Peter Kropotkin 1

Peter Kropotkin

Peter Kropotkin

Kropotkin by Nadar.

Born Pyotr Alexeyevich Kropotkin9 December 1842Moscow, Russian Empire

Died 8 February 1921 (aged78)Dmitrov, Russian SFSR

Era 19th century philosophy 20th century philosophy

Region Russian philosophy Western philosophy

Religion None (atheist)[2]

School Anarchist communism

Maininterests Authority Cooperation Politics Revolution Labor Economics Agriculture Evolution Geography Literature Science Philosophy Ethics

Notableideas Founder of anarchist communism Mutual aid Abolition of wage-labor Four-hour workday Voluntary communes The Conquest of Bread Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution Fields, Factories and Workshops

Signature

Peter Kropotkin 2

Part of a series on

Anarcho-communism

v t e [3]

Prince Pyotr Alexeyevich Kropotkin (Russian: ; 9 December 1842 8 February1921) was a Russian zoologist, evolutionary theorist, philosopher, scientist, revolutionary, philologist, economist,activist, geographer, writer, and prominent anarcho-communist.Kropotkin advocated a communist society free from central government and based on voluntary associationsbetween workers. He wrote many books, pamphlets and articles, the most prominent being The Conquest of Breadand Fields, Factories and Workshops, and his principal scientific offering, Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution. Healso contributed the article on anarchism to the Encyclopdia Britannica Eleventh Edition.[4]

Biography

Early lifeKropotkin was born in Moscow, into the second-highest level of the Russian aristocracy. His mother was thedaughter of a Cossack general. His father, Alexei Petrovich Kropotkin, was a prince in Smolensk, of the Rurikdynasty which had ruled Russia before the rise of the Romanovs. Kropotkin's father owned large tracts of land andnearly 1,200 male serfs in three provinces."[U]nder the influence of republican teachings," Kropotkin dropped his princely title at the age of twelve, and "evenrebuked his friends, when they so referred to him."[5]

In 1857, at age 14, Kropotkin enrolled in the Corps of Pages at St. Petersburg. Only 150 boys mostly children ofnobility belonging to the court were educated in this privileged corps, which combined the character of a militaryschool endowed with special rights and of a court institution attached to the Imperial Household. Kropotkin'smemoirs detail the hazing and other abuse of pages for which the Corps had become notorious.In Moscow, Kropotkin had developed an interest in the condition of the peasantry, and this interest increased as hegrew older. Although his work as a page for Tsar Alexander II made Kropotkin sceptical about the tsar's "liberal"reputation, Kropotkin was greatly pleased by the tsar's decision to emancipate the serfs in 1861. In St. Petersburg, heread widely on his own account, and gave special attention to the works of the French encyclopdists and to Frenchhistory. The years 18571861 witnessed a growth in the intellectual forces of Russia, and Kropotkin came under theinfluence of the new liberal-revolutionary literature, which largely expressed his own aspirations.In 1862, Kropotkin was promoted from the Corps of Pages to the army. The members of the corps had the prescriptive right to choose the regiment to which they would be attached. For some time, he was aide de camp to the governor of Transbaikalia at Chita. Later he was appointed attach for Cossack affairs to the governor-general of

Peter Kropotkin 3

East Siberia at Irkutsk.

Geographical expeditions in Siberia

Kropotkin in 1864

Administrative work was scarce, and in 1864 Kropotkin accepted charge of ageographical survey expedition, crossing North Manchuria from Transbaikalia tothe Amur, and soon was attached to another expedition which proceeded up theSungari River into the heart of Manchuria. The expeditions yielded valuablegeographical results. The impossibility of obtaining any real administrativereforms in Siberia now induced Kropotkin to devote himself almost entirely toscientific exploration, in which he continued to be highly successful.

In 1866, Kropotkin began reading the works of the French anarchistPierre-Joseph Proudhon, and other political thinkers such as John Stuart Mill andAlexander Herzen. These readings, along with his experiences amongst thepeasantry in Siberia, led him to declare himself an anarchist by 1872.

