Peter Bradley - The Development of Commercial Local Area Resource and Emissions Modelling (Nov 2012)
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Transcript of Peter Bradley - The Development of Commercial Local Area Resource and Emissions Modelling (Nov 2012)
Sustainable business and organisations: The Development of Commercial Local Area
Resource and Emissions Modelling.
Peter Bradley
RESOLVE
27/11/12.
Emissions accounting and reporting gaps
• The presentation addresses the vexed issue of operationalising environmental reporting and resource efficiency.
• UK GHG, waste and water use targets: action required;
• Some progress but many businesses are not accounting and reporting in the required manner, let alone
referencing wider targets;
• Detailed government and non government datasets on GHG emissions, wastes and water use do not exist to fill
the gaps;
Methodological gaps
• Gaps between ‘micro’ and ‘macro’ top down models.
• Lack of an environmental input-output modelling
perspective consistent with life cycle analysis, that can inform sustainable procurement of business.
Resource efficiency and
environmental reporting
Elements of need:business
Need for environmental credentials in business
Infrastructure support
Avoiding diversion from core business
More quantitative data to help businesses benchmark
Need to encourage changes in behaviour
Need for a ‘champion’
Development of networks
Difficulty in understanding importance of acting
Need for support in acting
The need for scale
Elements of need: business
Elements of need:Government
To provide and prioritise
support to businesses
To help ensure that national
targets are met
To develop and prioritise
infrastructure to aid business
resource efficiency
identify the importance of acting
and changes in community
behaviour and
To aid sectors realisation of
economic and environmental
benefits
To provide understanding &
reports of businesses impacts
and opportunities
To facilitate economies of scale
Elements of need: government
Resource efficiency and environmental reporting
RESOLVE models
SELMAEstimation of embodied
GHG emissions attributableto final demand (excluding
exports) at the national level.
LARAEstimation of
direct & indirect resource & emissions attributable
to households at
a local level
CLARE
Estimation ofdirect & indirect GHG
emissions, wastes and
water use resulting from businesses activities
at a local level
Output: direct
and indirect emissions attributable to households
consumption and lifestyle choices
Output: direct and
indirect GHG emissions, wastes and water use
estimated for businesses
Output: direct and indirect
household resource use and emissions
Definition of direct and indirect
• Direct: those emissions and water use occurring on site
• Indirect: broadly, those emissions and water use generated off site but within the supply chain of the business
• Broadly in line with Publicly Available Specification 2050(BSI 2008);
Specific objectives of CLARE
1.
Direct for Individual businesses
2. Direct for all businesses
in an area
3. Indirect for one businessor all businesses
in an area
GHG
water
waste
GHG
CLARE Applications:
Estimates for
individual business
Breaking down of targets
identifies, an
obligation
Educates business
on their impact and
the expected
changes to be
achieved
Provides business
with a starting
benchmark
Allows local authorities to put into
action efficient ‘soft
regulation & progress
monitoring’
Enables national or sector specific targets
to be broken down by
business, to a locality,
and individual business targets to be
set.
CLARE Applications:
Estimation for
business within an area
Allows local government to
go further than just waste
diversion
Allows efficient estimation
in specific areas and by whom, of use for planning
infrastructure and strategy
Provides local authorities with an
estimation of GHG
emissions, wastes
and water use in a given area
Allows targets and priorities to be set for
specific areas
Tool potentially
enables businesses of a local area to be
confronted with
their impacts as a group of leaders
CLARE Perspectives
Production perspective: emissions and water use that
directly arise from direct activity in different sectors;
Provision perspective: emissions and water use that occur upstream of a business in order to provide the
inputs to a businesses production.
