Of historic times are chisels, adzes, axes,cutting-out knives, borers, prick points, tweezers,and hair curlers of copper and bronze (see Tools andDaily Use catalogues). The models made for funerealpurposes are :.218. Copper axes, 1.7 wide, Meydurn 17, iiird dyn.

219 20. Copper axe, 2.7 long ; adze, 2.6 long ;tomb of Mena, Dendereh, vith dyn.221. Copper hoe, with cross tie, 3.8 long. Edwards42011From tomb of Emsaht, Asyut, ixth-xith dyn., asfollows :222 3. Two model copper axes, in handles, 13.5 l.224 6. Three model copper chisels, in handles,5-5 to 6.0 1.227. Wooden mallet, pear-shaped, 4.1 1.228 31. Four wooden adze handles, 6.8 to 8 2long.232. Piece of box painted with black chequers.Set of copper, 2 adzes, 2 8 1; small adze, 1.8 ;cutter, 1.7 ; chisels, 1.6 8 ; axe, 1.6.Set of copper, chisel, 1.8 1. ; adze, 1.3 ; axes, .7long.Axe with open socket, .g long, Greek ?)Broad axe, open socket, 2.3 long, Roman.Those in bracket are catalogued in Tools, fromunknown sources. For a set of the vth dynasty, seeNe-user-ra, p. 115.29. Servants.-Figures of servants are often foundfrom the vth to the xiith dynasties, engaged indomestic work or agriculture. Whether these areto be regarded as equivalent to the wall sculpturesmay be questioned. In the vith dynasty the figuresof domestics, and of the boats for ascending anddescending the Nile, are painted on a board in one

tomb, and sculptured on the walls in another tomb(Deshasheh). So the equivalence with the paintedwooden figures seems probable. Yet it would seemincongruous for a staff of servants to be supplied tothe wandering soul, though the beholding of hisestates might be thought applicable. The twobeliefs are so remote before the Old Kingdom thatwe cannot expect to find clear bounds to the differentideas. The figures of servants will be cataloguedunder Statuettes ; hey are :Woman carrying square basket, 13.5 high.Woman standing, 140 high.Girl with forehead shaved up to vertex, 8.3 h,Man, carrying square basket, 9.9 h.Seated men, 6.5, 5.3, 4 9 high.The ushabtis, which were a t first a continuance ofthe personal statue, became assimilated to servantsin the end of the xviiith dynasty, and a t last franklyserf figures. This class, and the history of theformula, are given in the catalogue of Shabtis. Wemay note in the Funerary section here :233. Collar or pectoral of 50 glazed pottery


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1 2 THE KING OM OF OSIRISushabti figures, about as many long beads, andmore ball beads, red, blue and purple, with glassring of Ramessu 11, heart scarab (nameless),canopicOsiris of steatite, and of purple and green glaze,steatite amulet of Tehuti and Anubis ?)seated, etc.,a group, from Gurob, xixth dyn., ushabtis, 1.6 high.

Lids of ushabti boxes, curve-topped, wood painted,for :

234. Kho-U-uast, 5.2 3.2.235. Singer of the table of Amen, Bak-ne-urnure,

4 9 3.7-236. Scribe of the neb-taui, Mure, 5.1 3-5.237. Nesament, 4.1 3.5.238. Square, flat, with okhm falcon on top,

demotic inscription, 6.1 5.2. Similar falcon, 4.6long. See Shabtis, 13.

30. Granaries are sometimes found, with figures ofservants bread making (see Sedment, xi, xx, xxvi).Wooden figures of animals belong to the samesystem. They are not food offerings, as they arerepresented as living.

239. Piebald cow, very rough, 13 long.240. Black and white ibis, 10 1 long. Tomb of

Emsaht, ixth-xith dyn.241. Duck, blue and white feathers, 5.3 long,

Emsaht242. Two geese, ibis, hoopoe, and lamb, with

Scsclpture.From tombs at ~ e l ll Amarna, xviiith dyn. :243. Ibis, 4.0 long, headless.244. Ibis head, 4.5 long.245 7. Ibis bodies, 4-3, 3.3, 3.0 long.248. Duck ?), 5.0 long.249. Bird on peg, painted, 4.0 long.250 1. Crocodiles, 12.0 long, very rough, 6.0 long.252 6. Five fish, 7-5 to 5.0 long.31. Dolls and toys.-It is difficult to distinguish,

n the prehistoric age, between figures that were forchildren and figures used for religious or magicalpurposes. Not till the xiith dynasty do we find aseparate class of toys distinctly for children. Themost conclusive class is made in mud, by the childrenthemselves (Daily Use, liii) ; these figures areentirely for the living, not for burial, but amongthem is a model sarcophagus and mummy. Potterydolls with bushy wigs are sometimes found in gravesthere are ro here, besides 12 fragments. The dolls,cut off at the knees, are proved to be such by thatin the burial of the girl Sat-hathor there are twoperfect ones of blue glaze (in Sculpture) and twobroken, from Kahun (in Daily Use see Toys). The

same type is found in limestone, of which there arethree here and a bust (Toys). Wood dolls are oftwo types, those in the round, 3 of which are here,and those cut in flat board and painted, 4 here.Rag dolls were made very rudely, two are here,and see Burial Customs, pp. 152-3. All of theseare of the xiith dynasty, and catalogued in DailyUse, li-lv. In Coptic times bone dolls are frequent,7 here.

Complete sets of dolls and toys here are of Sat-rannut, xiith dynasty, and two of Roman age, seeHawara, xix, xx. A fine group is in Roman Portraits,xiv.

Balls of leather made in gores are mainly of thexviiith dynasty, 3 are here.

All of these toys are in the Catalogue of Gamesand Toys (Daily Use, li-lv).

32. The Amulets which agree with the Osirianfuture of the person are those representing propertyalso the charm cases, cylinders of metal, to containa roll of papyrus. Beside these, all in the catalogueof Amulets, there are :

Uas sceptre, hard brown wood, 32.9 l., Lahun.Head belonged to another uas. Stems of twosceptres, 34, 39 l., broken, Lahun.

257. Uas sceptre, head partly gone, 20-7 1Meydum, Mast. 17, iiird dyn.

258. Kherp sceptre, 30.7 l., head 9.0 long ; sametomb has been longer at handle end.

259. Kherp sceptre, 20.5 l., but handle substituted;head 7.2 l., or 5.6 flat blade, painted yellow blade,with blue outline, red and blue calyx. Asyut,Tomb of Emsaht, ixth-xiith dyn.