In 1867, Kropotkin resigned his commission in the army and returned to St.Petersburg, where he entered the university to study mathematics, becoming at the same time secretary to thegeography section of the Russian Geographical Society. His departure from a family tradition of military serviceprompted his father to disinherit him, "leaving him a 'prince' with no visible means of support." In 1871, he exploredthe glacial deposits of Finland and Sweden for the Society. In 1873, he published an important contribution toscience, a map and paper in which he showed that the existing maps entirely misrepresented the physical features ofAsia; the main structural lines were in fact from southwest to northeast, not from north to south or from east to westas had been previously supposed. During this work, he was offered the secretaryship of the Society, but he haddecided that it was his duty not to work at fresh discoveries but to aid in diffusing existing knowledge among thepeople at large. Accordingly, he refused the offer and returned to St. Petersburg, where he joined the revolutionaryparty.

Kropotkin circa 1900

Activism in Switzerland and France

Kropotkin visited Switzerland in 1872 and became a member of theInternational Workingmen's Association (IWA) at Geneva. It was therethat he found that he did not like IWAs style of socialism. Instead, hestudied the programme of the more radical Jura federation at Neuchteland spent time in the company of the leading members, and adoptedthe creed of anarchism.

On returning to Russia, Kropotkin's friend Dmitri Klements introducedhim to the Circle of Tchaikovsky, a socialist/populist group that hadbeen created in 1872. Kropotkin worked to spread revolutionarypropaganda amongst peasants and workers, and acted as a bridgebetween the Circle and the aristocracy. Throughout this period,Kropotkin maintained his position within the Geographical Society inorder to provide cover for his activities.

In 1874 Kropotkin was arrested and imprisoned in the Peter and PaulFortress for subversive political activity, as a result of his work withthe Circle of Tchaikovsky. Because of his aristocratic background, he was granted special privileges while in prison,

Peter Kropotkin 4

such as being allowed to continue his geographical work in his cell. He delivered his report on the subject of the IceAge, where he argued that it had taken place in not as distant a past as originally thought. In 1876, just before histrial, Kropotkin was moved to a low-security prison in St. Petersburg, from which he escaped with the assistance ofhis friends. On the night of the escape, Kropotkin and his friends celebrated by dining in one of the finest restaurantsin St. Petersburg, assuming correctly that the police would not think to look for them there. After this, he boarded aboat, and headed to England. After a short stay there, he moved to Switzerland where he joined the Jura Federation.In 1877 he moved to Paris, where he helped start the socialist movement. In 1878 he returned to Switzerland wherehe edited the Jura Federation's revolutionary newspaper Le Rvolt, and published various revolutionary pamphlets.In 1881, shortly after the assassination of Tsar Alexander II, he was expelled from Switzerland. After a short stay atThonon (Savoy), he went to London where he stayed nearly a year. He attended the Anarchist Congress that met inLondon from 14 July 1881. Other delegates included Marie Le Compte, Errico Malatesta, Saverio Merlino, LouiseMichel, Peter Tchaikovsky and mile Gautier. While respecting "complete autonomy of local groups" the congressdefined propaganda actions that all could follow and agreed that propaganda by the deed was the path to socialrevolution. The Radical of 23 July 1881 reported that the congress met on July 18 at the Cleveland Hall, FitzroySquare, with speeches by Marie Le Compte, "the transatlantic agitator", Louise Michel, and Kropotkin. Later LeCompte and Kropotkin gave talks to the Homerton Social Democratic Club and to the Stratford Radical andDialectical Club.Kropotkin returned to Thonon in late 1882. Soon he was arrested by the French government, tried at Lyon, andsentenced by a police-court magistrate (under a special law passed on the fall of the Paris Commune) to five years'imprisonment, on the ground that he had belonged to the IWA (1883). The French Chamber repeatedly agitated onhis behalf, and he was released in 1886. He settled near London, living at various times in Harrow where hisdaughter, Alexandra, was born Ealing and Bromley (6 Crescent Road 18861914).[6] He also lived for a number ofyears in Brighton.[7] While living in London, Kropotkin became friends with a number of prominentEnglish-speaking socialists, including William Morris and George Bernard Shaw.[citation needed]

Return to RussiaIn 1917 after the February Revolution, Kropotkin returned to Russia again after years of exile. Upon his arrival, hewas greeted by crowds of tens of thousands of people, cheering his return. He was offered the ministry of educationin the provisional government, which he promptly refused, feeling that working with them would be a violation ofhis anarchist principles.His enthusiasm for the changes happening in the Russian Empire turned to disappointment when the Bolsheviksseized power in the October Revolution. "This buries the revolution," he said. He thought that the Bolsheviks hadshown how the revolution was not to be made; by authoritarian rather than libertarian methods. He had spoken outagainst authoritarian socialism in his writings (for example The Conquest of Bread), making the prediction that anystate founded on these principles would most likely see its own breakup and the restoration of capitalism.[citationneeded]

Peter Kropotkin 5

Death

Kropotkin's friend and comrade Emma Goldman delivers a eulogybefore crowds at his funeral, accompanied by Alexander Berkman.

