PEST MANAGEMENT

Selva Türkölmez

Cevza Esin Tunç

Deniz Çerik

Kemal Alper Önsü

http://www.business-directory.org.uk/pest-control.html

OUTLİNE What is pest? Causes of pests What is pest management? Why is the pest control important? Types of pest management:

Biological Mechanical Physical

What is Integrated Pest Managemet (IPM)? What are the positive and negative effects of pest

management?

WHAT IS PEST?

Any animal, plant or microorganism that: cause harm or damage to people or their

animals, destroy their crops or possessions(houses,

yards, lands...etc).

WHİCH SPECİES ARE CONSİDERED AS PEST? insects, mites, ticks (and

other arthropods), mice, rats, and other

rodents, slugs, snails, nematodes, cestodes (and other

parasites), weeds fungi, bacteria, viruses

(and other pathogens) http://www.pestcontroluae.com/pestlibrary.html

AGRİCULTURAL PESTS:  species that are harmful for agriculture by feeding

on crops or parasitising livestock. For example:o Codling mothappleso Boll weevilcotton

http://tar-gel.com/index.php?tema=1-1&s=1&id=183 http://www.etkinlik.com.tr/elma-

kurdu-kirtik-1894

PESTS: Deteriorate a wild ecosystem  Harmful for humans

For example: Rats &fleas: plaque  Mosquitoes: malaria Ticks : Lyme disease

https://extension.umd.edu/CucurbitPestManagement

http://www.indexoncensorship.org/2012/08/the-case-for-open-access/

CAUSES OF PESTS

1) Environmental Change

changes in climate, habitat, or community structure

insect population with a reproductive opportunity

insects become epidemic from endemic

http://californiaagriculture.ucanr.edu/landingpage.cfm?article=ca.v063n02p73&fulltext=yes

2) Introduction of Pests expansion of international travel and trade accidentially transportation (through air or sea

transportation) introduction of pests to new environment without

their natural enemies pests become problematic in new area due to:

lack of resistance of native crops & lack of natural enemies

3) Destruction of Natural Enemies

excess use of insecticides and pesticides natural enemies are killed

natural control mechanism is deteriorated pest outbreak

http://www.whistler2020.ca/whistler/site/otgStory.acds?instanceid=9579775&context=1974407

4) Development of Resistance& Genetic Diversity

stress by single factor parasites evolve

change of genetics & adaptation to new conditions resistance

RESURGENCE: the sudden increase of pests due to

resistance in spite of good initial reduction.

1)Excessive use of pesticides2)pests:adopt&become resistant & natural enemies: cannot survive and

become resistant 3)pest pop. tremendously increases but natural

enemy pop. cannot4)natural enemy pop. cannot catch up pest

pop. and control their amount 5)increase of pests

5) Extensive and Intensive Cultivation

Monoculture pests

Extensive cultivation No need for competition for food multiplication & diversity of pests

6) Introduction of New Crops and Varieties

Most of new introduced crops lack of resistance

feeding more on introduced crop pest multiplication

7) Breeding Crops

Occured first in 1940-1970 Main aim was to increase crop yields by

changing their genetics When changing the genetics of crops,little

attention was paid to the resistance of plants to pests

Changing genetics changed resistance increase in pests

8) Improved Agronomic Practices

Increased N fertilizer increase Closer planting of Granular insecticides pests

WHAT IS PEST MANAGEMENT?

http://pestcontrolservers.blogspot.co.uk/

Regulations or managements about pests (which are harmful to ecology, health and economy) to get rid of them or control their amount.

Excluding or eradicating pests, creating environments where pests cannot survive and reproduce.

Agricultural and urban/industrial pest control.

In agricultural pest management: coexistence rather than eradiction

LOGİC(STEPS) OF PEST MANAGEMENT:1. Identification -- Exactly which species is causing

damage?2. Quantification -- What is the density and/or

distribution of the population?3. Specification -- What is the most reasonable and

effective course of action?4. Application -- Implementation of the appropriate

management tactic.5. Evaluation -- How effective was the control

operation?

http://entoguard.com/

TYPES OF PEST MANAGEMENT

BIOLOGICAL PEST MANAGEMENT (NATURAL PEST CONTROL)

Eduction of pest populations by favoring natural enemies

Relies on predation, parasitism, herbivory, or other natural mechanisms.

