Pesticide Poisoning of Animals in 2012 - SASA · 2019. 12. 19. · PESTICIDE POISONING OF ANIMALS...
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‘THE SAME AS YOU?’ 2000-2012 Evaluation of progress from the perspectives of people with learning disabilities and family carers Pesticide Poisoning of Animals in 2012 A Report of Investigations in Scotland
Transcript of Pesticide Poisoning of Animals in 2012 - SASA · 2019. 12. 19. · PESTICIDE POISONING OF ANIMALS...
‘The same as you?’
2000-2012
evaluation of progress from the perspectives of people with learning
disabilities and family carers
Pesticide Poisoning of Animals in 2012
A Report of Investigations in Scotland
PESTICIDE POISONING OF ANIMALS IN 2012
INVESTIGATIONS OF SUSPECTED INCIDENTS IN SCOTLAND
E A Sharp, L M Melton, M J Taylor and A Giela
Pesticides & Wildlife Branch
SASA, Roddinglaw Road, Edinburgh, EH12 9FJ
A Division of the Scottish Government Agriculture, Food and Rural Communities Directorate
CONTENTS
Page SUMMARY ........................................................................................................ 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 2 INCIDENTS IN 2012 ......................................................................................... 4 Number of incidents in 2012 ...................................................................... 4 CATEGORISED INCIDENTS ............................................................................ 8 Approved use ............................................................................................ 8
Misuse ...................................................................................................... 8
Abuse ........................................................................................................ 10
Unspecified Use ........................................................................................ 11 ANTICOAGULANT RODENTICIDES ............................................................... 12 APPENDICES Appendix I Investigation procedures .................................................... 14 Appendix II Summary of Positive Incidents 2012 .................................. 16 Appendix III Regions in Scotland used to classify incidents ................... 28
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SUMMARY
The Wildlife Incident Investigation Scheme (WIIS) operated in Scotland by Science and Advice for Scottish Agriculture (SASA) Pesticides & Wildlife Branch http://www.sasa.gov.uk/wildlife-environment/wildlife-incident-investigation-scheme-wiis investigates suspected poisoning of wildlife, beneficial insects, companion animals and livestock if there is evidence to indicate that pesticides or biocides1 may be involved. The scheme, together with similar schemes operating in England & Wales and Northern Ireland, provides a means of post-registration surveillance of pesticide use throughout the UK, so that registration may be revised if necessary. These schemes also provide a measure of the success of the pesticide registration process and help in the verification and improvement of the risk assessments made in the registration of compounds. Incidents of approved use and of misuse can highlight problems with the approval conditions or the label instructions for a pesticide, and can provide valuable feedback into the regulatory process. The scheme in Scotland also provides evidence that can be used by the Scottish Government or the police, to enforce legislation relating to the safe use of pesticides and the protection of food, the environment and animals. In 2012, there were 182 incidents (which included 5 bee incidents) submitted to the WIIS Scotland. This represented a decrease compared to the 237 received in 2011. Eleven incidents were excluded2, leaving 171 incidents accepted for further investigation. The cause of death or illness was determined in 92 incidents. Sixty five incidents (38% of all incidents accepted into the WIIS Scotland) were attributed to pesticides. Twenty-two of these incidents were categorised incidents. Ten incidents were categorised as abuse, 7 incidents were attributed to unspecified use, one incident followed approved use and 4 incidents were categorised as misuse. Seventeen different pesticides or chemicals were identified (see Table 2). The insecticide, carbofuran was detected in 6 out of 10 (60%) incidents categorised as abuse, even though UK approval for use of products containing this chemical expired in 2001. Selected samples were also screened for evidence of exposure to anticoagulant rodenticides. Residues of various anticoagulant rodenticides were detected in 52 out of 140 incidents (i.e. 37% of those incidents selected for rodenticide screening). The second generation anticoagulant rodenticides, bromadiolone, brodifacoum and difenacoum were found to be the most prevalent active ingredients detected. 1 In recent years, some non-agricultural pesticides have been classified as biocides e.g. anticoagulant rodenticides.
However, throughout this report ‘pesticide’ or ‘pesticides’ will be used as the generic terminology. 2 Excluded refers to incidents where the criteria for acceptance into the WIIS Scotland have not been met or where
there is no suitable material for analysis.
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1. In the United Kingdom the impact of pesticide use on non-target vertebrate wildlife and other animals including honey bees, companion animals and livestock, is assessed before approval is granted by the regulatory body. In order to protect animals, restrictions on use may be imposed in the conditions of approval made under the Control of Pesticides Regulations (COPR) 1986 (as amended) or the Plant Protection Products Regulations (2011), where it is thought that an unacceptable risk would arise.
2. The WIIS Scotland is one of four schemes, operating in the United Kingdom,
which investigates possible pesticide poisoning of animals. The WIIS Scotland is operated by SASA’s Pesticides & Wildlife Branch on behalf of the Scottish Government Agriculture, Food and Rural Communities Directorate (AFRC). The procedures for incident investigation are described in Appendix I.
3. Incidents confirmed as involving pesticides that were considered to be
responsible for the cause of death or illness of an animal or that contravene related legislation are assigned to one of the following categories:
Approved use of the product, according to the specified conditions of
use; Misuse of a product, by careless, accidental or wilful failure to adhere to
the correct practice; Abuse of a pesticide, in the form of deliberate, illegal attempts to poison
animals; Unspecified use, where the cause could not be assigned to one of the
above categories. Veterinary use, where subsequent investigation identifies the
involvement of a pesticide formulated as a veterinary medicine. Such cases are investigated incidentally rather than deliberately, and may include abuse, misuse, approved use, or unspecified use of the relevant compounds.
4. The results of investigations are ultimately reported to the Environmental
Panel of the UK Advisory Committee on Pesticides (ACP) http://www.pesticides.gov.uk/guidance/industries/pesticides/advisory-groups/acp. The information provided may result in a re-evaluation of the approvals previously granted to products, or may affect the progress to full commercial use of products currently under provisional approval. Information from incidents assists in the validation and improvement of the risk assessment procedures used by the regulatory body for new and existing compounds.
5. The cost of this post-registration surveillance is co-funded by the Scottish
Government and the agrochemical industry (via a levy on UK sales of products),
INTRODUCTION
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under the Food and Environment Protection Act 1985 (FEPA). Investigations can also reveal contraventions of other legislation such as: Control of Pesticides Regulations (COPR) and Possession of Pesticides (Scotland) Order 2005 or Wildlife and Natural Environment (Scotland) Act 2011.
6. The WIIS Hotline number (freephone: 0800 321600) is routed to SASA and
provides access for incident notification. To prevent large numbers of dead animals being submitted and analysed, strict criteria are applied to potential incidents prior to acceptance.
Incidents are usually excluded from analysis when there is insufficient or unsuitable sample. However, details are recorded for reference purposes.
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INCIDENTS IN 2012 NUMBER OF INCIDENTS IN 2012
7. A total of 182 suspected poisoning incidents were referred to the WIIS Scotland
throughout 2012 (Figure 1). Eleven incidents were excluded leaving 171 incidents accepted for subsequent investigation.
Pesticides and other chemicals were detected in 65 separate incidents i.e. 38% of all incidents investigated (Appendix II).
Number of incidents referred annually to the WIIS-Scotland
144
167
135
167
127
158152
121
157
177
190
175166
233 237
182
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Year
Figure 1. Number of incidents referred to the WIIS (Scotland) per annum (1997-2012).
8. The cause of death or illness was established in 92 incidents. Twenty-two of these incidents involved pesticides and were assigned to an appropriate WIIS category. In the remaining 70 incidents, death of the animal was concluded to be due to starvation (20), disease (13) and trauma (37).
9. One incident involving a dog was attributed to the approved use of pesticides.
Four incidents were categorised as misuse. Three involved dogs and the other involved honey bees. In a further 7 incidents, it was not possible to identify a specific source of the pesticide residues detected and the cause of each incident was categorised as unspecified use. Ten incidents were categorised as abuse. Further details of these poisoning incidents are provided in the Categorised Incidents section. A breakdown of all 171 incidents is presented in Tables 1-3.