CHAPTER IVLIFE WITH R

33. The Heliopolitan worship of Ra was far olderthan its revival in the vth dynasty. The sacredemblems kept in the temple a t Heliopolis were theheq sceptre and the flail, the emblems.of the prin-cipality in some remote age. Ra pervades the Bookof the Dead and the Pyramid texts evidently longbefore the Pyramid period. At the same time thisworship is an accretion on the Osiris system, andhence it must be after the Badarian civilisation.

The tokens of the belief in the dead going to theboat of Ra, are the provision of boats and equipmentto enable the dead to join Ra. These are :


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14 LIFE WITH RAat Beni Hasan, tombs 186 and 585 (Buviat Customs,pp. 84-5 and 94 with 967). This distinction is seenalso on the painted board (Deshasheh, xxvii) of thevith dynasty, where the rowing and sailing boats aregoing in opposite directions. The presence of steer-ing and rowing oars in the South tombs a t Amarna,shows that the funeral boat was revived in the Atenworship, although it does not appear in other tombsof the xviiith dynasty.35. The worship of Ra is particularly associatedwith the obelisk and its top pyramidion. In thexvth chapter of the Book of the Dead, which is theadoration of Ra, there are obelisks on each sideof the way to the pile of offerings, like the two stelesone each side of Sneferu's altar at Meydum (Leps.Todt., pl. v). In the Leyden Museum are threepyramidia, each bearing adorations to Ra (Leyd.,Mort., 111, pp. 1-4). In the Alnwick collection is apyramidion with adoration of Ra and Osiris. Inthis Collection are the following321 Pyramidion, limestone, 12.6 high, 12 0 wide.Front, sun on horizon, adkhut. Scarab below,mainly cut away later in making a recess. Side,baboon adoring, wearing the uzat. The devotedOsirian, Nes-nub-hetep, born of the lady of thehouse, Ast-ar-dus, fourfold adoration of the god.On the other side, baboon similarly, Fourfoldadoration of the god the devoted Osirian Nes-nub-(-hetep), son of the registered (am as) ka servant,prophet, Nub-hetep. Nes-hor, born of Ast-ar(-dus).Back flaked, traces of Nub-hetep. Early xxvithdyn.322. Pyramidion, limestone, 10.5 high, 11 0 wide.Front, winged scarab holding the sun disc, shenbelow. Sides, Anubis-jackal couchant on shrine,with fl il and collar. Back, sun on horizon, adkhat.Gurob, xviiith dyn.323. Pyramidion, curved sides. Disc, held byarms of the zed sign below it, in a boat a baboonon each side adoring. Gurob, xixth dynasty.

36. The amulets of the Gerzean prehistoric ageare all animal forms the baboon, hippopotamus,bull's head, ram, lion, jackal, claw, crocodile, snake,ibis, falcon, frog, fly and beetle. Protection by thesacred animals seems to have been the leading ideaat that time. In the xviiith dynasty are glazedpottery amulets of Rain his bark adored by baboons(Amulets, 181 h), also scarabs (Kahun, xxiii, 75Il lah~n, xiii, 88), and in the xxiind dynasty on amemt, and on openwork finger rings (Ill., xxix21-24).

CHAPTER VTHE REVIVED ODY

37. THEscenes of the Book of the Dead in whichthe mummy appears are the following. The 1stchapter of the funeral procession, in which the deaddeclares his unity with each of the gods, and appealsto those who regulate the house of Osiris to bringhim there, to provide food and drink, and to openthe ways to him. The mummy itself is only de-scribed in the clivth chapter, where it is representedin the tomb chamber the appeal to Osiris is madeto preserve the body from all decay, and it concludes,I am I am, I live, I live, I grow, I grow, and whenI shall awake in peace, I shall not be in corruption,I shall not be destroyed in my bandages. I shall befree of pestilence, my eye will not be corrupted, my. . . ?) will not fail, my ear will not be deaf, myhead will not be taken away from my neck, mytongue will not be removed, my hair will not be cutoff my eyebrows shall not be shaven off. Nogrievous harm shall come upon me, my body is firm,it shall not be destroyed. I t shall not perish in thisland for ever. This is the main text for showingthe purpose and idea of mummifying. It was ex-pressly that the dead should in future live, grow, andawake in peace. The chapter cli calls on Anubis,Isis, and Nebhat, with the amulets in the wall, toprotect the mummy in the tomb and chapterclxxxii refers to Thoth repelling all the foes ofOsiris, and therefore of the dead who is Osirified.38. The provision for the revived body may beclassed as :Number oObject. Funeral procession .Preparation of mummy .324-47. Embalming and wrapping349-66. Cartonnage .

367-9. Portrait .370-9. Animal mummies380-7. Wrappings .388-92. Neck-band .393-504. Label .505-18. Casing of the body519-29. Plaster mask530-64. Mummiform coffin565-72. Catafalque573-5. CenserSlabs of outfit.

Section.394041-445464748495051525354


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THE REVIVED BODY 15Number of

Object. Section.57681. Hypocephalus 55582-6. Pectoral scarab 6587. Name . 57588-619. Sons of Horus 8620-53. Viscera jar (canopic) 59

Ptah-Sokar-Osiris figure 639. The funeral procession.-This is often repre-

sented in chapter of papyri of the Book of theDead, and sometimes in tombs. The order of the,procession was fairly constant, as is seen by thenumbers given here, of the order in each of theprincipal copies.

The sources of these copies are The papyrzcs of Ani(Brit. Mus.). The papyrus of Hunefer (Brit. Mus.).Lepapyrzcs de Nebqed, Deveria and Pierret (Louvre).Tomb of Roy, Rosellini, Mon. Civ., pls. 128 9.Nes-her-pa-ra, Description de llEgypte, 11 60. Auf-onkh, Lepsius, Todtenbuch. Ast-urt, Aegypt. Mon.

. Leyden, T. 16 Nes-nekhtu, A M. Leyden,T. I. Pedu-her-pa-ra, Papyri . . Belmore (Brit.Mus.)

