Philosophical Aspects Of Modern Scientific Endeavour

What does Quantum Mechanics, Relativity, Strings, Super Symmetry Say? From Newton to Einstein to Stephen Hawking , Roger Penrose, Feynman and Beyond

By Shripadraj Mujumdar [Prasanna]

Deep Questions Answered ! Deeper Questions Posed !!

Business, Financial, Market , Inflation,

Regulation, Relations

What is the physical reality?

What is everything made up of?

Where do we stand at Cosmic Level? Is it too Big? Too small?

How did it all Start ?

What laws govern everything?

What and How do we perceive?

Are there hidden dimensions which we do not see?

Do we have any special position in the Universe ?

The questions are as old as human curiosity.

The answers to many have always seemed beyond the reach of science and reasoning. . .until now!

Cosmic Vision

P e r s p e c t i v e s

Our Huge Planet is approx.10000000000000000000 Times Smaller

Than Visible Universe

What is our Home Address Really in the whole Universe?

• Matter -uniformly throughout • smaller length-scales, matter clustered

Atoms are condensed into STARS, • Most stars into GALAXIES• Most galaxies into CLUSTERS, SUPER

CLUSTERS • the largest-scale structures such as the

Great Wall of galaxies. • Isotropically , same content• Bathed in a highly MICROWAVE

RADIATION

The universe

93 billion light years across

Across

Universe in ceaseless motion.

Creation and Death of Stars

Explosions, Supernova, Merging

Black Holes and Cosmic Radiation

Seen or Perceived Trough Light, Infrared, Microwave Continuously Expanding

very large and possibly infinite in volume; the observable matter is spread over a space at least

Inflation(Big Bang plus 10-34 Seconds)

Big Bang plus 300,000 Years

gravitational waves

Big Bang plus 14 Billion Years

light

Now

Space, time, matter-everything originated in the Big Bang, an incommensurably huge explosion that happened 13.7 billion years ago.

incredibly hot and dense but only a few moments after, rise to the building blocks of matter – in particular, the quarks and electrons of which we are all made.

A few millionths of a second later, quarks aggregated to produce protons and neutrons, which in turn were bundled into nuclei three minutes later.

Took 380,000 years for electrons to be trapped in orbits around nuclei, forming the first atoms.

Mainly helium and hydrogen, which are still by far the most abundant elements in the Universe.

Another 1.6 million years later, gravity began to take control as clouds of gas began to form stars and galaxies.

Since then heavier atoms, such as carbon, oxygen and iron, of which we are all made, have been continuously ‘cooked’ in the hearts of the stars and stirred in with the rest of the Universe

Motion

Space

Time

Matter

Mass and Energy

Light

Its Not correct!! ?-Only Locally/Reference Frame

Classical physics

an absolute, three-

dimensional space,

independent of the material

objects

Euclidean geometry

time as a separate

dimension which again is

absolute and flows at an

even rate.

Governing Theories

Einstein recognized that temporal specifications, too, are relative and depend on the observer.

In everyday life, the impression that we can arrange the events around us in a unique time sequence is created by the fact that the velocity of light is so high, compared to any other velocity we experience, that we can assume we are observing events at the instant they are occurring

What is true for lengths is also true for time intervals, This means that clocks in motion run slower; time slows down

Time passes more slowly for observers traveling at high speeds or near a massive body.

It is important to realize that it makes no sense to ask which is the ‘real’ length of an object, just as it makes no sense in our everyday life to ask for the real length of somebody’s shadow

Space-time instead of Space & Time – 4 Dimensional E=mc2 --mass (m) is equivalent to energy (E). The recognition that the two quantities are related was

Einstein’s stroke of genius. So your car, and virtually all other activity on Earth, is

ultimately powered by E=mc2.

Einstein changed the way we think of the Universe The Theory of Relativity:

Flat sheet like rubber [4D]- with deeps and holes-Due to GRAVITY

Motion

Space

Time

Matter

Mass and Energy

Light

All IntegratedNow Its Universally defined!

Classical physics

an absolute, three-

dimensional space,

independent of the material

objects

Euclidean geometry

time as a separate

dimension which again is

absolute and flows at an

even rate.

