Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR)...sheep and goats. Clinically, the disease is characterized by high...

Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR)(Goat Plague)

Prepared byV. Balamurugan, K. Vinod Kumar, S. Sowjanya Kumari,

Bibitha Varghese, G. Govindaraj and K. P. SureshIndian Council of Agricultural Research - National Institute of

Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI)(ISO 9001 - 2015 certified)

Bengaluru, Karnataka, INDIA

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ICAR-NIVEDI / Tech. Bulletin / 2019

What is Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR)?Peste des petits ruminants (PPR), otherwise known as “Small ruminant

plague”, is an acute, highly contagious and transboundary viral disease of sheep and goats. Clinically, the disease is characterized by high fever (pyrexia), oculonasal discharges, necrotizing and erosive stomatitis, gastro enteritis, diarrhoea and bronchopneumonia, followed by either death of the animal or recovery from the disease. PPR is widespread and devastating disease of small ruminants with significant impact on economy and food security of the country. The PPR is a major constraint and affects productivity of small ruminant and it is considered endemic in Africa, in Arabian Peninsula, East-middle east, central and south East Asia. It is one of the priority diseases indicated in the FAO-OIE Global Framework for the Progressive Control of Transboundary Animal Diseases (GF-TADs) and considering the importance of sheep and goats in food security and socio-economic growth, FAO and OIE jointly launched an international plan for control and eradication of PPR by 2030.

What is the etiology of PPR?The disease is caused by small ruminant morbillivirus (SRMV) or PPR

virus (PPRV), a paramyxovirus, classified under the genus Morbillivirus within the family Paramyxoviridae under the order Mononegavirales. PPRV is an enveloped pleomorphic particle and the genome is a negative sense single stranded-RNA, approximately 16 kb long with a gene arrangement in the order of 3’ N–P/C/V–M–F–H–L 5’ and follows the “rule-of-six”. It consists of six transcriptional units encoding two non-structural proteins (V, C) and six structural proteins: the surface glycoproteins which include fusion (F) and haemagglutinin (H) proteins, the matrix protein (M), the nucleoprotein (N), and the phosphoprotein (P) which forms the polymerase complex in association with large (L) protein.

Sequences and phylogenetic analyses based on F and N gene of the different PPRV isolates / strains from different parts of the world has defined the presence of four (I, II, II & IV) different lineages of virus: lineage 1 in West Africa (Nigeria, Senegal, Burkina Faso), lineage 2 in Guinea, Cote d’Ivoire, Ghana, lineage 3 in Eastern Africa (Sudan, Ethiopia, Yemen Oman), and lineage 4 in Arabian Peninsula, the Middle East, Asia including India and some African countries like Morocco, Cameroon, Gabon.

Which are the hosts / species susceptible for PPR?• The PPR virus affects sheep and goats predominantly, animals between

four months to one year of age are generally more susceptible to PPR.• Wildlife host range is not fully understood, however, the disease has

been documented in captive wild ungulates: Dorcas gazelle (Gazelle

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dorcas), Thomson’s gazelles (Gazella thomsoni), Nubian ibex (Capra ibex nubiana), Laristan sheep (Ovis gmelini laristanica) and gemsbok (Oryxgazella), Himalayan Bharal or Himalayan blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur), the American white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) or Chowsingha (Tetracerus quadricornis), member of the subfamily Bovinae.

• Sero-conversion is noticed in cattle and pigs, following contact with the sick sheep and goats and these animals undergo sub-clinical or inapparent infections without showing any predominant clinical symptoms and do not transmit disease ie., the virus does not spread to other in-contact animals. In camels the disease may be associated with similar events.

• No carrier state is reported so far in any of these species.

How PPR is getting transmitted in animals?• Like other morbillivirus infections, PPRV needs close contact between

infected and susceptible animals to spread because of either the labile nature of the virus outside the host or low resistance of the virus in the environment.

• Like other morbilliviruses, PPR virus is fragile and cannot survive for long time outside the host, but survives for long periods in chilled and frozen tissues. Its half-life has been estimated to be 2.2 min at 56°C and 3.3 h at 37°C. The virus is inactivated at 50°C for 60 min. PPR virus has been found to be sensitive to ether or similar lipid solvent agents. However, the virus is relatively stable between pH 5.8 to 10.0.