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Table 1: Number of incidents investigated in 2012
Sample
classificationa
Incidents Investigated
Incidents involving pesticides
Categorised incidents
Incidents with other
known cause of death or
illness Vertebrate wildlife 117 49 10 64
Livestock 3 0 0 1
Companion animals 34 11 8 4
Honey bees 5 3 2 1
Amphibian 1 0 0 0
Exotic 1 0 0 0
Bait, chemical or paraphernalia
10 2 2 Not applicable
TOTAL 171 65 22 70 a Where single incidents involved submission of several sample types – the sample was simply classified
by the first named specimen. A list of the pesticides and other chemicals detected during 2012 is presented in Table 2. Table 2: Identity and frequency of pesticides detected in incidents and associated sample types Chemical
Number of
positive incidents
Sample type a
aldicarb 1 golden eagle
bendiocarb 3 bait, blackbird, golden eagle, herring gull,
brodifacoum 13 buzzard, dog, fox, golden eagle, red kite
bromadiolone 42 badger, buzzard, dog, fox, hawk, heron, otter, peregrine falcon, pine marten, red kite, sea eagle, sparrowhawk, tawny owl,
carbofuran 7 bait, buzzard, cat, chemical, dog
3-hydroxycarbofuran b 4 bait, buzzard, cat, dog
coumatetralyl 3 dog, fox
difenacoum 21 badger, bait, buzzard, dog, fox, golden eagle, heron, peregrine falcon, red kite, sparrowhawk
flufenacet 1 soil sample
fluvalinate 1 honey bee
isofenphos 3 bait, cat
methiocarb 1 buzzard
pp-DDE c 1 sea eagle
propiconazole 1 honey bee
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Chemical
Number of
positive incidents
Sample type a
pyraclostrobin 1 honey bee
strychnine 1 dog
tetramethrin 1 honey bee a An individual incident may have involved submission of multiple sample types and/or detection of more
than one pesticide.
b 3-hydroxycarbofuran is a metabolite of carbofuran and carbosulfan c pp-DDE is a breakdown product of DDT
Table 3 contains details of the variety and number of specimens tested by SASA Pesticides & Wildlife Branch and the number where pesticide residues were detected. The presence of a pesticide residue does not imply pesticide poisoning was the cause of death. Table 3: Species and number tested (including detected residues) in 2012 Species or sample type Number tested
(residue detected)
Mammals - wildlife
Badger 3 (1)
Fox 11 (8)
Hare 1 (0)
Hedgehog 4 (0)
Otter 3 (1)
Pine marten 3 (2)
Rabbit 1 (0)
Squirrel - red 3 (0)
Wildcat 1 (0)
Birds
Buzzard 46 (20)
Eagle - golden 9 (2)
Eagle - sea 3 (2)
Hawks (unidentified) 2 (1)
Hen harrier 4 (0)
Goshawk (captive bird) 1 (0)
Osprey 1 (0)
Owl - tawny 1 (1)
Peregrine falcon 2 (1)
Red kite 15 (8)
Sparrowhawk 4 (1)
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Species or sample type Number tested (residue detected)
Blackbird 1 (1)
Pigeon 7 (0)
Tree creeper 1 (0)
Goose 1 (0)
Gull 2 (1)
Heron 1 (1)
Swan 3 (0)
Crow 4 (0)
Raven 2 (1)
Companion Animals
Cat 12 (2)
Dog 24 (9)
Horse 1 (0)
Livestock
Cattle 1 (0)
Duck 1 (0)
Sheep 1 (0)
Amphibians
Toad 1 (0)
Beneficial Insects
Honey bees 5 (3)
Miscellaneous
Egg (suspected bait) 2 (0)
Dog biscuit (suspected bait) 1 (1)
Grouse (suspected bait) 1 (0)
Soil sample 4 (1)
Foliage sample 9 (0)
Pheasant (suspected bait) 2 (1)
Rabbit (suspected bait) 6 (2)
Meat (suspected bait) 2 (1)
Suspicious chemicals and substances 2 (1)
Total number of specimens tested 215 (73)
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CATEGORISED INCIDENTS APPROVED USE 10. Only one incident was categorised as approved use in 2012. One dog from a
group of 6 in the owner’s care died. The owner had moved all of the dogs from his home in Lothian to another house in Tayside where they had access to a large garden. Rodenticide baits were in use in the garage of the Tayside property however the dogs had no access to the garage. Approximately 36 hours after arrival 4 of the dogs presented with vomiting, diarrhoea and general malaise. Over the next 36 hours the dogs showed a slow improvement apart from one dog which produced blood-tinged vomitus prompting veterinary attention. Vitamin K therapy was administered however just 12 hours later the dog was found dead having died overnight. The laboratory investigation revealed a very low residue of bromadiolone in liver tissue from the dog. Further information from the submitting laboratory indicated that the rodenticide in use on the property was a cereal-based bromadiolone product. The bromadiolone residue in the dog’s liver was below the level that we would normally associate with rodenticide poisoning. However, in this instance it is reasonable to conclude that rodenticide poisoning may have contributed to this dog’s death. The other affected dogs in the household made a full recovery.
MISUSE 11. Four incidents in 2012 were attributed to misuse. The first, which occurred in
Tayside in February, was reported by a veterinary surgeon after a young dog was believed to have ingested part of a rodenticide formulation that was found in a public area on a farm. The dog’s owners live in a property on the farm and so informed the farmer of the incident. The farmer undertook to search the area to ensure that no other rodenticide bait that had been laid was exposed. The dog was treated with vitamin K and made a full recovery. No samples were submitted for analysis. The incident is thought to have been an unfortunate accident and the farmer took the appropriate remedial action to avoid further incidents.
In June, a bee keeper in Fife reported that he suspected that his honeybees had
been poisoned by a chemical that had been sprayed on to a wheat crop by a local farmer. The crop was in an adjacent field less than 100 yards away from the apiary and it was sprayed on quite a windy day of sunshine and showers. The bee keeper had not been informed that the spraying was scheduled and by coincidence arrived to check his hives just as the spraying was almost complete. He discovered at this time that one of his hives had swarmed. After discussion with the farmer, who apologised for the lack of warning about the intention to spray, the bee keeper obtained details of the chemical that had been sprayed. The product was Comet 200, a fungicide containing the active ingredient pyraclostrobin. The following morning, before it started raining, it was discovered that the swarm had landed at the bottom of the trunk of an apple tree. An attempt by the bee keeper to smoke the swarm into a skep failed as the bees would not move or even fly away when disturbed. Rain then persisted for 4 days
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during which time the swarm remained on the tree trunk. After the rain had stopped all 4 colonies were checked and the bees were found to be lethargic but alive. Astonishingly, whenever the sun came out, the swarm recovered with all but a few, that had perished in the rain, returning to their hive. All four colonies made a full recovery and no bees were submitted for analysis. The product details did not indicate that it was harmful to bees but clearly the behaviour of the bees immediately after the spraying was unusual. The incident has been categorised as misuse because the bee keeper was not informed by the farmer that spraying was planned.
The third incident occurred at the end of September when a dog owner in Fife
discovered a pink substance, in a paper sachet labelled ‘Difenacoum 0.005%’, lying on the grass in his back garden. An internet search alerted him to the fact that difenacoum is the active ingredient in a number of rat poison formulations. Concerned by what he had found and the obvious risk to his dogs he undertook a search of the back garden and found a further 2 sachets of the poison. He reported the incident to the police who attended and took possession of the 3 sachets. Later the same day the dog owner and his wife witnessed their neighbour throwing a pink coloured object over the fence into their garden whilst their dog was running around there. The dog was immediately returned to its kennel and the garden searched. Two further sachets, identical to those found earlier that day, were recovered. The police were contacted again and were given the sachets of poison when they returned to the premises. The dog owners contacted their veterinarian who advised them to regularly monitor their pets for any signs of poisoning.
The next day the police visited the neighbour and detained him under Section 14
of the Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995 for Culpable and Reckless Conduct. They explained the circumstances and asked if he was using any rat poison. He stated that he did have a rat problem and showed the officers into his greenhouse where he was storing a difenacoum based rat and mouse poison. When asked where he was placing the bait he indicated a point nearby under the fence into the neighbouring garden. A roof tile had been placed to prevent his pets from accessing the poison. However, there was nothing to prevent his neighbour’s pets gaining access despite there being a bait box, designed to prevent access by domestic animals, being found nearby. Later that day veterinary treatment was required to stop bleeding from the gums of one of the dogs. The veterinarian diagnosed that the dog appeared to have been poisoned by the rat and mouse poison. No blood was taken from the animal to confirm the diagnosis as there was concern that it might not be possible to stop the injection site from bleeding.
In October, a working border collie was found dead in its pen. The dog had
spent the previous day working with cattle and the farmer thought that it may have sustained a severe injury due to being kicked by the animals. The post mortem examination revealed a large quantity of unclotted blood in the peritoneal cavity and a haemorrhagic lesion in the liver. The analytical investigation confirmed the presence of a significant residue of the anticoagulant rodenticide difenacoum and traces of three other rodenticides in the liver tissue from the collie. The level of the difenacoum residue is consistent with anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning being the cause of death. A field investigation, undertaken by the Scottish Government Rural Payments and Inspections Division
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agricultural staff, has established that ‘Neosorexa Pasta Bait’ which contains difenacoum was being used within a straw stack on the farm. Although all of the appropriate precautions were thought to have been taken this dog appears to have died following accidental exposure to difenacoum. In future the farmer will use the product in bait boxes as an extra precaution.
ABUSE 12. In 2012, ten incidents were categorised as abuse compared to 16 incidents in
this category in 2011. Analytical investigations included analysis of tissue samples, digestive tract material, various chemicals and suspected baits. Unlike previous years, only 30% of abuse incidents involved birds of prey (Figure 2).