11

Einstein’s “Predictions”Three startling outcomes of Einstein’s general

relativity:

The expansion of the Universe (from a Big Bang) Black holes A Cosmological Constant acting against the pull of gravity

Hubble discovered the expanding Universe

in 1929

Black holes found in our Galaxy and at the centers of most galaxies

over the past three decades

Evidence for an accelerating Universe

was observed in 1998

Dark matter, Black Holes- (But Are not so black) As the star collapses and becomes more and more dense,

the force of gravity on its surface becomes stronger and stronger, and consequently the space-time around it becomes more and more curved.

Because of the increasing force of gravity on the star’s surface, it becomes more and more difficult to get away from it, and eventually the star reaches a stage where nothing-not even light-can escape from its surface.

At that stage, we say that an ‘event horizon’ forms around the star, because no signal can get away from it to communicate any event to the outside world.

The space around the star is then so strongly curved that all the light is trapped in it and cannot escape.

We are not able to see such a star, because its light can never reach us and for this reason it is called a black hole

Matter accounts for only a tiny 4% of the entire Universe. In a way, it is not so much the visible things, such as planets and galaxies, that define the Universe, but rather the void around them!

Most of the Universe is made up of invisible substances known as 'dark matter' (26%) and 'dark energy' (70%). Do not emit electromagnetic radiation, and we detect them only through their gravitational effects.

We do not know what 95% of the universe

is made of!

Perspectives

We and all things around us are made of atoms?

Human Hair ~ 50 mm = 50 10-6 m = 0.000050 m

Atom ~ 10-10 m = 0.0000000001 m

Atoms

Atoms are all similarly made of:- protons and neutrons in the nucleus- electrons orbiting around

electron

proton

neutron

Protons, neutrons are made up of quarks

The electron was thefirst elementaryparticle to be discovered(JJ Thomson 1897)

From the atom to the quark

Atoms and sub-atomic particles are much smaller than visible light wave-length Therefore, we cannot really See Them. .

To learn about the sub-atomic structure we need particle accelerators

How small are the smallest constituents of matter?

~ 10-10 m~ 10-14 m

~ 10-15 m

<10-18 m

<10-1 8

m

Quarks are fundamental building blocks of matter. They are most commonly found inside protons and neutrons, the particles that make up the core of each atom in the universe.

Probing the detailed properties of the top may shed light on the

origins of mass itself in the universe.

Based on current experimental evidence, quarks seem to be truly fundamental particles; they cannot be further subdivided.

Anti-matterFor every fundamental particle of matter there is an anti-

particle with same mass and properties but opposite charge

ne

e-

u

d-1/3

+2/3

ne

e+

u

d+1/3

-2/3

+1

0

-1

0

positron

• Correspondent anti-particles exist for all three families• Anti-matter can be produced using accelerators

Matter Anti-Matter

Bar on top to indicateanti-particle

Is the whole Universe made only of quarks and electrons?

n1 cm

Within each cm3 of space: ~300 neutrinos

from Big Bang

Neutrinos are everywhere! in the outer space, on Earth, in our bodies..

1 cm

No! There are also neutrinos!

Neutrinos are the most abundant matter-particles in the Universe!

1014 neutrinos per second from Sun

are zipping through you

nEvery cm2 of Earth surface is crossed every

second by more than 10 billion (1010) neutrinos produced in the Sun

The 4 forces of NatureWeak• Beta-decay• pp fusion

Strong• Quark binding

Electromagnetic• TV, PCs • Magnets

• e- e+ creation

GravityResponsible ofKeeping us well-planted on earth

Electric charge

mass

weak charge

strongcharge

Yet Many Loose ends Is there no mass?!!

The Higgs boson, a fundamental particle predicted by theorist Peter Higgs, may be the key to understanding why elementary particles have mass

Higgs proposed that the vacuum contains an omnipresent field that can slow down some (otherwise mass less) elementary particles—like a vat of molasses slowing down a high-speed bullet. Such particles would behave like massive particles traveling at less than light speed. Other particles—such as the photons of light—are immune to the field: they do not slow down and remain mass less.

Although the Higgs field is not directly measurable, -particles called Higgs bosons. So far, experiments using the world's most powerful accelerators have not observed any Higgs bosons, but indirect experimental evidence suggests that particle physicists are poised for a profound discovery.

