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AQA AS Sport and Physical Education PHED 1 Muscles

Anatomy: MusclesToday we will start to look at the muscles of the body. By the end of this lesson you should be able to: Explain the function of each muscle group – agonist/

antagonist pairs Locate specific muscles in the body – minimally the

agonist/ antagonist pairs of AQA actions Apply your knowledge to a range of sporting

performances

Task 1: Muscles

Muscle Origin (bone) Insertion (bone) Movementbiceps brachiitriceps brachiideltoidlatissimus dorsipectoralis majorinfraspinatusilio psoasgluteus maximusgluteus mediusgluteus minimusadductor longusadductor brevisadductor magnusrectus femorisvastus lateralisvastus medialisvastus intermediusbiceps femorissemitendinosussemimembranosustibialis anteriorgastrocnemiussoleus(Hint: identify the muscles that make up the hamstrings and quadriceps)

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Task 2: Agonist/Antagonist

Try to complete the following without your book. You might be surprised.

The elbow jointThe elbow is a hinge joint, with the distal (far) end of the humerus articulating with the proximal (near) end of the radius and ulna. Movement can only take place in one plane, allowing only flexion and extension. In addition, within the elbow joint capsule, the radius articulates with the ulna to form a pivot joint (radioulnar or radiocarpal joint). Here, pronation and supination occur.

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The shoulder jointThis is a ball-and-socket joint where the head of the humerus fits into a cavity on the scapula called the glenoid fossa. This type of joint allows the most movement, because of the shallowness of the joint cavity.However, its structure also makes it one of the most unstable joints, so it is heavily reliant on ligaments and muscles to increase its stability.

Movement Agonist AntagonistFlexion

Extension

Abduction

Aduction

Horizontal Abduction

Horizontal Adduction

Medial Rotation

Lateral Rotation

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The vertebral columnThe vertebral column has three types of joint:■ cartilaginous, between individual vertebrae■ gliding, between the vertebral arches■ pivot, between the atlas and axis vertebrae

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The hip jointThe hip is a ball-and-socket joint where the head of the femur fits into the acetabulum of the pelvis. The joint cavity for the hip is much deeper than that for the shoulder, thus making the hip more stable but less mobile than the shoulder joint. The addition of strong ligaments surrounding the hip joint decreases its mobility even more but at the same time this makes dislocation very difficult.

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The knee jointThe knee is classed as a hinge joint but this is not strictly true as some rotation is allowed to enable full rotation and locking of the knee. The femur articulates with the tibia (not the fibula). Strong ligaments are present in order to prevent any sideways movement.

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The ankle jointThe ankle is a hinge joint where the articulating bones are the tibia and the talus (this may be easier to remember and spell than ‘calcaneous’).

Movement Agonist AntagonistDorsi flexion

Plantar flexion

Inversion

Eversion

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Scapulae: just to complete the actions required

Movement Agonist AntagonistElevation

Depression

Recap Activity: What am I doing?

Use your mini white board to win points for your team.

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HomeworkMovement Analysis You should now be able to complete even more columns in your Movement Analysis table

Muscle Groups You should also make sure that you know the names, locations and movements produced by the major muscle groups of the body as well as agonist antagonist pairs.

ExtensionYou could learn the names of the individual muscles as well as the names of the muscle groups. You could also investigate the origins and insertions of muscles.

The PowerPoint Muscles has almost all of the information you should to gain a basic pass – but you will need to do some more research to gain the highest passing grade!

So go on, be a devil – use the library!

I will collect the homework in next week.

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