CH 908: Mass Spectrometry Lecture 6 Mass Analyzers Prof. Peter B. O’Connor.
Peter J. Braspenning [email protected] Local I-MASS group
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Transcript of Peter J. Braspenning [email protected] Local I-MASS group
Communications Communications Research & Research & SemioticsSemiotics
(CR&S)(CR&S)
Assoc. Prof. Peter J. Braspenning, CR&S, UM1
15-01-2002
The Knowledge Technology of I-MASS (EC IST Research)
Communication, Computing and Interactive Networks
Peter J. Braspenning
[email protected] I-MASS groupLocal I-MASS group
Peter-Paul Kruijsen, Gabriel Hopmans & Peter J. Braspenning
Communications Research & SemioticsUniversity of Maastricht
Communications Communications Research & Research & SemioticsSemiotics
(CR&S)(CR&S)
Communications Communications Research & Research & SemioticsSemiotics
(CR&S)(CR&S)
Assoc. Prof. Peter J. Braspenning, CR&S, UM2
15-01-2002
Signs & Meanings
Communications Communications Research & Research & SemioticsSemiotics
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Assoc. Prof. Peter J. Braspenning, CR&S, UM3
15-01-2002
ContentIntroductionWhat is (Computational) Semiotics?
Semiotic FrameworkLogo of CR&SCommunication Process among PeoplePerceive-Act Pathways
Multi-Modal User Interface:Semiotic EngineeringCognitive Engineering
Agent-Oriented ModelingSystem’s Modeling via Multi-Agent SocietiesComputational Semiotics for Agent Technology
Knowledge Landscape & VRRConclusions
Communications Communications Research & Research & SemioticsSemiotics
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Communications Communications Research & Research & SemioticsSemiotics
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Assoc. Prof. Peter J. Braspenning, CR&S, UM4
15-01-2002
What is Semiotics?Semiotics: discipline of combining the theory of signs (representa-tions),
symbols (categories), and meaning extraction. It is an in-clusive discipline which incorporates all aspects of dealing with symbols and symbolic systems, starting with encoding and ending with the extraction of meaning.
Mathematical tools of semiotics include those used in control scien-ces, pattern recognition, neural networks, artificial intelligence, and cybernetics. Unified use within a computational semiotic framework leads to better treatments of the complexities (com-munication and computation) inherent in advanced intelligent systems. Semiotics is a strongly emerging multi-disciplinary field of study around a new paradigm for surpassing the classical mind-body dichotomy by focussing on all processes in which the triad object-sign-interpreter plays an essential role.
The pervasive use of icons in the interaction with communicative virtual environments (CVEs), is also part of Semiotics. A lot of different kinds of signs are exchanged while communication takes place.
Communications Communications Research & Research & SemioticsSemiotics
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Communications Communications Research & Research & SemioticsSemiotics
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Assoc. Prof. Peter J. Braspenning, CR&S, UM5
15-01-2002
What is Semiotics? (continued)
• Semiotics is devoted to studying COM-MUNICATION: representations, their interpretation and usage
• It investigates SIGNS and the processes by which we take them to mean something to us and expect them to mean something to others
• It investigates the resolution of meanings in conversations, collective discourse and culture in general
• Semiotics also covers non-human commu-nication processes such as that of animals and machines/artificial systems
Communications Communications Research & Research & SemioticsSemiotics
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Assoc. Prof. Peter J. Braspenning, CR&S, UM6
15-01-2002
Peirce: sign = “something standing for something else for somebody in one or more respects”
interpretant
sign object
Semiotic frameworkComponents of Symbol
System[Schuyt]
interpretation system
groups acts & events
Communications Communications Research & Research & SemioticsSemiotics
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Assoc. Prof. Peter J. Braspenning, CR&S, UM7
15-01-2002
Logo of CR&S
Communications Communications Research & Research & SemioticsSemiotics
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Assoc. Prof. Peter J. Braspenning, CR&S, UM8
15-01-2002
Unlimited semiosis
“I like guys with dark hair”
medium
coding decoding
interpretant
interpretant
interpretant
message (signs)
Communication Process among People
Communications Communications Research & Research & SemioticsSemiotics