• Significant quantities of virus are excreted in the secretions (the discharges from eyes, nose and mouth, as well the faeces and coughed secretions) of incubating and sick or affected animals during the course of infection and are the important source of infection.

• These discharges form fine infectious droplets in the air particularly when the affected animals cough and sneeze. Animals in close contact inhale the droplets and are likely to become infected.

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• The principal route of transmission of PPR virus is the inhalation of infectious aerosol.

• Fomites may be the means of spreading infection. The infectious materials can also contaminate water and feed troughs and bedding, turning them into additional sources of infection. However, this mode of transmission seems to be less important since the PPRV is not expected to survive for long outside the host.

• Trade of small ruminants at markets where animals from different sources are brought into close contact with one another favours PPR transmission, as the case with the development of intensive fattening units of sheep and goats by the farmers, especially grow in and grow out method of rearing.

• Wild ruminants have been suspected to play a role in spreading of the disease

What may be the sources of infection?• Contact of healthy stock with sick animals• Migration and mixing with unknown flocks of goats and sheep• Improper disposal of dying animals during migration, which then

become source of infection for nearby healthy animals• Mixing of diseased and healthy animals in animal markets during trade• Selling sick animals to the local farmers who mix it with their healthy

flocks• Returning of the unsold animals from trade market to the healthy flock

again.

What are the factors involved in PPR epidemiology?• Variation in the annual occurrence of the disease may be due to

interaction of various factors including host, agent or environment

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• Morbidity and mortality rates are lower in adult animals in endemic areas than young ones. Morbidity rate in susceptible populations can reach 90–100%.

• Mortality rates vary among susceptible animals but can reach 50–100% in more severe instances.

• Climatic factors favourable for the survival and spread of the virus may also contribute to the seasonal distribution of PPR outbreaks.

• Seasonal occurrence of the disease was correlated with the animal movements and climatic factors. More frequent outbreaks occur during the rainy season or the dry cold or wet season or seasonal periods of increased local trade.

• Outbreaks tend to be associated with contact of immuno-naive animals with animals from endemic areas.

• In addition to occurring in extensive-migratory populations, PPR can also occur in village and urban settings though the number of animals is usually too small to maintain the virus in these situations.

• Presence of even a single reservoir in any area may result in new outbreaks which may spread to neighbouring areas.

• Most of the researchers have linked the PPR outbreak with introduction of new animals to the flocks.

When PPR infection can be suspected in sheep and goats?• Sudden rise in body temperature (40–41°C) with effects on the general

state: animals become depressed or restless, anorexic and develop a dry muzzle and dull coat.

• Pyrexia can last for 3–5 days.• Serous discharge from eyes, nose and mouth• Redding of mucous membranes of eyes and mouth.• The rectal temperature reaches to a peak of 40-42°C within 3-4 days

after dullness, which persists up to 4th to 6th day after the onset of the disease.

• Discrete, tiny, greyish necrotic foci over a reddish background in oral cavity.

• Shallow irregular non-haemorrhagic erosive lesions in mouth or tongue.• With the drop of temperature after 5-7 days, the necrotic spots expand

and coalesce to make extensive diphtheritic plaques (ulcers). Such ulcers cover the tongue, dental pad, the hard palate and the cheeks.

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• At this point of time, the animals are very depressed, anorexic (off-feed) and appear sleepy.

• The animal starts to pass liquid faeces, which is sometimes dysenteric and blood tinged.

• The serous discharge from eyes, nose and mouth becomes mucopurulent and resulting, at times, in a profuse catarrhal exudate which crusts over and occludes the nostrils. Signs of respiratory distress is seen in surviving animals. Mucopurulent discharge may persist for up to 14 days.

• Animals have moist and productive cough, which are symptoms of bronchopneumonia.

• The severe necrotic lesions in mouth give the animal an unpleasant and foetid odour when it breathes.

• The hair of the affected animals stands erect which is prominent in short haired breeds, giving a bloated appearance.

• The animal becomes very weak, emaciated and stands in a corner of the shed with arched back.

• Most of the animals die in 10-12 days after the onset of disease.• Few animals keep on dying regularly.