The changes which took place in the scenes were

Tomb in desertStele .Anubisandmummy . .Mourners Opening of the mouthOfferings . .Obelisks a pair .Priest in panther skinInstruments on table.Scribe . .Obelisks a pair. . .Offering tableCutting up calf cow . .Furniture . .Four standards borne .Mourners.Men with furniture andbouquets . .Chair carried by manWater carrierKine and men dragging bierPriest censing .Mummy on bier .Men following .DraggingtheAnubiscofferDragging a shrineCarrying furnitureMummyon matMourners . .Menservants

probably long overdue before they affected thestereotyped figures. Just as the actual garments ina tomb of the vth dynasty show that the monu-mental dress on the early sculptures belonged to apast age, so the sacred scenes were copied long afterthe actual custom had changed. The differencesthat we see are therefore post-dated. The papyrifall into two groups, those of the xviiith-xxth dyn-asties, and those of the xxiiird ? to Ptolemaic. TheBelmore is probably the last, as it has wide differ-ences from the others, in the second introduction ofthe mummy, and the absence of a sacrifice. Thedifferences we note here are starred numbers in thelist.

The first change to take place was misunderstanding the kine drawing the funeral bier ; in Any andRoy they are harnessed, after that the men draw itand the kine have no meaning ; in Nes-her-pa-ra thecow has plumes as a sacred animal, and the standardbearers come between her and the bier. TheAnubis coffin is carried on men s shoulders, insteadof being dragged, in the tomb of Roy, and this maybe the earliest type.

The changes after the Ramesside age are that theceremony of opening of the mouth disappears, and apurifying priest pours water over the mummyThe scribe has two tall feathers on his head. Thescene of cutting a leg from a living calf, and present-ing it as an offering, is altered to having a usual formof bound and slaughtered cow, from which a legoffering is cut, while the previous cow and calfappear with no connection to the subject. In Pedu-her-pa-ra the sacrifice has disappeared altogetherbut that may be due to the omission of all scenesbefore the table of offerings. The four standardsor eight in Auf-onkh are in the following order, withthose of the ist dynasty.

JackalIbisawk 3Bull -

2

5467-g11

12

14151618

1 9.

It is curious to see the old standards of the istdynasty, brought in about the xxiiird to such ninappropriate place. The kine employed to drawthe bier were separated from it as early as Sety I

356788 1 0 - --

1 0 g-1121 3 - -13141516

Vulture .F l e s h . .Double plumesOkhem hawk .

2

3. _ _ _

=3-

--

678g

1011

24-

35S - -

-

.

7g10

1 3 ~ 1 6-_ _ _1214

5 - - -4I - -8 - - -

4

. I I I I I I I I -. - 2 - 2 2 2 2 2 -3. 3 4 4 4 , 4 4 - 4 -p678 1010 121113--IZI4151 7 - - 1 1 - - - - -171819

67

3uri67g8

9 1 1 1 0I3I4

IS

16171819

3fyi576

1112I36 - - - - -

8 - - - - -1415161718-1920

3ng4 - -;-78 - -9 - -g1 0

-1112131415-1617

-I234--56789I01112


30/46

6 THE REVIVE BODY

Hunefer), and in all the five late papyri they arereduced to a single cow, and sacred emblems added,showing the ignorqnce of the copyist. That thewhole subject is not simultaneous but successive isevident from the repetitions of the mummy, held byAnubis, on the bier, and in the latest time repeatedagain between the mourners.40. The Mzcmmy.-There does not appear to beany evidence of the preparation of the body in theprehistoric age. The many well-preserved bodiesof that time are merely dried by the extreme drynessof the air in Upper Egypt. I have found a driedbody of a young dog in a rock pit, that was quiteperfect ; he animal had simply slipped in, and couldnot escape. I have found bodies of men, murdereda few weeks before and roughly buried, with theflesh dried hard and dark brown. It is said that amummy brought by a tourist from Aswan was

identified as the body of an English engineer whohad died there. The only piece of a body of thefirst dynasty was the arm of the queen of Zer,elaborately wrapped in a thick mass of extremelyfine linen. This was delivered by me to the CairoMuseum, and there thrown away, for it is not cata-logued and cannot be found. Part of the goldbracelets found with it was also cut off and destroyed,in order to mount neatly on a board. The photo-graph which I took shows the bandage laid closeagainst the bare bones. This suggests that prob-ably the body had been treated like that of the greatnoble of mastaba 17, Meydum, where each bone hadbeen unfleshed and cleaned, and then wrappedseparately in cloth Meydum 15). The body ofNefermaot had been emptied and filled with padsof cloth, and the bones were entirely bare in thewrappings Meydzcm 18). In the iind dynasty abody at Saqqareh was salted and elaborately wrappedup, each limb separately Brit. Ass. Report, 1912,p. 612 .The earliest well-preserved mummy that is knownis that of Ranefer, from Meydum, now in the Collegeof Surgeons. As to its age : it was in the stonechamber of a large mastaba of the age of Sneferu,the close of the iiird dynasty ; the only entry to thechamber was a long forced creep-hole, out of whichit is very improbable that a mummy could be taken,or this mummy be introduced ; it has the greenpaint round the eyes, known on sculptures of theiiird dynasty, but not found on sculptures or bodiesof later ages. There is then no doubt as to its age ;the name for the tomb is that stated by Mariette,

but the evidence for it had disappeared by 1892.The mummy was a shrunken, dried body, coveredwith a wrap of linen, then moulded over with resinto the bulk of the full natural form, and this, lastly,wrapped in a few turns of the finest gauze.The eyes and eyebrows were painted in greenmalachite on the outer wrapping. For descriptionof details, see Medzcm, pp. 17, 18 ; Royal Arch. Inst.Proc., May, 1894, Garson in Brit. AssociationReport, 1892.The mummy found in the pyramid of Mehti-emsafof the vith dynasty, has usually been supposed to beof that king ; but the mode of embalming, withstuffing under the skin of the limbs is entirelyunknown before Amenhetep 111 and was not usualtill later ; this is strong evidence that the body isof a subsequent burial Elliot Smith, Cairo Sci,Jour., 1908, p. 205). The bodies of the xiith dynastydo not seem to show more than drying and salting aspreservatives. The most complete examinationMurray, Tomb of two brothers, Manchester), showsthat lime, alum, potash, and salt, were all used ;but the results were so poor, that the bodies readilybreak up and fall to dust.41. The mummies of the early xviiith dynasty areonly roughly embalmed, dried, shrunken, and dis-torted. An alkaline bath was not used; onlyremoval of the main viscera, packing with salt for atime, and then powdering with an aromatic woodCairo Catalogue, Elliot Smith, Royal Mummies)The body of Aahmes I is the earliest instance of ex-tracting the brain. The embalming was betterunder Tehutmes I, and was scarcely improved onlater. The earlier atti tude was with the arms at thesides, next they were shifted forward till theytouched in front. Folding the arms begins withTehutmes 11 whose hands reach the collar-bones.The arms were folded parallel in Amenhetep 11. Inthe Ramessides the fore-arms cross one another onthe chest; in the xxth dynasty the hands were

spread out flat on the shoulders ; by the xxistdynasty, the old position down the sides was againadopted. The incision in the left side, for removingthe viscera, was from the hip to the breast beforeTehutmes I11 ; in him, and later bodies, it is alongthe groin, but it is variable in the xxist dynasty.It was covered with a fusiform plate Roy. Mzcm.105) in the xviiith dynasty ; left bare in the xixthand xxth ; and covered with a square plate embossedwith the zczat eye, in the xxist dynasty. There ishere


