Peter%Stuyvesant’s%Culture%Wars% · Peter%Stuyvesant’s%Culture%Wars%...

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Peter Stuyvesant’s Culture Wars Tolera’ng the Sin of Satan in Dutch New York (16471644)

Transcript of Peter%Stuyvesant’s%Culture%Wars% · Peter%Stuyvesant’s%Culture%Wars%...

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Peter  Stuyvesant’s  Culture  Wars  

Tolera'ng  the  Sin  of  Satan    

in  Dutch  New  York    (1647-­‐1644)  

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What  is  “Dutch”  New  York?    

New  Netherland:  Circa  1650   Area  Occupied  by  Present  Day  NY  

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Director-­‐General  Peter  Stuyvesant  Governed  New  Netherland  &  Curacao  1647-­‐1664    

• A  Conserva@ve  (Calvinist)  religious  Protestant  

• A  Military  “Commander  in  Chief”  in  a  sensi@ve  region  

• A  Poli@cian  balancing  “Big  Business”  interests  of  the  West  India  Company,  with  his  own  principles  

• Known  for  policies  of  poli@cal  and  religious  intolerance  

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Poli'cal  and  Religious  Tension  in  the  Colony  

Dutch  Reformed  Church          vs.  a  heterogeneous  popula@on  

Natural  Rights  (Burghers)          vs.  Divine  Right  (Administra@on)  

Merchant  Class  (Taxa@on  &  trade  duty)    vs.  Dutch  West  India  Company  Emp.  

Case  Study  Examples  for  Stuyvesant’s  Anger  &  Intolerance  

•  The  War  Crime  Charges  of  Melyn  and  Kuyter,  against  former  Director  KieT,  1647  

•  The  Pe@@on  of  the  Nine  Men,  1649  

•  Flushing  Remonstrance  of  1653  

•  Flushing  Remonstrance  of  1657  •  “Private”  Conven@cles:  A^empts  at  Religious  Autonomy  

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Stuyvesant’s  Furious  Opposi@on  to  Liberty  

“People  may  think  of  appealing  during  my  Cme  –  should  any  one  do  so,  I  would  have  him  made  a  foot  shorter,  pack  the  pieces  off  to  Holland  and  let  him  appeal  in  that  way”.    

-­‐  Peter  Stuyvesant,  when  Melyn  and  Kuyter,  “Cunning”  and  “Malignant  Subjects”,  appealed  his  sentence  of  banishment  

“Anyone  offer  objecCon…He  bursts  inconCnentally  into  a  rage  and  makes  such  a  to-­‐do  that  it  is  dreadful”          

-­‐  Adriaen  Van  Der  Donck,  on  Peter  Stuyvesant’s  conduct  in  Council  

 He’d  rather  “Quit  his  posiCon  than  to  allow  (it)…in  contravenCon  to  the  first  arCcle  of  his  commission,  which  was  sworn  to  by  him  with  an  oath,  not  to  admit  any  other  than  the  true  reformed  faith.”    

-­‐  Dominie  Megapolensis,  on  Peter  Stuyvesant’s  resolve  to  prevent  the  Lutheran  minority  (Some  who  he  imprisoned)  from  organizing  a  church  

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Why  are  we  so  Angry  if  We’re  Right?    

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The  Culture  War  &  Angry  Poli@cs:  Escala@ng,  Polarizing  us  Further  Apart  

New  Liberal  Extreme      

 “I  don’t  want  to  be  crass,  but  I  just  hope  that  Marcus  Bachmann  takes  all  that,  ya  know,  that  rage  …and  brings  it  (out  against  her)  ….  angrily,  because  that’s  how  I  would.  And  I’ve  thought  about  it.”  

-­‐  Real  Time  with  Bill  Maher  

New  Conserva've  Extreme  

 "I'm  thinking  about  killing  Michael  Moore,  and  I'm  wondering  if  I  could  kill  him  myself,  or  if  I  would  need  to  hire  somebody  to  do  it.  ...  No,  I  think  I  could.  I  think  he  could  be  looking  me  in  the  eye,  you  know,  and  I  could  just  be  choking  the  life  out.    

-­‐  Glenn  Beck  

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Where  does  the  anger  come  from?  Moral  Judgments  of  the  “Other”  people  fuel  it,  because,  according  to  George  Lakoff,  Poli@cs  is  inherently  based  in  

cogni@ve  judgments  (conclusions)  about  morality  and  moral  priori@es  

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Poli'cal  Anger  is  inherently  Moral  Outrage  

Our  Moral  Systems  affect  how  we  interpret  the  

ac@ons  of  other  people  and  how  

we  respond  

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The  problem  is,  those  labels  have  specific  cultural  connota@ons,  leading  

to  addi@onal  conclusions  

Conserva'ves  are…  

“Intolerant”  becomes  associated  with  impa@ence,  rage,  a  violent  temper.    

“Racist”  is  associated  with  cruel.    

“Ignorant”  is  associated  with  “Stupid”.    