Animal is dull, anorexic and lethargic Reddened eye with conjunctivitis

Profuse nasal discharges Purulent nasal discharges

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What are the clinical symptoms of PPR?Disease severity depends on various factors namely the PPR virus lineage, species, breed, immune status of animals, age of the animals. Usually young animals are affected more severely than older animals. Some breeds are more susceptible to disease than others. Various clinical manifestations of the disease in different forms are as follows.Acute form

• Within 4 days of onset of fever, gums become hyperaemic, and erosive lesions develop in the oral cavity with excessive salivation. Necrotic stomatitis with halitosis is common. Erosions may resolve or coalesce.

• Small areas of necrosis on the visible mucous membranes.• Congestion of conjunctiva, crusting on the median canthus and sometimes

profuse catarrhal conjunctivitis.• Severe, watery, blood-stained diarrhoea is common in later stages.• Bronchopneumonia evidenced by coughing is a common feature with

rales and abdominal breathing.• Abortions may occur in pregnant animals.• Dehydration, emaciation, dyspnoea, hypothermia and death may occur

within 5–10 days.• Survivors undergo long convalescence.

Necrotic spot-pin-prick lesions with Haemorrhage throughout buccal cavity

Bran like deposits-discrete, tiny necrotic ulceration or foci in the mucous membrane

Mucopurulent catarrhal exudates, erosion and ulceration of the nasal mucosa

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Peracute form:• In per-acute cases, some of these signs might be more pronounced and the

animals may not survive more than a week after the beginning of the fever.• Such form of the disease is seen in young animals and frequently in goats;

especially situations of immuno-naive introductions into instances of circulating PPRV.

• Infection always associated with higher mortality, high fever, depression and death.

Subacute form• Frequent in some areas because of local breed susceptibility; commonly

seen in experimentally infected animals.• Usually 10–15 days post infection, development of inconsistent clinical

signs on or about 6th day post-infection, fever and serous nasal discharge is observed.

• Fever falls with onset of diarrhoea and, if this is severe, may result in dehydration and prostration.

Mixed infection:• Sometimes, mixed infection of PPR and goat pox or sheep pox or Orf or

Bluetongue occurs. In such situations, a common feature of the disease is appearance of small nodular lesions in the skin on the outside of the lips around muzzle along with the above symptoms of PPR. This may be due to Dermatophilus infection or reactivation of a latent contagious ecthyma infection (orf or sore mouth) or even sheep/goat pox.

• In mixed infection with bluetongue, a common feature of the disease is ulcerative lesions in the skin on the outside of the nose or muzzle and oedematous forehead, along with the above symptoms of PPR.

How to diagnosis PPR?

Diagnosis of PPR is achieved by combination of the clinical observations, post-mortem lesions and laboratory confirmation. The incubation period is 4–6 days, but may range from 3–10 days. The different stages of the disease is as follows.

(i) Incubation period (short), 5-7 Days.

(ii) Prodromal phase (febrile reaction)

(ii) Mucosal Stage (ulcers in the mouth, nasal discharge)

(iv) Diarrhoeal stage (diarrhoea, pneumonia, dehydration, death)

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(v) In non-fatal cases, ‘recovery stage’- Sheep and goats that recover from PPR develop an active immunity and antibodies have been demonstrated 4 years after infection; immunity is probably lifelong.Clinical picture of PPR could be characterized by “3Ds” i.e., “discharge,

diarrhoea and death”, with additional fourth major component that is the bronchopneumonia.A tentative diagnosis of PPR can be performed based on clinical signs, but laboratory confirmation is required for differential diagnosis with other diseases with similar signs.

What other diseases will be confounded with PPR diagnosis?PPR is frequently confused with other diseases that present fever and grossly similar clinical signs, especially when it is newly introduced. When carrying out an investigation, examination of the way the disease behaves in a herd or flock is as important as the findings in a single goat or sheep.Infected animals present clinical signs similar to those of rinderpest in cattle but with the eradication of this disease worldwide, its differentiation is of little or no importance.♦ Bluetongue: Swelling of the lips, muzzle, and oral mucosa, together with

edema of the head region, should serve to differentiate bluetongue from PPR. Bluish discoloration of the oral cavity, the coronary band of the hooves and the less hairy parts of the body; and lameness are not a features of PPR. Also, sheep are more affected than goats in case if bluetongue.

