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Transcript of Peters Gerhard, Fisher Bernd and Andersson Tage. Boreal Environment Research: 7, 353-362, (2002)...
![Page 1: Peters Gerhard, Fisher Bernd and Andersson Tage. Boreal Environment Research: 7, 353-362, (2002) Rain Observations with a vertically looking Micro Rain.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070308/551c4d8d550346a5458b4b8f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Peters Gerhard, Fisher Bernd and Andersson Tage.
Boreal Environment Research: 7, 353-362,
(2002)
Rain Observations with a vertically looking Micro
Rain Radar (MRR)
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BALTEX- GEWEX & PEP• Baltic Sea Experiment : Hydrological Cycle• Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment• Precipitation and Evaporation Project
• Radar Rainfall– RR and Z depends on DSD– Height of Measuring Volume
• Extrapolation of radar measuring volume to surface includes significant uncertainties
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MRR• FM-CW Doppler radar (24.1 GHz)• Power transmit 50mWatt• 30 heights• Minimum RR is 0.01mm
• DSD and Wwhere is the single particle backscattering cross section,
and is the spectral reflectivity as a function of the drop diameter D.
Z is referred to as the Equivalent Radar Reflectivity factor with units of mm6 mm-3
( )( )
( )
DN D
D
6
0
( )6
Z N D D dD
3
0
( ) ( )6
R N D D v D dD
3
0
( )6w
LWC N D D dD
0
0
2
f fdf
W
f df
( )D
( )D
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Set Up
• Rainfall measurements– 1min– 50 m– German Baltic coast Zingst Peninsula
• Comparison with tipping bucket Rain Gauge– 30 minute– 5 months (summer)
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MRR vs Weather Radar
• What is the Biggest source of Error with MRR measurements ?
• When Mie theory is Applied?
• When the Rayleigh Approximation is Applied?
• What’s About the Weather radar wavelength (λ = 5 cm to 10 cm)σ = 2700 to 3000 MHz (S-band)
• MRR (σ = 24.1 GHz or 1,24 cm) DSD and RR versus Z
Mie scattering occurs when the particles in the atmosphere are the same size as the wavelengths being scattered
Vertical Updrift Winds
Drops Diameter smaller in comparison to the wavelength of light
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Peters et. al (2002)• What is main Assumptions Peters et al.
did raise for this study:
Liquid Precipitation
• What is the Rainfall Rate classification scheme they used
0.25 mm hr-1
Height Resolution was set to: 50m
Which Gate was Selected: 10th
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Peters et. al (2002)• Rain Gauge: Rainfall F
and Resolution ΔF
• Rain Rate Resolution ΔR = ΔF / Δt
• Define the contribution of certain R to the total rainfall.
Frequency of High RR has increased Duration of most events < 30 min
Averaging process: underestimation of the actual occurring RR
1 minute resolution is not enough to reveal the true distribution of rain rate
They concluded that:
Which Rain Rates Contributed most? 0 – 0.25 mmhr-1
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Peters et al. (2002) ΔR / R = 0.05• Differential water column (mm/mm hr-1)
Maximum Contribution From rain rate around0.2 mm hr-1
Highest rainfall Contribution From rain rate around ≤ 0.3 mm hr-1
The resolution of the gauge is not sufficient to represent rain rate classes
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Peters et al. (2002)
Spectral Peak of velocity is about 6 m s-1 at lower gates
Above 1100m peak shift to 2 m s-1
Meting level appears as:1- Enhanced Reflectivity2- Step in Fall Velocity3- Apparent increase of RR
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Peters et al. (2002)Comparison with Weather Radar: DWD9 hours of sampling51.48 km900m lowest WR measuring volumeAveraged of two subsequent samples of WR volumes
MRR data averaged between 500 and 1400 mMRR vertical resolution 100 m
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Peters et al. (2002)Reflectivities below -5dBZ are missing, in weather radar (WR) data probably because they fall below the detectable threshold
Agreement between MRR Reflectivity and WR suggests that MRR measurements could be used for continuously updating the Z-R relationship
WR measurements could be linked to the rainfall at the surface by the use of MRR profiles
bZ a R
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Saurabh Das, Ashish K. Shuklaand and Animesh Maitra.
Advances in Space Research 45 (2010) 1325-1243
Investigation of vertical profile of
rain microstructure at Ahmedabad in
Indian tropical region
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Das et al. (2010)
• Rain Attenuation• Rain Classification• Vertical Profiles of rain
microstructure– DSD– Rain Rate– Liquid water content– Average Fall speed of drops
• Compare MRR DSD to Disdrometer
Set Up
1- MRR30 seconds200m (up to 6km)
2- Disdrometer30 seconds
Assumptions and Corrections for MRR: 1- W for lower air velocities2- Errors due to non-spherical drops ~ 6% at 10mm/hr are neglected
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Das et al. (2010)
• Disdrometer– Transform vertical momentum of drops to an electrical signal (where:
amplitude is f(DD))– Terminal Velocity Drop diameter (Gunn & Kinzer 1949)
– Drop Size in 20 bins Range 0 – 5.5 mm– DSD Rain Rate
Assumptions1- Momentum is due entirely to fall velocity2- Drops are spherical3 - Acoustic Noise Errors are neglected4- Dead Time correction not applied
Rain Classification Scheme Based on:Vertical Reflectivity profile
1- Stratiform2- Mixed3- Convective
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Das et al. (2010)Radar reflectivity profile for: (a) 16:21:30–20:43:30 UTC of 15/08/2006; (b) 02:42:30–11:47:30 UTC of 01/08/2006;(c) 20:39:30-23:55:00 UTC of 03/07/2006.
16:21:30–20:43:30 UTC of 15/08/2006Max R is 10.02 mm/hrBB at 4.6 - 5.2 km
16:42:30 UTC no bright band is visible Convective17:10:30 UTC bright bands with two peaks Mixed17:33:30 UTC a clear bb structure is visible Stratiform
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Das et al. (2010)
17:33:30 UTC Stratiform
16:42:30 UTC Convective
17:10:30 UTC Mixed
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Das et al. (2010)
15/08/2006 16:40:00 to 16:44:30
Convective
3a Z 3b Rain Rate3c LWC3d W3e Mean Drop Diameter3f DSD
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Das et al. (2010)
15/08/2006 17:08:30 to 17:13:30
Mixed
3a Z 3b Rain Rate3c LWC3d W3e Mean Drop Diameter3f DSD
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Das et al. (2010)
15/08/2006 17:28:30 to 17:33:30Stratiform3a Z 3b Rain Rate3c LWC3d W3e Mean Drop Diameter3f DSD
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Das et al. (2010)MRR vs Disdrometer1- good agreement between MRR and
Disdrometer rainfall (r = 0.8)2- Scattering is higher above 2.5 mm/hr3- Stratiform Rain Bigger Drop Sizes near
ground level (7c)4- Convective Drops 0.5 mm are dominant5- Stratiform Drops are also around 1mm6- Mixed showed a mixture of drops sizes (7b)
MRR show very high concentration of smaller drops (7a)MRR measures drops in range 0.245 – 5.03 mmDisdrometer measures drops in range 0.3-5.5 mm
MRR is more sensitive to smaller Drops