Kropotkin died of pneumonia on 8 February 1921, inthe city of Dmitrov, and was buried at the NovodevichyCemetery. Thousands of people marched in his funeralprocession, including, with Vladimir Lenin's approval,anarchists carrying banners with anti-Bolshevikslogans. It was to become the last public demonstrationof anarchists, which saw engaged speeches by EmmaGoldman and Aron Baron. In 1957 the DvoretsSovetov station of the Moscow Metro was renamedKropotkinskaya in his honor.

Philosophy

Critique of capitalism

Kropotkin pointed out what he considered to be the fallacies of the economic systems of feudalism and capitalism,and how he believed they create poverty and artificial scarcity while promoting privilege. He further proposed amore decentralized economic system based on mutual aid, mutual support, and voluntary cooperation, asserting thatthe tendencies for this kind of organization already exist, both in evolution and in human society.[citation needed]

Cooperation and competitionIn 1902, Kropotkin published the book Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution, which provided an alternative view onanimal and human survival, beyond the claims of interpersonal competition and natural hierarchy proffered at thetime by some "social Darwinists", such as Francis Galton. He argued "that it was an evolutionary emphasis oncooperation instead of competition in the Darwinian sense that made for the success of species, including thehuman."[8] Kropotkin explored the widespread use of cooperation as a survival mechanism in human societiesthrough their many stages, and animals. He used many real life examples in an attempt to show that the main factorin facilitating evolution is cooperation between individuals in free-associated societies and groups, without centralcontrol, authority, or compulsion. This was in order to counteract the conception of fierce competition as the core ofevolution, that provided a rationalization for the dominant political, economic, and social theories of the time; andthe prevalent interpretations of Darwinism.[citation needed] In the last chapter, he wrote:

In the animal world we have seen that the vast majority of species live in societies, and that they find inassociation the best arms for the struggle for life: understood, of course, in its wide Darwinian sensenot as a struggle for the sheer means of existence, but as a struggle against all natural conditionsunfavourable to the species. The animal species, in which individual struggle has been reduced to itsnarrowest limits, and the practice of mutual aid has attained the greatest development, are invariably themost numerous, the most prosperous, and the most open to further progress. The mutual protectionwhich is obtained in this case, the possibility of attaining old age and of accumulating experience, thehigher intellectual development, and the further growth of sociable habits, secure the maintenance of thespecies, its extension, and its further progressive evolution. The unsociable species, on the contrary, aredoomed to decay.

Kropotkin did not deny the presence of competitive urges in humans, but believed that they were not the drivingforce of history as capitalists and social Darwinists claimed. He did believe that there were times that it was sociallybeneficial to seek out conflict, but only during attempts to destroy unjust, authoritarian institutions such as the Stateor Church, which stifled human creativity and freedom and impeded humans' instinctual drive towards sociality and

Peter Kropotkin 6

cooperation.His observations of cooperative tendencies in indigenous peoples (pre-feudal, feudal, and those remaining in modernsocieties) allowed him to conclude that not all human societies were based on competition, such as those ofindustrialized Europe, and that in many societies, cooperation was the norm among individuals and groups. He alsoconcluded that most pre-industrial and pre-authoritarian societies (where he claimed that leadership, centralgovernment and class did not exist) actively defend against the accumulation of private property by, for example,equally distributing within the community a person's possessions when he died, or by not allowing a gift to be sold,bartered or used to create wealth (see Gift economy).[9]

Mutual aidIn The Conquest of Bread, Kropotkin proposed a system of economics based on mutual exchanges made in a systemof voluntary cooperation. He believed that should a society be socially, culturally, and industrially developed enoughto produce all the goods and services required by it, then no obstacle, such as preferential distribution, pricing ormonetary exchange will stand as an obstacle for all taking what they need from the social product. He supported theeventual abolishment of money or tokens of exchange for goods and services.[citation needed]

