PERSPECTIVES OF THE HISTORICAL BIOGRAPHICAL ...i PERSPECTIVES OF THE HISTORICAL–BIOGRAPHICAL...
Transcript of PERSPECTIVES OF THE HISTORICAL BIOGRAPHICAL ...i PERSPECTIVES OF THE HISTORICAL–BIOGRAPHICAL...
i
PERSPECTIVES OF THE HISTORICALndashBIOGRAPHICAL CRITICISM
IN THE CREATIVE WORKS OF JJRJOLOBE
(IMPOPHOMO-BUCIKO NGOKWESITHAKO SEZEMBALI KUNYE NOBUNZULULWAZI-
MLANDO KULUNCWADI LUKAJOLOBE)
By
PAMELA H V KHUMALO
Submitted in accordance with the requirements of the degree
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
In the subject
AFRICAN LANGUAGES AT NELSON MANDELA METROPOLITAN UNIVERSITY
PROMOTER PROF N SAULE
CO-PROMOTER DR LL KWATSHA
DATE SUBMITTED JANUARY 2015
ii
ISIFUNGO
Ndiqinisekile ndinyanisile ukuba umsebenzi osihloko sithi IMPOPHOMO-BUCIKO NGOKWESITHAKO
SEZEMBALI KUNYE NOBUNZULULWAZI-MLANDO KULUNCWADI LUKAJOLOBE ngumsebenzi wezandla
nengqiqo yam Yonke imithombo endiyisebenzisileyo ichaziwe ngokuthi kucatshulwe ngokupheleleyo Lo
msebenzi awuzange khe ungeniselwe uvavanyo nakweliphina iziko lemfundo ngaphandle kwakule
univesithi
helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that PERSPECTIVES OF THE HISTORICAL ndashBIOGRAPHICAL CRITICISIMIN THE
CREATIVE WORKS OF JJRJOLOBE is my own work and that all the sources I have used have
been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references and also that it has not
previously been submitted for assessment to another university
helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
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UMBULELO
Ndibulela uSomandla uMdali othe wenza ukuba lo msebenzi ube nokwenzeka
ngamandla akhe ngaphandle kwaloo mandla ubungenakwenzeka
Ndibulela umkhokeli wam uNjingalwazi uN Saule ngezikhokelo athe wandixhobisa
ngazo kulo msebenzi Ndibulelela umonde ubuntu bakhe kwanenkuthazo yamazwi
akhe abenjengomthombo wamanzi ahlwabisayo natsho umfundi ajonge phambili
entabeni yempumelelo angabhekabheki Ngala mazwi ndithi kuwe Ncilashe
Nangamso
Kwakhona ndibulela ngokungazenzisiyo kuGqirha LL Kwatsha ngobuntu
nangobunkokeli obungumangaliso Enkosi Maduna ngokuvula amathutyana
emisetyenzana apha eNMMU nekuthe ngawo lagxotheka inxele likaKhetsekile
Ndimbulela ngamandla uJabulile ngenkuthazo nangenkxaso athe wayibonisa
ngokundinceda ndiqhubele phambili Kuwe ndithi enkosi isandla sihlamba esinye
Umbulelo wam mkhulu nakuMnumzana uRon Endley ngoncedo lwakhe ekuhleleni
lo msebenzi Ndibulela kananjalo kuGqirhalwazi Z Made ngokundikhuthaza
endivuselela amandla
KuNjingalwazi Thoko Mayekiso ndithi ukwanda kwaliwa ngumthakathi
nakuNjingalwazi H van Vuuren ndithi makwande
Ndibamba ngazibini kuVuyo Jolobe uncedo lwakhe alunamlinganiselo MaKheswa
Ndibulela kakhulu i-National Arts Council ngenkxhaso noncedo ngemali eyenze olu
phando lwaba yimpumelelo
iv
ISINIKELO
Lo msebenzi ndiwunikezela kubawo uJames Khumalo ongumhlobo wam omkhulu
osenyongweni Aa Ndabezitha Mntungwa Kwakhona ndiwunikela kumama wam
othandekayo uNomntu intombi yakwaKave Kuwe namhla ndithi ntombrsquoentle
Tshangisa Sikhomo Zulu Nguye othe wanyanzelisa ukuba nazo iintombi zakhe
zibenemfundo elilifa lazo Ndibamba ngazibini kuni bazali bam ndiyazidla ngani
v
ISISHWANKATHELO SOPHANDO
Olu phando lohlalutyo lukwaluncomo-gxeko lwemisebenzi kaJolobe injongo yalo
kukubonisa ukuba lukho uqhagamshelwano phakathi kobomi bakhe jikelele kunye
noncwadi lwakhe Ulwazi olunjalo lungathi lube luncedo kwiphulo elibalulekileyo
ekuncediseni kulwazi lokubhala ibhayografi yakhe Kubonakele kufanelekile ukuba
iphulo elinjalo lenziwe ukukhumbula imisebenzi emikhulu eyenziwe ngamaqhawe
abantu abaNtsundu abathe banegalelo elikhulu ekuphakanyiswni koncwadi
lwemvelo kwakunye nenkuqubela phambili kwimfundo yabantu abangama-Afrika
beli lizwe Umzekelo uJolobe ulusebenzele ukuba uncwadi lwakhe ukuxwayisa
abantu bakowabo abaNtsundu ngemfundo nolwazi olwakhaya Ukwalusebenzise
uncwadi lwakhe ukuvusa abantu ama-Afrika balumke kwingozi zemimoya
yocinezelo lwabo ngurhulumente ocalule abantu abaNtsundu kuba bebantsundu
ngebala Nangona uncwadi lwakhe ulenze lwabasisonwabiso kodwa ikhakhulu
ulusebenzise kwanokunika intuthuzelo ithemba kwanokomelela kubantu abathe
bacinezelwe zimeko zobomi ukuba bangalahli ithemba loluzuza impumelelo kuba
izinto zingatshintsha ebomini babo ngokuhamba kwamaxesha Kwakhona ukongeza
uncwadi lwakhe ulusebenzise ukuphakamisa nokuhambisela phambili ulwimi
lwemveli inkcubeko imbali ngokusebenzisa isixhobo esiluncwadi lwakhe ukuze ezi
ngongoma zikhankanyisweyo zihlale ezincwadini zakhe ezithe zazisele zolwazi
zingabi nakuze zife kuba zililifa lesizwe esiNtsundu
Uninzi loncwadi olubhalwe nguJolobe luthe lwaxoxwa kwesi sifundo kodwa kuye
kwaphonongwa ikakhulu uncwadi lwemibongo inoveli idrama kuba kubonakele
ukuba lo msebenzi ubanzi kakhulu kwaye esi sifundo kubonakele ukuba
kungabanzima ukuba singagqibeka lula kodwa ke uJolobe ubengumntu
okhutheleyo Ubhale incwadi eziliqela ngenxa yothando lwakhe lobhalo loncwadi
oluqhutywe ngumbono wakhe wobuthandazwe wokubona kubalulekile ukuba inani
loncwadi olubhaliweyo esiXhoseni linyuke kwaye libe kwizinga eliphezulu ukuze
umzi wasemaXhoseni nowamanye ama-Afrika ngokubanzi ungalambathi ngoncwadi
