Pest&Dis.mgmt in cotton

8/17/2019 Pest&Dis.mgmt in cotton

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• Polyphagous - wide distribution.

• Nymphs - light yellowish green or greenish

black or

brownish.

• Adults - mostly wingless - few winged forms

also

seen - breed parthenogenetically - so

population build

Aphid: Aphis gossypii


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• Nymphs and adults colonise on the under surface

of the young lea"es# shoots and suck the sap

resulting in crinkling and curling of lea"es.


• $ea"es appear shiny and sticky due to

honeydew e%creted by the insects# which attract

sooty mold growth


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Ecology• Cool and humid conditions - fa"ourable buthea"y rains wash

away the aphid colonies.• &'$ 1(-2)* a+ected plants.Other hosts• ,rinal# ,hendi# inger# Chilly# ua"a etc.#


ControlControl

1.1. Dimethoate or Oxy dematon methyl orDimethoate or Oxy dematon methyl or

Phosphamidon can be used for control.Phosphamidon can be used for control.

2.2. Seed treatment ith !midacloprid "#g$%g seed&.Seed treatment ith !midacloprid "#g$%g seed&.

'.'. Stem application ith (onocrotophos) aterStem application ith (onocrotophos) ater

"1)*& or !midacloprid) ater "1)2+& at 2+, *+ and"1)*& or !midacloprid) ater "1)2+& at 2+, *+ and


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Jassids : Amrasca biguttula biguttula

/easonal occurrence• Widely distributed• Mostly seen at seedling stage, some times

found almost throughout the year.


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Life History

• Nymphs - pale greenish and walk diagonally.• Adults - greenish yellow# wedge shaped with a pair of black spots on "erte% and a black spoton each of the forewings.

• 0emale inserts eggs into leaf "eins on theunderside.

• &ggs hatch in -1) days and nymphal period is-3 days and the winged adults li"e for 2-4weeks.

• Completes -5 generations in a year.


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Nature of damage •

Nymphs and adults suck sap usually from the under surface of the leaves

and inject toxins causing curling of

leaf edges and leaves turn red or

brown.

• he leaves dry up and shed.

Economic threshold;

• !"# $assids % leaf.

Other hosts• &hendi, &rinjal, 'otato, (ollyhock etc.,


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Control:• )se jassid tolerant varieties like *. +-, *A /0++, * +#,

1avitha, Narasimha 2NA 0#!/3, N(( --, ( 4, N(( #5

and *am (ybrid.• 1eed treatment with imidacloprid or carbosulfan protects

the crop from all sucking pests including $assids for about a

month.• 1praying with any systemic

insecticide.• 1tem application with

monocrotophos protects the crop from all sucking pests including

$assids for about a month


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/easonal occurance

• 'olyphagous and very widelydistributed• 1tarting from seedling stage

occurs at all stages of crop

growth.$ife history• &oth nymphs and adults lacerate

and feed the sap from under

surface of leaves and imbibe theoo6ing sap. *eaves loose the

natural lustre the upper side of

leaf turn brown and lower side

becomes silvery white.

Thrips: hrips tabaci


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• 7ach female lay +"8 eggs single into the green plant tissue -"+ per day. 7ggs hatch in / days.

he nymphal period last for / days, pupal period

for -"/ days. 1everal generations found in a year.

• 7conomic threshold9 0 thrips%leaf. Nature of damage

• &oth nymphal and adults lacerate leaf surface

and feed on plant sap. :t causes leaf curl. )pper

side of the older leaves turns brown and thelower side becomes silvery white.



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&cology• (igh temperature with low rainfall favours

multiplication.• :nsecticides effective against aphids and $assids

are also effective against thrips.

6ther hosts

• ;nion,


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Control:• )se jassid tolerant varieties like *. +-, *A

/0++, * +#, 1avitha, Narasimha 2NA 0#!/3,

N(( --, ( 4, N(( #5 and *am (ybrid.

• 1praying with any systemic insecticide.



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Control:• 1eed treatment with imidacloprid or

carbosulfanprotects the crop from all sucking

pests including $assids for about a month.



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Control:• 1tem application with monocrotophos protects

the crop from all sucking pests including $assids

for about a month.



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Seasonal occurance• Most active from August to November with -"+

generations in a year.

• American cottons are more susceptible overindigenous cottons

• Widely distributed pest.• =amage starts when the crop is in the mid stage

and continues till end.