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
2011
Birds of Prey Companion Animals Others
Figure 2. Abuse of pesticides in Scotland (number of incidents 1997 - 2012).
13. Three abuse incidents involved birds of prey (Table 4). The 7 others included;
cat (2), dog (2), raven (1), chemical (1) and suspected baits (1). Table 4: Number of birds of prey that were victims of pesticide abuse in 2012
Regiona Number of incidents
Buzzard Golden Eagle
Dumfries & Galloway 1 1 -
Grampian 1 1 -
Highland 1 - 1
TOTAL 3 2 1
a See appendix III for regional classification in Scotland 14. Seven different pesticides and/or their metabolites were detected and identified
in abuse incidents in 2012. The pesticides were aldicarb, bendiocarb, carbofuran, 3-hydroxy carbofuran, difenacoum, isofenphos and strychnine.
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UNSPECIFIED USE 15. Sometimes it is not possible to establish how exposure (i.e. at levels considered
to pose a significant risk of mortality) occurred or to assign the incident to one of the other categories. Such cases are categorised as ‘Unspecified Use’. In 2012 seven incidents fell into this category. The animals and pesticides involved in these incidents are listed in Table 5.
Table 5: Unspecified Use incidents recorded in 2012
Region Pesticides Month Species
Border methiocarb February buzzard
Dumfries & Galloway bromadiolone, difenacoum April red kite
Highland difenacoum August red kite
Lothian bromadiolone May buzzard
Lothian tetramethrin June honey bee
Strathclyde bendiocarb June blackbird, herring gull
Tayside difenacoum April buzzard
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ANTICOAGULANT RODENTICIDES 16. Non-target animals are occasionally casualties of poisoning caused by wilful or
accidental non-compliance with good practice in rodenticide baiting. Indirect or secondary poisoning can also occur when predators, scavengers or curious animals ingest rodents killed or affected by rodenticides. The WIIS Scotland offers a unique opportunity to probe wider environmental contamination by looking for rodenticide residues present in non-target animals that otherwise would not be available. Routine monitoring of liver tissue from wild mammals, birds of prey and other animals is carried out in order to assess the magnitude and frequency of exposure to anticoagulant rodenticides. The results provide an effective indication of the non-target animals exposed to anticoagulant rodenticides.
In 2012, SASA Pesticides & Wildlife Branch tested 137 liver samples from a variety of animals for the presence of residues of anticoagulant rodenticides. In the absence of liver tissue, kidney tissue from a hen harrier and a dog and stomach content material from another dog were tested. Residues were detected and identified in the livers of 51 specimens i.e. 36% of the total number of samples tested and 6 incidents were attributed to anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning (Table 6).
Table 6: Species tested throughout 2012 for the presence of residues of anticoagulant rodenticidesa Species Total tested Total positive Cause of incident
Buzzard 42 18 2
Eagle-golden 6 1 -
Eagle-sea 3 1 -
Goshawk (captive bird)
1 - -
Hawk (unidentified) 1 1 -
Hen harrier 4 - -
Osprey 1 - -
Peregrine falcon 2 1 -
Red kite 12 8 2
Sparrowhawk 3 1 -
Tawny owl 1 1 -
Blackbird 1 - -
Crow 3 - -
Goose 1 - -
Gull 2 - -
Heron 1 1 -
Pigeon 4 - -
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Species Total tested Total positive Cause of incident
Raven 2 - -
Swan 2 - -
Tree creeper 1 - -
Cattle 1 - -
Duck 1 - -
Sheep 1 - -
Cat 2 - -
Dog 15 6 2
Badger 3 1 -
Fox 11 8 -
Hare 1 - -
Hedgehog 1 - -
Otter 3 1 -
Pine marten 3 2 -
Rabbit 1 - -
Red Squirrel 3 - -
Wildcat 1 - -
TOTAL 140 51 6
a Brodifacoum, bromadiolone, chlorophacinone, coumatetralyl, difenacoum, difethialone, diphacinone, flocoumafen & warfarin.
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APPENDIX I INVESTIGATION PROCEDURES The investigation of suspected pesticide poisoning incidents relies on a scheme, which allows members of the public and interested organisations to notify relevant agencies and facilitate submission of carcases, suspected baits or other samples for pesticide analysis. The Wildlife Incident Investigation Scheme is operated in Scotland by the Pesticides and Wildlife Branch at SASA on behalf of the Scottish Government. Agricultural Staff in area offices located throughout Scotland, provide support when necessary for field investigations, and also act as an additional point of contact for notification of incidents. A number of environmental and animal welfare organisations, such as the RSPB-Scotland and the Scottish Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, play an active role in some incident investigations. These bodies act not only by assisting members of the public to notify incidents, but also by screening out inappropriate cases prior to notification. The veterinary services of Scottish Agricultural College (SAC) Consulting, a division of Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC) acts in partnership with the scheme, in forwarding relevant samples to SASA from potential incidents notified indirectly via its laboratories, and by screening out incidents that are unlikely to involve pesticides. The post mortem examinations undertaken by these laboratories may identify disease, trauma, starvation or other causes of death, eliminating the need for expensive analytical investigation. As well as investigating incidents involving wildlife, the scheme covers suspected poisoning of livestock, companion animals and beneficial insects and investigates suspicious substances and suspected baits. Incidents may be rejected if they fall out with the remit of the scheme, or if other acceptance criteria are not met. SASA makes use of various analytical techniques, methods and instrumentation to detect, identify and quantify pesticide residues. Three multi-residue methods are currently used to determine and quantify residues of pesticides and anticoagulant rodenticides. These multi-residue methods are supplemented by compound-specific analytical methods for the determination of paraquat and gassing compounds as necessary. Wherever possible, residues are confirmed using an alternative analytical technique or measurement parameter. Field investigations are normally only triggered following the positive detection and identification of pesticide(s) in or on the test specimen. However, field investigations may also be initiated if sufficient evidence of pesticide involvement is available e.g. following direct notification or after post-mortem examination. Analytical results, post-mortem findings and field investigation reports are collated and interpreted by Pesticides and Wildlife Branch specialists in order to categorise an incident and to determine whether residue levels detected contributed to the death or illness of the animal involved. In some cases, the presence of residues in association with typical post-mortem findings may be used to determine mortality. The results of investigations in Scotland are presented annually in this report series and in reports published by the UK regulatory body, The Chemicals Regulation Directorate,
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who are able to assess relevant incident information for any implications for the approval status of a particular pesticide or family of pesticides. Where legal proceedings are used as part of enforcement action, the evidence gathered by SASA Pesticides & Wildlife Branch and SG Agricultural Staff, is presented in reports to the Procurator Fiscal Service. Police Scotland is an active partner in countering pesticide abuse and takes the lead in investigations and presentation of such cases to the Procurator Fiscal. How to Report Incidents SASA Website http://www.sasa.gov.uk/wildlife-environment/wildlife-incident-investigation-scheme-wiis PAW Scotland http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Environment/Wildlife-Habitats/paw-scotland/what-you-can-do
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und
red
kite
T
his
red
kite
was
foun
d de
ad in
a w
ood
clea
ring
by a
ga
mek
eepe
r du
ring
a ph
easa
nt s
hoot
. T
he c
ause
of
deat
h w
as n
ot e
stab
lishe
d du
ring
the
post
mor
tem
ex
amin
atio
n or
ana
lytic
al in
vest
igat
ion.
Low
res
idue
s of
the
antic
oagu
lant
rod
entic
ides
bro
mad
iolo
ne,
brod
ifaco
um a
nd d
ifena
coum
wer
e co
nfirm
ed in
live
r tis
sue.
12
018
Janu
ary
Nor
ther
n Is
les
Str
ychn
ine
Abu
se
hors
e an
d a
dog
A h
orse
die
d fo
llow
ing
3 da
ys o
f col
ic s
ympt
oms.
T
here
was
con
cern
that
it m
ight
hav
e be
en p
oiso
ned.
H
owev
er, n
o pe
stic
ides
res
idue
s w
ere
dete
cted
in th
e
16
Ref
. M
on
th
Reg
ion
C
hem
ical
C
ateg
ory
S
pec
ies
Co
mm
ents
sa
mpl
es te
sted
. S
ever
al w
eeks
late
r a
dog
from
the
sam
e ho
useh
old
star
ted
fittin
g an
d di
ed w
ithin
20
min
utes
. R
esid
ues
of s
tryc
hnin
e w
ere
conf
irmed
in th
e sa
mpl
es te
sted
from
the
dog.
The
sou
rce
of th
e po
ison
ha
s no
t bee
n es
tabl
ishe
d bu
t abu
se is
sus
pect
ed.
1202
0 F
ebru
ary
Hig
hlan
d B
rom
adio
lone
T
raum
a bu
zzar
d T
his
buz
zard
was
foun
d de
ad a
t the
roa
dsid
e. T
here
w
as r
ecen
tly in
gest
ed fo
od in
the
bird
's c
rop.
