Bab 5 Pertumbuhan

Pertumbuhan Manusia

Learning Outcomes:

• describe what growth is,• identify the characteristics used to measure

growth rate, • analyse the growth curve for male and female, • compare and contrast the growth rate in male

and female,• describe the effects of nutrition on the growth

in children.

• Perubahan dalam sesuatu organisma dari segi jisim badan atau berat badan, saiz, dan bentuk tubuh badan dalam tempoh masa tertentu

• Selain itu juga, perubahan fizikal, mental dan emosi sejak dilahirkan juga dianggap sebagai pertumbuhan.

Kanak-kanak

• Ciri-ciri biasa yang digunakan untuk mengukur pertumbuhan manusia:

• BERAT • KETINGGIAN • KEPANJANGAN TANGAN • SAIZ KEPALA MANUSIA

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Human growth• Proses perubahan saiz, fizikal dan

fungsi organisma

• Kadar pertumbuhan manusia boleh dibahagikan kepada 5 Fasa seperti mana pada gambar rajah di atas. Berikut adalah penerangan berkenaan setiap fasa dalam graf pertumbuhan manusia.

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PERUBAHAN SEMASA

PERTUMBUHAN MANUSIA

SaizSaiz akan meningkat dari bayi ke dewasa

FizikalPerubahan fizikal apabila seseorang

membesar

Perkembangan SpiritualPerubahan spiritual

berlaku pada peringkat pertumbuhan yang

berbeza

Fungsi sel Setiap sel mempunyai

struktur dan fungsi yang spesifik

Lengkuk pertumbuhan Manusia• Bayi

• Petumbuhan berlaku dengan sangat pantas• Kanak-kanak

• Perlahan dan berterusan• Remaja

• Dengan cepat terutama selepas akhil baligh • Dewasa

• Pertumbuan perlahan dan terhenti• Tua

• Pertumbuhan negetif

Perbandingan antara lelaki dan perempuan

Comparison• Infancy• Growth rate for a male = female• Childhood• Growth rate of male > female• Early Adolescent• Growth rate of female > male• Later Adolescent• Growth rate of male > female• Female starts & ends adolescence earlier• Male starts & ends his adolescence later

Nutrient Importance

Proteins Build new cells & tissues

Carbohydrate & Fats Provide energy

Calcium, Phosphorus & Vitamin D

Building teeth & bones

Iron Building red blood cell

Vitamins Fight infections

Weight gain boy vs girlChildhood Adolescence Adulthood

Infancy

• Apart from body weight, height can be used to measure the rate of human growth.

• State the period of the most rapid human development.• 0–2 years• At which growth stage is the rate of increase in body weight• (a) in boys and girls almost the same?• 0–6 years• (b) faster in boys than in girls?• 6–10 years and 14 years and above• (c) faster in girls than in boys?• 10–14 years

• Why are adult men taller than adult women?• The growth period in boys is longer than in

girls.• Children are very active during adolescence. Suggest

one food class that they need to consume in large quantities in their diet.

• Carbohydrates/Fats

5.2 Discussion activity

1. (Proteins, Carbohydrates) are needed to supply more energy to children.

2. (Fats, Proteins) are needed to build new tissues in the body.

3. The formation of strong bone and teeth needs (calcium, iodine).

4. Consuming too much food will lead to (obesity, anaemia).

5. Deficiency of protein in children will cause (rickets, kwashiorkor).

1

Childhood

Adolescence

Adulthood

Infancy

Diagram 1

2• (a) The growth rate in females is same as that in males at infancy stage.

• (b) The growth rate in females is faster than in males at adolescence stage.

• (c) The growth rate in males is faster than females at childhood stage.

• (d) The rate of growth is the fastest at the infancy stage.

• (e) The rate of growth in adolescents is faster than that in children.

1

Childhood

Adolescence

Adulthood

Infancy

1

• (b) At which stage does a human being grow the fastest?

• K/Infancy• (c) At which stage does a human being grow the

slowest?• N/Adulthood• (d) At which stage does a female grow faster

than a male?• M/Adolescence

2

• (b) What is the best food for humans at stage P?• Mother’s milk• (c) At which stage does a human reach puberty?• R/Adolescence• (d) Explain why children need carbohydrates in large quantities.• Children are very active

P: Infancy Q: Childhood R: Adolescence S: Adulthood