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Transcript of PEShare.co.uk Shared Resource
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RESPIRATORY EXAM QUESTIONS
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1.Exercise results in an increase in the volume of gas exchanged in the
lungs
Define Tidal Volume and describe how a performer is able to increase lung volumes during exercise using neural control.
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1. Definition: ‘The amount of air breathed in/out of the lungs in one
breath’.
Description:• Movement detected by proprioreceptors• Changes in blood pressure via baroreceptors • Emotional influences/lung stretch receptors• Change in blood pH via chemoreceptors/ drop in
oxygen.• Respiratory Centre (in medulla) controls breathing.• Inspiratory/Expiratory centre initiate impulses
(apneunistic/pneumotaxic)• Impulses sent via phrenic nerves• Impulses received by respiratory muscles• This leads to increased rate and depth of breathing.
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2. How is oxygen transported in the blood to the working
muscles?
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• Attached to haemoglobin
• Forms oxyhaemoglobin
• Dissolved in plasma
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3. Describe how more oxygen is diffused into the muscles during
exercise.
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• Gas diffuses from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure
• There is a high partial pressure of oxygen in blood, low P02 in muscle.
• There is a decreased partial pressure of oxygen in the muscle during exercise.
• Therefore there is an increased diffusion gradient.
• Increase in temperature encourages greater release of oxygen (from haemoglobin)
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4. At rest and during physical activity the performer varies the volume of gas exchanged in the lungs.
Give typical minute ventilation values for a fit 20 year old at rest & during maximal exercise.
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ANSWER
AT REST = 4 – 15 LITRES/MIN
MAXIMAL = 100 – 180 LITRES/MIN
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5.
DESCRIBE HOW NEURAL CONTROL ENABLES AN ATHLETE TO INCREASE LUNG VOLUMES.
WHY IS THIS BENEFICIAL TO PERFORMANCE?
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HOW CONTROL IS EXERTED:• INFORMATION RECEIVED BY RESPIRATORY
CONTROL CENTRE (RCC) IN MEDULLA OBLONGATA
• RATE & DEPTH OF BREATHING REGULATED BY RESPIRATORY CONTROL CENTRE
• THESE SEND NERVE IMPULSE TO THE RESPIRATORY MUSCLES
• THESE INCREASE THE RATE & DEPTH OF BREATHING
WHY: • LARGER VOLUMES OF AIR EXPIRED MORE RAPIDLY,
THEREFORE MORE CO2 EXPELLED
• LARGER VOLUMES OF AIR INSPIRED, THEREFORE GREATER AMOUNTS OF OXYGEN AVAILABLE
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6. DESCRIBE THE EFFECT OF ALTITUDE ON THE EXCHANGE OF GASES AT THE ALVEOLI AND WHY
THIS MAY BE BENEFICIAL.
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EFFECTS:• HAEMOGLOBIN SATURATION DEPENDS UPON PARTIAL PRESSURE
OF O2 IN ALVEOLAR AIR/THE LUNGS.
• AT ALTITUDE THE PARTIAL PRESSURE/CONCENTRATION OF O2 IS REDUCED
• THEREFORE THERE IS A REDUCTION IN THE DIFFUSION GRADIENT
• HAEMOGLOBIN IS NOT FULLY STATURATED
• WHICH RESULTS IN A LOWER O2 CARRYING CAPACITY.
INFLUENCE:• THEREFORE LESS O2 DELIVERED TO WORKING MUSCLES• SO EARLIER ONSET OF FATIQUE
• RESULTING IN DECREASE IN PERFORMANCE (OF AEROBIC ACTIVITIES)
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7. EXPLAIN HOW THE RESPIRATORY CONTROL CENTRE IN THE MEDULLA
OBLONGATA RESPONDS TO THE INCREASED DEMAND FOR OXYGEN
DURING EXERCISE.
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• Drop in pH/more acidity, 02 and increase in C02 detected by chemoreceptors
• Changes in blood pressure detected by baroreceptors
• Increase in motor movement detected by proprioreceptors
Which all stimulate the Respiratory Control Centre:• RCC controls/regulated breathing• Stimulates inspiratory/expiratory muscles• Results in stronger contractions and increased
rate of stimulus/increased rate & depth of breathing.
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8. Why does an increase in C02 during exercise increase
heart rate?
How does this happen?
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Why?• Increase in C02 changes ph/acidity
How?• This is detected by chemoreceptors• Information sent to Cardiac Control Centre• Under autonomic control• Impulses sent via cardiac accelerator nerve• SA node is stimulated• Known as sympathetic
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9. Describe how the mechanics of breathing after during
exercise to expire greater volumes of C02.
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• This process becomes active• Due to intercostals contracting• Abdominal muscles contracting• Diaphram pushed up harder/rib
cage pulled in & down• Decrease in volume of thoracic
cavity• Causing an increased pressure
within thoracic cavity.
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10. Identify two ways in which C02 is carried in the blood during
aerobic performance.
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• Dissolves in plasma
• Combines with haemoglobin
• Forms carbaminohaemoglobin
• Dissolves in water/forms carbonic acid
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11. How is C02 diffused from the muscle tissue into the
blood during exercise?
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• C02 flows from an area of high pressure to low pressure
• Partial pressure of C02 is lower in the blood
• During exercise there is a greater concentration/diffusion gradient so faster diffusion will occur
• Haemoglobin is able to pick up C02 more easily when 02 is released
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INSPIRATION• External intercostals contract with more force• Diaphragm contracts/flattens• More muscles involved, trapezius / sternocleidomastoid /
pectorals• Lift thoracic cavity further up and out/ribs up and out• Increases volume of cavity
EXPIRATION• Process becomes active• Internal intercostals contract• This pulls ribs down and in• Abdominals contract (pushes diaphragm up)• Decreases volume of cavity