How
ever
, th
e an
alyt
ical
inve
stig
atio
n re
veal
ed o
nly
a ve
ry lo
w
resi
due
of b
rom
adio
lone
in li
ver
tissu
e fr
om th
e bi
rd.
Tra
uma
asso
ciat
ed w
ith a
roa
d tr
affic
acc
iden
t has
be
en r
ecor
ded
as th
e lik
ely
caus
e of
dea
th.
1202
1 F
ebru
ary
Wes
tern
Is
les
Dife
naco
um
Bro
difa
coum
T
raum
a go
lden
eag
le
The
car
case
of a
gol
den
eagl
e w
as fo
und
unde
r po
wer
lin
es.
Ele
ctro
cutio
n w
as th
ough
t to
be th
e lik
ely
caus
e of
dea
th b
ut a
n an
alyt
ical
inve
stig
atio
n w
as u
nder
take
n to
elim
inat
e th
e po
ssib
ility
of p
estic
ide
pois
onin
g. O
nly
low
res
idue
s of
the
rode
ntic
ides
dife
naco
um a
nd
brod
ifaco
um w
ere
conf
irmed
in li
ver
tissu
e fr
om th
e bi
rd.
1202
3 F
ebru
ary
Tay
side
R
oden
ticid
e M
isus
e do
g T
his
inci
dent
invo
lved
a y
oung
dog
that
bec
ame
ill a
fter
inge
stin
g pa
rt o
f a r
oden
ticid
e fo
rmul
atio
n. T
he d
og's
ow
ners
live
on
a w
orki
ng fa
rm a
nd th
ey in
form
ed th
e fa
rmer
of t
he in
cide
nt.
A s
earc
h w
as u
nder
take
n to
en
sure
that
no
othe
r ba
its h
ad b
een
expo
sed.
The
dog
re
cove
red
afte
r ve
terin
ary
trea
tmen
t. 12
026
Feb
ruar
y G
ram
pian
B
rom
adio
lone
D
ifena
coum
T
raum
a sp
arro
wha
wk
and
a cr
ow
The
se b
irds
wer
e fo
und
in c
lose
pro
xim
ity to
one
an
othe
r in
a g
arde
n. T
he p
ost m
orte
m e
xam
inat
ion
findi
ngs
indi
cate
d th
at tr
aum
a w
as th
e lik
ely
caus
e of
th
eir
deat
hs.
The
opp
ortu
nity
was
take
n to
scr
een
for
evid
ence
of e
xpos
ure
to a
ntic
oagu
lant
rod
entic
ides
. Lo
w r
esid
ues
of b
rom
adio
lone
and
dife
naco
um w
ere
conf
irmed
in li
ver
tissu
e fr
om th
e sp
arro
wha
wk.
No
resi
dues
wer
e fo
und
in li
ver
tissu
e fr
om th
e cr
ow.
17
Ref
. M
on
th
Reg
ion
C
hem
ical
C
ateg
ory
S
pec
ies
Co
mm
ents
12
029
Feb
ruar
y G
ram
pian
B
rom
adio
lone
S
tarv
atio
n bu
zzar
d T
he d
eath
of t
his
buzz
ard
was
rep
orte
d to
the
polic
e by
a
mem
ber
of th
e pu
blic
. T
he p
ost m
orte
m e
xam
inat
ion
findi
ngs
sugg
este
d th
at s
tarv
atio
n w
as th
e lik
ely
caus
e of
dea
th.
A li
mite
d an
alyt
ical
inve
stig
atio
n re
veal
ed a
lo
w r
esid
ue o
f bro
mad
iolo
ne in
live
r tis
sue
from
the
buzz
ard.
12
030
Mar
ch
Hig
hlan
d B
rom
adio
lone
T
raum
a ta
wny
ow
l T
his
bird
was
foun
d, u
nabl
e to
fly,
on
the
driv
eway
of a
ho
tel.
It w
as ta
ken
into
car
e bu
t die
d a
few
day
s la
ter.
A
n ai
r gu
n pe
llet w
as r
ecov
ered
from
the
carc
ase
durin
g th
e po
st m
orte
m e
xam
inat
ion.
A v
ery
low
re
sidu
e of
bro
mad
iolo
ne w
as c
onfir
med
in li
ver
tissu
e fr
om th
e ow
l. 12
031
Feb
ruar
y B
orde
r M
ethi
ocar
b U
nspe
cifie
d bu
zzar
d an
d a
woo
d pi
geon
A b
uzza
rd w
as fo
und
dead
by
the
side
of a
pat
h. T
he
post
mor
tem
exa
nim
atio
n fa
iled
to e
stab
lish
the
caus
e of
dea
th.
The
ana
lytic
al in
vest
igat
ion
conf
irmed
re
sidu
es o
f the
car
bam
ate
inse
ctic
ide,
met
hioc
arb,
in
liver
tiss
ue a
nd g
izza
rd c
onte
nt m
ater
ial f
rom
the
buzz
ard.
A w
ood
pige
on c
arca
se w
as s
ubm
itted
fo
llow
ing
the
field
inve
stig
atio
n. H
owev
er, n
o m
ethi
ocar
b w
as fo
und
in th
e tis
sues
from
the
pige
on.
1203
3 Ja
nuar
y H
ighl
and
Bro
mad
iolo
ne
Bro
difa
coum
D
ifena
coum
Tra
uma
red
kite
F
ound
dea
d on
a r
ailw
ay tr
ack.
The
re w
ere
obvi
ous
sign
s of
trau
ma
note
d at
the
post
mor
tem
exa
min
atio
n bu
t the
pre
senc
e of
rec
ently
inge
sted
food
in th
e gu
llet
rais
ed s
uspi
cion
s of
pes
ticid
e po
ison
ing.
How
ever
, on
ly a
ntic
oagu
lant
rod
entic
ide
resi
dues
wer
e co
nfirm
ed
by th
e an
alyt
ical
inve
stig
atio
n.
1203
5 F
ebru
ary
Hig
hlan
d B
rom
adio
lone
D
ifena
coum
D
isea
se
buzz
ard
Fou
nd d
ead
in a
fiel
d. T
he p
ost m
orte
m e
xam
inat
ion
findi
ngs
indi
cate
d th
at d
isea
se w
as th
e lik
ely
caus
e of
de
ath.
Low
res
idue
s of
bro
mad
iolo
ne a
nd d
ifena
coum
w
ere
conf
irmed
in li
ver
tissu
e fr
om th
e bi
rd.
1203
8 M
arch
Lo
thia
n B
rom
adio
lone
C
oum
atet
raly
l B
rodi
faco
um
Tra
uma
fox
and
a bu
zzar
d A
mem
ber
of th
e pu
blic
rep
orte
d th
e pr
esen
ce o
f a
dead
buz
zard
and
fox
on th
e si
te o
f a d
isus
ed b
ing
to
the
polic
e. T
he a
naly
tical
inve
stig
atio
n re
veal
ed
resi
dues
of t
hree
ant
icoa
gula
nt r
oden
ticid
es in
the
liver
tis
sue
from
the
fox.
N
o ro
dent
icid
e re
sidu
es w
ere
foun
d in
the
buzz
ard.
18
Ref
. M
on
th
Reg
ion
C
hem
ical
C
ateg
ory
S
pec
ies
Co
mm
ents
12
040
Mar
ch
Gra
mpi
an
Bro
mad
iolo
ne
Sta
rvat
ion
haw
k T
his
bird
was
foun
d al
ive
but v
ery
wea
k. I
t die
d w
ithin
3
hour
s an
d th
e po
st m
orte
m e
xam
inat
ion
findi
ngs
sugg
este
d th
at s
tarv
atio
n w
as th
e lik
ely
caus
e of
dea
th.
A lo
w r
esid
ue o
f bro
mad
iolo
ne w
as d
etec
ted
in li
ver
tissu
e fr
om th
e bi
rd.
1204
2 M
arch
H
ighl
and
Ald
icar
b B
endi
ocar
b A
buse
go
lden
eag
le
Tw
o ye
ar o
ld r
adio
tagg
ed b
ird fo
und
dead
whe
n th
e ra
dio
sign
al h
ad b
een
stat
ic fo
r se
vera
l day
s. T
he p
ost
mor
tem
exa
min
atio
n re
veal
ed th
at th
e bi
rd’s
cro
p w
as
full
of r
ecen
tly in
gest
ed fo
od, s
ugge
stin
g th
e po
ssib
ility
of
pes
ticid
e po
ison
ing.
The
labo
rato
ry in
vest
igat
ion
conf
irmed
that
sus
pici
on b
y re
veal
ing
resi
dues
of t
wo
carb
amat
e in
sect
icid
es in
the
liver
tiss
ue a
nd c
rop
cont
ents
from
the
bird
. T
he p
olic
e in
vest
igat
ion
faile
d to
iden
tify
a cu
lprit
. T
his
cas
e is
now
clo
sed.
