The GEMS (Gravity-EM Super) Unification Theory : the Unification of ...
Perspectives on Grand Unification in View of Neutrino Mass
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Transcript of Perspectives on Grand Unification in View of Neutrino Mass
March 2005Theme Group 2
Perspectives on Grand Perspectives on Grand Unification in View of Neutrino Unification in View of Neutrino
MassMass
R. N. Mohapatra
University of Maryland
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S. Sakata and MNSP Neutrino Mixing matrixS. Sakata and MNSP Neutrino Mixing matrix
• -1956-Sakata model (p, n, )
-led to SU(3) symmetry and to quark model
• -concept of weak isospin used in modern gauge theories
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Baryon-Lepton SymmetryBaryon-Lepton Symmetry
• Baryon-Lepton Symmetry-inspired by
Sakata Model
• Gamba, Marshak, Okubo (1959)• -Sakata called it ``Kiev Symmetry'‘
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Isospin Unification and Electric ChargeIsospin Unification and Electric Charge
• GMO proposed generalized Gell-Mann-Nishijima Formula based on Baryon-Lepton Symmetry:
Q = I +
-``Baryon-Lepton Unification’’- Key ingredient of modern grand unified theories.
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LBT
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From Sakata Model to Nagoya ModelFrom Sakata Model to Nagoya Model
• 1960: Maki-Nakagawa-Ohnuki-Sakata propose composite model with B-matter:
-Precursor of modern composite models;
-1962: Brookhaven expt discovers second neutrino - Problem for Nagoya model.
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Birth of Neutrino Mixing IdeaBirth of Neutrino Mixing Idea
• To fit two neutrinos into Nagoya model, Maki, Nakagawa, Sakata introduce neutrino mixings:
• true neutrino and weak neutrinos1 ,e
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Maki-Nakagawa-Sakata-PontecorvoMaki-Nakagawa-Sakata-Pontecorvo Matrix Matrix
• For 3 generation, Majorana neutrinos, MNSPmatrix is U = VK, where
v =
(Thanks to Chlorine, S-K,Gallex,Sage,SNO,KamLand,K2K,MINOexpts)
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A Hidden symmetry of Leptons ?
• Possible symmetries being discussed: S3,S4, A4.
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NeutrinoNeutrino Masses Masses
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Puzzles of Neutrino Mass PhysicsPuzzles of Neutrino Mass Physics
• Why
• Why are neutrino mixings so much larger than quark mixings ?
• How does neutrino mass physics fit into the big picture of grand unification, supersymmetry (and/or extra dimensions )?
• In any case, neutrino mass is first evidence of new physics beyond the standard model !!
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New standard model: Seesaw ParadigmNew standard model: Seesaw Paradigm
• Add right handed neutrinos to the standard model and give them a large mass:
Minkowski (77), Yanagida; Gell-Mann, Ramond, Slansky; Glashow; RNM, Senjanovic (79)
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Seesaw MechanismSeesaw Mechanism
• Implies neutrinos are Majorana fermions. Predicts neutrinoless double beta decay.
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Why Seesaw Theoretically Appealing ? Why Seesaw Theoretically Appealing ?
• Adding RH neutrino makes Standard model quark lepton symmetric; (unlike standard model)
• It makes B-L cubic anomaly free and expands the gauge group to the left-right symmetric group:
LBRL USUSU )1()2()2(
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Other Implications:Other Implications:
1. Weak interactions become asymptotically parity conserving;
2.
Marshak and RNM (79); A. Davidson (79).
3. Implies lepton number violation and Majorana neutrino mass, since
RILB 32)(
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Neutrino Mass Parity Violation ConnectionNeutrino Mass Parity Violation Connection
• Low energy weak interaction V-A type because neutrino mass is so small:
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GRAND UNIFICATIONGRAND UNIFICATION(Pati,Salam; Georgi, Glashow,73)
• Grand unification: An important and interesting concept ; says that all matter (quarks and leptons) and all forces are one and the same
• Two simple theories :
• (A) Supersymmetric minimal standard model (with SUSY at TeV)- couplings unifiy;
• (B) G_{SM}->SU(2)_LX SU(2)_R X SU(4)_c (no susy)-> SO(10)
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Unification of Couplings: two examplesUnification of Couplings: two examples
Weak scale susyWeak scale susy Non SUSY SO(10) with seesawNon SUSY SO(10) with seesaw
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Advantages of High Scale in GUTAdvantages of High Scale in GUT
• Superheavy GUT scale goes well to address cosmological issues e.g inflation and baryon asymmetry etc.
