Perspectives on open source for technological catch-up processes in industrializing countries

Prof. Dr. Bettina Burger-Menzel Brandenburg University of Applied Sciences

perspectives on open source for technological catch-up processes in

industrializing countries

Simposio “Desarrollo y perspectivas de la sociedad de la información y internet en Bolivia” La Paz / May 17, 2011

with support of the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD)

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agenda

1. ICT (TICs) as a precondition for economic growth and the role of open-source software (OSS)

2. ICT (TICs) and government: What should / could the state do within its national innovation system?

3. conclusion

Burger-Menzel: OS perspectives for technological catch-up / La Paz 17.05.2011

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1. ICTs (TICs) as a precondition for

economic growth

and the role of open sourcing (OS)


ICTs (TICs) drive economic growth


Carlota Perez (2008): “The Asian region quickly understood the importance of ICT and the trend towards global markets … and [is now] far ahead in its accumulation of knowledge and experience in technology, production, management and trade”.

GDP 1990

GDP 2010

directly: ICT business itself

indirectly: productivity increases in other sectors

Mapping global GDP (in bio. US$, 2001)

USA 9900

Germany 1948

Japan 4574

Africa (Algeria, Egypt, Kenia

Marocco, Nigeria, South Africa)

255

Latin America (Argentina, Bolivia,

Brasil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,

Uruguay, Venezuela)

1176

Mexico 550

Great Britain 1451

China 1131Russia

253

India 474

France 1377

Australia 383

Canada 661

South Korea 447

Comp. DIE ZEIT, 27.3.2003


UIS 2009

Mapping GDP corresponds mapping R&D investment as % of GDP

open source software as part of ICTs (KICs)


OS software - open knowledge and anyone can learn, adapt create and distribute it

- is based on voluntary cooperation of software developers in many different locations with a shared ‘culture’

the relevance of open source for technological catch-up


direct effect on economy :

- OSS business model itself

- hybrid business model (OSS as component; mainly outsourcing)

the relevance of open source for technological catch-up (2)


indirect effect

OSS contributes to a country‘s development by means of

-education-learning-problem-solving-business ideas-…

Rank Motive to go on with developing and/or distributing OS

1 to learn and develop new skills2 to share my knowledge and skills3 to improve OS products of other developers4 because I think that software should not be

proprietary products5 to participate in a new form of cooperation6 to participate in the OS scene7 to improve my job opportunities8 to solve a problem that could not be done by

proprietary software9 to limit the power of large software product10 to get help in realizing a good idea for a software

product11 to make money12 to get a reputation in the OS developers scene13 to distribute not marketable software

Flexibility and StabilityFlexibility and StabilitySaving CostsSaving CostsIndependenceIndependenceCommunity SupportCommunity Support(Grassmuck, 2002, p. 340) (Grassmuck, 2002, p. 340)

OSS in SMEsOSS in SMEs

Improvement ICTImprovement ICTFirm performanceFirm performance(UNU-MERIT, 2006, p. 92)(UNU-MERIT, 2006, p. 92)

Improvement ICTImprovement ICTFirm performanceFirm performance(UNU-MERIT, 2006, p. 92)(UNU-MERIT, 2006, p. 92)

Skills Improment Skills Improment Life-long-learningLife-long-learning(UNU-MERIT, 2006, p. 46)(UNU-MERIT, 2006, p. 46)

Skills Improment Skills Improment Life-long-learningLife-long-learning(UNU-MERIT, 2006, p. 46)(UNU-MERIT, 2006, p. 46)

the relevance of open source for technological catch-up (3)


direct and indirect effect OSS especially relevant in country with dominance of small- and medium-sized companies with scarce ressources

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2. ICT (TICs) and government: What should /

could the state do within its national

innovation system?


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Prior Knowledge

Base

Intensity Efforts

e - Government

Individual à Organisation

Explicit Knowledge (Know-how)

Tacit Knowledge (Know-why)

Government software

procurement

Local software industry

Open source work group

Education and Training

Internet Policy

Burger-Menzel/ Cabero Tapia (2007) based on Kim (2000)

government is important for how a country catches up while benefitting from ICTs (KICs)

e.g. education, research, market regulation, public procurement, e-government …


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government and ICT including OSS: … in more detail

requirementsDalum/ Johnson/ Lundvall 2010

examplesLow 2002; Burger-Menzel/ Cabero Tapia 2007; Burger-Menzel/ Assadi 2010

means to learn, adapt and create

education and training in ICT and OSS

incentive to learn, adapt and create

reduction of regulatory and legal barriers to apply OS; investment incentives

capability to learn, adapt and create

flexible access to a broad variety of services with compatibility, accessibility, installation, upgrading and payment options

access to relevant knowledge

advanced ICT and energy infrastructure, architecture and connectivity; capital inflow and technology transfer with focus on ICT- and OS-related science-industry linkages

remembering and forgetting

compensation schemes for ‚victims‘ of a ICT-based society through options to share scarce resources

utilizing knowledge OS-related e-government and e-administration to change national culture


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3. conclusion


Red nacional de incubadoras de empresas tecnológicas

www.boliviaincuba.net

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macro

micro motivational factors for innovative behaviour

psychology of societies

social acceptance (norms, rules, customs,

culture, …)

from creativity to an innovative „take off“

group behaviour

personal willingness (desire, need, …) & individual

capability (competences, …)

national systems of innovation

conditions and situative options (infrastructure, public policies, …)

mesoeconomic environment

conditions and situative options (market conditions, resources of network, regional features, …)

social acceptance (leadership culture and

organisational culture, …)

message 1:

government can influence all levels of ICT-based learning…

Burger-Menzel (2010)


16Burger-Menzel: OS perspectives for technological catch-up / La Paz 17.05.2011

Carlota Perez (2008): “For Latin America to get onto a fast development path, the continent needs to recognize what its possibilities are within the present [ICT] context, and into the future.”

message 2:

… and it should do so

also by using ICTs (KICs) itself &

by networking with all actor groups to learn from their experience!

in order to help the country prosper

especially when starting from a

low-level ICT environment

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gracías por Su atención


Perspectives on open source for technological catch-up processes in industrializing countries

Technology

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