12
044
Mar
ch
Str
athc
lyde
C
arbo
fura
n
Isof
enph
os
Abu
se
cat
Thi
s ca
t die
d af
ter
the
sudd
en o
nset
of s
eizu
re.
The
an
alyt
ical
inve
stig
atio
n co
nfirm
ed th
e pr
esen
ce o
f re
sidu
es o
f car
bofu
ran,
and
its
met
abol
ite 3
-hy
drox
ycar
bofu
ran,
and
isof
enph
os in
the
stom
ach
cont
ent m
ater
ial.
Des
pite
inve
stig
atio
ns b
y S
cotti
sh
Gov
ernm
ent a
nd S
cotti
sh S
PC
A in
spec
tors
the
sour
ce
of th
e po
ison
has
not
bee
n es
tabl
ishe
d. I
n th
e ab
senc
e of
any
spe
cific
info
rmat
ion
this
cas
e is
now
clo
sed.
12
045
Mar
ch
Gra
mpi
an
Bro
mad
iolo
ne
Tra
uma
buzz
ard
Thi
s ca
rcas
e w
as fo
und
dire
ctly
bel
ow p
ower
line
s.
The
info
rman
t was
con
cern
ed th
at a
num
ber
of d
ead
buzz
ards
had
bee
n fo
und
in th
e ar
ea o
ver
rece
nt
mon
ths.
How
ever
, the
pos
t mor
tem
exa
min
atio
n fin
ding
s in
dica
ted
the
deat
h in
this
inst
ance
was
due
to
elec
troc
utio
n. T
he o
ppor
tuni
ty w
as ta
ken
to s
cree
n fo
r ev
iden
ce o
f exp
osur
e to
ant
icoa
gula
nt r
oden
ticid
es.
A
low
res
idue
of b
rom
adio
lone
was
con
firm
ed in
live
r tis
sue.
12
050
Mar
ch
Fife
B
rom
adio
lone
D
ifena
coum
B
ackg
roun
dbu
zzar
d F
ound
dea
d. T
he p
ost m
orte
m e
xam
inat
ion
faile
d to
de
term
ine
the
caus
e of
dea
th.
Low
res
idue
s of
br
omad
iolo
ne a
nd d
ifena
coum
wer
e co
nfirm
ed in
live
r tis
sue
from
the
bird
.
19
Ref
. M
on
th
Reg
ion
C
hem
ical
C
ateg
ory
S
pec
ies
Co
mm
ents
12
052
Mar
ch
Fife
B
rom
adio
lone
D
isea
se
dog
A y
oung
dog
esc
aped
from
a g
arde
n an
d w
as fo
und
dead
in a
fiel
d ab
out 2
0 m
iles
from
hom
e th
e ne
xt d
ay.
The
ana
lytic
al in
vest
igat
ion
conf
irmed
the
pres
ence
of
a lo
w r
esid
ue o
f bro
mad
iolo
ne in
live
r tis
sue
from
the
dog.
Whi
lst t
he r
esid
ue is
indi
cativ
e of
exp
osur
e to
the
chem
ical
, bro
mad
iolo
ne w
as n
ot th
ough
t to
be th
e ca
use
of d
eath
. 12
053
Mar
ch
Gra
mpi
an
Bro
mad
iolo
ne
Sta
rvat
ion
buzz
ard
Fou
nd d
ead
at th
e ed
ge o
f a s
trea
m b
y a
mem
ber
of
the
publ
ic.
Sta
rvat
ion
was
thou
ght t
o be
the
likel
y ca
use
of d
eath
. A
low
res
idue
of b
rom
adio
lone
was
id
entif
ied
in li
ver
tissu
e fr
om th
e bi
rd.
1205
7 A
pril
Dum
frie
s &
G
allo
way
B
rom
adio
lone
D
ifena
coum
U
nspe
cifie
d re
d ki
te
Thi
s re
d ki
te w
as fo
und
at a
Loc
h w
ith fi
sh h
ooks
in it
s ta
lons
. A
bdom
inal
hae
mor
rhag
e, p
roba
bly
from
the
ovar
y, w
as n
oted
dur
ing
the
post
mor
tem
exa
min
atio
n.
Res
idue
s of
tow
ant
icoa
gula
nt r
oden
ticid
es w
ere
conf
irmed
in li
ver
tissu
e fr
om th
e bi
rd.
The
br
omad
iolo
ne r
esid
ue w
as w
ithin
the
antic
ipat
ed le
thal
ra
nge
and
give
n th
e po
st m
orte
m fi
ndin
gs is
like
ly to
ha
ve c
ontr
ibut
ed to
the
deat
h of
this
bird
. 12
066
Apr
il B
orde
r B
rom
adio
lone
B
rodi
faco
um
Tra
uma
buzz
ard
Thi
s bi
rd w
as fo
und
dead
in a
fiel
d, c
lose
to e
lect
ricity
ca
bles
. Lo
w r
esid
ues
of tw
o an
ticoa
gula
nt r
oden
ticid
es
wer
e de
tect
ed in
live
r tis
sue
from
the
bird
. 12
069
Apr
il H
ighl
and
Bro
mad
iolo
ne
Dis
ease
ot
ter
A d
og w
alke
r fo
und
this
dea
d ot
ter
in u
nder
grow
th.
The
ana
lytic
al in
vest
igat
ion
conf
irmed
the
pres
ence
of
a si
gnifi
cant
res
idue
of b
rom
adio
lone
in li
ver
tissu
e.
How
ever
, in
this
inst
ance
pne
umon
ia is
thou
ght t
o ha
ve
been
the
caus
e of
dea
th.
1207
0 M
ay
Bor
der
Ben
dioc
arb
Abu
se
rave
n, c
row
, m
eat b
ait a
nd
2 ra
bbit
baits
Tw
o ra
vens
wer
e se
en b
esid
e a
smal
l pie
ce o
f mea
t.
One
of t
he b
irds
died
and
the
othe
r fle
w o
ff. A
sea
rch
of th
e ar
ea r
ecov
ered
the
skel
etal
rem
ains
of a
cro
w
and
2 ra
bbits
nea
rby.
The
ana
lytic
al in
vest
igat
ion
has
conf
irmed
res
idue
s of
ben
dioc
arb
in ti
ssue
s fr
om th
e ra
ven
and
on th
e pi
ece
of m
eat a
nd b
oth
rabb
it ca
rcas
es.
No
resi
dues
wer
e de
tect
ed in
the
crow
. T
he
polic
e in
vest
igat
ion
faile
d to
iden
tify
a cu
lprit
. T
his
case
is
now
clo
sed.
20
Ref
. M
on
th
Reg
ion
C
hem
ical
C
ateg
ory
S
pec
ies
Co
mm
ents
12
076
Apr
il T
aysi
de
Dife
naco
um
Uns
peci
fied
buzz
ard
Thi
s bu
zzar
d w
as fo
und
dead
in a
woo
ded
area
. N
o si
gnifi
cant
gro
ss a
bnor
mal
ities
wer
e de
tect
ed d
urin
g th
e po
st m
orte
m e
xam
inat
ion
and
cons
eque
ntly
the
caus
e of
dea
th w
as n
ot e
stab
lishe
d. T
he a
naly
tical
in
vest
igat
ion
iden
tifie
d a
sign
ifica
nt r
esid
ue o
f the
an
ticoa
gula
nt r
oden
ticid
e di
fena
coum
in li
ver
tissu
e fr
om th
e bi
rd.
12
077
May
T
aysi
de
Bro
mad
iolo
ne
Bro
difa
coum
B
ackg
roun
dbu
zzar
d T
his
bird
was
foun
d de
ad in
a fi
eld.
The
pos
t mor
tem
ex
amin
atio
n fa
iled
to e
stab
lish
the
caus
e of
dea
th.
Low
re
sidu
es o
f bro
mad
iolo
ne a
nd b
rodi
faco
um w
ere
conf
irmed
in li
ver
tissu
e fr
om th
e bu
zzar
d.
1207
8 A
pril
Tay
side
B
rom
adio
lone
T
raum
a bu
zzar
d T
he p
ost m
orte
m e
xam
inat
ion
findi
ngs
esta
blis
hed
that
tr
aum
a w
as th
e lik
ely
caus
e of
this
buz
zard
's d
eath
. A
lo
w r
esid
ue o
f bro
mad
iolo
ne w
as c
onfir
med
in li
ver
tissu
e fr
om th
e bi
rd.
1208
0 M
ay
Hig
hlan
d B
rom
adio
lone
T
raum
a do
g T
his
dog
was
foun
d de
ad o
n a
beac
h. T
he p
ost
mor
tem
exa
min
atio
n fin
ding
s re
veal
ed a
larg
e am
ount
of
blo
od in
the
dog'
s ab
dom
inal
cav
ity a
nd e
stab
lishe
d th
at b
lunt
ext
erna
l tra
uma
was
the
likel
y ca
use
of th
is
dog'
s de
ath.