lokufunda ujongelwe phantsi ngokuba semva kwinkqubela phambili zezinye izizwe
Ingokuphandle uncwadi lukaJolobe lubonakela luyinxenye yobomi bakhe Kulunye
uncwadi kwakhe kufumaniseka ukuba ukubhale endululwe zizinto ezithe
azamphatha kakuhle ebomini bakhe zazaza ezo zinto zawuphazamisa umoya wakhe
nentlalo yakhe wada waqanda ukuba makabhale aphokoze okukuphuphuma
vi
kwengcinga zakhe ukuzithuthuzela kwanokuphilisa kwanabanye abantu abathe
badibana neenzima ezinjalo zobomi Umzekelo iimeko zopolitiko zeli lizwe zithe
zabuchaphazela ubomi bakhe oko kubesisiphumo sokuba abhale incwadi yakhe
yedrama apho adiza ngeemeko zokuphatheka kwabantu baseBhayi kwilokishi eyathi
yabelwa bona ngurhulumnte wobandlululo apho ebexelenga khona njengetitshala
kwanoMfundisi weliZwi Kanti noncwadi apho athe wabonisa ukuvuya khona olo
luvuyo olusukela kwinto ethe yamvuyisa emalunga nobomi bakhe izimvo zakhe
kwanenkolo yakhe njengomntu kwanendlela akhule ngayo Umzekelo uJolobe uye
wazisa abafundi bakhe ukuba iimbalo zakhe zisukele kwizinto ezithe zamchukumisa
ebomini bakhe
Ngoko ke kwabonakala ukuba olu phando luluncedo ekusungulweni kweprojekti
yokubhalwa kwebhayografi kaJolobe neya kuba luncedo kwimisebenzi yophando
olubalulekileyo kuncwadi kuba iincwadi ezinje zityebile ngolwazi olubalulekileyo
ekungena kucingelwa ukuba lunokufunyanwa kulo ndash
Amagama angundoqo Phicotha hlalutya uhlalutyo-ntyilazwi izithako
ionomastiki Bhaktin ingcingane kaKarl Marx ubomi bukaJolobe
umzabalazi upolitiko ibandla laseBhaptizi uJolobe norhulumente
wobandlululo Ukwenziwa komkhonzi uncomo-gxeko
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IZIQULATHO ISAHLUKO 1 1
INTSHAYELELO NGOKUBANZI 1
11 Intsusa-mabandla 1
111 UJolobe necandelo lezempilo nenkuthazo ngempilo nococeko kwimibongo yabancinci ezikolweni 3
112 UJolobe ngumfundisi nomcebisi ecaweni 3
113 UJolobe nemfundo intlalakahle nempucuko yabantu abaNtsundu 4
12 Isithako sobuNzululwazi-Mlando okanye iBhayografi 5
13 Isithako okanye ithiyori engezembali kwakunye nobunzululwazi-mlando 7
14 IOnomastiksi 8
15 Isithako sobuNzululwazi Bume-ngqondo 9
16 Isithako sikaKarl Marx 10
17 IFeminizimu okanye uKhomokazi 11
18 Intsebenziswano yetekisi nenye itekisi 13
181 IDayalojizimu 14
19 Indlela yokuhlalutya kolu phando 16
110 Uphicotho-ntsingiselo 17
111 Isithako sezezeMbali nobunzululwazi-Mlando 20
112 Ithiyori nesithako sobuNzulwazi-Mlando kwiimbalo zikaJolobe 24
ISAHLUKO 2 37
AMAGQABANTSHINTSHI NGOBOMI BUKAJJR JOLOBE 37
21 Intshayelelo 37
22 Umnombo okanye intsukaphi kaRanisi Jolobe 37
23 UJolobe ube yindoda phakathi kwamanye amadoda 38
24 Izibongo okanye iziduko zikaJolobe 40
241 UJolobe nezinto ezenzeka phambi kokuzalwa kwakhe 40
25 Intsusa yohlaselo kunye nentsabo yookhokho bakaJolobe 41
251 Imimandla yamaHlubi afika athi tshitshilili kuyo 45
26 UJolobe namagama akhe 46
261 Igama elithi Rhanisi nentsusa yalo 46
262 Iimpawu zerhanisi ngokunxulumene nesimo sikaJolobe 48
263 Igama uRhanisi 49
264 Ubumbolombini bukaRhanisi Jolobe 50
27 Amagama kaJolobe ubomi bakhe noncwadi lwakhe 53
271 UJolobe namagama akhe esiNgesi 54
272 James ndash lilumelo lwengubo eyambathwa nguRhanisi 54
273 UJames indoda yokholo ephakamisa imisebenzi yobulungisa 55
274 UJames Rhanisi Jolobe umqhathi 56
viii
28 Umnombo kaJolobe 58
281 Ubudlelwane bukaRhanisi nabazali bakhe 59
282 URhanisi nobudlelwane bakhe noyise uJames Jolobe 59
283 Ubudlelwane bukaJolobe nonina uMamThembu 62
284 Ubudlelwane bukaRhanisi nosapho lwakowabo 63
285 UJolobe nobudlelwane bakhe namakhosikazi akowabo 63
29 Utatomkhulu kaRhanisi eNgqushwa uyise usinga eMatatiele 66
210 UJolobe nomsebenzi wakhe eTranskei 1920 ndash 1923 94
211 Intsebenzo yakhe eCiskei 1924-1925 95
212 Izifundo neCumenical 96
213 Ibali likaVuyo ngotata wakhe uRhanisi Jolobe 97
ISAHLUKO 3 115
UHLALUTYO LWENOVELI ELUNDINI LOTHUKELA 115
31 Intshayelelo 115
32 Ukubaluleka koncwadi 119
33 Inoveli nonxulumano lwayo nembalibomi kaJolobe 120
331 Imbali kaSoga ngamaHlubi 120
332 Ingcaciso kaGqoba ukuba amaBhele asingomaHlubi 122
333 Ingcaciso kaJolobe ebalini lakhe igxininisa ukuba amaHlubi asingomaBhele 122
34 Ubunkcubabuchopho bukaJolobe ekulweni ingxelo engayonyaniso ngembali yamaHlubi 123
35 UJolobe nguThukela 124
36 Isihloko sencwadi yakhe sisinqulo sikaJolobe 125
37 Intsusa yenkcukumiseko 125
38 Iimvakalelo zikaJolobe ezifihlakeleyo ezibonisa ukuxabisa amaHlubi 126
39 Ubudlelwane phakathi kwenoveli Elundini loThukela kunye noJolobe 127
310 UJolobe nobuthandazwe 127
311 UJolobe uhambisana nezimvo zikaMqhayi kukhuselo lwezinto zemveli 129
312 Ikhwele likaJolobe nekhwele likaMqhayi ekuphakanyisweni kweembalo zesiXhosa 131
313 UJolobe uthando lwakhe lweenkosi zamaHlubi 133
314 UJolobe nomlo wokulwa ukufa koncwadi lomlomo nezibongo nenkcubeko nolwimi lwemvelo 134
315 Inkcubeko kuJolobe iyinxenye yobomi bakhe 135
316 Ukubaluleka kolwimi lwesiHlubi nesiXhosa lukwayinxenye yenkcubeko yesiZulu nesiXhosa 136
317 UJolobe uvuselela amabali emveli omlomo 136
318 Ukubaluleka kwamabali asemakhaya kwiindawo zabantu bawo 137
3181 Inkolo kaJolobe namabali akhelwe emakhaya emveli 139
3182 Ixabiso lamabali asuka emakhaya 140
319 UJolobe ngamabali akhe ulungisa iinkolo ezingeyonyani 140
320 Amahla-ndinyuka kaJolobe okuzingela ukwazi isiXhosa 141