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Assoc. Prof. Peter J. Braspenning, CR&S, UM9
15-01-2002
Perceive-Act Pathways
Communications Communications Research & Research & SemioticsSemiotics
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Assoc. Prof. Peter J. Braspenning, CR&S, UM10
15-01-2002
• design intention• interaction principles
message
user system designer
Semiotic Engineering perspective of HCI
Communications Communications Research & Research & SemioticsSemiotics
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Assoc. Prof. Peter J. Braspenning, CR&S, UM11
15-01-2002
usage model
interaction
system imagedesigner user
=task model
+user model
design model
Cognitive Engineering
Communications Communications Research & Research & SemioticsSemiotics
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Assoc. Prof. Peter J. Braspenning, CR&S, UM12
15-01-2002
context
userdesigner
context
medium
Cognitive Engineering
Semiotic Engineering
context
Cognitive Engineering xSemiotic Engineering
Communications Communications Research & Research & SemioticsSemiotics
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Assoc. Prof. Peter J. Braspenning, CR&S, UM13
15-01-2002
Semiotic Engineering and Interface Evaluation
Communicability Concept– Communicability is the property of software that
efficiently and effectively conveys to users its underlying design intent and interactive principles
– The communicability evaluation method allows designers to appreciate how well users are getting the intended messages across the interface and to identify communication breakdowns that may take place during interaction
Communications Communications Research & Research & SemioticsSemiotics
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Assoc. Prof. Peter J. Braspenning, CR&S, UM14
15-01-2002
Assessing Communicability Utterances Symptoms Classes of Interaction
Problems
Where is?User searches for a specificfunction but demonstratesdifficulty in locating it
Navigation
What’s this? User explores possibilitiesof interaction Meaning Assignment
Oops!
I can’t do it this way.
User performs an action,but the outcome is differentthan expected / Cancels thesequence of actions &chooses a different path
Navigation
Meaning Assignment
Why doesn’t it?User expects an outcomebut doesn’t achieve it.Insists on the same path
Task Accomplishment
I can do otherwise.User ignores preferentialintended affordance presentin the interface
Missing of affordance
Communications Communications Research & Research & SemioticsSemiotics
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Assoc. Prof. Peter J. Braspenning, CR&S, UM15
15-01-2002
Agent-Oriented Modeling (issues)
• Intelligent Agent: an assistant that takes care of many gory details of many mundane tasks
• Additional properties are autonomy, sociability, and a human-like communication
• Often able to adapt to user's interests, habits and preferences
• Enabled to communicate with other agents it is potentially entering role-taking behavior and social commitments with other agents that allow it to function in a society of agents
Multi-Agent System: bring such agents together in a kind of abstract society, wherein coordination, cooperation and/or collaboration are of paramount importance in order to solve problems that no single agent could handle on its own
FIPA specifications represent a collection of standards, which are intended to promote the interoperation of heterogeneous agents and the services that they can represent.
Communications Communications Research & Research & SemioticsSemiotics
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Assoc. Prof. Peter J. Braspenning, CR&S, UM16
15-01-2002
System’s Modelingvia Multi-Agent Societies
• One has to decide how to provide efficient inter-agent communication support, what language should the agents talk, should the agents be stationary or mobile, and what technology should be used to build the architecture
• At present, there are not much experience reports
• Architecture of a multi-agent system can naturally be viewed as a computational organization
• Additional organizational concepts– organizational rules,
– organizational structures, and
– organizational patterns
Communications Communications Research & Research & SemioticsSemiotics
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Assoc. Prof. Peter J. Braspenning, CR&S, UM17
15-01-2002
I-MASS uses MAS’s perspective not just as a framework for inter-action, but more as forming abstract societies consisting of agencies (comparable to societal institutions), complex agents (in the sense of consisting of simpler agents), and agents (roughly comparable to individuals in a societal context).