Pink Bollworm 9 'ectinophora

gossypiella


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Nature of Damage:

• Affected flowers do not open

fully and show characteristic

rosetting.• 1uch flower buds are shed.•

At boll stage the larval entersthe boll when it is in early instar

and remains inside feeding on

immature seed and developing

lint.• &olls open immaturely.

Economic threshold : • /"0> incidence in retained and

shed fruiting bodies.


gossypiella


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gossypiella


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gossypiella


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gossypiella


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gossypiella


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ife cycle

• ?emale lays whitish, flat eggs single on theunderside of young leaves, shoots, flowers buds and

on young green bolls.

• 7gg stage ranges from -"!/ days, larval stage lasts

for 4"-0days.• ;n emergence they are white, turn pink later.

• 'upation occurs in fallen bolls and debris.

• Within a week the moths emerge and starts layingeggs.

• he larvae of last generation hibernate and

responsible for the infestation of the following crop.


gossypiella


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Control :• emove and destroy crop resides. @ • rushing of cotton seeds should be completed by the

end of April in North one.

• ;therwise fumigate the seeds by the end of May.• 1taking the cotton stalks away from cotton field in

open.• Acid delinting treatment should be followed before

sowing B one litre commercial sulphuric acid for0 kg seed.


gossypiella


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Control: contC

/. )se of trap crops like 2;DA3 bhendi.+. =o not extend the normal crop period and avoid

ratooning.

8.


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Nature of damage:• he larva damages by boring into

sEuares, flowers and bolls and

feeds on inner contents, while

feeding it thrusts it head inside the sEuare%boll leaving the rest of its

body outside.• he entry hole is large and

circular.

• 4"5 moths per pheromone trap%day,or / eggs%0 plants or 0

larva%plant or /"0> infested

fruiting bodies.

/ram caterpillar "0merican ollorm& )

(elicoverpa armigera


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/ ill " i ll


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/ ill "0 i ll


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Seasonal occurrence

• :t is active throughout the year. Life cycle

• he female moth lays shining, cream, colored eggs

singly on tender parts of the plant.• 7ach moth lays 8#"# eggs.• he eggs hatch in - days.• he larvae become full"grown in 08"! days.

• 'upation takes place in soil for 0"0# days.• here may be as many as 8"4 generation%year.

Other hosts

• ?ield bean, 1unflower, omato, @hickpea, 'igeonpea,

Mungbean, )rdbean, 1orghum.



/ t ill "0 i ll


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Control:Cultural methods - • ecommended doses of fertili6ers should be applied.

• 1ow #"- lines of mai6e 2or3 $owar around the cotton

crop to monitor the moth.• 1ow trap crops like marigold at / plants%acre along

with cotton.• :nter crops like,


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Control:

Physical methods -

• @ollection F destruction of eggs on trap crop as well

as main crop.• @ollection F destruction of larvae on trap crop as well

as main crop.



/ t ill "0 i ll


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Control:Mechanical methods • )se of pheromone traps 2- traps%acre3 for pest

intensity identification as well as to trap the male

moths.

• Arrange 0"bird perches%acre• 1etting of light traps 20 light trap%/ acre3 to know the

range of pest incidence as well as to kill moth population



/ t ill "0 i ll


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!iological control methods • richograma pretiosum attacks on eggs of (eliothis.• elease richogramma parasites B 2!,%acre3• 7ucelatoria byraniG @arcelia illota attacks on larvae of

(eliothis.• &acillus thuringenisis 2soil bacteria3

• N'H 2virus3• &eauveria bassiana 2fungi3

• Nomuraea rileyi 2fungi3• N'H9 N'H ! *7 I J kg $aggery I !ml 1andovit

2or3 eepal and spray in the evening hours onlyG• N'H is more effective in cloudy weather.




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/ t ill "0 i ll


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/ram caterpillar "0merican oll


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!iological control methods

,io-pesticides• 1praying /> Neem oil before egg laying.

• / kg Neem Dernal extract %acre. Add any sticky

material to spray mixture.

• )se of &t"cotton varieties.




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Spotted Bollworm


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Seasonal occurance

• @ommonly seen at boll formation stage.

Life cycle

• he moths lay !"- eggs single on flower buds, branches

and young leaves.

• (airy part of plant is preferred for egg laying.• he egg period ranges from #"- days.• he larval stage is completed in about 0"0+ days. • he pupation occurs either on plants or in the fallen leaves.

'upal period lasts for -"5days.• Adult stage remains for 4"!! days. 1everal overlapping

generations are found in a year.• @aterpillars are brownish white with a number of brown and

milky white markings.