♦ Contagious ecthyma: The Orf virus causes proliferative, non-necrotic, lesions that involve the lips rather than the whole oral cavity. The absence of nasal discharges and diarrhoea also distinguish orf from PPR. Contagious echthyma is also known as contagious pustular dermatitis (orf) or sore mouth.

♦ Foot and mouth disease: This condition is comparatively mild and the most characteristic clinical sign (i.e. lameness) is not a feature of PPR. Absence of the breathing problems and diarrhoea is seen in case of FMD.

♦ Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP): There is no digestive system involvement and the clinical signs and lesions are confined to the respiratory system and pericardium. Mouth lesions and diarrhoea are not present in CCPP.

♦ Pasteurellosis: Enzootic pneumonia or the septicaemic form of pasteurellosis is characterized by obvious respiratory signs, infrequent

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diarrhoea and a fatality rate rarely exceeding 10 percent. This may also occur as secondary infection to PPR.

♦ Poisoning: Several plants and minerals may cause severe intestinal lesions. Case history and absence of fever should distinguish poisoning from PPR.

What are the post-mortem findings in PPR?Prominent Lesions

♦ Consolidation, changes in colour of lungs and sometimes, frothy mucus is observed in cut pieces of lung on squeezing. Antero-ventral areas of right lung are frequently involved; areas of lungs become dark red or purple, firm to touch mainly in the anterior and cardiac lobes. Consolidation of lobes of lungs and occlusion of airway caused by secondary bacterial pneumonia are common.

♦ Bronchopneumonia is a constant lesion, with possibility of pleuritis and hydrothorax. Pneumonia is a predominant sign in PPR.

♦ Lymph nodes associated with lung (mediastinal) and intestine (mesenteric) are most commonly affected which are generally enlarged, oedematous and congested.

Congestion and consolidation of lobes of lung

Enlarged, oedematous and congested intestinal mesenteric lymph nodes

♦ Congestion and enlargement of spleen.♦ Small intestine (duodenum, jejunum or ileum) may show black

colouration of the mucosal lining with haemorrhages and sometimes erosions in the terminal ileum. Necrotic or haemorrhagic enteritis with extensive necrosis and sometimes severe ulceration of Peyer’s patches is seen. Peyer’s patches may slough off from intestinal wall.

♦ Congestion around the ileo-caecal valve, at the caeco-colic junction and in the rectum. In the posterior part of colon and rectum, discontinuous streaks of congestion (also known as “Zebra” stripes or “Zebra

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markings”) on the mucosal folds are observed, which are typical of PPR disease.

Blood vessels congestion and haemorrhages around the ileo-caecal

junction

Colon showing discontinuous streaks of congestion and haemorrhages (Zebra

markings) on the mucosal folds

What samples should be sent for laboratory diagnosis?• Swabs of the conjunctival discharges and from the nasal and buccal

mucosae (best suitable materials for diagnosis).• Unclotted whole blood collected in EDTA/Heparin; preferably collected in

early stages of disease for virus isolation, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and haematology.

• For serological tests clotted blood, can be collected at the end of an outbreak.• During necropsy, aseptically collect the following tissues, and chill on ice

and transport under refrigeration � Lymph nodes (especially the mesenteric and mediastinal nodes) � Spleen � Lungs � Intestine: caecum/rectum � Ileo-caecal junction

• Set of tissues for histopathology should be placed in 10% neutral buffered formalin solution.

• Before sending samples to the laboratory for diagnosis, the following important points should be kept in mind:

� Detailed information of the outbreak with epidemiological details regarding history, clinical symptoms, mortality and morbidity should be provided along with the samples.

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� Several animals of an outbreak should be selected randomly for collection of samples.

� Maintenance of cold chain is most important while transporting the sample and the transportation time should be minimal.

� If possible, paired serum samples should be collected and sent for serological tests.

� Leak-proof unbreakable sample bottles or tubes should be used. � Marking of the sample bottles or vials should be done with indelible

ink pen so that it cannot be wiped out by wetting due to melted ice water during transportation in cold chain.

� Seal the history sheet and request form in plastic zipper pouch so that it cannot be soiled due to leakage of sample.

How to collect samples?

Swabs: Sterile cotton buds or swabs of absorbent cotton wool dipped into sterile PBS (pH 7.2-7.6) are inserted into the conjunctival sac / nasal orifices and swirled around gently and carefully. The bud/swab is squeezed into a microcentrifuge tube or glass vial containing about 500μl of sterile PBS.

