Peter TurnerDecember 2015

What makes the standard

in developed nations – we have the governance

INFRASTRUCTURE

Alignment

Stations and Depot

Fleet

Ticketing

Security

RTPI

Control Room

OPERATING PLAN

Route Network

Service Patterns

Service Levels

Hours of Service

BUSINESS MODEL

Government/PPP/Private

(risk allocation)

CAPEX/OPEX

Governance

Contracting

Reporting

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0Gold = 85+Silver = 70-84Bronze = 50-69

Ahmedabad

Lahore

Yichang

Progress is being made….but for many, it remains out of reach……

• Business model• Culture• Institutional• Conflict of interest

Governance

BUSINESS MODEL0

• Current business model - a reflection of history and local circumstances.

• Indonesia becak, bemo to angkot and Damri• Philippines – jeepney• Pakistan – suzuki and wagons (Islamabad and Peshawar)• Even in Kenya – it is a transition from the original Stagecoach to KBS

and matatus of today

• City operated services

• Privatization

• Urban Development

• Devolution of responsibility

From small to large fleet

76

Fleet

Progress

76

Fleet

Funding arrangement

76

Infrastructure

Maintenance

Wide alignments – BRT friendly

High mode share

76

Infrastructure

Wide alignments – BRT friendly

High mode share

76

Infrastructure

Wide alignments – BRT friendly

So what happened to the earlier attempt at BRT ?

High mode share

BUSINESS MODEL0

Swede Bus project - Karachi

Varan Bus Service - Rawalpindi

Sustained opposition – from transporters

Governance

BUSINESS MODEL0

Bemo and Angkot Influence

• Surabaya

City Government• Imported fleet of

new buses in mid/late 1960’s

• Bemos flooded the routes

• Buses withdrawn within 5 years

Governance

BUSINESS MODEL0

5.35 km gap

Bemo and Angkot Influence

Denpasar

Bemo & Angkot objected

Governance

76

Infrastructure

2014

Branding

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Infrastructure

Silo Approach

What makes the standard difficult to achieve

In many developing nations – we don’t have the governance

BUSINESS MODEL

Private

• Pakistan – market driven

Fleet

Trust….co-operation ??

What has slowed BRT development ?

Governance0

City Government

Silo Approach

What has slowed BRT development ?

Governance0

Conflict of Interest

OR

Vehicle registrationsLicensing

Informal transporter sector

Prospect of disrupting Gov’t revenues

X

X

BUSINESS MODEL

Private

Existing

Service contracts

Vehicle Owner

Driver Conductor

Government

Passenger

• Company• Individual• Illegal

• Anonymous

• Permit• Fees• “Oversight”

Informal sector

BUSINESS MODEL

Private

Service contracts

Vehicle Owner

Driver Conductor

Government

Passenger

Catalyst for change Trust

Willingness

Capacity

Legislation

New (BRT Model)

What has slowed BRT development ?

Governance0

Conflict of Interest

Origin of conflict of interests:

Privatisation of Government services –

limited or no oversight,

Private sector groups in control ,

Devolution of responsibilities,

Regulations – remnants of a bygone era,

Limited appetite for in reform,

If reform has occurred – often failed.

What needs to happen

Governance0

1. TRUST and CONFIDENCE

Transporter interests

The general public

IFIs

2. TECHNICAL & INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY

Stages rather than a big bang

Inclusive approach – 20% of something or 100% of nothing

Develop living manuals from within

Be patient…

3. BUSINESS MINDSET (China)

Engagement

Political Commitment

Project Champion

What needs to happen

Thank You