321 Iziqhamo zeehambo zikaJolobe zemfuna-lwazi lwakhe lwesiXhosa 142
ix
322 Uphuhliso kobhalo ngokutsha lwenoveli kulondolozo lwenkcubeko yesizwe 150
323 UJolobe nebali lakhe ngamaHlubi likwayimbali yamaHlubi 151
324 UJolobe nenkcazo yemvelo yegama lamaHlubi 152
325 Ubunkokeli bukaJolobe ludiza isimo sakhe nembali yabomi bakhe 154
326 UJolobe uncwadi lwakhe luyinto enye naye 155
327 U-Elundini LoThukela udiza isimo sovuyo sombhali uJolobe 155
328 Umlo wokhuselo loncwadi nenkcubeko 157
329 Uchongo lwezafobe eziphezulu ezingaqhelekanga neemfundiso ezinkulu 158
330 UJolobe nothando lwakhe lwenkcubeko 159
331 Usetyenziso lolwimi oluphezulu kumaleqe nakwisiko lomshwamo 159
332 UJolobe njengotitshala ufundisa ngenkcubeko yamaHlubi ubonisa ukuba ngumntu gqibi 161
333 UJolobe ukhuthaza iinguqu nobhalo loncwadi olutsha 169
334 Ukugqwesa kosetyenziso lwesimbo sedrama 171
335 Amagama kumaHlubi azizinqulo aziziduko 174
336 Ubukhuluwa bukaJolobe buhamba kwanobuthandazwe 176
337 UJolobe nesimo sobukroti sokulungisa izinto zomzi oNtsundu 177
338 UJolobe nesimbo esitsha sebali 178
339 Iinjongo ezifihlakelayo zikaSoga kubhalo lwencwadi yakhe 182
340 Ukuphetha 184
ISAHLUKO 4 186
IITHIYORI NEZITHAKO EZISETYENZISWE KWIMIBONGO 186
41 Intshayelelo 186
42Uluvo lukaJolobe nokubaluleka koncwadi 186
43 Ukubaluleka kophononongo oluquka imbali nobomi bombhali 187
44 Uhlalutyo lwemibongo yezezopolitiko 191
441Ukwenziwa komkhonzi 193
442Umbongo wezezopolitiko ldquoOsemboniselwenirdquo 197
443 Imbumba umbongo wezezopolitiko nobudlelwane bawo nobomi bukaJolobe 203
45 Imibongo engenkolo nobudlelwane bayo nobomi bukaJolobe 208
451 Akukho hlelo apho 209
452 Ikholwa 213
453 Makubekho ukukhanya 214
454 Isililo sikaNdlebende 216
455 Indlovrsquo enomxhaka 218
46 Imibongo engamaqhawe kwimbali yakwaNtu 221
461 Imfecane ndashumbongo ongeqhawe uHintsa 221
462 Ubugora bomoya (Iqhawe uKhwane) 225
47 UJolobe nemibongo engeenkumbulo zakhe zobuntwana nemibongo yabantwana 229
471 Umalusi 230
x
472 Inja yakowethu 232
473 Iinkomo zakowethu(nobubudlelwane bazo nombhali) 233
474 Ihashe lam lomdomngwe 235
48 Imibongo engenkuthazo nothando lwezempilo nococeko nokulwa izifo 236
481 Iziqhamo 236
48 2 Ukutya okondlayo 239
49 imibongo yokuliwa kwezifo nenkuthazo yempilo entle 240
491 Umbongo Ucoceko 240
492 UMnumzana uMpukane 242
493 Umkhosi weencukuthu neentakumba 244
410 Imibongo kaJolobe ngokuphakanyiswa kwenkcubeko 246
411 Imbeko 246
412 Ukukhuthala 248
411 Imibongo kaJolobe ngendalo 250
4111 Imimoya 250
4112 Umlambo 255
4113 Intlakohlaza 261
4114 Umbongo webhadi 263
412 Iintyatyambo ezimdala uqambo - iintyantyambo zingabantu baseTyhini 266
4121 UNomhi 268
4122 Inyibiba (umbongo ongoButhelwa Nongogo isithandwa sikaJolobe) 270
4123 UThuthula intyatyambo yomAfrika eyamvuselela ukuqamba umbongo 272
413 Imibongo engabazali bakaJolobe 277
413 1 Isikhumbuzo ngomama wethu 277
4132 Umthandazo wangokuhlwa 282
ISAHLUKO 5 286
AMATHUNZI OBOMI NEEMEKO ZOPOLITIKO 286
5I Intshayelelo 286
52 Umthetho onzima neemeko zopolitiko nokucalulwa kwabantu abaNtsundu 288
53 Intsusa yokubhalwa kwale ncwadi 290
54 Ingcingane zikaKarl Marx kugxekoncomo lwale ncwadi yedrama 292
55 UNgara nezimvo zakhe malunga nabantu abacinezelweyo 293
56 UBreytenbach malunga nabantu abacinezelweyo 294
57 USachs nezimvo zakhe malunga nabantu abacinezelweyo 295
58 USaid nezimvo zakhe malunga nabantu abacinezelweyo 296
59UConrad nomcabango omfiliba malunga nabantu abamnyama abacinezelweyo 296
510 Isishwankathelo sebali Amathunzi Obomi 298
511 UJolobe ube engumzabalazi wenkululeko yomntu omnyama 300
512 Kutheni ekhetha ukubhala ngeBhayi nje 300
xi
513 Amathunzi Obomi nogxekoncomo lwawo 301
514 Uhlalutyo loncwadi 305
5141UJolobe udulisa imivuzo emincinci yabazali exabanisayo emakhaya 305
5142 UJolobe udiza iimeko zobubi besimo sentlalo 307
5143 UJolobe udulisa ukuxatyiswa kwabantu beBala kunabaNtsundu 308
5144 Ithoni nomoya womsindo nokubindeka kukaJolobe kudizwa ziingxoxo 309
5145 UJolobe ubonisa iziphumo zokuswela kwanokuhlwempuzeka 311
515 Izisombululo zolutsha ukulwa intlupheko zalo ukuze luphile 312
516 UJolobe udulisa ukuba intlupheko iyawudala umsindo omkhulu 314
517 UJolobe udulisa ukuba ukuhlupheka kudala ixhala nonxunguphalo olungapheliyo 315
518 Ingcingane yefeminizimu nezimvo zikaGoodman ldquongomfazi omtsha wexesha langokurdquo nemibono kaJolobe 316
519 UJolobe nokuphakanyiswa kwemfundo kulutsha elungiselela ixesha lokufika kwenkululeko 318
520 Okubhaqekileyo kwidrama uJolobe ngumlinganiswa ongutitshala 320
521 Ukuqukumbela 329
ISAHLUKO 6 333
UKUQUKUMBELO NGOKUBANZI 333
61 Intshayelelo 333
62 Okubhaqekileyo kubhalo lwenoveli Elundini LoThukela kaJolobe 333
621 UJolobe nguNtsele 333
622 Ukwakhiwa kwabalinganiswa bakaJolobe novuselelo lweenkosi zamaHlubi 334
63 Ukugqwesa kwesimbo sengxoxo 336
64 Iziphumo zophando 336
65 Elokugqiba 340
66 Ukungabaluncedo kuqatshelwe 342
IINCWADI EZIFUNDIWEYO 343
1
ISAHLUKO 1
INTSHAYELELO NGOKUBANZI
11 Intsusa-mabandla
Imisebenzi kaJolobe yezezoncwadi ethe yachongelwa olu phononongo yeyokudulisa isimo
imibono iminqweno iingcinga kwaneehambo zakhe Ikwasinceda ekwenzeni amavandlakanya
ngegalelo lakhe kwiindidi ngeendidi zabantu abazintlobondashngeentlobo nakwiindawo athe
