IntroductionIntroduction

Pest –Responsible for man’s Pest –Responsible for man’s possession, attacking.possession, attacking.

Several kinds of pests around him.Several kinds of pests around him. Natural enemies of agriculture.Natural enemies of agriculture. Nightmare of Indian farmer.Nightmare of Indian farmer.

PesticidePesticideDefinition:Definition: The FAO defines pesticide as any The FAO defines pesticide as any

substance intended for preventing substance intended for preventing , destroying ,repelling , attracting any , destroying ,repelling , attracting any pest including harm.pest including harm.

During –production ,processing etc.During –production ,processing etc.

Any substance-before or after harvest to Any substance-before or after harvest to product the commodity.the term product the commodity.the term fertilizers ,plant ,animal nutrients and fertilizers ,plant ,animal nutrients and food additivesfood additives

Pesticide residue concernPesticide residue concern

Detection is easyDetection is easy

Organochlorine insecticide –most Organochlorine insecticide –most notorious because, long persistence notorious because, long persistence nature.nature.

Presence of pesticidePresence of pesticide

Drinking water ,milk ,beverages etc.Drinking water ,milk ,beverages etc.

Considered as poisonous adulterants Considered as poisonous adulterants in food above prescribed level ads in food above prescribed level ads illegal.illegal.

Suspected health risks to humans.Suspected health risks to humans.

AAll ll IIndia ndia CCoordinated oordinated RResearch projects esearch projects (AICRPs) during research.(AICRPs) during research.

1995 -1998 4000 sample vegetable 1995 -1998 4000 sample vegetable 55% pesticide residue.55% pesticide residue.

2001 61% of 712 vegetable sample.2001 61% of 712 vegetable sample. Exceed 11% of MRL values.Exceed 11% of MRL values.

Bovine milk 52% contaminated by Bovine milk 52% contaminated by DDT ,94% HCNDDT ,94% HCN

Insecticide and their Insecticide and their restrictionsrestrictions

S.NO Insecticide Remark

1. DDT(oc) Banned (for use in agriculture)

1989

2. Endrin 1990

3. HCN January 1997

4. Parathion Restricted 1999

5. Methyl bromide Restricted 2001

Food safety concernsFood safety concerns

In USA Pilot studyIn USA Pilot study

-perception & behavior in response -perception & behavior in response to this new risk information.to this new risk information.

-companies are – offer vegetables -companies are – offer vegetables without pesticide at double prices.without pesticide at double prices.

Food safety Risk analysisFood safety Risk analysis

It refers to the levels of acceptable It refers to the levels of acceptable risk by different nations.risk by different nations.

European community –considering European community –considering zero risk factor in food.zero risk factor in food.

Ecological magnification of Ecological magnification of pesticidepesticide

Another name –Another name –Biomagnifications ,bioconcentratiBiomagnifications ,bioconcentration ,bioaccumulationon ,bioaccumulation..

Fat solubleFat soluble

substancessubstances

Suspended organicsSuspended organics

InvertebratesInvertebrates

FishFish

OCOC

Fat tissues(10-10,000) Fat tissues(10-10,000)

DDTDDT

MarshesMarshes

Control the mosquitoControl the mosquito

Mosquito larvaMosquito larva

fishfish

Eating womenEating women

DDT Residue in breast milkDDT Residue in breast milk

Pesticide residue in food Pesticide residue in food commoditiescommodities

January 1 ,1995 successor to GATTJanuary 1 ,1995 successor to GATT

(General agreement on tariffs and (General agreement on tariffs and Trade) Trade)

Fortune opportunity to export raw & Fortune opportunity to export raw & processed agricultural pts.processed agricultural pts.

In 1996 AIBA detect our consignment In 1996 AIBA detect our consignment of tea ,rice ,fruits etc.of tea ,rice ,fruits etc.

Importing western countries due to Importing western countries due to their high pesticide residuetheir high pesticide residue

‘‘Darjeeling gold brand’ of tea exported Darjeeling gold brand’ of tea exported to Germany by Indian tea market.to Germany by Indian tea market.

In 1995 rejected.In 1995 rejected.

Health hazards from pesticide Health hazards from pesticide residueresidue

Above the tolerance level harmful to Above the tolerance level harmful to human beings.human beings.

Like the neurological & Like the neurological & psychological problems.psychological problems.

Chronic toxicities cause by pesticide.Chronic toxicities cause by pesticide.

Pesticide regulation Pesticide regulation frameworkframework

Mammalian toxicity cause by Mammalian toxicity cause by improper handling ,users etc.improper handling ,users etc.

The codex Alimentarius is a The codex Alimentarius is a collection of internationally adopted collection of internationally adopted food standards , maximum residue food standards , maximum residue limit for pesticides & other aspects.limit for pesticides & other aspects.

Pesticide residue research Pesticide residue research & planning organization& planning organization

In 1984 –monitoring of pesticide residue In 1984 –monitoring of pesticide residue in raw & processed food by ICAR.in raw & processed food by ICAR.

Head office at Delhi.Head office at Delhi.

Assistant director general (PFA) is Assistant director general (PFA) is responsible for MRL values.responsible for MRL values.

In 1972 400 peoples reportedly died In 1972 400 peoples reportedly died in Iraq by eating of bread.in Iraq by eating of bread.

Cereals treated with fungicide.Cereals treated with fungicide.

PFA Rules:PFA Rules:

Provides monitoring of pesticide Provides monitoring of pesticide residues.residues.

Soil and water.Soil and water.

Enforcement of tolerance limits by Enforcement of tolerance limits by the state and central government.the state and central government.

Insecticide Act:Insecticide Act:

Objective:Objective:

- Regulate import ,manufacture ,sale - Regulate import ,manufacture ,sale ,transport ,distribution use ,transport ,distribution use of pesticide.of pesticide.

- CAC joint with FAO and WHO- CAC joint with FAO and WHO

ConclusionConclusion