Typically also involves an active human management role.

NATURAL ENEMİES: BİOLOGİCAL CONTROL AGENTS THAT REDUCES THE HOSTS(PESTS)

https://www.pioneer.com/home/site/us/agronomy/crop-management/soybean-insect-disease/soybean-aphid

http://ocw.tufts.edu/Content/40/imagegallery/434509/434516

3 TYPES OF NATURAL ENEMİES:

Predators :  free-living species that consume a prey

Ex: birds monarch butterflies (feeding on milkweed)

http://www.monarchlab.org/Lab/Research/topics/Enemies/Default.aspx

Parasitoids: species whose immature stage develops on or within a single insect host (pest)

Ex: wasp & most of flies monarch larvaes

http://www.monarchlab.org/Lab/Research/topics/Enemies/Default.aspx

Pathogens: bacteria, fungi, and viruses. They kill or weaken their host (pest)

Ex: pathogenic fungi and viruses caterpillars

http://kathrynanddavid.com/2010/02/a-vegetable-garden-checklist/

TYPES OF BİOLOGİCAL PEST CONTROL: CONSERVATİON, CLASSİCAL BİOLOGİCAL CONTROL (İMPORTATİON), AUGMENTATİON

CONSERVATION Protecting natural enemies Most pests are attacked by several different types

and species of natural enemies

their conservation is the primary way to successfully use biological control 

ANT CONTROL, HABİTAT MANİPULATİON, AND SELECTİVE PESTİCİDE USE ARE KEY CONSERVATİON STRATEGİES

selective use of pesticides: pesticides are toxic to natural enemies they kill natural enemies or reduce their

reproduction ability They should be applied in a selective manner.

http://www.ozarkpestsolutions.com/pest_control.asp

o ANT CONTROL:

Ants: beneficial as consumers of weed seeds predators of many insect pests soil builders, and nutrient cyclers. control methods include: cultivating soil around

ant nests, encircling trunks with ant barriers, and applying insecticide baits near plants.

if ants are controlled, populations of many pests:

http://www.zazzle.co.uk/happy_red_ant_cartoon_postcards-239660145106359388

oHABİTAT MANİPULATİON:

providing a suitable habitat to favor living & reproduction of natural enemies

gardens and landscapes should be managed excess fertilization and irrigation should be

avoided sequentially flowering species should be planted

to provide natural enemies with nectar, pollen, and shelter

low populations of plant-feeding insects and mites should be toleratedsome food is always available to retain predators and parasites

http://ncs1-organicfarming.blogspot.co.uk/p/normal-0-false-false-false-en-us-x-none.html

IMPORTATION(CLASSICAL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL)

practice of importing(introducing) natural enemies to control an exotic pests

exotic pests: the ones that inadvertently been introduced from elsewhere without their natural controls

Steps:i. determine the origin of the introduced pest ii. collect appropriate natural enemies iii. quarantine processiv. growing&multiplication of natural enemiesv. release

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_pest_control

AUGMENTATION

supplemental release of natural enemies when their amount is insufficient

Only a few natural enemies can be effectively augmented in gardens and landscapes

Habitat or environmental manipulation: altering the cropping system to augment or enhance the effectiveness of a natural enemy

Question: Is there a negative effect of biological pest control ? what can be the negative effect(s) of biological pest control?

Answer: Problems can occur as a result of: predation, parasitism, pathogenicity, competition,

or other attacks on non-target species. deterioration of native ecosystem

FOR EXAMPLE:

“The mongoose was introduced to Hawaii in order to control the rat population. However it preyed on the endemic birds of Hawaii, especially their eggs, more often than it ate the rats”.

http://www.zoochat.com/198/yellow-mongoose-215788/

MECHANICAL & PHYSICAL PEST MANAGEMENT

https://pbs.twimg.com/media/A_HXiJKCYAASeNw.jpg

Mechanical Control

To provide a protective barrier between plants and insects.