waxelenga kuzo Uphononongo olukweli phando aluyikuchaphazela izinto ezintle zodwa ngaye
Luyakujolisa nakwizenzo zakhe zobubhetyebhetye njengoko esi sithako sobuMlando-Mbali
sinyanzelisa Le ngcamango ingqinwa nangaba bantu balandelayo Clifford (1962x) uJohnson
kuClifford (196248) noNyamende (20002) Bayavuma ukuba xa kuphononongwa ubomi
bombhali kukhokeliswa izinto azibhalileyo yaye akujongwa kuphela ubungcwele bakhe koko
yonke into ngaye neliqhakuva Kungoko ke kuza kunconywa kugxekwe imisebenzi yakhe ide
iphinde inxulunyaniswe namahla ndinyuka obomi bakhe kwanentsusa yeembalo zakhe
Kunqabile kugxekoncomo lwezezoncwadi lwesiXhosa ukubona imisebenzi ephandiweyo egxile
kuphando olungonxulumano oluphakathi kweembalo zombhali nembalibomi yakhe njengoko olu
phando lusenza Ikho imbinana yabaphandi ethi ifane inxulumanise umsebenzi kaJolobe
wezezoncwadi nobomi bakhe njengokuba uKwetana (2000) uSirayi (1985) noMahlasela (1973)
benzile Le ndlela yophononongo iza kulandelwa kolu phando Sinomzekelo ophilileyo
okugxekoncomo loncwadi lwesiNgesi apho kukho uphononongo olungonxulumano phakathi
kwemibongo kaWordswoth imbongi yosiba yamaNgesi kunye nembali nobomi bakhe Enye
yezinto echatshazelwa lolu phando lungoWordswoth kukukhangela ukuba wayendawoni na mhla
ebhala umbongo othile yaye wayechukunyiswa yintoni na ukuze aqambe umbongo lowo
Umzekelo kukho umbongo ekufumaniseka ukuba wawuqamba mini etyelela ingcwaba
likaRobert Burns imbongi yamaSkotshi ngomnyaka we-1883 apho aphalaza iinkumbulo zakhe
ngale ndedeba
Le ngxoxwana isentla apha ibonisa ngokucace gca ukuba lubalukile uphando olunohlalutyo
nogxekoncomo lwemibongo okanye loncwadi ngokubanzi olubonisa uqhagamashelwano
phakathi koncwadi lombhali nobomi bakhe obuzele ziziganeko zezinto ezintle kwanezibuhlungu
ezithe zamehlela umbhali Kungoko ke isithako soMlando-Mbali sithe sasetyenziswa kulo mqulu
ekutyebiseleni umfundi ngolwazi olungoJJR Jolobe imbongi yosiba kwanombhali woncwadi
lwesiXhosa Olu lwazi lumenza umfundi ambone uJolobe engumntu gqibi engumntu wenene
2
onegazi nenyama ongenguye owasentsomini Umzekelo woku yintlungu awayivayo uJolobe
echanatywe kakuhle kumbongo awawubhala ngomnyaka we-1936 ekushiyweni kwakhe ngunina
uMamThembu
Isithako soMlando-Mbali sityhilela umfundi ulwazi olunzulu ngombhali negalelo lakhe kubhalo
loluncwadi Esi sithako kwakhona sincedisa kakhulu ekuyileni isikhumbuzo sombhali ngegalelo
lakhe ekuphakamiseni uncwadi lwesizwe kanye njengooWordsworth ooBurns nooShakespeare
abasakhunjulwayo unanamhla ngenxa yegalelo labo kwimpucuko yoncwadi kwanokuxatyiswa
kwezithethe namasiko zabo zamaNgesi namaSkotshi ngokwahlukahlukana kwazo Nolu phando
lujolise kuloo nkalo ukuveza ukuxabiseka komsebenzi kaJolobe kwaneembalo zakhe ekuthe
kanti zinguvimba wobutyebi bokudinjazwa zizukulwana ngezizukulwana
UJolobe amava akhe adaleke aqokelelana njengokuba wayekhe wangumfundisi weetyalike
eziliqela ngaxeshanye exelenga kwiisekethe ngeesekethe zamabandla nakoomaThekwini
(Mahlasela 1973) Oku kuhla enyuka kwakhe kubonisa kulowo unegqondo yokuqiqa ukuba
ubomi bukaJolobe bebungelulanga ibibobesinxadanxada esizinikeleyo kubizo lwaso lokuba
ngunyawontle utitshala umbhali nomcebisi wabantu Imisebenzi yakhe yezezoncwadi iyabudiza
obo bunxadanxada Buye bayinzuzo kuye ngokuthi bumxwayise ulwazi olutyebileyo oluyintsusa
yokusungulwa ngokwahlukeneyo kweembalo zakhe Umzekelo ukufundisa kwakhe
emaphandleni kuyintsusa yokubhalwa kwenovela yakhe UZagula Kuyo ubalisa ukuba indawo
awathi wafundisa kuyo abantu babengafiki nakwiminwe yesandla esinye abaphila inkolo
yobuKhristu Uninzi lwabo lwalukholelwa kwiinkolo zokutyhola abanye ngobugqwirha
bakuhlelwa zizinto ezibuhlungu abangenazimpendulo zazo ebomini babo Oonyana babesuka
bathimbele abahlolokazi iimfuyo bakuswelekelwa ngabayeni kuba befuna oonina baqubude
kubo
Kanti nakwilokishi yaseBhayi abhale ngayo idrama yakhe esihloko sithi Amathunzi Obomi
uquka nezinto awathi wazibona ngeliso lakhe lenyama ngeli lixa enguMfundisi-Lizwi kule
lokishi Ebezipha ithuba lokungena elokishini ahambahambe phakathi kwabahlali ade avelela
namarhamente etyalike yakhe kuba naye ebehlala apho eBhayi netyalike ebeyinkokeli yayo
ibilapho kwilokishi yaseBhayi (Vuyosrsquo Journal 2013)
3
111 UJolobe necandelo lezempilo nenkuthazo ngempilo nococeko kwimibongo yabancinci
ezikolweni
UJolobe kwicandelo lezempilo unegalelo Uye wancedisa ekufundiseni abongikazi kwisibhedlele
saseDikeni ekuthiwa yiVictoria Hospital Apho uhlohle izifundo zengqondo Kanti ukusebenza
kwakhe apho kwamenza alubone uxanduva lokuba isizwe kufuneka sixhotyisiwe ngokuphila
intlalo yococeko sikwazi ukulwa iintsholongwane ezidala izifo sixabise nokuzondla ngokutya
okunezakhimzimba Kwangokunjalo kuyaqapheleka ukuba uJolobe uyihlwayele imbewu
yemfundiso yezempilo kuluncwadi lwakhe Ukuxhasa oku singabalula ukuba unesihobe
asibhalele abafundi abasakhulaya athe kuso wachaphazela le miba yezempilo ilandelayo
ucoceko lwemizimba nolweendawo zokuhlala nokutshatyalaliswa kweempukane iintakumba
neencukuthu
Ebhalela nje isihobe sesiXhosa abasakhulayo ukwangutitshala wemfundo yamabanga
aphakamileyo Kuloko ezinye iincwadi zakhe azibhalileyo ziye zafundwa nakwizikolo zemfundo