String theory An approach to the construction of a complete unified theory of all

fundamental particles and forces. Fundamental constituents of the universe are one-dimensional

“strings” rather than point-like particles. What we perceive as particles are actually vibrations in loops of

string, each with its own characteristic frequency. String theory originated as an attempt to describe the interactions

of particles such as protons six or seven extra dimensions of space, and it contains ways of

relating large extra dimensions to small ones. led to the concept of Supersymmetry, which would double the

number of elementary particles. Practitioners are optimistic that string theory will eventually make

predictions that can be experimentally tested. String theory has already had a big impact on pure mathematics, cosmology and the way particle physicists interpret experiments,.

Supersymmetry

A proposed property of the universe. Superpartner. - a heavy replica of a particle, with one other

significant difference. All particles are classed as either fermions or bosons. Superpartner - thereby "balancing the books" and making

nature symmetric. E.g. the superpartner of an electron (a fermion) is called a selectron (a boson).

grand dance of particles through the universe, but we can currently see only one partner from each pair. The unseen particles might be the source of the mysterious

"dark matter" in galaxies. Although super partners have not yet been observed in

nature, they might soon be produced in particle accelerators on Earth- LHC

Extra Dimensions Extra dimensions sound like science

fiction, but they could be part of the real world. And if so, they might help explain mysteries like why the universe is expanding faster than expected, and why gravity is weaker than the other forces of nature. Three dimensions are all we see -- how could there be any more? Einstein's general theory of relativity tells us that space can expand, contract, and bend. If one direction were to contract down to an extremely tiny size, much smaller than an atom, it would be hidden from our view. If we could see on small enough scales, that hidden dimension might become visible.

Imagine a balancing act in which a daredevil walks the cable of a suspension bridge, only able to move backward and forward, not left and right, nor up and down. The daredevil experiences only one dimension, but things that live on a smaller scale, such as ants, can move about in an extra dimension -- circularly around the cable, in this analogy. String theory requires the existence of extra dimensions. Perhaps we will be fortunate enough to detect them directly in upcoming experiments, or infer their existence from early-universe cosmology. If so, we will have yet another confirmation of how the universe extends well beyond our everyday experience.

1. What is Dark Matter?2. What is the Nature of Dark Energy?

3. How Did the Universe Begin?4. Did Einstein Have the Last Word on Gravity?

5. What are the Masses of the Neutrinos and HowHave They Shaped the Evolution of the Universe?

6. How do Cosmic Accelerators Work and What areThey Accelerating?

7. Are Protons Unstable?8. What Are the New States of Matter at Exceedingly

High Density and Temperature?9. Are There Additional Space-Time Dimensions?10. How Were the Elements from Iron to Uranium

Made?11. Is a New Theory of Light and Matter Needed at

the Highest Energies?

1. Are there undiscovered principles of nature : New symmetries, new physical laws?

2. How can we solve the mystery of dark energy?3. Are there extra dimensions of space?

Do all the forces become one?4. Why are there so many kinds of particles?5. What is dark matter?6. How can we make it in the laboratory?7. What are neutrinos telling us?8. How did the universe come to be?9. What happened to the antimatter?

?

Deeper Questions!

The largest machine in the world...The fastest racetrack on the planet...

The emptiest space in the Solar System...

The hottest spots in the galaxy, but even colder than outer space...

ALICE ATLAS CMS LHCb

TOTEM LHCf

The most powerful supercomputer system in the world...

We are at a special moment in our journey to understand the universe and the physical laws that govern it

-Committee on the Physics of the Universe [ U.S. Gov]

“Up to now, most scientists have been too occupied with the development of new

theories that describe what the universe is to ask the question why. On the other hand, the people whose business it is to ask why, the

philosophers, have not been able to keep up with the advance of scientific theories.

However, if we do discover a complete theory, it should in time be understandable in broad principle by everyone, not just a few scientists. Then we shall all, philosophers, scientists, and just ordinary people, be able to take

part in the discussion of the question of why it is that we and the universe exist. If we find the answer to that, it would be the ultimate triumph of human

reason – for then we would know the mind of God.” Stephen Hawking

Thank YouYou can reach me at Shripadraj_Mujumdar@satyam.com

But this is all about Understanding “How”Can someone explainWhy the things are

-as they are