Kropotkin believed that Bakunin's collectivist economic model was simply a wage system by a different name,[10]

and thought that such a system would breed the same type of centralization and inequality as a capitalist wagesystem. He stated that it is impossible to determine the value of an individual's contributions to the products of sociallabor, and thought that anyone who was placed in a position of trying to make such determinations would wieldauthority over those whose wages they determined. He further developed these ideas in Fields, Factories andWorkshops.[citation needed]

According to Kirkpatrick Sale:With Mutual Aid especially, and later with Fields, Factories, and Workshops, Kropotkin was able tomove away from the absurdist limitations of individual anarchism and no-laws anarchism that hadflourished during this period and provide instead a vision of communal anarchism, following the modelsof independent cooperative communities he discovered while developing his theory of mutual aid. It wasan anarchism that opposed centralized government and state-level laws as traditional anarchism did, butunderstood that at a certain small scale, communities and communes and co-ops could flourish andprovide humans with a rich material life and wide areas of liberty without centralized control.

His focus on local production led to his view that a country should strive for self-sufficiency manufacture its owngoods and grow its own food, lessening dependence on imports. To these ends he advocated irrigation and growingunder glass to boost local food production ability.[citation needed]

Peter Kropotkin 7

Works

The Conquest of Bread by Peter Kropotkin, influentialwork which presents the economic vision of

anarcho-communism

Books

Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution (1955 paperback (reprinted2005), includes Kropotkin's 1914 preface, Foreword andBibliography by Ashley Montagu, and The Struggle forExistence, by Thomas H. Huxley ed.). Boston: ExtendingHorizons Books [11], Porter Sargent Publishers [12].ISBN0-87558-024-6. Project Gutenberg e-text [13], ProjectLibriVox audiobook [14]

The Conquest of Bread Project Gutenberg e-text [15], ProjectLibriVox audiobook [16]

Fields, Factories and Workshops In Russian and French Prisons [17], London: Ward and

Downey; 1887. Memoirs of a Revolutionist, London : Smith, Elder; 1899.

Kropotkin's own memoirs, which were also published in theUnited States in the same year and have appeared in a numberof modern editions.

The Great French Revolution, 17891793, New York: G.P.Putnam's Sons, London, William Heinemann, 1909, translatedfrom the French by N.F. Dryhurst. e-text (in French) [18]

Russian Literature: Ideals and Realities (New York: A. A.Knopf, 1915). Available online at the Anarchy Archives,

Ethics (unfinished). Included as first part of Origen y evolucin de la moral (Spanish e-text) [19]

Articles "Research on the Ice age", Notices of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society, 1876. "The desiccation of Eur-Asia", Geographical Journal, 23 (1904), 72241. Mr. Mackinder; Mr. Ravenstein; Dr. Herbertson; Prince Kropotkin; Mr. Andrews; Cobden Sanderson; Elise

Reclus, "On Spherical Maps and Reliefs: Discussion", The Geographical Journal, Vol. 22, No. 3. (Sep., 1903),pp.294299, JSTOR [20]

"Baron Toll", The Geographical Journal, Vol. 23, No. 6. (Jun., 1904), pp.770772, JSTOR [21]

"The population of Russia", The Geographical Journal, Vol. 10, No. 2. (Aug., 1897), pp.196202, JSTOR [22]

"The old beds of the Amu-Daria", The Geographical Journal, Vol. 12, No. 3. (Sep., 1898), pp.306310, JSTOR[23]

Peter Kropotkin 8

Pamphlets An Appeal To The Young [24]

War. Law and Authority. The Place of Anarchy in Socialist Evolution. Revolutionary Government. Are Prisons Necessary? [25] Chapter X from "In Russian and French Prisons" (1887) Anarchism : Its Philosophy and Ideal [26] (1896) The State : Its Historic Role [27] (1897) On Economics [28] Selected Passages from his Writings (18981913)

References[1] Bookchin, Murray. The Ecology of Freedom. Oakland: AK Press, 2005. p.11[2] "[T]he noblest man, the one really greatest of them all was Prince Peter Kropotkin, a self-professed atheist and a great man of science."Ely,

Robert Erskine (October 10, 1941), New York World-Telegram.[3] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ w/ index. php?title=Template:Anarcho-communism_sidebar& action=edit[4] Peter Kropotkin entry on 'anarchism' from the Encyclopaedia Britannica (eleventh ed.) (http:/ / www. archive. org/ details/

PeterKropotkinEntryOnanarchismFromTheEncyclopdiaBritannica), Internet Archive. Public Domain text.[5] Roger N. Baldwin, "The Story of Kropotkin's Life," in Kropotkin's Anarchism: A Collection of Revolutionary Writings, ed. by Baldwin (Orig.

