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Transcript of Pesticides and Bees and - ca.uky.edu Trainings/Bessin_IPMBeesPesticide.pdf · Pesticides and Bees...
Pesticides and Bees and IPM
Ric BessinExtension Entomologist for Fruit and Vegetables
IPM Coordinator for KentuckyMinor Use Pesticide Liaison for Kentucky
Why are Bees Important? Bees and Flowering Plants
Hairs branched to carry pollen
Bumble bee
Honey bee
Bees are critically import!
Bees in the News
• Jan 2017: Rusty patched bumble bee endanged• Oct 2016: 7 Hawaiian yellow‐faced bees endangered• Sept 2016: Naled to control mosquitoes kills 2.5 million bees in South Carolina
• May 2016: Neonicotinoids reduce sperm production by drones by 39%
• Jun 2013: 50,000 bumble bees killed
Jan 2016: 2.59 million colonies
Vining Crops (Cucurbits) Entirely Dependent on Insects for Pollination
CucumberMelonsSquashPumpkinGourds
Watermelon
2011 Melon visitation rates
Combination of 8 farms surveyed. Rate expressed as visits per hour per square meter of crop surveyed.
Minter et al.
Some Reasons for Losses• Hives ran out of honey (winter & spring/Sept. and October)• Varroa mite damage (throughout the year)• Sacbrood outbreak‐(May 2015)• American foulbrood outbreak in EKY (holdover from 2014—finally cleared in 2015 with burn, phages, shaking bees into new equipment
• Pesticide cases (2 recent suspected cases: Hardin County, Clay County) • Small Hive Beetle—all over the Commonwealth• Queen problems
USDA NASS Honey Bee Report 2016
19.8
10.7
2.52.5
22.7
12.9
Stressors Jan‐Mar 2015
21.7
18.2
5.3
1.8
9.5
2.9
Stressors Apr‐Jun 2015
40.4
11.3
1.2
6.5
92
Stressors Jul‐Sep 2015
22.2
14.8
0.4
9.8
7.21.7
Stressors Oct‐Dec 2015
Other PestsTracheal mitesNosemaHive beetleWax moth
Varroa Diseases Pesticides OtherWeatherStarvationLack of forageQueen failureHive damage
Unknown
25.2
8.63.1
7.4
6.94.3
43.4
19.54.9
16.6
11.6
3.5
41.2
17.68
15.2
8.8
4.8
37
11.45.2
9.5
7.36.9
US US US US
KYKY KY KY
Pesticides and Bees
• Colony losses continue to be unacceptable in the US• Pesticides may not be the primary cause of losses, but it is one factor under our control
Many Types of Pesticides
• Insecticides **• Fungicides *• Herbicides• Bactericides• Rodenticides• Acricides• Algicides• Avicides
Insecticides Grouped by Mode of Action• 1A Carbamates• 1B Organophosphates• 2A Organochlorines• 2B Fiproles• 3A Pyrethroids• 3B DDT• 4A Neonicointoids• 4B Nicotine• 4C Sulfoximines• 4D Butenolides• 4E Mesoionics• 5 Spinosyns• 6 Avermectins
• 7A JH mimics• 7C Pyriproxyfen• 9 Pyridine derivatives• 10 Mite growth inhibitors• 11 Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)• 15 Benzoylureas• 16 Buprofezin• 17 Cyromazine• 18 Diacylhydrazines• 19 Amitraz• 20B Acequinocyl• 20D Bifenazate• 21A Meti Insecticides
• 21B Rotenone• 22 Oxadiazines• 22B Semicarbazones• 23 Tetronic and Tetramic Acids• 24 Phosphides• 25A Beta‐Ketonitriles• 28 Anthrilic diamides• 29 Flonicamid• UN Azadiractin• UN Pyridalyl• UN Sulfur• UN Dicofol• UN Benzoximate
Neonicotinoids on the Market (IRAC class 4A)
Ultra toxic to bees• imidacloprid• thiamethoxam• clothianadin• dinotefuran
Lower toxicity• acetamiprid• thiacloprid
IRAC Class 4C = Sulfoximines• sulfoxaflor
IRAC Class 4D = Butenolides• flupyradifurone
Spray Toxicity and Risk Potential of 42 Commonly Used Formulations of Row Crop Pesticides
Zhu et al. 2015. J. Econ. Entomol.