We try to deal with content inter-operability issues at different abstraction layers of syntactics, semantics, pragmatics and social world. These layers fit into a coherent semiotics framework.
System’s Modelingvia Multi-Agent Societies (continued)
Communications Communications Research & Research & SemioticsSemiotics
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Assoc. Prof. Peter J. Braspenning, CR&S, UM18
15-01-2002
Computational Semiotics for Agent Technology
Coordination is cen-tral to building MASs
Coordinating behav-iors in MASs are often realized by forming groups in which both control and data are distri-buted.
Therefore, agents have to have some auto-nomy in performing their actions.
However, this autono-my may lead to un-coordinated activities due to uncertainty about the actions of each of the agents.
Communications Communications Research & Research & SemioticsSemiotics
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Assoc. Prof. Peter J. Braspenning, CR&S, UM19
15-01-2002
The relationship between uncertainty and the situation that
the agents have to handleThe uncertainty lowers as
the familiarity of the situation that needs to be handled increases!
Therefore, it makes sense to develop a framework in which agents know how to handle routine, familiar, and unfamiliar situations
Communications Communications Research & Research & SemioticsSemiotics
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Assoc. Prof. Peter J. Braspenning, CR&S, UM20
15-01-2002
Co-ordination among agents: guiding principles
• Coordination among agents is easier to esta-blish in routine than in unfamiliar situations;
• In general, communi-cation between agents will be more needed in unfamiliar situations than in routine situations.
Communications Communications Research & Research & SemioticsSemiotics
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Assoc. Prof. Peter J. Braspenning, CR&S, UM21
15-01-2002
Needed: an agent-architecturein which three kinds of interaction are adressed
• Conceptual models [J. Rasmussen, Information Processing and Human-Machine Interaction: An Approach to Cognitive Engineering, 1986]
– skills– rules– knowledge
• The knowledge representation should be adapted to these kinds of interactions.
Communications Communications Research & Research & SemioticsSemiotics
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Assoc. Prof. Peter J. Braspenning, CR&S, UM22
15-01-2002
Computational scenario• First, perceived information from the environment leads
the agent to execute an action if the correspond-ing situation is perceived in terms of action.
• If this is not the case, the agent tries to recognize the situation. It can recognize the considered situation in terms of an action or in terms of a goal. In the first case, it tries to execute the corresponding action, and in the second case it invokes the planning module.
• Finally, if the agent faces an ambiguity and cannot come to a decision, or faces many alternatives, then it invokes the decision making module (based on a Cognitive Map) to make a decision in order to commit to achieve a goal or an action. A goal leads an agent to plan, that is to produce a sequence of actions that achieve the chosen goal.
Communications Communications Research & Research & SemioticsSemiotics
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Assoc. Prof. Peter J. Braspenning, CR&S, UM23
15-01-2002
Three levels of control of human behavior
Knowledgeperception recognition decision planning execution
perception recognition decision execution
perception recognition planning a execution
Rulesperception recognition planning b execution
perception recognition execution
Skills perception execution
a the planning process adapts old cases to the new situation, and the adaptation is significant b the planning process adapts old cases to the new situation, and the adaptation is generally minor
B. Chaib-draa & P. Levesque, Hierarchical Model and Communication by Signs, Signals and Symbols in Multiagent Environments, 1998
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Assoc. Prof. Peter J. Braspenning, CR&S, UM24
15-01-2002
Signals, Signs, and SymbolsSignals can be viewed as data
representing time space variables from a dynamic, spatial configuration in the environment and they can be processed directly by the agents as continuous varia-bles. In communication by signals, the signal delivered by an agent i has the end of simply being a releaser for the receiving agent j -- of simply eliciting a reaction by j. That is, the signal generally invokes a stimulus or a reaction, without passing through the memory (a data base in this model).
Signs indicate a state in the environ-ment with reference to certain norms for acts. In the case of communication by signs, the sender makes a sign which refers to some state of environment and which has the end of signifying, of letting the receiver knows the same reference. Of course, the sender and the receiver should share a set of signs with their references in order to communi-cate efficiently. For instance in urban traffic, communication between a driver and a policeman at a crossroad is generally done by signs. The policeman makes a specific sign which refers to a certain action and which is addressed to certain driver(s). The addressee(s) recognize(s) the reference of this sign and activate(s) stored patterns of behaviors.