Spotted Bollworm 7arias vittella, 7arias insulana

Spotted Bollworm


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Nature of damage: • *arva bores into terminal shoots

of young plants leading death of

the shoots and subseEuent

development of side shoots and

branches. *arva also bores intothe flower buds flowers, locules

and bolls. :nfected parts will shed.

7ntrance hole is plugged with

excreta.• 1Euares draw flaring up

symptoms and drop.• 7conomic threshold limit is /"

0> incidence level.


Spotted Bollworm


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Spotted Bollworm


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Other hosts )• @otton, ;kra, (ollyhock and other Malvaceous

plants.Control• 1pray 7ndosulphan 2! ml%l3 or @hloripyriphos

2! ml%l3 or @arbaryl 2#g%l3


Tobacco Caterpillar 9 1podoptera


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Seasonal occurance :

• 'olyphagous and cosmopolitian

Life cycle :

• Moth lays eggs on the underside of leaves in masses

20"#3 and covered with brown hair. 7ach female

lays 0"! eggs. 7ggs hatch in #"/ days. *arval

stage completed in !4 days. 'upation takes place in the

soil and pupal period lasts for about 5 days. *ongivity

of adults is 5"0 days. (as +"4 generations%year.Other hosts• @otton, obacco, @astor, @hillies, @abbage,

@auliflower,


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Nature of damage:

• 1oon after hatching, early

instar larva feed

gregariously by scraping

the chlorophyll of *amina

leading to skeletoni6ation.

*ater they disperse,become solitary and

nocturnal. Also feed on the

flower buds, flowers, calyx,

sEuares and bolls.• 7conomic threshold9 /"

0> incidence level in

retained and shed fruiting

bodies.

Tobacco Caterpillar 9 1podopteralitura

Tobacco Caterpillar 9 1podoptera


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Control :

0. :f eight egg masses observed per 0 m row of crop" spray /> Neem Dernal extract preferably in the

evening.

!. )se of 'heromone traps 2- traps%acre3 for pest

intensity identification as well as to trap the mailmoths.

#. 1pray @hloriphyriphos or 7ndosulphan or

Kuinalphos B ! ml%l of water. Add and mix one liter

of Monocrotophos or one kg of @arbaryl and 0 kg of $aggery with 0 kg of rice bran. Mix with water and

made into small balls and keep the balls at each

plant.

Tobacco Caterpillar 9 1podopteralitura

Spider Mite


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ife Cycle• 7ach female lays 0"! eggs over a period of #weeks.

• he eggs hatch in -"8 days time and forms a larva

which lasts for #"- days.• he nymphal period is #"- days and become adult.• Number of generations ! per year.

Other hosts

• &rinjal.

Spider Mite

Spider Mite


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3ature of damage)

• Mites puncture theleaves from under

surface and feed on

the sap.• *ater, the upper

surface of the leaves

turn red and finally

the leaves wither andare shed.• 7conomic threshold9

0 per sE.m.

Spider Mite

Spider Mite


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Control Measures :0. 1pray water soluble 1ulphur B 4 gm %lit of water

or =icofol.

Spider Mite

Red Cotton Bu


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Seasonal Occurrence :• he insect is active throughout the year and passes

winter in adult stage.

Life Cycle 9

• ?emale lays on an average 0 "0# eggs in moist soilor in crevices in the ground.• hey hatch in 8"4 days.• here are / nymphal stages and development is

completed in -5"45 days.• :n winter the adult insect lives upto three months.

Red Cotton Bu


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!hite "ly: Bemisia tabaci


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Seasonal occurrence:

• (ighly 'olyphagous generally appears from Novemberto ?ebruary.

Life cycle:

• he insect breeds throughout the year and the female lays

stalked yellow spindle shaped eggs singly on the lower surface of the leaf.• 7ggs hatch in about a weekLs time.• he nymphal stage remains attached on the lower side of

leaves and takes about - weeks to complete development.• Number of generations varies between 0!"0/ per year.• Nymphs are oval, scale like and remain attached to the

leaf surface. Adults are tiny, moth like with yellowish

body and wings coated with milky white waxy powder.




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Nature of damage:

• Nymphs and adults suck the sap usually from the under

surface of the leaves and

excrete honeydew causing

contamination of the lint.• *eaves appear sickly and

get coated with sooty mold.• 1tunted plant growth,

shedding of fruit bodies,

bad boll opening and poor

Euality of lint.• :t also transmits the leaf

curl virus.