A r
esid
ue o
f bro
mad
iolo
ne w
as
conf
irmed
in li
ver
tissu
e fr
om th
e do
g.
1208
2 M
ay
Tay
side
B
rom
adio
lone
D
ifena
coum
S
tarv
atio
n bu
zzar
d F
ound
dea
d. S
tarv
atio
n w
as id
entif
ied
as th
e lik
ely
caus
e of
dea
th a
t the
pos
t mor
tem
exa
min
atio
n. T
he
oppo
rtun
ity w
as ta
ken
to s
cree
n fo
r ev
iden
ce o
f ex
posu
re to
ant
icoa
gula
nt r
oden
ticid
es.
Low
res
idue
s of
bro
mad
iolo
ne a
nd d
ifena
coum
wer
e co
nfirm
ed in
liv
er ti
ssue
from
the
bird
. 12
086
May
Lo
thia
n B
rom
adio
lone
U
nspe
cifie
d bu
zzar
d T
his
bird
was
foun
d de
ad.
The
re w
ere
no s
igni
fican
t ab
norm
aliti
es n
oted
at t
he p
ost m
orte
m e
xam
inat
ion.
H
owev
er, a
rou
tine
scre
en fo
r ev
iden
ce o
f exp
osur
e to
an
ticoa
gula
nt r
oden
ticid
es r
evea
led
a si
gnifi
cant
re
sidu
e of
dife
naco
um in
live
r tis
sue
from
the
bird
. T
he
sour
ce o
f the
che
mic
al h
as n
ot b
een
esta
blis
hed.
21
Ref
. M
on
th
Reg
ion
C
hem
ical
C
ateg
ory
S
pec
ies
Co
mm
ents
12
087
June
H
ighl
and
Bro
mad
iolo
ne
Bac
kgro
und
2 pi
ne
mar
tens
T
hese
you
ng p
ine
mar
tens
wer
e fo
und
dead
in th
e co
ntro
l bui
ldin
g of
a p
ower
sub
stat
ion.
The
pos
t m
orte
m e
xam
inat
ion
faile
d to
est
ablis
h th
e ca
use
of
deat
h. T
he a
naly
tical
inve
stig
atio
n re
veal
ed lo
w
resi
dues
of b
rom
adio
lone
in li
ver
tissu
e fr
om e
ach
anim
al.
1209
1 Ju
ne
Tay
side
D
ifena
coum
B
ackg
roun
dre
d ki
te
The
chi
ck w
as fo
und
dead
in it
s ne
st.
The
re w
as
conc
ern
that
the
bird
may
hav
e be
en p
oiso
ned.
H
owev
er, t
he a
naly
tical
inve
stig
atio
n ha
s on
ly r
evea
led
a lo
w r
esid
ue o
f dife
naco
um in
live
r tis
sue
from
the
bird
. 12
097
June
S
trat
hcly
de
Ben
dioc
arb
Uns
peci
fied
herr
ing
gull
and
a bl
ackb
ird
A m
embe
r of
the
publ
ic r
epor
ted
findi
ng s
ever
al d
ead
bird
s to
the
polic
e. T
issu
es fr
om a
her
ring
gull
and
a bl
ackb
ird w
ere
subm
itted
for
post
mor
tem
exa
min
atio
n an
d su
bseq
uent
ana
lysi
s. R
esid
ues
of b
endi
ocar
b, a
ca
rbam
ate
inse
ctic
ide
curr
ently
app
rove
d fo
r th
e co
ntro
l of c
erta
in in
sect
spe
cies
, wer
e co
nfirm
ed in
tis
sues
from
bot
h bi
rds.
A p
olic
e in
vest
igat
ion
has
faile
d to
iden
tify
a cu
lprit
or
esta
blis
h th
e so
urce
of t
he
pois
on.
The
cas
e is
now
clo
sed.
B
01/1
2 Ju
ne
Loth
ian
Tet
ram
ethr
in
Uns
peci
fied
hone
y be
es
A p
est c
ontr
olle
r w
as c
alle
d to
dea
l with
a 'n
est o
f sm
all
horn
ets'
in a
n ov
er g
row
n ga
rden
. H
owev
er, a
bee
ke
eper
who
was
wor
king
in a
nei
ghbo
urin
g ga
rden
no
ticed
the
rem
ains
of a
sw
arm
of h
oney
bee
s ha
ngin
g fr
om a
low
bra
nch
of a
shr
ub a
nd w
as c
once
rned
that
th
e be
es h
ad b
een
spra
yed.
The
ana
lytic
al
inve
stig
atio
n re
veal
ed a
res
idue
of t
etra
met
hrin
on
the
sam
ple
of b
ees
subm
itted
. T
etra
met
hrin
is n
ot
appr
oved
for
use
on h
oney
bee
s. H
owev
er, t
he fi
eld
inve
stig
atio
n fa
iled
to p
rovi
de a
ny e
vide
nce
to id
entif
y th
e so
urce
of t
his
chem
ical
. T
he p
est c
ontr
olle
r ha
s be
en in
form
ed th
at p
rodu
cts
cont
aini
ng te
tram
ethr
in
are
not a
ppro
ved
for
use
on h
oney
bee
s an
d ha
s be
en
issu
ed w
ith a
cop
y of
the
Cod
e of
Pra
ctic
e re
latin
g to
th
e co
ntro
l of f
eral
hon
ey b
ees.
No
furt
her
actio
n w
ill
be ta
ken
in th
is in
stan
ce.
22
Ref
. M
on
th
Reg
ion
C
hem
ical
C
ateg
ory
S
pec
ies
Co
mm
ents
B
03/1
2 Ju
ne
Fife
P
yrac
lost
robi
n M
isus
e ho
ney
bees
A
farm
er tr
eate
d a
field
of w
heat
with
a fu
ngic
ide
with
out i
nfor
min
g th
e be
e ke
eper
. T
he b
ees
reco
vere
d w
hen
the
wea
ther
impr
oved
12
103
July
S
trat
hcly
de
Car
bofu
ran
Isof
enph
os
Abu
se
cat
Thi
s is
the
seco
nd c
at f
rom
the
sam
e ho
useh
old
to d
ie
in s
uspi
ciou
s ci
rcum
stan
ces
(cf.
inci
dent
120
44).
Des
pite
inve
stig
atio
ns b
y S
cotti
sh G
over
nmen
t and
S
cotti
sh S
PC
A in
spec
tors
the
sour
ce o
f the
poi
son
has
not b
een
esta
blis
hed.
The
cas
e is
now
clo
sed.
12
104
July
D
umfr
ies
&
Gal
low
ay
Bro
mad
iolo
ne
Dife
naco
um
Bro
difa
coum
Bac
kgro
und
red
kite
T
his
bird
was
foun
d al
ive
in a
fiel
d bu
t die
d so
on a
fter.
T
he p
ost m
orte
m e
xam
inat
ion
and
labo
rato
ry a
naly
sis
faile
d to
est
ablis
h th
e ca
use
of d
eath
. H
owev
er, l
ow
resi
dues
of b
rom
adio
lone
, dife
naco
um a
nd
brod
ifaco
um w
ere
conf
irmed
in li
ver
tissu
e fr
om th
e bi
rd.
12
112
Aug
ust
Gra
mpi
an
Cou
mat
etra
lyl
Bac
kgro
und
2 do
gs
The
se d
ogs
wer
e fo
und
colla
psed
in a
van
on
a ho
t da
y. R
esid
ues
of c
oum
atet
raly
l wer
e co
nfirm
ed in
live
r tis
sue
from
bot
h do
gs.
How
ever
, ant
icoa
gula
nt
rode
ntic
ide
pois
onin
g w
as n
ot th
ough
t to
be th
e ca
use
of d
eath
. 12
115
Aug
ust
Hig
hlan
d D
ifena
coum
U
nspe
cifie
d re
d ki
te
Thi
s bi
rd w
as fo
und
dead
by
a m
embe
r of
the
publ
ic.
The
pos
t mor
tem
exa
min
atio
n re
veal
ed th
at th
e liv
er
was
pal
e an
d fa
tty.
The
ana
lytic
al in
vest
igat
ion
conf
irmed
the
pres
ence
of a
sig
nific
ant r
esid
ue o
f di
fena
coum
in th
e liv
er ti
ssue
. T
he s
ourc
e of
the
chem
ical
has
not
bee
n es
tabl
ishe
d.
1211
8 Ju
ly
Bor
der
Dife
naco
um
Abu
se
bait
A m
embe
r of
the
publ
ic c
onta
cted
the
polic
e to
rep
ort
findi
ng d
og b
iscu
its w
ith r
ed c
olou
red
seed
s in
side
th
em in
a p
ublic
par
k. T
he a
naly
tical
inve
stig
atio
n co
nfirm
ed th
at th
e bi
scui
ts h
ad b
een
cont
amin
ated
with
a
grai
n ba
sed
antic
oagu
lant
rod
entic
ide
form
ulat
ion
cont
aini
ng d
ifena
coum
. T
he s
ourc
e of
the
chem
ical
ha
s no
t bee
n es
tabl
ishe
d.