ephakamileyo Singabalula ezi ncwadi Ilitha Amavo Umyezo Nakuzo uyazichaphazela
ezempilo neminye imiba yezokuhlala Kanti ke njengonyawontle uhlohlile kwiziko lemfundo
lokufundisa ngezeLizwi ekuthiwa yiBible School eseDikeni
112 UJolobe ngumfundisi nomcebisi ecaweni
UJJR Jolobe ube kwangumcebisi emabandleni obuKristu ebewakhokela njengomfundisi
Iingcebiso zakhe eziphume izandla bezinceda ekusombululeni neengxaki ebezifunyanwa
nangabatshatileyo phantsi kweemeko ngeemeko neenkalo ngeenkalo kangangokuba abafazi
babeye babatsalele enkonzweni kaJolobe abayeni babo Oku kwakukhokelela ekubeni izibini
ezitshatileyo zifumane amacebiso namacebo aluncedo kuba kaloku uJolobe wenza izifundo
zolwazi ngendlela ingqondo yomntu esebanza ngayo (Vuyorsquos journal 2013)
Kuyabonakala okwekati emhlophe ehlungwini ukuba uJolobe ubehlutshwa ngokwenzakala
emiphefumlweni kwabendi ngenxa yeengxabano nabayeni babo Simbona kumbongo wakhe
ekuqaleni kwencwadi yakhe Ilitha (19713) esibalisela ngoNojaji ongumfazi oxhatshazwa
ngumyeni UNojaji uphela eshiywa ziingqondo Kaloku uyingqongqo yomyeni Rhoqo ubethwa
entloko ngentonga UJolobe ke lo mbongo akawubhaleli ukonwabisa abafundi Kuyacaca ukuba
ebexhelwa gqitha emoyeni ngumkhuba wokubethwa kwabafazi ngamadoda abo
UBreytenbach okwangumbhali uthi umbhali unoxanduva olukhulu kwisizwe sakhe Isizwe
sijonge kuye ukuba uphefumla esithini na ngeemeko ezidla umzi (Olaniyen noQuayson
2007166-168) Ngaphandle kokuthandabuza uBreytenbach kuOlaniyen noQuayson (2007166-
176) ubonisa ukuba abantu bayakholwa ziimbalo zababhali abakhathalayo ngempilo
4
kwanenkqubelaphambili yesizwe Olu luvo lubonisa ukuba ababhali abanjengooJolobe baliyeza
abomelezi nabakhi esizweni Kuloko uJolobe kuncwadi lwakhe ethanda ukukhuthaza nokubonisa
uvelwano kubantu abacinezelweyo nabangenalizwi kubomi bokuhlala nobokupolitika
113 UJolobe nemfundo intlalakahle nempucuko yabantu abaNtsundu
UJolobe njengombhali uqapheleka phakathi kwezinye izinto azizo elilizwi labacinezweleyo
kwiincwadi zakhe ezizezi Elundini LoThukela Amathunzi Obomi no-UZagula Kule yokuqala
incwadi uNobusi uzibhaqa ekwisiganeko sokuphathwa gadalala nguNgwekazi UJolobe abumbe
umlinganiswa onguNtsele oyinkwenkwe ongumlweli nomhlanguli kaNobusi intombazanana
entle nenomfaneleko UNtsele aphelise ukuphatheka kakubi kukaNobusi
Kwincwadi yedrama Amathunzi Obomi kukho uMaDlomo noonyana bakhe abaphila
ebuhlwempini UJolobe ubonisa uvelwano ngokusebenzisa umlinganiswa oyititshala
engumomelezi walo mhlolokazi (uMaDlomo) Ngenxa yale nkxaso olu sapho luphela luqabela
kwiinkalo zeenzima zalo Kwinovela UZagula kukho uZagula ixhegokazi nentombi yakhe
uNonkungu Batyholwa ngokuthakatha UJolobe ubonisa inkcaso kwiinkolo zobugqwirha
Ngaloo ndlela uyabathethelela ukutyholweni kwabo ngobugqwirha yinxenye yabahlali
UJolobe ukwabethelela uluvo lokuba umntu umele ukuxatyiswa kuba unesidima sakhe sokuba
edalwe engumntu Ngoko ke wonke umntu makaxabiseke ngaphandle komkhethe nokuba umntu
unjani na (194094) Esitsho nje uJolobe ukwabonakalisa kule ncwadi ukungasithandi isizwe
esinobufede nesingahambeli ndawo kwinkcubeko yaso Kwiimfundiso nakwizincoko zakhe
uJolobe ubonakalisa ngokuphandle ukukhathala kwakhe ngentlalo entle yesizwe Unqwenela
ukusibona sikhula siphuma kwizinto zobumnyama ezingasihambelisi ndawo siye phambili Ude
aqononondise ukuba abantu abaluninzi olungafundanga kuyaphi ngokwemfundo yasesikolweni
kufuneka luncedwe lufundiswe ukuze isizwe siphela sifikelele empucukweni nakwinkqubela-
phambili ekumgangatho okwinqanaba eliphezulu
UKwetana (200017) naye uyalungqina olu luvo lusentla apha olukwincwadi kaJolobe yezincoko
okanye yamavo Uthi uJolobe wadiza ukuba abantu baseYurophu abafika apha benza iinzame
zokubacalula abomgquba bakubafumana belambatha ngolwazi olunjengetekhnoloji yaseNtshona
ebalulekileyo kwinkqubelaphambili yesizwe Baqulunqa izimvo zobuqhophololo ngokumalunga
nabomthonyama besithi abantu abaNtsundu balungelwe kukuhlala kwiindawo ezikude lee kwezo
zempucuko yaseNtshona ezingabalungelanga kuba ezo ziseNko naseBhakubha zifanele ubuzwe
babo obusesemva kwanobomi babo ababuqhelileyo Ngokuthetha olu hlobo abaseNtshona
balungiselela iziqu zabo Benzela ukuba ibe ngabo abahlala kwiindawo ezinencum babe bona
5
abomgquba bebekwa kwimiqwebedu enamaziko okuphuhlisa isizwe anqongopheleyo ukuba
akho
12 Isithako sobuNzululwazi-Mlando okanye iBhayografi
USaid unconywa kakhulu ngabathandi boluncwadi lwakhe Kude kwabhalwa nebhayografi
yakhe Noxa kunjalo uAhmad uhlomle kwintshayelelo yencwadi kaSaid ethi The Pen and the
Sword (19947) ngoluvo lwakhe wakhalaza esenjenje ldquoEdward Said Storyrdquo ndash provides
biographical information but barely reveal the linkages between the writer and his life (
UAhmad uvakalisa ukuba sisihlava kwibhayografi engoSaid ukungadakancwa kweenkcukacha
ezilukhonkco lokunxulumanisa imbali engobomi bakhe noncwadi lwakhe UAhmad utsho
kuvokotheke kuba iimbalo zezoncwadi zombhali ziyintlaka noxolo nembali yobomi bombhali
Ubomi bakhe kwanegalelo lakhe ekwakheni isizwe liyakwazi ukudandalaziswa ngabahlalutyi xa
bephonononga uncwadi lwakhe besebenzisa isithako sobunzululwazi-mlando
UMiller (2012) ethetha ngobhalo lwebhayografi ubethelela ngosiba lwakhe elokuba isithako