Collection of (A) nasal swab (B) rectal swab by inserting the cotton

bud into the orifice by gentle swirling and (C) Collection of blood

from jugular vein of animal

Gum materials: By using spatula or finger (sterile muslin cloth covering fingers) rubbed across the gum and inside the upper and lower lips and the scrapped material is then placed into a tube containing 500μl of PBS.

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Tissues: A portion of tongue, spleen, lungs, trachea, lymph-nodes (mediastinal and mesenteric) and abomasum, caecum, rectum showing haemorrhagic lesions are recommended for collection during postmortem.

Unclotted blood/serum: Collect 5ml (approx.) of blood from jugular vein of sheep or goat in sterile manner using vacutainer /syringe. Inactivate serum at 56°C for 30 min in a water bath and finally store in aliquot at –20°C till use.What are the laboratory diagnostic techniques available?Earlier PPR was tentatively diagnosed by characteristic symptoms, epidemiology and using various conventional techniques such as agar gel immuno-diffusion test, counter-immuno-electrophoresis and indirect-Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Advent of cell culture and molecular biological techniques has allowed development of highly sensitive and specific diagnostics like virus neutralization test, nucleic acid hybridation, RT-PCR assays, and quantitative real time RT-PCR assays and monoclonal or polyclonal antibody based ELISA techniques which are now routinely being used for detection of antigen and antibody and nucleic acids. Pen-side diagnostic test like chromatographic strip test /LFA has also been developed but not popular due to its high cost and not affordable to farmers.Isolation of virus: Among all the methods for diagnosis of PPR, isolation of the virus remains the “gold standard”.Virus neutralization test (VNT): VNT either in tubes or in microtitre plates (Micro-VNT) is the conventional method for the detection of PPR virus antibodies in field serum samples.Sandwich-ELISA: This immuno capture ELISA is the most common assay being used for detection of PPR virus antigen in clinical specimens for laboratory diagnosis or clinical prevalence of PPR in India. The assay had high diagnostic specificity (92.8 %) and sensitivity (88.9 %) for detection of PPR virus compared to the commercial kit.Competitive ELISA: This is the most common test being used for detection of PPR virus antibodies in serum samples for sero-surveillance and monitoring of PPR in India. The assay had high diagnostic specificity (98.4 %) and sensitivity (92.4 %) for detection of PPR virus antibody in convalescent sera, when compared with VNT and commercially available kit.Indirect ELISA: A polyclonal antibody based indirect ELISA for detection of antibodies to PPR virus in the serum samples of goats and sheep may be a good alternative assay to competitive ELISA for seroepidemiological surveys.Reverse Transcription-Polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR): Molecular biological techniques such as RT-PCR and nucleic acid hybridization techniques

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have been used for the detection and differentiation of PPR virus. RT-PCR is the method of choice for detecting the presence of PPRV nucleic acid sequences in clinical samples and various RT-PCR formats have been reported. The one-step or two steps either conventional multiplex or quantitative RT-PCR based on either F or N or M gene or both genes for use in diagnosis of PPR. RT-PCR ELISA and nucleic acid hybridisation assays have been found sensitive to detect virus nucleic acid in the critical samples having low virus load during the early or late phases of the disease.Pen-side tests: A simple dot-ELISA using nitrocellulose membrane as solid support is available for detection of PPR viral antigen in caprine and ovine clinical materials. It is simple, rapid, economical, does not require expertise and is a pen-side test. Lateral flow test (LFA), also known as chromatographic strip test, works on the principle of lateral flow of antigen-antibody complex resulting in colour development while reacting with antibody conjugated to gold. Peptide based diagnostic assay and recombinant proteins based diagnostic assays are future line of diagnostic assays for detection of PPR virus or antibodies. How to prevent and control PPR?Sanitary prophylaxis

• Strict quarantine and control of animal movements• Quarantine of newly purchased or newly arriving animals for at least

two to three weeks.• Effective cleaning and disinfection of contaminated areas of

all premises with lipid solvent solutions of high or low pH and disinfectants including physical perimeters, equipment and clothing.

• Dead animal / carcases should be burnt/ burried deeply• Know the health status and the source of any new animal(s) brought

into the flock.• Monitor animals closely and frequently for any developing illness or

signs of disease. Isolate any sick animals from the flock and contact the Veterinarian immediately to examine sick animals in the herd /flock.