1927; Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, Inc., 1970), p. 13.[6][6] Bromley Council guide to blue plaques[7] Peter Marshall Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism, London: Fontana, 1993, p.315[8] Sale, Kirkpatrick (2010-07-01) Are Anarchists Revolting? (http:/ / www. amconmag. com/ article/ 2010/ jul/ 01/ 00045/ ), The American

Conservative[9] Morris, David. Anarchism Is Not What You Think It Is And There's a Whole Lot We Can Learn from It (http:/ / www. alternet. org/ story/

154126/ anarchism_is_not_what_you_think_it_is_--_and_there's_a_whole_lot_we_can_learn_from_it/ ), AlterNet, February 13, 2012[10][10] Kropotkin wrote: "After the Collectivist Revolution instead of saying 'twopence' worth of soap, we shall say 'five minutes' worth of soap."

(quoted in )[11] http:/ / www. extendinghorizons. com[12] http:/ / www. portersargent. com[13] http:/ / www. gutenberg. org/ etext/ 4341[14] http:/ / librivox. org/ mutual-aid-a-factor-of-evolution-by-peter-kropotkin/[15] http:/ / www. gutenberg. org/ etext/ 23428[16] http:/ / librivox. org/ the-conquest-of-bread-by-peter-kropotkin/[17] http:/ / dwardmac. pitzer. edu/ Anarchist_Archives/ kropotkin/ prisons/ toc. html[18] http:/ / kropot. free. fr/ Kropotkine-GrdRev. htm[19] http:/ / bivir. uacj. mx/ LibrosElectronicosLibres/ Autores/ PedroKropotkin/

Pedro%20Kropotkin%20-%20Origen%20y%20evoluci%F3n%20de%20la%20moral. pdf[20] http:/ / links. jstor. org/ sici?sici=0016-7398%28190309%2922%3A3%3C294%3AOSMARD%3E2. 0. CO%3B2-O[21] http:/ / links. jstor. org/ sici?sici=0016-7398%28190406%2923%3A6%3C770%3ABT%3E2. 0. CO%3B2-B[22] http:/ / links. jstor. org/ sici?sici=0016-7398%28189708%2910%3A2%3C196%3ATPOR%3E2. 0. CO%3B2-V[23] http:/ / links. jstor. org/ sici?sici=0016-7398%28189809%2912%3A3%3C306%3ATOBOTA%3E2. 0. CO%3B2-D[24] http:/ / flag. blackened. net/ daver/ anarchism/ kropotkin/ atty. html[25] http:/ / www. panarchy. org/ kropotkin/ prisons. html[26] http:/ / www. panarchy. org/ kropotkin/ 1896. eng. html[27] http:/ / www. panarchy. org/ kropotkin/ 1897. state. html[28] http:/ / www. panarchy. org/ kropotkin/ economics. html

Peter Kropotkin 9

Further reading

Books on Kropotkin Alan, Barnard (March 2004). "Mutual Aid and the Foraging Mode of Thought: Re-reading Kropotkin on the

Khoisan". Social Evolution & History 3 (1): 321. Joll, James (1980). The Anarchists. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN0-674-03641-7. LCCN

80-010503 (http:/ / lccn. loc. gov/ 80-010503). Woodcock, George & Avakumovic, Ivan (1950). The Anarchist Prince: A Biographical Study of Peter Kropotkin. Morris, Brian (2004). Kropotkin: the Politics of Community. Humanity Press. The World That Never Was: A True Story of Dreamers, Schemers, Anarchists and Secret Police by Alex

Butterworth (Pantheon Books, 2010) Engelbert, Arthur (2012). Help! Gegenseitig behindern oder helfen. Eine politische Skizze zur Wahrnehmung

heute (http:/ / arthur-engelbert. de/ publikationen/help-gegenseitig-behindern-oder-helfen-eine-skizze-zur-wahrnehmung-heute/ ). Wrzburg: Knigshausen &Neumann. ISBN978-3-8260-5017-6.

Cahm, Caroline (1989). Kropotkin and the rise of revolutionary anarchism 1872-1886. Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press. ISBN0 521 36445 0.