Physical Control

 Getting rid of insects to protect crops

http://imgsrv.gardening.ktsa.com/image/ktsag/UserFiles/Image/F-Images/floating%20row%20cover.jpg

Row Covers

MERİT increasing soil and air temperature reducing wind damage providing a physical barrier against pests. non-toxic with no residues

DRAWBACK Labor intensive in windy air Cannot prevent pests from soil Prevent pollunation

Handpicking

Traps and Attrachtants

Insect vacuum

INSECTİCİDAL SOAPS

http://addins.kwwl.com/blogs/thedirt/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/insecticidalsoap1.jpg

MERİT Control insects Minimize plant injury Consistent manufacture Not fatal for benefical insects

DRAWBACK Increased risk of plant injury Not effective against big bugs Spider mites

TO PREVENT PLANT INJURY Dilute the solution Wash leaves after usage

OTHER METHODS Water pressure system

Diatomaceous Earth

Horticulture Oils

HARVEST PRACTİCES Strip harvesting Early swathing Mowing Hand pulling

TEMPERATURE CONTROL Fire

Cold Storage

http://capepestcontrol.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/pest-control_services.jpg

QUESTİON

Is it clever to kill pests in order to save our crops?

Answers: Since there are beneficial insects reliant on some of these pests total destruction of them would eventually harm our selective environment, maintaining the numbers in a scale will be much more efficient.

WHAT IS INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM) ?

Many pests are not controlled effectively with a single technique; rather, a combination of control methods is often more effective.

Integrated pest management (IPM) combines a variety of biological, cultivation, and pesticide controls tailored to the conditions and crops of an individual farm, campus, city, or greenhouse.

IPM focusses on controlling, rather than eradication of pests.

Using pesticides is seen as the last option for IPM

PRİNCİPLES OF IPM

1) Acceptable Pest LevelsFirst, establish acceptable pest level, (action threshold) then if it is exceeded, we can now use control methods.

Not using pesticides lead more vulnerable pest generations.

2) Preventive Cultural PracticeSelecting best techniques for local growing conditions and maintaining healthy crops is the first line of defense.

Plant Quarantine Cultural Techniques

-removal of diseased plants -cutting leafs to prevent spread of infections-crop sanitation

3) MonitoringRegular observation is critically important.

Observation of target insects-pests may provide crucial information about their life-cycle or reproduction.

Since insects are cold-blooded, their physical development is dependent on area temperatures.

4) Mechanical ControlsIt includes traps containing female pest pheronomes attract and capture the males.

5) Biological and Genetic ControlsMain approach is to promote beneficial insects that eat or parasitize target pests.e.g. Entomopathogenic fungi ,

Entomopathogenic nematodes Genetic control includes pest-resistant GM crop

6) Responsible Use of Pesticides

Synthetic pesticides are used as required and often only at specific times in a pest’s life cycle.

Many newer pesticides are derived from plants or naturally occurring substances (e.g.—nicotine, pyrethrum and insect juvenile hormone analogues)

Farmers need to be educated so that they know what strategies will work best in their particular situations.

IPM requires a lot of knowledge and observations, but it is cheaper, efficient, sustainable and more beneficial for environment than pesticides(eradication).

IPM has been most successful in controlling insect pests.

IPM AT HOME FOR MİCE Remove the incentive for mice to live in your

home by keeping foods sealed and stored Reduce potential habitats for mice by closing

up holes in walls and carefully but thoroughly cleaning out any place where mice have built nest

Add a cat your household Set mousetraps in places where mice are

known to travel Use poisons selectively—and only in place

where children and petst cannot get to them

QUESTİON:WHAT ARE ADVANTAGES AND DİSADVANTAGES OF IPM?

ANSWER:

Advanteges There is no escape for pests, somehow they are

controlled by farmers by various techniques. Cheap, efficient, sustainable and beneficial for

environment.

Disadvantages It requires lots of knowledge,therefore it is not

common amongst farmers. It is still in developing proccess(biologic and

genetic pest control) and it is not widely used.

WHY IS PEST CONTROL IMPORTANT?

MAIN PURPOSES OF PEST CONTROL Protect our food Protect our health Convenience

HUMAN HEALTH Pests carry harmful bacteria that

contaminate food and cause illnesses. Quality of life depends on: better

pharmaceuticals, better vaccines, better pest control

Allergy (e.g. cockroaches) Increased life expectancy

CROP PROTECTION Consumption and Contamination of the 20%

of our food supply Lost profits in business

PESTS DO DAMAGES Pests destroy houses and buildings and their

contents. Rats can cause fire by chewing the wires.