• Use separate facilities and staff to handle isolated animals.• Educate yourself and train the employees about PPR and the signs of

illness.• Dead animal / carcases should be burnt/ buried deeply• Monitoring of wild and captive animals, especially in contact with

sheep and goats and do not allow the animals to have contact with

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wildlife.How to clean and disinfect?Effective disinfectants/chemicals agents include alcohol, ether and common detergents. PPR virus susceptible to most disinfectants, e.g. phenol, sodium hydroxide 2% for 24 h. The virus is sensitive to drying and sunlight and virus gets rapidly inactivated by pH <4.0 or pH >11.0. Other disinfectants that can be used to inactivate the virus are:

� Sodium carbonate (4% anhydrous or 10% crystalline with 0.1% detergent)

� Sodium hydroxide (2%) � Sodium hypochloride � Phenolic compounds � Citric acid, Strong iodophores (1%) in phosphoric acid � Ionic and non-ionic detergents

Proper cleaning procedure• Wear personal protectives like gloves, apron etc.,• Soak the area with hot water and detergent• Wash, wipe, spray or scrub the area, starting with the dirtiest or highest

area (ceiling), after it was soaked• Dry clean- remove the visible material by brushing, scraping and/ or

sweeping.• Rinse the area with pressure water.• Dry the area to complete the disinfection process.

Proper disinfection procedure• Read the product label before mixing and use proper protectives before

use.• Disinfect the area with appropriate concentration and time of

disinfectant.• Rinse the area from highest area towards the lowest.• Dry the area before use for complete disinfection.

Medical Treatment / Prophylaxis• Since PPR is a viral disease, there is no specific treatment for the

disease.

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• Treatment of affected animals by administration of antibiotics (long acting oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline) to prevent secondary bacterial infections and anti-diarrhoeal medicines has been practiced.

• Supportive therapy (B-Complex and dextrose saline) for 5-7 days is also recommended.

• The control of PPR can be ensured only through the implementation of effective prophylactic measures. Most commonly employed control mechanism is vaccination.

• The treatment regime of affected animals includes the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics plus fluid therapy along with vaccination of the affected flock during the first week of an outbreak in endemic situations.

• All the sheep and goats of the affected flock should be under quarantine for at least one month after the last clinical case.

• Animal movements have to be strictly controlled in the area of the infection.

• Unfortunately, such sanitary and control measures are difficult to maintain in a vast country with difficult terrain where PPR is endemic.

• Therefore, the only effective way to control PPR is by mass vaccination of the animals.

• An attenuated PPR vaccine is commercially available- Single dose (10T3CID50) of vaccine is to be given subcutaneously for the kids above 4 months of age one time, provides long lasting immunity.

Where from PPR Vaccine is available in India?Government Organizations

• The Director, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar-243122, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India.

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• The Station In-charge, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar Campus - 263 138, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India.

• The Director, Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals (IAH&VB), Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bengaluru - 560 024, Karnataka, India.

• The Director, Veterinary Biologicals and Research Institute (VBRI), Shantinagar, Hyderabad-500 028, Telangana, India.

• The Director, Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals (IAH&VB), 37, Belgachia Road, Kolkata - 700037, West Bengal, India.

• The Director, Institute of Animal Health & Veterinary Biologicals, Veterinary College Campus Rasalopura - 453446, Mhow, Madhya Pradesh, India.

Private organizations• M/s Indian Immunologicals Ltd. Rakshapuram, Gachibowli, Hyderabad

-500032, Andhra Pradesh, India• M/s MSD Animal health, Intervet India Pvt. Ltd. Briahnagar, Off Pune-

Nagar Road, Wagholi -412 207, Pune, India• M/s Hester Biosciences Limited, Merda-Ardraj, Kadi Taluka, Mehsana

District, Gujarat 382 721, India• M/s Bio-Med Private Limited, C-96, Bulandhahr Road Industrial Area,

Ghaziabad-201009, U.P. India.

What actions to be taken during disease outbreaks?The following measures are to be adopted in case of PPR outbreaks as in other viral disease control measures.