31/46

THE REVIVE ODY I7324, bronze plate with uzat in relief, 4.0 X 3-5

xxist dyn.also in Amzclets -

bronze plate, uzat, high relief, 3.9 X 3.2,silver plate, uzat incised, 2.3 X 1.9,lead plate, uz incised, 3.4 X 3.1,lead plate, wat in cut outline, 5.8 X 2.8.

The use of these plates seems to have ceasedbefore the xxvith dynasty ; but at that time anamulet of two fingers is found in connection with theincision, inside the body, or lying with other amuletsupon the body. The position in the latter case isalmost always over the incision, either at the baseor middle level of the abdomen. It seems then,that the fingers take the place of the uzat eye plate.There are here ten examples among Amulets 3 5 to1.2 long.

Returning to the preparation of the mummy, inthe xxist dynasty a system of stuffing under theskin was adopted generally it is first found inAmenhetep 111 where the stuffing was resinous;the later examples are stuffed with mud, sand, saw-dust, fat and soda, so as to simulate the naturalform, lost by shrinkage of the muscles and loss of thefluids. The viscera also were usually replaced inthe body yet the canopic jars continued to be made,and were more elaborately carved than before.

42. In the xxvith dynasty down to Roman times,a different process was employed ; the viscera wereusually removed, the brain was sometimes removed,and then the whole body was flooded with super-heated pitch or resins ; the heat was enough todrive out remaining water and to carry the pitchinto the structure of the bones. The penetration issuch that it seems as if the body had been soaked inhot pitch, but the condition of the hair shows thatthe pitch was only poured in. Pitch was sometimespoured over the body in the coffin, as early as thevth dynasty Deshasheh, 18). A previous soakingin salt or natural natron was the first stage ; and theepidermis thus loosened was removed, rolled up,and placed inside the body. The use of naturalnatron carbonate, chloride, and sulphate of sodamixed), is shown by the analysis of Mr. Lucas, fromthe xviiith dynasty onward Cairo Sci. Jour., 1908,p. 133). In addition to natron as a bath, or solid,myrrh was used in the xviiith-xxth dynasties, andconiferous resin-probably cedar-in most periods,.together with cedar oil, which saturates the mum-mies of the ist and iind centuries.

3

In the late Roman and Christian period the treat-ment of the body ceased, it was dressed in ordinaryday clothes-usually well worn-and buried packedwith salt to preserve it. The skin is tough andleathery, and the viscera well preserved in place.On the diseases observed in mummies, see Ruffer inCairo Sci Jour., I~IO, . 3.

43. The mode of wrapping the body rarelychanged ; for a long time it was singularly constantthough with small variations. The earliest pre-historic people only laid a goatskin over the body.A single garment of linen was usual later. Thefirst thickly packed wrapping, of many dozens ofturns, is that of the arm of the queen of Zer in theist dynasty. The contracted burials of the iind andiiird dynasties, placed in coffins, are tightly ban-daged into bundles Tarkhan I xxviii). A fineexample of this is in the Bristol museum.

In the end of the iiird dynasty Meydum) there-composed bones were elaborately wrapped andpacked, so as to simulate the living size of the body.The more or less dissevered bodies were also care-fully bandaged and wrapped, in the vth and vithdynasties; see the X-ray photographs in Deshasheh,xxxvii.

The whole bodies were also fully bandaged, but onlyplain dried, without any embalming Deshashh,15).On comparing the system of bandaging of thexiith, xxvith, and Roman period Roman Portraits,xxi), there are several main points alike throughout.The limbs are bandaged around ; after a few clothsthere is a great roller bandage from end to end, of15 to 26 turns ; then a mass of pads ; again a longwinding then the forked tie, split into a Y on thechest, the two upper ends tied behind the neck, andthe lower end often split and tied round the feet:this is evidently of ceremonial importance. Outsideof this are pads, a long winding, cloths and pad, andthen the main winding of 15 to 49 turns. Threealternations of padding and winding, and then comesthe great shroud over all, with the ends tucked in.Sometimes there are long windings outside of that.For detailed accounts of the cloths used, see theunwrappings described in Tomb of two Brothers, 54xiith) ; Qurneh, 8 xviith); Ann. Serv., 1go7, 166xxist); Roman Portraits, 16 ; Schafer, Priester-

grdber, 30.44. The portions of bodies here are325. Skull of Anta, the general, vth dyn.,Deshasheh, xxxvi


32/46

8 THE REVIVED BODY188. Leg and foot, bones misplaced, and wrapped,

vth dyn., see Deshasheh, xxxvii.189. Leg with two shins and one splint bone, vth

dyn., see Deshaskh, xxxvii187. Legwithsplint bone in front of shin,vth dyn.,Deshasheh.326. Arm and hand, very slender, long nails,dried, xiith dyn.327. Hand, blackened, with double scarab boundon little finger, xxiiird dyn. presented by Mrs.Hamilton-Williams.328. Similar hand with part of a scarab of xiithdynasty, fraudulently attached.329. Leg in true articulation, with smooth cloth

cover stuck over the front, xxiiird dyn.330. Head, female, face gilded, and hair plaited

and coiled at back, Ptolemaic, presented by MissMackintosh.331. Head, female, skin dried, yellow, pale brownhair plaited and coiled at back, with four hair pins,two ivory, tortoiseshell and bronze. Roman. Hawara.332. Head, female, skin dried yellow, with blueand white knitted woollen cap drawn down over the