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Ecology :

• emperatures around #@ with high humidity favours multiplication of pest.

• 7conomic threshold9 4"0 adults or !

nymphs%leaf.

Other hosts :

• &rinjal, obacco, omato, 'otato, &hendi,

@ucumber, 1unflower, @assava, 1weet potato

and 'ulses.




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Control:

•Whiteflies can be effectively attracted andcontrolled by yellow sticky traps, which are coated

with grease%sticky oily materials.




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Control:

• )se Whitefly tolerant varieties such as *'1 0-0

2Danchana3, *D 4+0, NA 0!4.• 1pray ri6ophos 2!./ ml%l3 or 'rophanophos 2!

ml%l3.• 1praying of any Neem product 2/> Neem oil before

egg laying3 or / kg Neem Dernal extract per acre

with any sticky material.

• )se of 1ynthetic pyrithroids increases the intensityof Whitefly.


Wilt : Fusarium vasinfectum


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Occurrence:

• ;riginated from Mexico " @entral America and spread to other growing areas through the infected

seeds.

• Wilt pathogen is rapidly destroyed in alluvial soils

during the hot months preceding the monsoons.

• he disease is found in the areas where soil

temperature during the growing period of cotton

ranges from ! " #@. his disease occurs on all seasons.




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Cross-section of stems with fusarium (brown) andhealthy (white) showing range of discolouration



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Epidemiology :

• 1oil temperature and soil moisture greatly influence the incidence

of the disease.• he temperatures between !-"!4@ are optimum for attack on

early stages of crop.

Disease Cycle • he fungus enters the young host roots through the incidental

wounds and openings caused by insects and eel worms.• he fungus moves up through xylem vessels by the growth of the

mycelium and movement of spores.• he mycelium partially or completely plugs the xylem vessels and

stops or lowers the upward flow of water along the dissolved salts.• :f the bolls are present, the mycelium may grow through peduncle

into the seed.• his results stunting and wilting of the plant.• ?ungus survive in soil as a saprophytic plant.



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Control :• Disinfection of the infected seed is by the hot water

at temperature 58 C, which kills the myceliuminside the seed.

• Seed treatment with 4kg Trichoderma iridaeformulation ! Thiram " g#kg seed.

• $pply %kg of Trichoderma iridae commercialformulation with 5& kg farm yard manure along therows in the main field reduces the diseaseincidence.

Cultural Methods :

• 'i(ed cropping of cotton with immune offers some protection to the crop against the wilt.

• )otash reduces wilt while nitrogen and )hosphorusincrease it in certain limits.

Root Rot Rhizoctonia bataticola


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Occurrence :• The disease occurs in irrigated and rainfed areas

of *u+arat, )un+ab, 'adhya )radesh and $ndhra)radesh

• igh soil temperature faours the deelopment

of the disease. -une, -uly are months in whichdiseases attacks seerely.

• This disease occurs on all seasons.




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Nature of damage:• The sudden and complete wilting of the plant

first and the most prominent symptoms/.• 0ron1ing or yellowing of the leaes.• )lants succumbed to this disease e(hibit roots

particularly the bark, broken down into shreds.• $ffected plants occur in more or less circular

area and can be easily pulled out.• 2(cept the tap root, few secondary roots are

fresh which holds the plant and other roots aredecayed.• Tip of the root of a freshly wilted plant is slightly

moist and sticky.




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Epidemiology • )lants suffer high mortality at soil temperatures 3

" C.• $deuate supply of water, faours the

deelopment of disease when the plant is in earlygrowth.

isease Cycle • The plants are ulnerable to infection the fungidominate inside the root.

• The hyphae multiply rapidly in the cortical tissuesand e(tend to the pith and sometimes enter the

(ylem essels.• There is an increased accumulation of calcium and

iron in a diseased plant roots and certain to(icsubstance play a role to wilt.

•

6ungus remain saprophytically on host root in soil.



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Control:•

6or 7 kg of seed treatment 4gms Trichodermairidae formulation # "gm Thiram is used.• % kg Trichoderma formulation and 5&kg of farm

yard manure mi(ture should be applied uniformlyafter 75 days to the soil.

• Seed treatment with benomyl or carbenda1im%.5 g#kg seed.

• 9nter cropping of cotton with moth bean ignaacomitifolia/ reduce the incidence. moth bean

helps in reducing the temperature and retention ofhigh soil moisture due to shading effect/.



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Pest&Dis.mgmt in cotton

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