sobunzululwazi-mlando okanye sembalibomi simalunga nokuqokelela iinkcukacha
kwanokuhlalutywa kwazo ukuze kubenokubhalwa ngobomi bukasingaye UMiller (njengasentla
apha) ukwakhankanya ukuba uphando ngobomi bomntu lungathi lufumane amandla
ngokufumaneka kweembalo ziqondene naye kwakunye noncedo lweenkcukacha ezinokuzuzwa
ngodliwano-ndlebe nabantu abasondele kusingaye ucebisa nokuba kubalulekile ukuba umphandi
aziqaphele iziganeko zembali kwakunye namava obomi omphononongwa ongumbhali awabone
elikhonco eliqhagamshelana nobuthumbu beembalo zezoncwadi zombhali lowo Xa sisongeza
koku kubalulwa kule migca ingentla singacaphula senjenje malunga nesithako sobunzululwazi-
mlando ukuba sikwayi method of studying literature according to which the life and the
personality of the writer are regarded as the determining factor (The Great Soviet Encyclopedia
2010)
Ngokwesi sicatshulwa isithako sembalibomi singasetyenziselwa ekuphononongeni ubomi
nesimo sombhali kuncwadi lwakhe njengamasolotya aphambili
Yena uDenzin kuNyamende (200011) usixelela ngezinto umphandi nomhlalutyi wesithako
sobunzululwazi-mlando anokuziqokelela ze kuzo afumane inkcukacha ezingombhali aphanda
ngazo Iimbalo ezingembali yombhali lowo ziyanceda kuphando ngobomi bakhe amaxwebhu
abonisa ubomi nentlalo yobomi bukasingaye okanye intloko ekuphandwa ngayo athi nawo
atyhile iimeko zobomi ezithe zayiminqantsa eyalatha amaxesha obunzima kwanenguqulelo
6
ezidale utshintsho kubomi bakhe Ebomini bakhe la maxesha eenguqu ahambelana nokuguquka
kwezinto
UDenzin (ngokwasentla apha) ukwabonisa ukuba eminye imithombo enokunika iinkcukacha
ngomntu ekuphandwa ngaye yile ilandelayo Iincwadi zembalelwano amacwecwe abhalwa
ukuchaza umntu akusweleka oko kukuthi umlando wobomi bakhe iidayari iibhayografi ii-
othobhayografi amabali athe ngqo angombhali amava akhe kwanoncwadi lomlomo UDenzin
udize ukuba igama ibhayografi imvelo yalo isuka kumaGrike kwaye isungulwe kumagama athi
ldquobiosrdquo- ubomi no ldquographeinrdquo ndashldquoukubhalardquo uchaza athi ibhayografi yena uyibona ingobomi
bonke bomntu ekuphandwa ngaye kwaye iqulatha iinkcukacha ezinobunyani ngomntu
ekuphandwa ngaye Uluvo lukaDenzin luthi imigaqo yokubhalwa kwebhayografi kubalulekile
ukuba iqatshelwe ekubhalweni ngabantu ababhala ibhayografi Oku ukucacisa ngamazwi akhe
athi ldquohelliphelliphellip the presence of the other can be noted in the writing of a life sex and class and
their implication family beginnings starting- points momentsrdquo
UMqhayi uyahambisana nesi sikhokelo sikaDenzin sikwesi sicatshulwa sisentla apha
sokubhalwa kwebhayografi sokuba kubalulekile ukuvezwa kwesini udidi ngokwasekuhlaleni
kwanemiphumela yoko umnombo neziqalelo zakhe ebomini usingaye lowo UMqhayi
uyaziveza ezi ngongoma zikaDenzin ekubhaleni kwakhe ibhayografi kaJohn Knox Bokwe
kwisalathisi sakhe xa ephefumla esithi ldquoukuvela nokutshona umlibo IDike imfundo
nokuzakha umtshato wokuqala nenzala yawo utyelelo kwelamaNgesi (19721) Kanti
uChalmers noSoga (1971v) xa babequlunqa ibhayografi esihloko UTiyo Soga bayichaphazela
imeko yendlela uTiyo awathi wakhula phantsi kwayo eselula bakhankanya ukuba uyise wakhe
wayenesithembu UTiyo wakhulela kumzi oluhlobo olunjalo
UWeinberg (1994142) naye kwelakhe icala uchaza ngokubaluleka kokubhalwa kwebhayografi
ingakumbi xa iza kuchaphazela ubomi bomntu Ubeka enjenje A biography helps me understand
the lives of others in a new way so that I can understand my own life better
UWeinberg uphakamisa uluvo lokuba ibhayografi inceda umfundi wayo ekuboneni ubomi
babanye abantu ngelinye iliso atsho kwayena gaqa abuqonde ubomi bakhe ngendlela engcono
kuneyakuqala Kulo mhlathi usezantsi sibonisa ubunyaniso bolu luvo Ngokuqwalasela
iibhayografi ezimbini
UHadland (2007) ubhale ibhayografi kaGqirha Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela ongumongameli
wokuqala woMzantsi Afrika wedemokrasi yaza yona i-intanethi (httpenwikipediaorg
wikiJ_K_Rowling 22 November 2013) yasidiza ibhayografi kaJ K Rowling othe wabalasela
7
ngokubhala incwadi edumileyo yakhe uHarry Porter zombini zichukumise uluntu nolutsha
ngolwazi ngokubanzi Ababhali bezi bhayografi zezi mbunguzulu bazoba ubomi bazo utsho
uzibone xa ufunda ziqabela iintaba ezinkulu zeengxaki zobomi ezazithe zinzi kumendo wobomi
bazo Zabe zona ezi mbunguzulu zixhinele ukuya kufika enkululekweni okanye
empumelelweni Kolo hambo lunemiqobo zalwa zabuya noloyiso oluyimbalasane oluchukumise
nobomi babanye abantu batsho bakhuthazeka njengoko bachukunyiswa yi-othobhayografi
kaMandela esihloko sithi Long road to Freedom Le othobhayografi ichukumise abantu abaninzi
abafunda iincwadi batsho bavuseleleka ekuzimiseleni ebomini nokuba sekumnyama
ngaphambili Ubunyaniso boku sibuxhasa ngamazwi kaMarcus (1994142) ldquoA historical being
whose existence is linked to lasting effects is worthy in a higher sense of living in a biography as
a work of artrdquo
UMarcus uyavuma ukuba umntu onempembelelo entle eluntwini ngokubanzi kufanelekile ukuba
kubhalwe ibhayografi yakhe oku ukuxhasile Siyahambisana nale mbono kaMarcus Kungoko
sifikelela kwisigqibo sokuba ibhalwe ibhayografi epheleleyo kaJolobe Wazithimba iintliziyo
zabantu abathi bafunda uNcuthu-maZangwa loncwadi lwakhe athe walubhalela isizwe sama-