face. Roman. Hawara.333. Head, male, black, nostrils and eyelids well

preserved. Ptolemaic or Roman.In all truly Egyptian periods the cloth wrappingof the mummy was left plain ; but in Roman timespainted cloths were sometimes placed over all.Some are well executed with a portrait figure(Hilton Price Catalogwe, p. 8 , others coarser (RomanPortraits, xii) ; and some with a red ground andgilt figures fairly executed, of the purification,weighing, and worshipping scenes. Many suchfigures are here, 334,335 ; also 336, a red cloth witha coarse figure of Osiris on the front. Other decora-tion was by plaster casts affixed, as here337-9. Three discs of plaster with bak falcon in

relief.340-7, Eight small rosettes, flowers, and Besfigures.The mummy was in all Egyptian ages entombedafter a period of mourning. But a strange custom

arose in Ptolemaic times, or perhaps not till theRoman age, of keeping the mummy in the housestanding upright, probably against the wall of theperistyle court, for many years (Hawara, 15, Rom.PM., 2). his led to the elaboration of the car-tonnage which had been a simple covering of themummy for burial. That it was not only placed ina mausoleum is shown by the scribbling of carica-

tures by schoolboys on the outer wrapping (Rom.Port., xiii) here.45. Cartonnage is a covering built up of cloth,plaster, and glue, or later with papyrus in place ofcloth. One of the earliest examples is here 348) ;the head is lost, but the chest piece shows the collarof five rows of cylinder beads, and a row of pendants ;below that the breasts are painted, and a line ofinscription of the house of offerings and all thingspure for the ka of the devoted Athet makheru. Thename was left blank, and has been inserted by amuch rougher hand in a bluer ink. For examplesof the viiith, ixth dyn., see Sedment, xiii, xviOthers rather before the xiith dynasty are in Gizehd Rifeh, xi. In the xviiith dynasty, cartonnagewas expanded to cover the whole figure, and must

rather be looked on as a mummiform c o 5 .The original type of cartonnage was revived in thePtolemaic age. This was mostly made of papyrus,and has provided a great amount of Greek MS.,especially the wills and letters, which, being short,were used entire in building up the form. A woodenblock was used, made in two halves, so that the backhalf could be withdrawn, and the face half thusfreed. On this form the papyri were plastered onwet, and left to dry. The surface was then white-washed and the painting executed. After removalof the mould, the inside was then whitewashed, andsometimes the name written in it to show whom itwas for. One here is349. Female head, face gilt, wig blue, colourednecklaces, 18&high, Gurob. Chest pieces, leg pieces,

and foot-cases were similarly made.350. Chest cover, with collars, figure of Maotwinged, kneeling, and inscription, Royal offeringto Osiris in the lake land (Fayum) that he may givea place of offerings, all excellent and pure, sweetdrink, and living with the god, for the ka of theOsirian Nekht-hetep son of Peduamen born ofThemer-hetep." The writing is unusually corrc ctfor the Ptolemaic age, only ka is written S. The

four sons of Horus, Isis, and Nebhat, are at thesides, 18 high; Gurob.The next stage was a stout cartonnage casepainted with figures all over the head, with gilt face ;one here, 351, is 18 high, of a woman, and another,352, of a man (broken). Rather later there is:353, cartomage head piece with three lines ofcurly realistic black hair above the gilt face.After that come the massive half-length cases, as354. Gilt over face, hair and front drapery,


33/46

THE REVIVED BODY I9painted figures of gods on back. Next the case wasonly with drapery, and no figures, and entirely gilt,as Rom. Port., X I 2.Then the arms are shown, partly gilt and realistic-ally coloured, and the face and nipples were gilt.Jewellery was represented by bracelets and rings,all gilt. Finally, the hands often hold a wreathof red flowers, in one instance a lighted candle.There are here

355 case with face and arms all gilt ; woman.356 357 cases with face and arm gilt, holdingwreath ; woman and man.358 case with face gilt, arms pink, holdingwreath, drapery white.359 case with face gilt, arms white, drapery red.The faces of these are mainly lost ; all havejewellery represented, which is useful for dating.They belong to early in the second century, see

Hawara, ix.The foot-cases are similarly made, of papyrus(Ptolemaic) or of cloth (Roman). The earliest iscast in plaster.360. Front of pair of feet in plaster, wearing thicktwisted gold anklets, and black straps for sandals ;apparently a cast from life.361-6. Pieces of foot-cases, always painted on thebase with two captives bound.46. About the time of Trajan, a canvas waxportrait is rarely found, painted in imitation of the

bust, as above (Portfolio YY). Immediately after,this gave place to the system of painted portraitson thin wood panels, bound on over the face of themummy. These lasted from about 120 to 250 A.D.After that the influence of Christianity led toabandoning any special preparation of the body,which was simply buried in ordinary clothes, packedround with salt to preserve it.The wrapping of the mummy also became elab-orate when it was retained for years in the house.First there were outer covers of resined cloth in-scribed in demotic as 367-8-9 here (one with cari-catures R.P. xiii, xxiv, S), copied in Rom. Port. xxiv,3, 4, 5. Then a red painted cloth with figures on itwas used, as 336 here R.P., xxiv, 6), and see R.P.,xi, xii, xiii. Next, bandaging with narrow lines ofbandages, crossing ; sometimes very perfectlyarranged (R.P., xi, I . Next, repeating these cross-ing lines with narrower strips, one over the other,so as to make a sort of coffered pattern, in onecase 13 ayers of different colours (R.P., X,3). Torelieve the effect, coloured stripswere used,blue and

white, and probably red gone brown-black. Tobrighten the appearance further, gdding was put inthe hollows, to suggest that the mummy waswrapped in gold beneath the bands. At first thiswas by bits of base gold foil, bound over by thefirst layer of bandage. Soon it became a gilt plasterbutton, stuck on a square of plastered cloth, andput under the lowest layer of bands. Half of theportrait mummies are without buttons, and halfwith buttons, so the change was during the use ofportraits, say 160 A.D.The portraits which were bound on the mummywere not painted for that purpose, but were portraitshung in the house during the person's lifetime, andafterwards roughly cut down to fit on to the mummy.Every one has been hacked along the top and corners,and in one grave the portrait was in a frame with acord for hanging it (Hawara, xii). Three portraitsat University College from Hawara are published370 in Roman Portraits, vi 40 ;