• Coupling unification perhaps means a grand unifying symmetry and a predicitve theory for quark and lepton masses.
• Superheavy scale : just what one needs
to suppress proton decay predicted by GUT that unify quarks and leptons.
• Present limit: implies
(Close to the GUT scale.)
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Simplest GUT Model: SU(5)Simplest GUT Model: SU(5)
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SUSY GUT:SUSY GUT:
• Why SUSY ?
1. Stabilizes gauge hierarchy;
2.Explains EWSB;
3. Provides dark matter; lightest SUSY particle if stable.
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SUSY NEEDS NEW PHYSICSSUSY NEEDS NEW PHYSICS
• For the lightest SUSY particle to be dark matter, a new symmetry (in addition to Supersymmetry) called R-parity must be imposed !
.Where does this symmetry come from ?
Neutrino mass may throw light on this.
Recall: seesaw mechanism generates the B-L symmetry- If B-L is broken, it can leave R-parity as a gauge symmetry of MSSM.
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Neutrino mass: a hint of grand unification ?Neutrino mass: a hint of grand unification ?
• Seesaw explanation of neutrino mass has put grand unification back on center stage again !
• Why ? Atmospheric mass measured by Super-K using the seesaw formula
implies
SEESAW SCALE CLOSE TO GUT SCALE-:
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Minimal GUT Group for neutrinos: SO(10)Minimal GUT Group for neutrinos: SO(10)
• Georgi; Fritzsch, Minkowski (75)
1. {16}-dim spinor contains contains all std model fermions plus RH neutrino;
2. It contains B-L symmetry, which can lead to R-parity in MSSM and hence a naturally stable dark matter.
3. B-L explains why Seesaw scale is so much less than the Planck scale-
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From SO(10) down to the Std ModelFrom SO(10) down to the Std Model
• SO(10) Nu mass
• Left-Right Sym. Theory
• Standard Model-> seesaw
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NEW SEESAW FORMULA IN SO(10)NEW SEESAW FORMULA IN SO(10)
1. New contribution due to Higgs triplet (Fig. b)
The first term can dominate for some parameter range:
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Fermion Masses in SO(10):Fermion Masses in SO(10):
• Matter in 16-spinor:
• 16 X 16 = 10 + 126 + 120
Matter Higgs
Minimal model: one each of 10+126+ 120.
A REALISTIC PREDICTIVE MODEL :
Better than minimal SU(5) and testable in neutrino sector.
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Large neutrino mixings in minimal SO(10)Large neutrino mixings in minimal SO(10)
• How large mixings arise naturally in the minimal models:
Simple Example: Model with only one {10} and {126} Higgs:
• Has only 12 parameters (for CP conserving case)- all determined by quark masses and mixings and charged leptons; all neutrino mixings are predicted.
• Babu, RNM (92); Bajc, Senjanovic, Vissani (2003); Goh, Ng, RNM (2003).
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A New sumrule for neutrino mass:A New sumrule for neutrino mass:
• Type II seesaw assumption leads to the sum rule at GUT scale:
• Note
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Including CP violation:Including CP violation:
• In the 10+126 model, CP violation can arise from complex Yuakawas- (but works only for a narrow range of parameters)
• In the full minimal 10+126+120 model, CP is more natural.
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Some predictions of the final model:Some predictions of the final model:
• Prediction for U_e3:
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Predictions for long baseline experiments:Predictions for long baseline experiments:
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Predictions for lepton flavor violationPredictions for lepton flavor violation
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ConclusionConclusion
• Seesaw explanation of neutrino mass has several specific predictions for physics beyond the standard model:
A. B-L symmetry
B. Left-right symmetry of weak int.
C. High seesaw scale- a hint of SO(10)
Grand Unification;
A minimal SO(10) model with 126-Higgs predicts neutrino mixings and natural dark matter and is testable.
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POSTSCRIPTPOSTSCRIPT
Sakata legacy very much manifest
in today’s neutrino physics !!