1212
7 S
epte
mbe
r S
trat
hcly
de
Bro
mad
iolo
ne
Dife
naco
um
Bro
difa
coum
Sta
rvat
ion
buzz
ard
Thi
s bi
rd w
as fo
und
dead
in a
n ar
ea w
here
ther
e is
a
hist
ory
of p
estic
ide
abus
e. H
owev
er, i
n th
is in
stan
ce
only
low
res
idue
s of
bro
mad
iolo
ne, d
ifena
coum
and
br
odifa
coum
wer
e de
tect
ed in
live
r tis
sue
from
the
bird
.
23
Ref
. M
on
th
Reg
ion
C
hem
ical
C
ateg
ory
S
pec
ies
Co
mm
ents
T
he p
ost m
orte
m e
xam
inat
ion
findi
ngs
sugg
este
d th
at
star
vatio
n w
as th
e lik
ely
caus
e of
dea
th.
1212
8 S
epte
mbe
r T
aysi
de
Bro
mad
iolo
ne
App
rove
d do
g T
his
was
one
of f
our
dogs
that
pre
sent
ed w
ith v
omiti
ng,
diar
rhoe
a an
d ge
nera
l mal
aise
. A
bro
mad
iolo
ne
rode
ntic
ide
prod
uct w
as b
eing
use
d in
the
gara
ge o
f th
e pr
oper
ty.
The
dog
s sh
owed
som
e im
prov
emen
t ov
er th
e ne
xt 3
6 ho
urs.
How
ever
, one
dog
pro
duce
d bl
ood-
tinge
d vo
mitu
s pr
ompt
ing
vete
rinar
y tr
eatm
ent
with
vita
min
K b
ut d
ied
12 h
ours
late
r. A
ver
y lo
w
resi
due
of b
rom
adio
lone
was
con
firm
ed in
live
r tis
sue
from
this
dog
. T
he c
ircum
stan
ces
sugg
est t
hat
brom
adio
lone
poi
soni
ng m
ay h
ave
cont
ribut
ed to
the
deat
h of
this
dog
. 12
131
Sep
tem
ber
Fife
B
rom
adio
lone
T
raum
a w
hite
taile
d ea
gle
Thi
s bi
rd w
as fo
und
dead
, was
hed
up o
n a
beac
h. T
he
post
mor
tem
exa
min
atio
n fin
ding
s sh
owed
evi
denc
e of
tr
aum
atic
inju
ry.
The
ana
lytic
al in
vest
igat
ion
reve
aled
a
low
res
idue
of b
rom
adio
lone
in th
e liv
er ti
ssue
. 12
133
Sep
tem
ber
Tay
side
B
rom
adio
lone
S
tarv
atio
n bu
zzar
d A
sat
ellit
e-ta
gged
buz
zard
foun
d de
ad b
y th
e ro
adsi
de.
The
pos
t mor
tem
exa
min
atio
n fin
ding
s su
gges
ted
star
vatio
n w
as th
e lik
ely
caus
e of
dea
th.
Onl
y a
very
lo
w r
esid
ue o
f bro
mad
iolo
ne w
as c
onfir
med
in li
ver
tissu
e fr
om th
e bu
zzar
d.
1213
8 S
epte
mbe
r G
ram
pian
C
arbo
fura
n
Abu
se
buzz
ard
Thi
s bi
rd w
as fo
und
float
ing
in a
riv
er b
y a
mem
ber
of
the
publ
ic w
ho w
as fi
shin
g. T
he p
ost m
orte
m
exam
inat
ion
findi
ngs
reve
aled
a s
igni
fican
t qua
ntity
of
part
ly d
iges
ted
bird
rem
ains
in th
e gi
zzar
d. T
he
anal
ytic
al in
vest
igat
ion
conf
irmed
res
idue
s of
ca
rbof
uran
in th
e liv
er a
nd g
ulle
t con
tent
s fr
om th
e bi
rd.
The
pol
ice
inve
stig
atio
n ha
s fa
iled
to id
entif
y a
culp
rit o
r es
tabl
ish
the
sour
ce o
f the
poi
son.
The
cas
e is
clo
sed.
12
143
Oct
ober
C
entr
al
Bro
mad
iolo
ne
Sta
rvat
ion
buzz
ard
Buz
zard
foun
d de
ad a
fter
bein
g se
en in
poo
r co
nditi
on
the
day
befo
re.
The
pos
t mor
tem
exa
min
atio
n ev
iden
ce s
ugge
sted
that
sta
rvat
ion
was
the
likel
y ca
use
of d
eath
. T
he a
naly
tical
inve
stig
atio
n re
veal
ed a
ve
ry lo
w r
esid
ue o
f bro
mad
iolo
ne in
the
liver
tiss
ue.
24
Ref
. M
on
th
Reg
ion
C
hem
ical
C
ateg
ory
S
pec
ies
Co
mm
ents
12
144
Oct
ober
Lo
thia
n B
rom
adio
lone
S
tarv
atio
n fo
x O
ne o
f tw
o fo
xes
foun
d de
ad.
The
pos
t mor
tem
ex
amin
atio
n fin
ding
s su
gges
ted
that
sta
rvat
ion
was
the
likel
y ca
use
of d
eath
. O
nly
a ve
ry lo
w r
esid
ue o
f br
omad
iolo
ne w
as c
onfir
med
in li
ver
tissu
e fr
om th
e an
imal
. 12
145
Oct
ober
T
aysi
de
Bro
mad
iolo
ne
Bac
kgro
und
red
kite
T
his
bird
was
foun
d de
ad, b
esid
e a
river
, by
a m
embe
r of
the
publ
ic.
The
pos
t mor
tem
exa
min
atio
n an
d la
bora
tory
ana
lysi
s fa
iled
to e
stab
lish
the
caus
e of
de
ath.
How
ever
, a lo
w r
esid
ue o
f bro
mad
iolo
ne w
as
conf
irmed
in li
ver
tissu
e fr
om th
e bi
rd.
12
148
Oct
ober
G
ram
pian
D
ifena
coum
B
rom
adio
lone
B
rodi
faco
um
C
oum
atet
raly
l
Mis
use
dog
Thi
s in
cide
nt in
volv
ed th
e su
dden
dea
th o
f a p
revi
ousl
y he
alth
y w
orki
ng d
og.
The
pos
t mor
tem
exa
min
atio
n re
veal
ed m
uch
uncl
otte
d bl
ood
and
evid
ence
of
haem
orrh
agin
g in
the
carc
ase.
The
ana
lytic
al
inve
stig
atio
n co
nfirm
ed th
e pr
esen
ce o
f a s
igni
fican
t re
sidu
e of
dife
naco
um a
nd tr
aces
of 3
oth
er
rode
ntic
ides
in li
ver
tissu
e fr
om th
e do
g. A
n in
vest
igat
ion,
und
erta
ken
by S
cotti
sh G
over
nmen
t ag
ricul
tura
l sta
ff, e
stab
lishe
d th
at a
rod
entic
ide
form
ulat
ion
cont
aini
ng d
ifena
coum
was
in u
se w
ithin
a
stra
w s
tack
on
the
farm
. It
was
con
clud
ed th
at
alth
ough
all
of th
e ap
prop
riate
pre
caut
ions
wer
e th
ough
t to
have
bee
n ta
ken,
the
dog
had
died
follo
win
g ac
cide
ntal
exp
osur
e to
the
dife
naco
um p
rodu
ct.
12
153
Feb
ruar
y T
aysi
de
Bro
mad
iolo
ne
Tra
uma
fox
The
opp
ortu
nity
was
take
n to
scr
een
this
sho
t fox
for
evid
ence
of e
xpos
ure
to a
ntic
oagu
lant
rod
entic
ides
. T
he a
naly
sis
conf
irmed
a r
esid
ue o
f bro
mad
iolo
ne in
th
e liv
er ti
ssue
. 12
154
Mar
ch
Fife
B
rom
adio
lone
T
raum
a fo
x T
his
fox
had
been
sho
t. A
res
idue
of b
rom
adio
lone
w
as c
onfir
med
in li
ver
tissu
e.
1215
5 O
ctob
er
Loth
ian
Bro
mad
iolo
ne
Bro
difa
coum
T
raum
a fo
x T
hree
sho
t fox
es s
ubm
itted
for
antic
oagu
lant
ro
dent
icid
e an
alys
is.
The
ana
lysi
s co
nfirm
ed r
esid
ues
of b
rom
adio
lone
and
bro
difa
coum
in li
ver
tissu
e fr
om
one
of th
e an
imal
s.