Afrika ingakumbi abantetho isisiXhosa Ngezi ncwadi zakhe uyonwabisa ukwanika ubulumko
namava obomi ayimfundiso nakule mihla siphila kuyo Uncwadi lwakhe ludala
inkqubelaphambili ethi isikhokelele isizwe empumelelweni Kwaye izinto azibhalileyo
aziphelelwa xesha Kuzo kusafumaneka iinyaniso ezinkulu nezinzulu eziluncedo ebomini
babantu nakubantwana abasakhulayo
13 Isithako okanye ithiyori engezembali kwakunye nobunzululwazi-mlando
Isithako sembali-bomi okanye sobunzululwazi-mlando silixabiso elikhulu kuncomo-gxeko
nohlalutyo loncwadi lukaJolobe Sinceda ekuvezeni intsusa yobhalo loncwadi lwakhe
kwanobomi bakhe Sidandalazisa intungelwano ekhoyo phakathi koncwadi lukaJolobe nobomi
bakhe obuchatshazelwa ziziganeko zembali kwaneemeko zorhwebo ezopolitiko ezenkolo
yobuKrestu ezoqoqosho nentlalontle yabantu kwaneyakhe intlalo kwilizwe lakhe lokuzalwa
elinguMzantsi Afrika Oku kuhambelana noluvo lwethiyori yezezoncwadi lokuba umhlalutyi
ophonononga uncwadi lombhali esenza ugxekoncomo kumele azivelele ezi nkalo zidwelisiweyo
entla apha (Ryan 2007 26)
Kungoko ke kulo mqulu sibonisa ukuba uncwadi lukaJolobe lunamathelane nobomi bakhe
ngokupheleleyo Luquka phakathi kwezinye izinto iimeko zopolitiko zeli lizwe nezithe
zabuchaphazela ubomi bakhe ubonakalise uvakalelo ngokumalunga nengcinezelo yabantu
abaMnyama ngurhulumente wabaMhlophe ngexesha ebephila kulo Kwakhona uncwadi lwakhe
8
luthe ludakanca amathende obuKristu abekholelwa kuwo njengomfundisi weliZwi kwaye ukhule
kwekhaya elimkhulise ngenkolo yobuKristu Nazo ezinye iinkolo zabantu bemveli akakhange
azijongele phantsi uziphakamisile watsho wabonisa nendlela ababeqhagamshelana ngayo
noThixo onguQamata Oku ukuveza kakhulu kwincwadi yakhe u-Elundini LoThukela (2008)
Kanti ke kwidrama Amathunzi Obomi (1957 1974) ugxile kwinkolo yobuKristu nezopolitiko
Kukho umlinganiswa oyintloko onguMaDlomo Yena nabantwana bakhe banqula uThixo
wamaKrestu Bayixabisile iBhayibhile eyincwadi ethetha ngalo Thixo wabo Yada yanikwa
uphawu lokuba ldquolikhubalordquo lekhaya Kunjalo nje uMadlomo uzinikele kulawulo noncedo
lweNkosi uYesu Krestu Umamkele njengomkhuseli nomphakamisi wakhe
14 IOnomastiksi
UNeethling (2000207) uchaza ukuba i-onomastiksi isebenza ngamagama abantu aweendawo
kwanawaquka ubuhlanga Isibiza onomastiksi uthi sisuka kwigama lesiGrike ldquoonomardquo elithetha
into enye neli lesiXhosa lithi ldquoigamardquo Kwaye uchaza ukuba ionomastiksi sisifundo
sobunzululwazi samagama abantu naweendawo ikwachazwa ldquonjengesifundo sobunzululwazi
esingamagamardquo (Neethling 20051) Ngoko ke ithiyori yeonomastiksi iya kuthi incede kolu
phononongo ekutyhileni amagama kaJolobe kanti kwanamagama awanike abalinganiswa bakhe
kuncwadi lwakhe Kufanelekile kubenjalo kuba ithiyori yezezoncwadi isebenzisa ulwazi
oluphuma kwizifundo ezohlukahlukeneyo eziyakuthi zibe luncedo ekubhalweni kwebhayografi
kaJJR Jolobe Kakade nkqu nebhayografi ichaphazela amacandelo aziindidi ngeendidi
zezifundo (Nyamende 20005)
Umcimbi wamagama eendawo ululutho kwibhayografi kaJolobe Sifumanisa ukuba eBhayi
kwilokishi iNew Brighton kukho isitalato iJolobe Road esithiywe ngaye Kanti kwaneecawa
ezithile zanikwa igama likaJolobe Olu thiyo lusisikhumbuzo semisebenzi emihle kaJolobe Nto
leyo esingenisa kwisifundo ngamagama endawo ekuthiwa yildquotophonymsrdquo Nayo ekwalisebe le-
onomastiksi (Neethling 200013) UNeethling uchaza ukuba amagama abantu ayabandakanyeka
kubuntu kwanesimo somntu Etyatyadula usichazela ukuba amagama ekuthiywe ngawo adiza
indlela ethile abacinga ngayo kwaneminqweno emihle yabo bangabathiyi umqweno wabazali
ngomntwana wabo uye uboniswe ligama abamnike lona kanti ke akwabonisa nendlela
eyamkelekileyo enqwenelwa luluntu ekuhlaleni xa lunika indawo ethile igama okanye lusipha
ubani igama elitsha lumwonga ngemisebenzi yakhe emihle UThipha ecatshulwa nguNeethling
uyakungqina oku ngelithi ldquoby their names you shall know themrdquo (ibid) Ngale ntetho uThipha
uthi ngokuphandle ldquoigama lomntu linguloo mnturdquo
9
15 Isithako sobuNzululwazi Bume-ngqondo
Onke amatiletile enziwa lolu phononongo ajolise ekuphandeni ngembali-bomi kaJolobe equlathe
imisebenzi yakhe Ngoko ke isithako sobuNzululwazi Bume-ngqondo naso sinegalelo
elixabisekileyo kwiingxoxo zoncomo-gxeko lwemisebenzi kaJolobe yezezoncwadi
ngokunxulumene nobunjobalinganiswa Olu phononongo luyabonisa ukuba isimo
sabalinganiswa siyadibana nesikaJolobe njengomntu onenyama negazi kwanemisebenzi yakhe
ebomini bakhe bokwenyani
UKwatsha (200777-78) wenze umsebenzi oncomekayo omalunga nesithako sobunzululwazi
bume-ngqondo Ukhankanya iingcali ezaziwayo ezasungula ithiyori yobume-ngqondo
esisekelwe phezu kwayo esi sithako Ukhankanya ukuba uSigmund Freud waziwa
njengomsunguli wale thiyori kwaye abanye babalandeli bakhe abaphambili nguCarl Jung
noLacan URyan (200792) uchaza ukuba uFreud kuphando lwakhe wabhaqa ingcingane ebizwa
ngokuba yi-ldquoPsychoanalysisrdquo esiyibiza ngokuba yithiyori yobuNzululwazi Bume-ngqondo
USigmund Freud wapapasha ngo ndash 1901 incwadi engale thiyori wayinika isihloko Intepretation
of Dreams URyan (200796) ukhankanya ukuba le ncwadi idiza ukuba uFreud wenza uvukelo