Communications Communications Research & Research & SemioticsSemiotics
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Assoc. Prof. Peter J. Braspenning, CR&S, UM25
15-01-2002
Finally, agents can also communi-cate by symbols. Symbols repre-sent variables, relations and properties and can be formally processed. They are abstract con-structs related to and defined by a formal structure of relations and processes, which according to convention can be related to features of the external world.
In urban traffic for instance, a dialogue between a policeman and a driver in natural language reflects a symbol based communication. Another example of symbolic communication
is ``honk the car horn'', etc.
Information at knowledge and rule levels can act as symbols depending on the situation and the language used for com-munication. In familiar situa-tions corresponding to the rule level, agents can use a specific language (derived or not from a natural language). This lang-uage is generally constructed from repeated activities. When unfamiliar situations occur, agents do not dispose of any operative knowledge nor of any specialized language. They must then make use of a non specialized language (for example natural language), which is less concise but more flexible than their oper-ative language used in familiar situation.
Signals, Signs, and Symbols
Communications Communications Research & Research & SemioticsSemiotics
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Assoc. Prof. Peter J. Braspenning, CR&S, UM26
15-01-2002
Coordination: in summaryWith signals and signs, agents
do not force their cognitive control to a higher level (i.e. the knowledge level) than the demands of the situation requires.
In contrast, agents have a propensity for behaviors based on skills and rules. These behaviors are gene-rally fast, effortless and propitious to a better co-ordination between agents.
Communications Communications Research & Research & SemioticsSemiotics
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Assoc. Prof. Peter J. Braspenning, CR&S, UM27
15-01-2002
Recap• Communication and Semiosis are two sides of
the same coin;• Knowledge Representation has tradition-ally
only be treated in the context of solip-sistic systems. However, communication is constitutive for Knowledge (Represent-ation) & Reasoning Reflection;
• Agent Technology as a modeling metho-dology allows us to treat rather complex systems. Moreover, the semiotics perspec-tive sheds new light on issues concerning User Interfaces, Exploration Narratives, and all emerging kinds of New Media
Communications Communications Research & Research & SemioticsSemiotics
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Assoc. Prof. Peter J. Braspenning, CR&S, UM28
15-01-2002
Knowledge Landscape & VRR• A systemic approach via
Agent-Oriented Modeling & the development of agent-based tools, and
• An operational elaboration of the new concept of the Virtual Reference Room, by means of which contextualized access to heterogeneous objects can be realized, and more knowledge-based navigation by means of these contexts becomes feasible.
Communications Communications Research & Research & SemioticsSemiotics
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Assoc. Prof. Peter J. Braspenning, CR&S, UM29
15-01-2002
Virtual Reference Room Explanations about how to
explore the collections, pro-ducts and services of the institution;
Delivery of information about actual services of the Reference Room that are in force;
Pointers to where bibliographical services may be found;
Pointers to relevant exhibitions and other relevant events in connection with their search questions and associated references;
Orientation maps to more autonomously explore the facilities of the Reference Room and around the particular institutional collections maintained;
Communications Communications Research & Research & SemioticsSemiotics
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Assoc. Prof. Peter J. Braspenning, CR&S, UM30
15-01-2002
Virtual Reference Room (cont.)
Communications Communications Research & Research & SemioticsSemiotics
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Assoc. Prof. Peter J. Braspenning, CR&S, UM31
15-01-2002
Virtual Reference Room (cont.)