25
Ref
. M
on
th
Reg
ion
C
hem
ical
C
ateg
ory
S
pec
ies
Co
mm
ents
12
158
Nov
embe
r G
ram
pian
B
rom
adio
lone
S
tarv
atio
n bu
zzar
d T
his
bird
was
foun
d de
ad b
y a
mem
ber
of th
e pu
blic
. T
he p
ost m
orte
m e
xam
inat
ion
reve
aled
that
sta
rvat
ion
was
the
likel
y ca
use
of d
eath
. T
he a
naly
tical
in
vest
igat
ion
conf
irmed
the
pres
ence
of a
low
res
idue
of
bro
mad
iolo
ne in
live
r tis
sue
from
the
bird
. 12
165
Nov
embe
r S
trat
hcly
de
Bro
mad
iolo
ne
Dife
naco
um
Bac
kgro
und
pere
grin
e fa
lcon
T
he p
ereg
rine
falc
on w
as fo
und
dead
. F
ood
was
foun
d in
the
mou
th d
urin
g th
e po
st m
orte
m e
xam
inat
ion.
H
owev
er, t
he a
naly
tical
inve
stig
atio
n re
veal
ed n
o ev
iden
ce to
impl
icat
e pe
stic
ide
pois
onin
g w
ith th
e de
ath
of th
is b
ird.
Ver
y lo
w r
esid
ues
of b
rom
adio
lone
an
d di
fena
coum
wer
e co
nfirm
ed in
live
r tis
sue
from
the
bird
. B
05/1
2 N
ovem
ber
Str
athc
lyde
F
luva
linat
e P
ropi
cona
zole
B
ackg
roun
dho
ney
bees
D
ead
hone
y be
es w
ere
foun
d in
fron
t of h
ives
3 d
ays
afte
r th
e hi
ves
had
been
trea
ted
with
an
oxal
ic a
cid
form
ulat
ion.
A r
outin
e sc
reen
for
pest
icid
es, e
xclu
ding
ox
alic
aci
d, r
evea
led
the
pres
ence
of l
ow r
esid
ues
of
fluva
linat
e an
d pr
opic
onaz
ole.
Nei
ther
che
mic
al w
as
cons
ider
ed to
be
haza
rdou
s to
the
bees
at t
he le
vels
de
tect
ed.
12
167
Dec
embe
r B
orde
r B
rom
adio
lone
D
ifena
coum
S
tarv
atio
n he
ron
and
a ba
dger
A
dog
wal
ker
foun
d pi
eces
of e
gg s
hell
clos
e to
a d
ead
hero
n an
d ba
dger
in a
woo
d. T
here
was
con
cern
that
th
e an
imal
s ha
d be
en p
oiso
ned.
The
pos
t mor
tem
ex
amin
atio
n fin
ding
s in
dica
ted
that
sta
rvat
ion
may
hav
e be
en r
espo
nsib
le fo
r th
e de
aths
. A
n ex
tens
ive
anal
ytic
al in
vest
igat
ion
faile
d to
rev
eal a
ny e
vide
nce
of
pest
icid
e po
ison
ing.
Res
idue
s of
the
antic
oagu
lant
ro
dent
icid
es b
rom
adio
lone
and
dife
naco
um w
ere
conf
irmed
in li
ver
tissu
e fr
om b
oth
anim
als.
12
168
Dec
embe
r S
trat
hcly
de
Bro
mad
iolo
ne
Sta
rvat
ion
buzz
ard
A m
embe
r of
the
publ
ic r
epor
ted
findi
ng th
is d
ead
buzz
ard
in w
oodl
and
whe
re th
ere
was
bel
ieve
d to
hav
e be
en r
ecen
t sho
otin
g ac
tivity
. H
owev
er, s
tarv
atio
n w
as
cons
ider
ed to
be
the
caus
e of
dea
th a
fter
the
post
m
orte
m e
xam
inat
ion.
The
ana
lytic
al in
vest
igat
ion
conf
irmed
the
pres
ence
of a
low
res
idue
of
brom
adio
lone
in li
ver
tissu
e.
26
Ref
. M
on
th
Reg
ion
C
hem
ical
C
ateg
ory
S
pec
ies
Co
mm
ents
12
170
Dec
embe
r D
umfr
ies
&
Gal
low
ay
Car
bofu
ran
Isof
enph
os
(Dife
naco
um
Bro
difa
coum
)
Abu
se
buzz
ard
and
a ph
easa
nt
bait
A m
embe
r of
the
publ
ic fo
und
a dy
ing
buzz
ard
clos
e to
a
phea
sant
car
case
. T
he b
uzza
rd d
ied
shor
tly a
fter
and
the
anal
ytic
al in
vest
igat
ion
conf
irmed
res
idue
s of
ca
rbof
uran
, and
its
met
abol
ite 3
-hyd
roxy
carb
ofur
an, i
n th
e liv
er a
nd s
tom
ach
cont
ent f
rom
the
buzz
ard.
R
esid
ues
of c
arbo
fura
n, 3
-hyd
roxy
carb
ofur
an a
nd
isof
enph
os w
ere
foun
d in
the
sam
ple
anal
ysed
from
the
phea
sant
car
case
. L
ow r
esid
ues
of b
rom
adio
lone
and
di
fena
coum
wer
e al
so d
etec
ted
in th
e liv
er ti
ssue
from
th
e bu
zzar
d. A
gam
ekee
per
was
fine
d a
tota
l of £
4,45
0 at
Str
anra
er S
herif
f Cou
rt a
fter
adm
ittin
g fo
ur
cont
rave
ntio
ns o
f the
Wild
life
and
Cou
ntry
side
Act
in
clud
ing
pois
onin
g a
buzz
ard
and
poss
essi
ng il
lega
l pe
stic
ides
. In
cide
nt 1
3038
rel
ates
to th
is c
ase.
12
173
Dec
embe
r S
trat
hcly
de
Car
bofu
ran
Abu
se
dog
A d
og w
as fo
und
dead
. T
he o
wne
r su
spec
ted
foul
pla
y an
d in
volv
ed th
e po
lice.
The
ana
lytic
al in
vest
igat
ion
iden
tifie
d re
sidu
es o
f car
bofu
ran,
and
its
met
abol
ite 3
-hy
drox
ycar
bofu
ran,
in th
e st
omac
h co
nten
t mat
eria
l fr
om th
e do
g. T
he fi
eld
inve
stig
atio
n fa
iled
to id
entif
y th
e so
urce
of t
he c
hem
ical
. T
he e
nqui
ry is
now
clo
sed.
12
176
Sep
tem
ber
Fife
D
ifena
coum
M
isus
e do
g (s
till
aliv
e)
Thi
s in
cide
nt r
elat
es to
the
impr
oper
use
of a
di
fena
coum
-bas
ed r
at p
oiso
n in
an
urba
n si
tuat
ion.
A
dog
gain
ed a
cces
s to
the
pois
on, w
hich
had
bee
n la
id
by a
nei
ghbo
ur w
ithou
t the
nec
essa
ry p
reca
utio
ns to
pr
even
t acc
ess
by n
on ta
rget
spe
cies
. D
espi
te p
olic
e in
volv
emen
t the
re w
as in
suffi
cien
t evi
denc
e to
pro
gres
s a
pros
ecut
ion.
The
cas
e is
now
clo
sed
12
177
Feb
ruar
y T
aysi
de
Car
bofu
ran
Abu
se
chem
ical
A
sm
all g
lass
jar
cont
aini
ng a
qua
ntity
of b
lue
gran
ules
w
as fo
und
on fo
rest
ry la
nd th
at h
ad b
een
rece
ntly
cle
ar
felle
d in
Tay
side
. T
he a
naly
tical
inve
stig
atio
n co
nfirm
ed th
e ac
tive
ingr
edie
nt o
n th
e gr
anul
es to
be
carb
ofur
an.
How
ever
, as
no c
ulpr
it ha
s be
en id
entif
ied
no fu
rthe
r in
vest
igat
ion
will
be
unde
rtak
en in
this
in
stan
ce.
1
A
s s
om
e in
cid
ent
inve
stig
atio
ns
are
on
go
ing
at
the
tim
e o
f p
ub
licat
ion
of
this
rep
ort
, o
nly
lim
ited
in
form
atio
n h
as b
een
pro
vid
ed.
In
cid
ents
up
dat
es w
ill b
e p
ub
lish
ed o
n
the
SA
SA
web
site
(h
ttp
://w
ww
.sas
a.g
ov.
uk
/an
imal
-po
iso
nin
g-r
epo
rts)
as
furt
her
info
rmat
ion
bec
om
es a
vaila
ble
.
27
28
APPENDIX III REGIONS IN SCOTLAND USED TO CLASSIFY INCIDENTS
Photography and cover design by SASA Photography Services
© Crown copyright 2013
ISBN: 978-1-78412-111-2
This document is also available on the Scottish Government website:www.scotland.gov.uk
APS Group Scotland DPPAS15112 (11/13)
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