• Immediate reporting of disease outbreaks to the nearest veterinary clinic

• Strict quarantine of sick and exposed animals in cases• Restriction of animal movements• Mass immunization of susceptible animals• Decontamination of the premises with common disinfectants• Proper disposal of carcasses and contact fomites like bedding must be

burnt or buried deeply on site• Restriction on importation of sheep and goats from affected areas• Infected and suspected flocks must be placed under quarantine• Personnel should ensure that shoes, cloths, vehicles and equipments

are disinfected between flocks

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• Flocks should not be restocked until proper cleaning and disinfection is completed

What are the points to be remembered when buying animals?• Ensure that animals being active and healthy• The animals should not be dull and there should not be discharge

from eyes, nose or mouth• Examine the animals to ensure that there are no lesions in the mouth• Keep the newly purchased or bought animals in isolation and do not

mix with existing stock for at least 15 days• The farmer attending the newly bought animals should not attend the

existing flock

What to do in case we suspect for PPR?• Contact the doctor of the nearest veterinary dispensary to get his

advice• Either bury or burn the dead animals• Wash the shed with disinfectants• Keep the animals in airy and dry shed• Feed the animals with semi-solid feed• Person should take bath before leaving the house/shed premises

What not to do in case we suspect for PPR?• Do not allow animals to mix with other animals• Do not send the animals for grazing• Do not allow the persons who attending the sick animals in a flock to

attend animals in other flocks or herds• Do not open the carcass of dead animals for skin or meat purpose• Do not sell the sick animals in the market

Whom to contact in case we suspect for PPR?• Local veterinary officer• Nearby KVK subject matter specialist• District disease diagnostic laboratory• State animal health and veterinary biologicals institute• State veterinary college

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Salient features of National PPR Control and Eradication strategy (NPCES) by 2025

(DADF, Ministry of Agriculture & Farmer’ Welfare, Govt. of India)• NPCES include intensive vaccination with 100 % coverage of sheep and

goats populations till 2022, with attaining targeted herd immunity and stoppage of virus circulation through clinical surveillance by 2023/24 and freedom from PPRV infection by 2025.

• Networking with State, Central, and Regional Disease Diagnostic Laboratories (RDDLs), National referral laboratories including the erstwhile Rinderpest labs in India will be the part of the PPR control and eradication programme.

• ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Morbillivirus Laboratory, Mukteswar will be National Referral Laboratory, whereas ICAR-NIVEDI recognized is a national laboratory for sero-surveillance of PPR.

• Indigenous PPR C- ELISA kit will be employed for sero-monitoring / sero-surveillance / sero-diagnosis of PPR in sheep and goats.

• Indigenous PPR S-ELISA kit will be employed for prevalence / clinical diagnosis of PPR in sheep and goats.

• ICAR-IVRI will prepare the proficiency testing programme as per the OIE Guidelines for PPR Control programme for all the networking laboratories.

• ICAR-NIVEDI will provide the sampling plan for monitoring and surveillance of PPR in India, as per OIE/FAO-Global Control and Eradication Strategy (GCES) for PPR.

• Indigenous live attenuated PPR vaccine (Sungri 96 strain), produced by state veterinary biologicals and private firms will be used in the mass vaccination programme.

• The mass vaccination will be in pulse polio model in the designated time period with two to three cycles of vaccination to reach 70-80 % immunity level, with each cycle of covering entire population of sheep and goats in-cluding the animal markets and check posts, initially, subsequently bi-an-nual vaccination covering the 30% naïve young population in each of the states with traceability of the vaccinated animals by marking the horn with permanent ink or painting.

• National Institute of Animal Health (NIAH), Baghpat, Uttar Pradesh will be the lead agency for vaccine monitoring.

• The Standardization Division of ICAR-IVRI, will also carry out vaccine quality testing as per the developed IP Vet, 2018 protocol.

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• The ICAR-IVRI and ICAR-NIVEDI will train the personal of the laboratory who are actually carrying out the assay/test for monitoring and surveillance of PPR.

Published byDirector

Indian Council of Agricultural Research -National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI)

(ISO 9001 - 2015 certified) Post Box No. 6450, Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka,

Bengaluru, Karnataka 560064, INDIAPhone: 080-23093110; Fax: 080-230931222

Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.nivedi.res.in

This document was prepared with financial support from the Grant in aid Project under PPR-CP (K-11053 (5314)/11/2018-LH)

Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying & Fisheries (DADF), Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Govt. of India

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