Communications Communications Research & Research & SemioticsSemiotics
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Assoc. Prof. Peter J. Braspenning, CR&S, UM32
15-01-2002
D ig ita lS ou rces
M A N IP U L A TIO N S
U s e rInte rfa c e
Q ue ry/R e s po ns e a ndK L -B uild ing
K n o w le d g eL a n d s c a p e
(K L )
6
5
3S e m a ntic & S ynta c tic
Inte r-o pe ra bility
4
2
High- level OVERVI EWI -MASS
1
Communications Communications Research & Research & SemioticsSemiotics
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Assoc. Prof. Peter J. Braspenning, CR&S, UM33
15-01-2002
In crea sin gS em a n tic
E x p ressiv en ess
A M L
W r i t t e n i n
C o n s t r a i n t s
S e m an t i ci n t e r -
o p e r ab i l i t y
S yn t ac t i ci n t e r -
o p e r ab i l i t y
C o n t e n t
Tr an s fo r m e r
Tr an s fo r m e r
Tr an s fo r m e r
Tr an s fo r m e r
Tr an s fo r m e r
J D B C
Q u e r yR e s u lt
C o nte nt pro v ide rs
C o n s t r a i n t s
C o n s t r a i n t s
C o n s t r a i n t s
C o n s t r a i n t s
AB S TRACTION LAYER
K R L
C o n t e n t
X M L
C o n t e n t
O - O
C o n t e n t
R D F
C o n t e n t
S Q L
M e ta -da ta
M e ta -da ta
M e ta -da ta
P ro cess M o d els
Communications Communications Research & Research & SemioticsSemiotics
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Assoc. Prof. Peter J. Braspenning, CR&S, UM34
15-01-2002
P e r s p e c t i ve s
T H E V I R T UAL R EFER EN CE R O O M
Knowledge Landscape Manipulation - T oo l 1 - T oo l 2 - T oo l 3
Knowledge Landscape
I S I S IS
KO1
KO3
KO2
KO cR
KOaR
KObR
R eferen c e' W o rk
R eferen c e' W o rk
R eferen c e' W o rk
R
R '
R ''
Projectionontouser
screen
Communications Communications Research & Research & SemioticsSemiotics
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Assoc. Prof. Peter J. Braspenning, CR&S, UM35
15-01-2002
The big pictureR e a l W o rld
V irtu a lW o rld V irtua l R e fe re nc e E nviro nm e nt
D i g i t i s e dA r t e fac t
D i g i t i s e dA r t e fac t
V irtua l R e fe re nc e R o o m
Q u e r y S p e c i fi cV i e w o f S t r u c t u r e d
R e fe r e n c e L an d s c ap e
Synt
acti
c &
Sem
anti
cIn
tero
pera
bili
ty
Uni
form
Str
uctu
red
Vie
w o
f Dig
itis
edC
ultu
ral
Dom
ain
Dig
itis
ed C
olle
ctio
nsC
atal
ogue
s / D
icti
onar
ies
/ Art
efac
tsE
ncyc
lopa
edia
s / T
hesa
uri
/ Arc
hive
s ...
Q ue ry
W e b S i t e sW e b P ag e s
U s e r
H e rita g eIns titu tio ns
Communications Communications Research & Research & SemioticsSemiotics
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Assoc. Prof. Peter J. Braspenning, CR&S, UM36
15-01-2002
Conclusions w.r.t. I-MASS• Short term research will address the precise kinds of
enabling technologies (e.g., from information retrieval, ontological engineering and knowledge engineering) that the I-MASS system should incorporate to synthesize (configuring and presenting) pieces of information that seem to fulfill an apparently existing need for information at the side of the users;
• Also research about semantical (and pragmatical) inter-operability will require much effort, especially as it contributes quite a lot to the system’s ability to provide good answers;
• Longer-term research must address how the cultural domain may be modeled by means of process models that capture the relevant insights of cultural processes (e.g., the rise and fall of the Roman Empire, or the Renais-sance).
Communications Communications Research & Research & SemioticsSemiotics
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Assoc. Prof. Peter J. Braspenning, CR&S, UM37
15-01-2002
Conclusions
Leibniz’ (1646-1716) ambition was “to awake the sleeping child in us all”
I-MASS forces us to use Knowledge Tech-nology to the utmost and to use societal metaphors as much as possible!
Communications Communications Research & Research & SemioticsSemiotics
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