Liberals  are…  

“Indulgent”  is  associated  with  laziness.  

“Self-­‐centered”  becomes  selfish.    

In the process, a measure of accuracy about the political divide is sacrificed, as the reasons for people’s choices are simplified down to their internal rottenness.

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Defini'on  of  Pride  in  17th  C.  European  Culture    

•  Biblical  Origin  in  the  Fall  of  Lucifer  

•  Eleva@on  through  Satan’s  Example,  as  the  Upmost  Original  Sin  before  “Original  Sin”,  in  Medieval  theology  (Pope  Leo  the  Great  in  6th  C,  and  Thomas  Aquinas,  13th  C)  

•  Prominence  in  Post-­‐Reforma@on  theology  (Calvin)  +  philosophy  (S@ll  religiously  based  jurisprudence)          

•  Effect  on  Absolu@st  Poli@cal  Philosophy  

   (Divine  Right  versus  Natural  Right)  

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Peter  Stuyvesant’s  Moral  Lens    

 Calvinism  +  Absolu'sm  =>  The  Sin  of  Pride      It  is  a  wicked  decision  to  challenge  the  government,  insis@ng  that  individuals  have  autonomous  rights  independent  of  the  ruling  authority,  or  worse,  insist  on  changing  government,  and  semng  up  their  own  moral  authority,  instead  of  accep@ng  what  God  had  ordained.    

The  Repriori'za'on  of  Jus'ce  above  Authority  (Moral  Metaphors)  is  interpreted  as  immoral  

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Examples  •  Stuyvesant’s  Scripture  quotes  in  his  legal  opinion,  in  counter-­‐charge  

against  Melyn  &  Kuyter  :  –  “Be  subject  unto  the  higher  powers”  (…for  there  is  no  power  but  of  God:  &  the  powers  

that  be,  are  ordained  of  God)  (Rom  13:1);  “Thou  shalt  not  revile  the  gods,  nor  Curse  the  ruler  of  thy  people”  (Exod.  22:28)    

•  References  to  “Subjects”  and  Vassals”  

 “Was  it  ever  heard  or  seen  in  any  republic  that  vassals  and  subjects  did  without    authority  from  their  superiors,  conceive,  draT  and  submit  to  their  magistrates  self-­‐

devised  interrogaCves  to  have  them  examined  thereon?”                          –  Counter  Charge  to  Melyn  &  Kuyter  

 “I  shall  govern  you  like  a  father  governs  his  children”  –  Director-­‐general  Stuyvesant’s  1st  address  to  the  people  of  New  Netherland  

•  Stuyvesant’s  rebu^al  in  answer  to  the  Flushing  Remonstrance  of  1653.  *Divine  Right  overrules  Natural  Rights  as  jusCficaCon  for  government.  

 Power  lay  not  with  “All  men  generally”,  for  “every  one  would  want  for  Magistrate  a  man  of  his  own  stamp  .  .  .  A  thief  would  choose  .  .  .  a  thief  and  a  dishonest  man,  a  drunkard,  a  smuggler.  .  .  their  likes,  in  order  to  commit  felonies  and  frauds.”    

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*3  Unexpected  Research  Finds  $  The  False  Secular  Divide:  The  nature  of  the  fric@on  between  

the  Dutch  West  India  Company  and  Peter  Stuyvesant  was  fiscal,  not  religious.  The  West  India  Company  had  a  Calvinist  internal  business  culture.  

⚑  Dutch  “Freedom  of  Conscience”:  Not  as  libera@ng  or  as  binding  a  tenet  as  assumed.  It  depended  on  the  context  of  “Public”  or  “Private”  worship,  to  frame  the  issue.  

= Jews,  Peter  Stuyvesant  &  Dutch  “Tolerance”:  Stuyvesant  referred  to  them  as  the  “Abominable  Religion”  and  the  “Infec@on”  of  the  colony.  These  “Hateful  enemies…of  Christ”  were  rogue  elements,  in  the  prac@ce  of  the  state’s  control  of  public  religion  as  a  social  tool  of  shaping  morality.  This  is  100  years  prior  to  the  precedent  of  “Separa@on  of  Church  and  State”  

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17th  Century              21st  Century  (Post-­‐Reforma@on)                                                                        (Post-­‐Enlightenment)  

Religious  Wars  

       

                             Culture  Wars            

(Ideologies)  

(S'll)  Shaping  a  Moral  Society  

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A  Challenge  to  Reclaim  the  Founding  Fathers’  Victory  for  a    

“Free  Exchange  of  Ideas”  

 “Congress  shall  make  no  law  respecCng  an  establishment  of  religion,  or  prohibiCng  the  free  exercise  thereof;  or  abridging  the  freedom  of  speech,  or  of  the  press;  or  the  right  of  the  people  peaceably  to  assemble,  and  to  peCCon  the  Government  for  a  redress  of  grievances.”    

-­‐  Amendment  I    The  U.S.  Bill  of  Rights