371 in Roman Portraits, viii, DD, Hawava, front.vi.372 in Roman Portraits, ix, WW awara X 18.See also The Hawara Portfolio, and Edgar, Graeco-Egyptian co ns.47. Animal mummies are often found ; there arehere373. Cat, head and shoulders.374. Kitten in wrappings ; only two leg bones

in it, see radiograph.375. Dog, head.376. Ibis, finely wrapped in square pattern ofgreen, white, and red ?). Thebes.377. Crocodile head. Lahun.378. Crocodile mummy, only a f w bones inwrappings. Lahun.379. Plaster head from a jackal mummy.On animal mummies, see Pettigrew, History oEgyptian Mummies, pp. 183-226 ; Wilkinson, Manners and Czcstoms, 111 pp. 258-265 ; and on fishes

G~rob, y L. Loat, in Saqqara Mastabas I.48. The wrappings of a mummy were sometimessealed in Roman times, placing the clay over astring tying the crossbands together. The sealshere from Hawara are380 bust of Isis.381-3 seated gryphon with paw on wheel, incuse(three examples).384 seated sphinx ?)very rude.On mummy cloth there are frequently inscriptionsrecording the year of manufacture and purposes of


34/46


35/46

THE REVIVED BODY 21KTPIAAOC see CWKPATH

481. MATPWNAN TEPAAIOC KOPOY HPWNOCEM MHTPOC HPA'I'AOC IIPECBYTE-PACB MATPWNAN .TEP .KOPOY HPWNOCMHTP . . . EMMHTPOC HPA'I'AOC

482. TAQH MIKKAAOL (Z)IC IIANW483. IIABHC ETWN E:484. IIANI'OP . . L BYMEXEIP KO YIB (?)485. IIANI'OPCHC KOAANOOV TIOO EIOYCMHTPOC CENYAITOC EBIWCEN ESH-KONTAIIATCOPOYATIC see CENCANCNWC486. IIAXOYMI APBECOYIIEKYCIOC see CENIIETEMEINIC487. IIETEMINIC BHCIO (U) IIPECBVT cpou )QSPEMOYOIOU) MH . r p o ~ ) CENIIEAI-

AIOCIIETETWTO see CENIIEAIAIOCCENAIIOAAWNIAC see TAAOCCENBHKICCENOWTHCCENIIEAIAIC IIETETWTO OPCENOY

MH(7pos) APCINOHCB similar, add I'YNH BHCIO . . . O

488. CENIIETEMEINIC IIEKYCIOC KAITXMIMA IIIHYC EIC IIANWNCENYAITOC see AIOCKOPOC IIANI'OP-CHC

489. CENYANENWE CICOITOC490. CENCANCNWC IIATCOPOYATIC IIANOII-OAITICCENCWTHPIWNOC see TAOIWC491. CEPHNOC YENTOYWNOO IIANOIIOAIT-

OY492. CICOIC CICOITOC MHTPOC OEPMOYO-

IOC AIIO BOMIIAH B of ThezyCICOITOS see CENYANENWC CICOICCKYTEA see YENOEPMOYOIN

493. CWKPATH OYKATEPA KYPIMOC ENA3TINOOVC . ? B IIOAEOC494. TAOIWC QATPEIOVC MHT CENCWTH-PIWNOC

495. TAAOC IIPECBYTEPA YE'I'NE MHTPOCCENAIIOMWNIAC AIIO BOMIIAEE Demotic. Her soul rests before Osiris

Sokaris, the Great God, Lord of Abydos,. . he lady . . Talos the elder, daurof Pseine, her mother being Senapollonia,lady of Bompae. Spiegelberg, 17, 42-3

496. TAYNXIC TAYNXIC TAYNXIC QMOYCTOCOEPMOYOIC see CICOICTIBHCIOC see TCONECON497. TIOOVHC YENAPCIHCIOC IIAPAOCEPPIZH AYTOY TO ONOMA.498 TCANCNWC KOAANOOV MHTPOC OME-CIWTOC AIIOYIN IIEAAAEAQHC YEN

ME IIACYTMIOC.499. TCONECON TIBIHCIOC (Panopolis)YEPAKOC see EYAAIMWNQATPEIOYC see TAOIWC@MOYCTOC see TAYNXICQPEMOYOIOY see IIETEMINIC

500. XAIPEIC APEIOY501. XAIPHMWN AIIO YINOMOYNEWC TOYANTAIOIIOAITOYYAIIIIC see AIIOMWNIOC

YE'I'NE see TAAOC502. YENOEPMOYOIN 1. CKYTEA503. YENOMECIWC EBIWCEN L KA504. YENIIANIC L EYENCENKAMHTI see AIIOYIAOWN

YENTOYWNOO see CEPHNOCYINOMOYNEWC see XAIPHMWNYOAWM see OINYONAYTOC472 from Hawara viii, 3

Casilzg o the ody51. The mummiform coffins, and cartonnagecovering the body, were an important feature in thexviiith-xxist dynasties. This cartonnage is a differ-

ent system from that of the partial masks and breastcovers such were used in the vth-xviiith dynasties,(see Borchardt, Ne-user-re, 114; Yaa and Thuau)when as yet no complete cartonnage was known.It is from the decorated mummy coffins of the xith-xiith dynasties, as those of two brothers (Gizeh andRifeh X B), that the xxist dynasty cartonnage casesreally descend.

There are here505. Fragments 4) of hard white cartonnage,backed with mud behind the linen incised withscenes for the overseer of workmen of the templeof Amen, Pedu-amen-nes-taui, otherwise Pedy.506. Piece of coloured cartonnage of Nesi-pa-paut-taui, son of Nesi-pa-qa-shuti. Edwards, Thebes.507. Piece of coloured cartonnage of son of

Khonsu son of Aith, his mother Zed-mut-as-onkh.xxiiird dyn., Ramesseum.508. Piece of 4th prophet of h e n , Hor-S -ast.


36/46

TH REVIVED BODY

509-1 1. Piece with dummy inscription ; anotherwith figures of genii, another with finely drawnhead.

In these cartonnage cases the face was usuallycarved in wood, and a fairly good style was kept,better than in the decoration. Here are :512. Face with white marble eyes, black pasteiris, blue paste border, blue glaze eyebrows, surfacered varnish. xxth dyn.513. Face painted yellow, black eyes and brows.514-15. Faces, z white with black eyes and brows.516-17. Faces, 2, plain wood.518. Face, very rudely cut, Ptolemaic.