Journal articles Gould, S.J. (June 1997). "Kropotkin was no crackpot" (http:/ / www. marxists. org/ subject/ science/ essays/

kropotkin. htm). Natural History 106: 1221. Basic Kropotkin: Kropotkin and the History of Anarchism (http:/ / www. afed. org. uk/ ace/

kropotkin_history_of_anarchism. html) by Brian Morris, Anarchist Communist Editions pamphlet no.17 (TheAnarchist Federation, October 2008).

Efremenko D., Evseeva Y. Studies of Social Solidarity in Russia: Tradition and Modern Trends. // AmericanSociologist, v. 43, 2012, no. 4, pp. 349-365. NY: Springer Science+Business Media.

External links Works by Peter Kropotkin (http:/ / www. gutenberg. org/ author/ Kropotkin+ Petr+ Alekseevich+ kniaz) at

Project Gutenberg Free audiobooks of Peter Kropotkin (http:/ / librivox. org/ newcatalog/ search. php?title=& author=Peter+

Kropotkin& action=Search) at project LibriVox Kropotkin Page (http:/ / recollectionbooks. com/ bleed/ Encyclopedia/ KropotkinPeter. htm) at the Daily Bleed's

Anarchist Encyclopedia The Peter Kropotkin text archive (http:/ / libcom. org/ library/ peter-kropotkin) on libcom.org library BlackCrayon.com: People: Peter Kropotkin (http:/ / www. blackcrayon. com/ people/ kropotkin/ ) Peter Kropotkin (http:/ / dwardmac. pitzer. edu/ anarchist_archives/ kropotkin/ Kropotkinarchive. html) entry at

the Anarchy Archives with complete collected works Peter Kropotkin-Short Documentary (https:/ / www. youtube. com/ watch?v=iu4n5uopvrg) on YouTube Summary of records (http:/ / yourarchives. nationalarchives. gov. uk/ index.

php?title=Kropotkin,_Peter_Alexeivitch_(1842-1921)_Prince,_Russian_Anarchist) in The National Archives andelsewhere, with a link to the National Register of Archives pages.

Kropotkin's works (http:/ / theanarchistlibrary. org/ authors/ Petr_Kropotkin. html) at TheAnarchistLibrary.org Kropotkin's grave at Novodevichy Cemetery (http:/ / www. flickr. com/ photos/ 85101573@N00/ 139484527) Site Elise Reclus (http:/ / raforum. info/ reclus)

Peter Kropotkin 10

Kropotkin: The Coming Revolution (http:/ / vimeo. com/ 30571222) short documentary in Kropotkin's ownwords.

Map of the Southern Half of Eastern Siberia and Parts of Mongolia, Manchuria, and Sakhalin: For a GeneralSketch of the Orography of Eastern Siberia (http:/ / www. wdl. org/ en/ item/ 125/ ) by Kroptokin, from theWorld Digital Library