PESTICIDES

‘’any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, or controlling any pest, including vectors of human or animal disease, unwanted species of plants or animals, causing harm during or otherwise interfering with the production, processing, storage, transport, or marketing of food, agricultural commodities, wood and wood products or animal feedstuffs, or substances that may be administered to animals for the control of insects, arachnids, or other pests in or on their bodies’’ – Food and Agriculture Organization

THE DDT STORY First-generation pesticides vs. Second-

generation pesticides Paul Müller, -1938 Toxic to insects and nontoxic to humans World War II U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

WHAT ARE THE POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF PEST MANAGEMENT?

PESTICIDE USE Benefits

Disease Control Crop Protection

Problems Evolution of genetic

Resistance Imbalances in the

Ecosystem Persistence,

Bioaccumulation, Biological magnification

Mobility in the Environment

Adverse Environmental and Human Health Effects

Resurgances & Secondary-Pest Outbreaks

EVOLUTION OF GENETIC RESISTANCE The prolonged use of a particular pesticide

can cause a pest population to develop genetic resistance to the pesticide.

Associated with secondary-pest outbreaks Pesticide Treadmill Resistance Management: Strategies for

managing genetic resistance to maximize the period in which a pesticide is useful.

DEVELOPED GENETIC RESISTANCE

PESITICIDE TREADMILL

IMBALANCES IN THE ECOSYSTEM Beneficial insects are also killed as effectively

as pest insects. Dieldrin – kills animals such as birds, rabbits,

beneficial insects, cats and squirells besides Japanese beetles

Reduction in the population of natural enemies of target pest insects

Creation of new Pests

PERSISTENCE, BIOACCUMULATION, BIOLOGICAL MAGNIFICATION Bioaccumulation: The buildup of a persistent

pesticide or other toxic substance in an organism’s body

Biological Magnification: The increased concentration of toxic chemicals such as certain pesticides in the tissues of organisms at higher trophic levels in food webs.

MOBILITY IN THE ENVIRONMENT Pesticides do not stay where they are applied The pesticide level in an aquatic ecosystem

may harm the fishes. Water and Air pollunation

INTENDED AND ACTUAL PATHWAYS FOR PESTICIDE

RISKS ON HUMAN HEALTH Short-term Effects such as Pesticide

Poisioning: more than 4 million people suffer from pesticide poisoning and 300,000 people die each year

Use of dangerous pesticides in developing countries

Safety regulations

RISKS ON HUMAN HEALTH Long-term Effects such as cancer and sterility Increase the risk of Parkinson’s Disease Miscarriages and birth defects Pesticides are Endocrine disrupters

WHY ARE PESTICIDES SO WIDELY USED?

Use of pesticides -> The amount of food The economic value of pesticides Many health problems are impossible to

control without insecticides.

CHANGES IN PESTICIDE USE AROUND THE WORLD

Question: Explain how the use of pesticides can disrupt the nature of an ecosystem.

Answer: The pesticides also have effects on non-target organisms. Along the target organisms, some other species can also be harmed and killed by the applied pesticide. In addition, the use of pesticides can also cause a species to become a serious pest, although it was not previously a problem.

REFERENCES: D. S. Hill, Agricultural Insect Pests of the Tropics and their Control, 2nd ed., London,

1983. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest_(organism) http://www.eolss.net/sample-chapters/c10/e5-24-10-00.pdf http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/text18/management.html http://tnau.ac.in/eagri/eagri50/ENTO232/lec11.pdf http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Discuss:What_is_pest_resurgence http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest_control Hoffmann, M.P. and Frodsham, A.C. (1993) Natural Enemies of Vegetable Insect Pests.

Cooperative Extension, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. 63 pp. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_pest_control http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn74140.html Hillock, D., & Bolin, P. (n.d.). Earth-Kind Gardening Series Mechanical Pest Controls. .

Retrieved April 19, 2014, from http://pods.dasnr.okstate.edu/docushare/dsweb/Get/Document-2291/HLA-6432web.pdf

Physical Control of Pests. (n.d.). Physical Control of Pests. Retrieved April 19, 2014, from http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/prm2366

SMITH F. B., ENGER E. D., 2010, Environmental Science, McGraw Hill Higher Education, Twelth Edition

WRIGHT R. T., BOORSE D. F., 2011, Environmental Science, Pearson, Eleventh Edition RAVEN P. H., BERG L. R., HASSENZAHL D. M., 2010, Environment, Wiley, Seventh Edition