Pesticide Rank Mortalitythiamethoxam 2 > 99 %
emamectin benzoate 3 > 99 %
clothianidin 4 > 99 %
acephate 7 > 99 %
zeta‐cypermethrin 8 > 99 %
chlorpyrifos 9 > 99 %
cyfluthrin 12 > 99 %
permethrin 14 > 99 %
sulfoxaflor 17 > 99 %
spinosad 19 > 99 %
Pesticide Rank Mortalityimidacloprid 23 > 98 %
λ‐cyhalothrin 25 > 86 %
carbaryl 27 > 99 %
acetamiprid 34 < 1 %
chlorantraniliprole 40 1 %
glyphosate 42 < 1 %
Mortality to adult bees with spray concentrations/formulations
Jan. 2017: EPA Reassessing some Neonics
• EPA is reassessing the impact of neonicotinoid insecticide use on pollinators. Preliminary pollinator risk assessments for pollinator comment for imidacloprid was in 2016, three other neonicotinoids, clothianidin, thiamethoxam, and dinotefuran, are scheduled to be released for public comment in January 2017.
• EPA encourages stakeholders and interested members of the public to visit the imidacloprid docket and sign up for email alerts when the agency opens the public comment period for the pollinator‐only risk assessment. The risk assessment and other supporting documents are available on line.
• The times and details or these webinars will be posted at: https://www.epa.gov/pollinator‐protection/schedule‐review‐neonicotinoid‐pesticides
Other Highly Toxic Insecticide Groups
Older Chemistry• Organophosphates
• Penncap‐M• Orthene
• Carbamates• Sevin
• Pyrethroids• Many common insecticides
• Spinosyns• Abamectins
Formulation and Residues• Dust and wettable powders more hazardous
• Liquids safer when dried
Toxicity has Many Faces
• Lethal / Toxic• Kills the bees directly• Difference between insecticide classes and within classes
• Sublethal• Behavioral effects (learning, retention, foraging)• Physiological effects
• Immune system function• Longevity
• Larval development
• Acute vs. Chronic Toxicity
Synergistic Effects of Pesticides
• Where the effects of combinations are greater than the sum of their toxicities
• fenbuconazole, cyprodinil, propiconazole• myclobutanil• chlorothalonil• prochloraz
• Thought to tie up detox enzymes
• How do we reduce this risk?
Pesticide Risk to PollinatorsRisk = Toxicity + Exposure
Toxicity• 77% of our insecticides have pollinator warnings on the label• Known direct effects of individual pesticides • Less known of synergistic effects of mixes (fungicide + insecticide)
Exposure• Direct contact with sprays
• Drift onto colonies • Treating fields with active foragers
• Contaminated water, nectar, or pollen• Contact of pesticide residues
Mitigating Pesticide Exposure ‐ IPM• Use pesticides only when necessary• Select pesticides with low toxicity to pollinators• Avoid unnecessary mixing of insecticides with fungicides• Avoid spraying plants in bloom and when pollinators are foraging• Avoid drift to colonies, water, and adjacent habitat while spraying
IPM Helps to Manage Pesticides
• IPM in 1970’s • Also reduces pesticide use on average• Combined cultural, physical, biological, and chemical controls
• Pesticides used as a last resort• Economic thresholds used (ET) to determine need for controls
• Controls used at ET prevent pests from reaching Economic Injury Level
How Producers Select Pesticides• What pest (s)• Cost• Availability• Restricted versus general use• Effectiveness/which pest(s)• Pre‐Harvest Interval• Re‐Entry Interval• Toxicity to pollinators• Toxicity to natural enemies• Seasonal limit• Pesticide MOA rotation
Recent Study on Pesticide Loads on Bee Pollen(Long and Krupke, Purdue Univ. Nature Communications, DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11629)• Pyrethroids represent main contaminating insecticide, but fungicides and herbicides more common
• Honey bees collect pollen mainly for non crop plants
The mean concentration of pesticide‐active ingredients detected in pollen collected by honey bees from three sites that vary in surrounding land‐use types
Long and Krupke. 2016 Nature Communications
Probability 50% of honey bees that contact contaminated pollen experience mortality
Insecticide Urban/Unt. Ag/Ag• imidacloprid 0.15 / ‐ / ‐• dinotefuran 1.85 / 0.2 / 0.16• clothianidin 0.32 / 1.91 / 9.49• thiamethoxam 1.16 / 5.7 / 1.57
• diazinon 0.05 / 0.03 / 0.02
• λ‐cyhalothrin 0.74 / 1.65 / 2.25• phenothrin 164 / 259 / 676• prallethrin 675 / 71/ 49• tetramethrin 0.1 / 0.02 / ‐
• λ‐cyhalothrin +propriconazole 25.9 / 56.9 / 65.92• acetamiprid +propriconazole ‐ / 0.27 / 3.44
Insecticide Urban/Unt. Ag/Ag
Long and Krupke 2016