Article Sources and Contributors 11

Article Sources and ContributorsPeter Kropotkin Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=598948631 Contributors: .:Ajvol:., Aaronwinborn, Adam9389, AdamRetchless, Adoniscik, Alcmaeonid, Alexcg93, AllHallow's Wraith, Altenmann, Amakuru, Amaury, Anarcham, Anastasia169, Andres, Andy Marchbanks, Anna Maier, Annkucera11, Anthon.Eff, Arjayay, Artie p, Arwel Parry, Auranor, Avoided,AxelBoldt, Aymatth2, BakuninGoldmanKropotkin, Bathtub666, Beao, Beauwoods, Bettymnz4, Bikepunk2, Billare, BkMarcus, Bmclaughlin9, Bongwarrior, BrainyBabe, Byelf2007, C mon,CGlanovsky, Caetano Bresci, CambridgeBayWeather, Cast, Cgingold, Chameleon, Charles Essie, Chenopodiaceous, Cinelab1, Col Buendia, Conti, Counter-revolutionary, Cruccone, CsDix,Cybercobra, Cyrius, D6, DanKeshet, DanielCD, Danny Sprinkle, Daytrivia, Den fjttrade ankan, DhDHdhDHdhDH, Didactohedron, DieWeisseRose, DjBeau, Doctormatt, Dragomanov,Dramaqueen2010, Duffman, Dustimagic, Eclecticology, Eduen, Egor Rasstriga, Elia.e.i.baron, Ellmist, Emeraldcityserendipity, Ezhiki, Fang Aili, Fanghong, Favonian, Forelyn, Frietjes, Frosty,Frymaster, Full Shunyata, GPdB, Gabbe, Gareth Owen, Gengiskanhg, Ghirlandajo, GiorgioPro, Gobonobo, Gokusandwich, Green4liberty, Greyhood, Ground Zero, HarisX, Helvetius,Hephaestos, Hgrosser, Hifrommike65, I ate jelly, INeverCry, Ian Spackman, Icey, IjonTichyIjonTichy, Ilestre, Ismail, Ivo R2, Jackiespeel, Jackriter, Japanese Searobin, Jauhienij, Jeff G.,Jibbideejibbish, Jizzbug, John Bessa, Johndarrington, Jonkerz, JoseJones, Joseph Solis in Australia, Jrtayloriv, Kalki, Karl, Kencf0618, Kevin Myers, Kharoon, Knucmo2, Komap, Kostlivec,Kyorosuke, La goutte de pluie, Laggan Boy, Lekoren, Leutha, Liftarn, Livajo, Lockley, LoveMonkey, Lynxmb, M carteron, Macdstu, Magioladitis, Magnus Manske, Maher27777,MakeRocketGoNow, MalchikGay, Malik Shabazz, Man vyi, Mannerheim, Marc Venot, Marj Tiefert, Mark Opashinov, Matthew Proctor, Maurobio, Mav, Maziotis, Mel Etitis, Mia-etol,Michael.john.kirk, Mike Dillon, Mild Bill Hiccup, Mladifilozof, Monedula, Monegasque, Mr.Rocks, Murry1975, NawlinWiki, Nayef Ahmad, Nbauman, NerdOfTheRings3, Night Jaguar, Nihilnovi, Nikkimaria, Ninmacer20, Nk, Nmpenguin, NotJackhorkheimer, Olga Raskolnikova, Olivier, Omnipaedista, Oneiros, Pacaro, Paliano, Palica, Passargea, Paul Magnussen, Pearl1919,Pejman47, Perstar, Peter cohen, Pgan002, Phanerozoic, Philip Cross, Piccadilly, Pigman, Piledhigheranddeeper, Psjalltheway, Quark7, Quinnweaver, Qworty, R'n'B, Radgeek, Recall,RedHouse18, ReiniUrban, Renovation, Rholton, Rich Farmbrough, Richard75, Roltz, Rosspz, RubyQ, Rursus, SFK2, Sam Francis, Sambowman, Sandstein, SarahStierch, Sardanaphalus, Sassf,Scewing, SchreiberBike, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Sir Paul, Sjc, Skomorokh, Sodin, Soman, Somearemoreequal, Spontini, Srich32977, Stefanomione, Stratman07, Sunray, Susan Genge,SwitChar, TableManners, Tashiattack, Tazmaniacs, Tbandthebunnymen, The Banner Turbo, TheOldJacobite, Theoldanarchist, TouristPhilosopher, TracedInAir, Trbdavies, Treybien, Tzartzam,Unused000705, Uri, Vanished user 9i39j3, Vojvodaen, Waldir, Wkrocek, Woland1234, Wootyeah, Writtenright, XJaM, Yeahyeahmake, Zazaban, Zoicon5, ^demon, 55, , 267anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Kropotkin Nadar.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kropotkin_Nadar.png License: Public Domain Contributors: User:AlMareFile:Peter Kropotkin signature.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Peter_Kropotkin_signature.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Peter Kropotkin Created invector format by ScewingFile:La conqute du pain.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:La_conqute_du_pain.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: KoroesuFile:Peter Kropotkin 1864.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Peter_Kropotkin_1864.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Walker & ???File:Peter Kropotkin circa 1900.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Peter_Kropotkin_circa_1900.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: F. NadarFile:Emma Goldman gives eulogy at Peter Kropotkin's funeral.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Emma_Goldman_gives_eulogy_at_Peter_Kropotkin's_funeral.jpgLicense: Public Domain Contributors: JrtaylorivFile:Speaker Icon.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Speaker_Icon.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Blast, G.Hagedorn, Jianhui67, Mobius, Tehdog, 3anonymous edits

LicenseCreative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/

Peter KropotkinBiography Early lifeGeographical expeditions in SiberiaActivism in Switzerland and FranceReturn to RussiaDeath

PhilosophyCritique of capitalismCooperation and competitionMutual aid

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