Framework and methods
CLARE-direct
CLARE-indirect
EIO
Estimates of GHG emissions, wastes and
water use for business in a local area
CLARE
Copyright of University of Surrey and ONS
System diagram of CLARE–direct
Emissions
per £1M turnover (or GVA)
for SIC coded sectors
Emissions of a
SIC coded business (o)within a specific
area
UK emissions &
turnover (or GVA) by sector
Business Structure
Database
Number of employees
(size band) and SIC code of
business in a specific
geographical location
Average annual turn-
over (or GVA) per employee
for SIC sector employee
size band (£M)
Turnover of
the business (o)
Annual Respondents Data-
base
Copyright of University of Surrey and ONS
System diagram of CLARE-indirect
Total embodied indirect emissions attributable to the
sector from environmentalinput-output
Total turnover
for the sector or sub sector
from the Annual Business
Enquiry
Average £ turnover per employee for a size band
business of a specific sector
Number of employees (size band) and SIC code of a business in a specific
geographical location
Embodied indirect emissions
per £ of turnover
Total estimated £ of
turnover for business (o),
which has a specific SIC
sector and size band
Embodied indirect Emissions of
business (o) in a specific geographic location
for a year
Business Structure
Database
Annual Respondents Database
Copyright of University of Surrey and ONS
Case study: carbon(e) and food waste for Hospitality,
Southampton 2004
Hospitality carbon(e) added by postcode district
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
SO14 SO15 SO16 SO17 SO18 SO19
Th
ou
sa
nd
s to
nn
es
Production perspective
carbon(e) added - CO2e
Provision perspective
carbon (e) added - CO2e
Hospitality food waste added by postcode district
0
1
1
2
2
3
3
SO14 SO15 SO16 SO17 SO18 SO19
Th
ou
sa
nd
s to
nn
es
Production perspective
food waste added
Provision perspective
food waste added
Hospitality food waste added by postcode sectors
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
SO14 0 SO14 1 SO14 2 SO14 3 SO14 5 SO14 6 S014 7
To
nn
es
Indirect
food
waste
(tonnes)
Direct
food
waste
(tonnes)
Restaurants located in postcode district SO14
Scenario: A restaurant’s food waste
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Retaurant business with 25 employees
To
nn
es
Indirect
food waste
(tonnes)
Direct
food waste
(tonnes)
Elements of need that can be addressed
Elements of need:business
Need for environmental credentials in business
Infrastructure support
Avoiding diversion from core business
More quantitative data to help businesses benchmark
Need to encourage changes in behaviour
Need for a ‘champion’
Development of networks
Difficulty in understanding importance of acting
Need for support in acting
The need for scale
Elements of need: business
?
?
?
x
Elements of need:Government
To provide and prioritise
support to businesses
To help ensure that national
targets are met
To develop and prioritise
infrastructure to aid business
resource efficiency
identify the importance of acting
and changes in community
behaviour and
To aid sectors realisation of
economic and environmental
benefits
To provide understanding &
reports of businesses impacts
and opportunities
To facilitate economies of scale
Elements of need: government
Elements of need that can be addressed
?
?
DiscussionTwo key contributions:
1. A new model
2. A new perspective.
Bridging the gap: CLARE enables efficient estimation
of very detailed direct and indirect emissions estimates,
with coverage of all relevant businesses in an area.
Bridging the gap: Estimates comparable across different entities, using consistent data, methods and
system boundaries and a transparent approach;
The new model
Provides detail and coverage and accounts for
production as well as provision impacts
Without detail and coverage – cannot effectively engage
recognition and action of businesses in an area
Without detail and coverage – cannot prioritise products, businesses, areas and inform local planning activities
CLARE estimate – not a substitute for actual
measurement and reporting
The new perspective
Provides an understanding of the amount of upstream
(indirect) emissions embodied in purchases (of inputs) by a business; the indirect carbon(e) added when
summed up.
Identifies the amount of indirect emissions that a
business can have influence over via sustainable procurement.
Production + provision perspective = total emissions
attributable to production.
The new perspective
Complements the production and consumption and shared responsibility perspectives, but provides a more
holistic picture, consistent with LCA and specific to
sustainable procurement.
Care must however be taken when applying across different sectors - risk of double counting if estimates
from different sectors are combined. See Bradley et al (2012a):
Next stepsExtend the model to estimate upstream emissions
emitted within the reference jurisdiction;
Apply the water model in conjunction with local water
availability data to inform potential local resource ‘bottlenecks’
Use CLARE to provide the basis for new systems as
called for by Jones (2009) and Lamberton (2005);
Apply the provision perspective to other sectors
Acknowledgments
"This work contains statistical data from ONS which is Crown copyright and reproduced with the permission of the controller of HMSO and Queen's Printer for Scotland. The use of the ONS statistical data in this work does not imply the endorsement of the ONS in relation to the interpretation or analysis of the statistical data. This work uses research datasets which may not exactly reproduce National Statistics aggregates.”
I wish to thank the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council and the Economic and Social Research Council for their funding of my work.
Journal papersBradley P, T Jackson, A Druckman (2012a). “Commercial local area resource
and emissions modelling – navigating towards new perspectives and
applications”. Journal of Cleaner Production (accepted and in Press).
Bradley P., M. Leach and J. Torriti (2012b). “A review of the costs and benefits
of demand response for electricity in the UK”. Energy Policy (accepted and
in Press). Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.09.039
Bradley P., C. Thomas, A. Druckman and T. Jackson. (2009) “Accounting for
Waste: comparative analysis within the UK.” Institution of Civil Engineers,
Journal of Waste and Resource Management. Vol. 162, issue 1 pp. 5-13.
Druckman A, P. Bradley, E. Papathanasopoulou, T. Jackson (2008).
“Measuring progress towards carbon reduction in the UK”. Ecological
Economics vol. 66 issue 4, pp. 594-604.