“Pesticides used in agricultural production, although important, were not the contaminants that posed the highest risks in honey bee‐collected pollen. Rather the pyrethroids phenothrin and prallethrin, used mainly as dusts or sprays to manage mosquitoes, fleas and ticks stood out as posing exceptionally high risks to honey bees throughout the sampling period and across all sites”
“Pesticides used in agricultural production were consistently present as contaminants of honey bee‐collected pollen, [but] were not the contaminants present in highest concentrations”
Conclusions
“Although propiconazole alone did not pose relevant weekly or seasonal risks to honey bees at any of the three sites, its presence in pollen samples contributed to synergistic risks with other insecticides”
“These results suggest that an overemphasis on agricultural systems and the pesticides used there may fail to identify key sources of risk for pollinators”
Long and Krupke 2016
Zika Virus• Spread primarily thru the bite of an Aedes sp. mosquito• Typically, Zika illnesses last a few days to week or so.• 80% of people have no significant symptoms• Once infected, people are immune
Zika infection during pregnancy can cause micracephaly and other brain defects
Yellow Fever Mosquito• Primary mosquito vector of Zika• Does range north of Kentucky• Primarily an ‘urban’ Mosquito
• But only has been found in Lexington and Louisville• Louisville: Aedes aegypti was 4 out of 24,000 trapped
• Can also spread Dengue and Chikungunya• Predominant species south of Orlando, FL• Prefer laying eggs in artificial containers
• Gutters, buckets, tarps, boats, flower pots, tires, etc• This is primarily a day‐biter primarily• Short Flight range, 50‐ 100 meters (up to ½ mile)
Mosquito Control and Honey Bees
• Larvacides (Selective) vs. Adulticides (Broad spectrum)
• Mosquito companies and yard treatments
• State and local mosquito management • Complain driven and high use areas
• Response to mosquito borne Zika transmission• Very serious public health threat• 14 strike teams in KY
Beekeeper BMPs to Reduce Pesticide Risk• Communicate with local farmers and notify them of your colony locations.
• Do not place colonies on private land without permission.• Post contact information in a prominent location at each apiary.• Beekeepers consider a Bee Flag to alert urban neighbors or area farmers.
Joe and Jane Beekeeper1020 Honey Hill RoadApiarisville, KY 44444
(270) 555 – [email protected]
Beekeeper Practices to Reduce Pesticide Risk
• Don‘t place colonies directly next to areas that will be intensely sprayed.
• Plant buffer vegetation around your colonies to reduce drift.
• If notified about insecticide sprays in your area, be prepared to:• Cover or close colonies during and for 24 hours after the spray• Temporarilymove colonies to a different site
Applicator BMPs• Be aware of honey bee colonies near fields to be treated with pesticides. • Use IPM and economic thresholds to determine if insecticides are needed (on some labels).
• Consider impacts on pollinators when making pesticide recommendations.• Always use pesticides according to the labeling.
Applicator BMPs• Honey Bee ‘Ultra’ Toxic Insecticides
• tolfenpyrad• Apta, Bexar, Torac
• imidacloprid• Admire, Nuprid, Macho, …• Birgadier, …
• dinotefuran• Venom, Scorpion, Safari, Zylam
• clothianadin• Arena, Belay, Poncho
• thiametoxam• Actara, Centric, Flagship, Meridian,• Agri‐Flex, Voliam Flexi, Endigo
• cyantraniliprole• Exirel
Applicator BMPs
• When plants are in bloom, apply pesticides highly toxic to pollinators in early morning or late afternoon
• Before 9:00 am or after 3:00 pm• When temperature is below 55F
Applicator BMPs
• Avoid pesticide drift• Make applications when known colonies are upwind of sites • Avoid applications during on windy days.
This has been our #1 issue in KY!
Applicator BMPs• Document your efforts to contact beekeepers within 2 miles when required by the label
• Minimize spraying non‐crop areas with insecticides highly toxic to pollinators
• Communicate with your local beekeepers
Pollinator Protection and Pesticide Applicator Certification
• Pesticide management to protect pollinators questions have been added to certification exams
• Standard operating procedures for reporting suspected pesticide damage to bees have been posted on KDA website
Summary
• Reducing Risk (toxicity x exposure)• Not using highly toxic pesticides in a way that exposes bees
• Drift onto colonies• Contamination of foraging bees• Contamination of food and water sources
• Selecting safer alternative pesticides if possible when exposure likely• Avoid tank mixes (fungicide + insecticide) if possible• Communication with local beekeepers• Communication with local farmers
• LET THEM KNOW YOU ARE THERE !• Moving bees or closing hives if necessary