52. The use of cast plaster faces began in thedegradation of the cartonnage masks during theHyksos age. At first a small face was cut in whitelimestone for inserting in the reduced mask, as here.519 face 2.3 high, with beads of xiith dynasty,Abydos, cem. D 104.By the xviiith dynasty such were cast in plaster,see El Amrah, xlvii, D 99.

The revival of plaster heads for mummies was inthe Roman period. Unhappily all have been re-moved for sale without a history; but they areprobably mostly of the 1st century A D They wereof Middle Egypt, and I have seen a cemetery coveredwith the wreckage of such work dug out by plunder-ers. The following examples have been chosen asbeing of better modelling than the average. Theorder is that of quality, and probably of date.520. Female head, draped with thin veil overhair and curls. Eyes inlaid with white glass, andblack glass iris ; bordered with dark blue glassedging, which has been plastered over and gilded.Style Punic-Greek, in the curls and the narrowmouth, with slight smirk, 7+ high.521. Female head, wavy hair, brow line hard,eyes slightly blocked out, 6 high (Arts and Crafts,137).522. Female head, complete with back; hairdressed with coiled plait on the back, and onetwisted strand just above the forehead. Plain goldtorque and gold earrings of three balls. Eyes andeyelashes roughly painted. Tinted pink. Ex-pression good, 7 high.523. Male head, short curly locks, stubbly beard,eyes and lids plain black, 76- h.524. Male head, loose curly locks, narrow beardclipped dose, eyes roughly painted on the flat.One of the best work, broken in travelling ; see

and C 135 for original state, g h.

525. Female head, close triple band of curls, ofabout 60 A D Small mouth, weak expression.Ball earrings. Tinted pink, 7 h.526. Boy's head, hair combed straight forward,eyes each a single piece of glass with black irispainted, lips thin, expression natural, 74 h. Suchglass eyes are dated t o the middle of the iind cent.A D (Edgar, Graeco-Egyf~tian oflns)527. Male head, white glass eyes with dark browniris painted in one; hair curly black, beard andmoustache black, skin red-brown, g h. This showshow after the mummy was wrapped and plasteredover the head, a gap was left a t the face, and then aseparate plaster head was put over it, and smoothedaround.528. Youth, black hair combed forward, eyes andbrows black painted, skin yellow, expression natural,8 high.

529. Female head, slightly wavy black hair, smallbraided coil on back, which is complete, eyes plainclear glass, iris painted black on back; hard,mechanical work, 7 high.53 Next to the mummy and its adornment comes

the murnrniform coffin. A complete example,which had been presented to University Collegebefore 1890, is of about the xxvth dynasty.530. Wooden coffin, painted with scene andinscription inside and out ; length 9 out, 67 in,width 19. Outside lid.-Below the deep collar isthe ram-headed vulture. On either side, the de-ceased adoring Osiris and two of the genii. Nextline, Balance with Anubis ; deceased led by Thothbefore Osiris, four genii, Anubis, and Horus. Next,mummy on bier, offerings below. Speech of theOsirian the lady of the house Na-ar-er-ast-nefer ;a spread Ra falcon a t each end. Next, Speech ofthe Osirian lady of the house, Na-ar-er-ast-nefer;daughter of the prophet of Mentu in Hermonthis,Bes ; son of the same Peda-ast ; her mother thelady of the house Tg-oiit, daughter in ThebesAufenamen, son of the same Zed-mentu-auf-onkh.I do homage to thee Osiris khent amenti great godin (end of formula omitted). Below, 7 seatedgenii with heads of falcon, serpent, ibis, ape, croco-dile ? man, crocodile, the 8th space the sign ament.In the middle the head of Osiris, plumed, on a stand.

Speech of the Osirian, lady of the house, Na-ar-er-ast-nefer, daughter of the offerer to the god inHermonthis, Bes. On feet, 5 columns of textobliterated.

Outside, body.-On each shoulder te#-du-f. Down


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24 TH REVIVE BODY545. Amen-rekhsu, dau. of Zedher. xxvith. Whole

lid. Ink-written on scene.546. Ay-kher-seti 1 ) xxvith. Lid without head.Ink-written on scene.547. Priestess of Hershefi, Tazab, dau. of Sat-meref, Merheru. Deeply incised. xxviith. Abusirel Melek.

This name plate is a successor of the name bead,found on the necks in the xiith dynasty, and con-tinued.

See piece of end of coffin with mortising of topboards, in Furniture.

Toy sarcophagus and mummy, of mud, in Toys.548. Sides of sarcophagus, of Ter-sent, carefullydrawn, but ignorantly. xiiith dyn.549. Sides of sarcophagus cover to coffin, of Men-neb-onkh. xxvth.550. Sides of sarcophagus cover to coffin, namelost. xxvth.551. Part of corner post of a sarcophagus, incised

royal acquaintance, over the offerings, Khnum-hetep figure standing. xxvith. 14.9 h.552. Model sarcophagus with corner posts on asledge. Ramesseum. 5.9 2 7. xxth dyn.

Often after the decay of a sarcophagus of wood,the eyes which were inlaid in the side, for the deadto see out, remain complete. Such are :553. Pair of eyes of white marble, with obsidianiris, in copper frames, eyebrows and pendants ofslate.554. Parts of a similar set, the pendants andeyebrows of dark blue paste. Tehuti-hetep, Ber-sheh. xiith dynasty.555. Pair of eyes from wooden coffin, cast bronze,with triangles of ostrich shell each side of the iris.Lahun. xxiind dynasty ?).556. Bronze frame, with remains of eye.557. White marble eye, with obsidian iris, insheet bronze frame from a coffin.558. Eye of alabaster and obsidian, another ofalabaster and clear white glass.559. Socket for an eye, of violet paste, glazedover.560. Lead eyelashes from an eye.

See also inlaid eyes, white, iris, and pupil, withbronze eyelashes in the cartonnage head-piece. Alsocrystal eye in bronze setting, and obsidian eye of abull, in Milzerals.

Coffins were sometimes of pottery, painted, in thexviiith dynasty, see Hyksos Cities, xiv, xiva. Thesedegenerated into plain rough coffins, and such con-

tinued to be used in Roman times in the Delta, wherewood was scarce, see Ehnasya, 38. One fragment ishere, 561 of a pottery coffin with upper part of afigure painted in black, red, blue, and white, on ayellow ground. Model coffins of pottery were alsoused to bury the ushabti figure. Here are562 Parts of a pottery box coffin, painted white,for Antef Ransenb, from cemetery B 20 Qurneh.xith dyn.563. Lid of a pottery coffin, inscribed for theka of Teta-nefer. Thebes. xviith dynasty.564. Parts of a red pottery coffin, with yellowbands, inscribed. xviiith dynasty.

Pottery coffin of Tehuti with wooden ushabti ofsame, xviith dynasty, see Shabtis ( 2 9 ~ ) ~lso woodenlid of coffin of Teta-on, and another nameless.

Over the coffin was sometimes an open-workcatafalque, see frontispiece to Rhind, Thebes. Frag-ments of such open-work here are :565-6. Figures of Duatmutef, disc on head, 8high, g high. Good work.567-8. Figures of Tehuti and of queen p), 8 7 nd10 high ; roughly cut, and outlined in black.Gurob.569. Part of figure, painted red and black.Edwards.

Khaker from top of a cornice, see Furniture.570. Piece of box ?)with incised figure of Isis ?)seated, table of offerings in front, 3 6 h.

571. Rude figure of Ra, crowned, seated. Gurob.4.4 h.572. Girdle tie of Isis, open-work wood.

54. In the funeral procession the coffin was pre-ceded by the priest with a censer. There is here573. Bronze censer with falcon head, muchbroken, 19 or more, long ; nscribed Royal offeringto Osiris Khentamenti, Ptah lord of truth .kherheb of Osiris, May. Abydos.574. Falcon-head end of a censer, wood. Gurob.575 Piece of a pottery pan with melted incenseand charcoal. The pan was apparently heated tomelt the incense and make it burn readily. Amarna,xviiith dynasty.

With the coffin were models of the funeral outfitof instruments. They are represented as lying on atable by the priest engaged in opening the mouth,in the procession of chap. i of the Book of the Dead.Limestone slabs ~ i t hodels of such instruments arefound about the vith dynasty, see Derzderah, xxi.There are obsidian vases from such sets.55 Hypocephali were discs with magic texts and


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THE REVIVED BODY 25figures placed beneath the heads of mummies. Theyare not very common, as they belong to a poor periodof burials, when much expense was unusual. Thestarting point is the direction in chap. clxii of theBook of the Dead, that a figure of the Hathor cowwas to be drawn on papyrus and placed under thehead of the mummy. This may suggest that thediscs with a Hathor cow (P.S.B.A., xix, 146) andwith mummy resting on the back of the Hathorcow couchant, Amulets, 134a, are the earliest stage.On the back of this last, the seated Ra with 4 rams'heads is adored by apes, a type which is present onnearly all hypocephali. Another example at Bol-ogna may be early, as it is on papyrus as directed,while others are on cloth or bronze. The mostdefinite dating is that of a group of bronze discs,Abydos I , lxxvi, Ixxvii, pp. 38, 50. The family isthat of Zedher, a name that belongs to the xxxthdynasty ; his wife's father was Nefer-ab-ra, a nameof the xxvith. The style of the ushabtis in thistomb borders on Ptolemaic glaze, and it cannot beput before the xxxth dynasty, the name Nefer-ab-rabeing a family survival. One disc here, Amulets,134 b 2, coloured black with yellow lines, seems prob-ably an imitation of a dark bronze disc with goldinlay, and therefore later than the bronze discs.None of the names on the Turin or British Museumdiscs have connection with the xxvith dynasty, butseem to be of later style. One is black, with yellowdesigns, coarsely done, is dated to the reign ofPhiladelphos or later, as Hornezatef was priest ofSoter and the Philadelphi, and agreeing with this isthe name of his father Nekht-her-heb (B.M. 8446).The use of such discs seems, then, to be from about350 to 250 B C For a study of the hypocephali, anda list of 20, see Leemans, Leiden, Colrgress Orient,1883, IV, gr ; for those in Brit. Mus., see P.S.B.A.,vi ; for Cairo, Catalogue, Textes et Dessins Magiques,Daressy, p. 49 ; for a general account and references,Abydos I , 50. Those here are published in Amzclets,134 X3 follows:134a, cloth, mummy on back of Hathor cow.Rev., seated Ra with 4 rams' heads, and usualfigures.

134b 2 cloth, black with yellow figures ; Radiantdisc ; Isis and Nebhat mourning at sides of zed.Rev., barks of Thoth and Ra ?), 4 rams' headfigure, etc.

134c, cloth, 8 crocodile heads around a disc, with8 baboons above, and below Paunhatef offeringMgot to Ra falcon.4

576. Fragment of cloth, with drawing of circlecontaining baboons, surrounded by 16 crocodileheads.A pectoral was often placed on the breast, in thexviiith-xxth dynasties. I t descended from thoseworn by the living in the xiith dynasty (Dahshur andLahun, jewellery). Those here are577. Part of wood pectoral, painted with a barkwhich contained the scarab, with figures of Isis and

Nebhat ; reverse, the scene of weighing and intro-duction to Osiris. Gurob, 5.1 W., xixth dyn.578. Green glaze pectoral, black figure of Anubis

couchant on shrine, 2.3 h. (see Amulets, 91).By about the xxist dynasty the use of the pectoral

ceases, and only the scarab was applied upon thebreast. There are here, along with ushabti figuresfound together579. Jade scarab for fourth prophet of Amen,

Zed-khonsu-a-onkh, and chapter of the heart finelyengraved. With ushabtis, coarse blue, thin writ-ing. Ramesseum, 107, xxist dyn.580. Grey jasper scarab, heart-shaped, head

prominent, 4 lines on base, no inscription ; withvery coarse small blue and pottery ushabtis.Ramesseum 143, xxiiird dynasty (see Scavabs,xlvii-viii)581. Coarse dark frit scarab and rough brown

pottery ushabti. Ramesseum, 147. xxiiird dynasty56. Upon the breast of the mummy in later times

were usually placed a winged scarab and figures ofthe four sons of Horus. The earlier form of thescarab was set in a square pectoral, or carved onsuch, in the xviiith-xxth dynasties, see Amulets, gIa.About the xxiind dynasty, the winged scarab super-seded the pectoral, and was particularly used asinset in the bead networks, along with the four sonsof Horus. In the xxvith dynasty, these amuletswere largely supplemented and superseded by themultitude of figures of gods and other amulets. Yetthey appear sometimes later, even to the Ptolemaicage ; see Amulets, li-liii; l g xxxth dyn., 15, 18,20,21, 24 Ptolemaic. The winged scarabs here a

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