kuyo waphikisa ukuba yonke into ethi ingene engqondweni ikugcino kwicandelo lengqondo
ehleliyo (ubumna) Wangenisa uluvo lokuba kukho icandelo lengqondo eleleyo elingaphandle
kweli liyingqondo ehleliyo Eli candela lengqondo eleleyo linguvimba wokugcina izinto ezininzi
ezinjengodederhu lwamava ethu iimvakalelo kwaneemfuno zethu Amava ethu emihla ngemihla
agcinwe apha aze ngamanye amaxesha abuya ngokwamaphupha Amava ethu obuntwana nawo
agcinwa oku kweefayile kule ngqondo ileleyo Aphinda abuye abe nefuthe kwindlela esicinga
ngayo atsho achaphazele ukubunjwa kwezimo neendlela zokwenza kwethu
Le thiyori siyicacisayo ibaluleke kakhulu ekuqondweni kwezifundo zethiyori yezezoncwadi
Iluncedo olukhulu ingakumbi ekuqwalaselweni kwezimo zabalinganiswa (Freud kuRyan
200792-93) Le ngcingane ibonakala kakuhle ukusebenza kwayo kwiinguqu zezimo zabanye
abalinganiswa kwincwadi yedrama kaJolobe Amathunzi Obomi Ezi zimo ziguquguqulwa
ziimeko zentlupheko Sibona umlinganiswa onguNgxaki ephazamiseka engqondweni ngenxa
yokuba esiya esikolweni ngebhulukhwe enezikroba ebangela ukuba ahlekwe ngabanye
abantwana Le meko azibhaqa ekuyo esikolweni yamjika Wathi engumntwana olungileyo
wangumntu olwayo nabanye abantwana kuba ekhusela isidima sakhe esithotywayo Esi simo
sokudlakazela kwakhe sibangwe kukuba unina engenamali yokumthengela impahla yokunxiba
eyiyo ngenxa yobuhlwempu Le meko yobuhlwempu ikhokelelela ekuthotyweni kwezidima
10
zabalinganiswa abaliqela kule ncwadi Olunye ulutsha kwanabanye abantu abadala bephela
bezizaphulimthetho kuba bezama iindlela zokukuziphilisa njengoMaDlomo othe wasila
wathengisa umqombothi ukuze aphumelele ekuhlawuleni irente yegumbi abahlala kulo akwazi
nokondla afundise nabantwana bakhe
UJolobe kule ncwadi yakhe yedrama udiza impathombi nentlalo yentlupheko yabantu
abamnyama ngexesha localucalulo nengcinezelo yobuhlanga Uyaphumelela ekuduliseni
umsindo wakhe nasekuphimiseleni izizathu zentlungu anayo ngenxa yokungcikivwa kwabantu
abaNtsundu ngemihla abe ephila ngayo yolawulo lorhulumente wegcuntswana
16 Isithako sikaKarl Marx
UBarchelor kuNyamende (200015) uphakamisa imbono yokuba izifundo ngebhayografi
zibandakanya iindidi zezifundo eziquka izifundo zeSosiyoloji Oku kusikhumbuza ngoluvo
olukulo mqulu oluthi uphononongo ngembali nangobomi bukaJolobe kuncwadi lwakhe luquka
iimeko zentlalo ezorhwebo ezoqoqosho nezopolitiko Siphonononga ukuba ezi meko zinafuthe
lingakanani na kwintlalontle kaJolobe Le ndlela yokuhlalutya nokwenza ugxekoncomo
ilungelelana nesithako sezoncwadi esisekelwe kwithiyori nemfundiso kaKarl Marx
UKarl Marx ngumseki wethiyori eyi-Marxism Wazalelwa eJamani Waziwa ngokuba ngomnye
weenkcubabuchopho umntu wembali intatheli kwanomzabalazi omkhulu ekulweleni
amalungelo abantu abacinezelwa ngabasemagunyeni (wikipediaorgMarxism 252012) Le
thiyori yakhe icacisa intlalo yoluntu kumazwe obukhaphitali Ubona le ntlalo ingenabunyaniso
kuba isekelwe uluvo lokuba intlalo yobukhapitali bonke abantu bayalingana Kube kungenjalo
Kukho intlubantu yabasebenzi engaxhamli ubutyebi ebuvezayo Oongxowankulu abaqeshe
abasebenzi ngabo abacinezela intlubantu engabasebenzi abangamahlwempu abaquka
nabasebenza iintsimi ezilalini Aba basebenzi bakwabizwa ngokuba baziiprolethariyathi Ze
oongxowankulu babe kwintlubantu yobubhujwa Uqoqosho lwesizwe lukoongxowankulu
Intlubantu yeprolethariyathi zimpulakaluJaca emazibhukuqe umbuso wobukhapitali ze zilawule
ubutyebi besizwe ngokombono kaKarl Marx
UKarl Marx le thiyori yakhe uyibandakanya noncwadi olubhaliweyo Uncwadi olululo kufuneka
ludandalazise ukungalingani okukhoyo phakathi koongxowankulu neprolethariyathi ingakumbi
abasebenzi elizweni lobukhaphitali Uluvo lwakhe lukhankanya ukuba uncwadi sesona sixhobo
sinamandla ekusasazeni iingcinga ezithile umzekelo imithetho ethile ethi ichaphazele nenkolo
kuqukwe nemfundo namaziko ayo Kanti kwanemifanekiso-bhanyabhanya kwanoomabonakude
bathi badlale indima enkulu ekungqineni ukusebenza kwethiyori kaMarx elizweni (Ryan
2007115) Kwakhona uthi zonke iindawo apho abantu bahlala kuzo bafuna ukuphile Kwaye
11
iimveliso zokutya nemisebenzi isezandleni zabaphathimbuso kwanoongxowankulu Abasebenzi
baphile yimvuthuluka ewa ezitafileni zabaphathimbuso nezoongxowankulu Babe abasebenzi
ingabo abavelisa ubutyebi obuxhanyulwa ngabaphathimbuso noongxowankulu Obu bomi ibe
bobuswele ulingano oluhamba noxhatshazo Kuphele kudaleka ungquzulwano ngenxa yemivuzo
engabanelisiyo abaqeshwa abavelisele abaqeshi babo ubutyebi
Okuthethwa nguRyan ngengcingane kaMarx kubalulekile Iluncedo ekuqondweni koncwadi
lwedrama ebhalwe nguJolobe kuba izoba umfanekiso weentetho zengcingane zikaMarx Le
ncwadi inika umfanekiso wengcinezelo nempathombi yabaqeshwa abamnyama
ngoosomashishini kwanabaphathimbuso boMzantsi Afrika wexesha awayephila kulo uJolobe
Noxa isithako sikaKarl Marx silunceda olu phando ekudandalaliziseni intswelolingano
ngokobuntlubantu obukhoyo kumdlalo Amathunzi Obomi siyaqhwalela ukusinikeni ithiyori
yentswelolingano yobobuhlanga Sele kunjalo umphandi ufumanisa ukuba uJolobe udize izinto
awathi wazibona wazingqina ngeliso lenyama Wayibona intlupheko yabantu baseBhayi
yabantu abaNtsundu ngokubanzi edalwe ngumgaqosiseko ovumela intswelolingano phakathi
komnyama nomhlophe omhlophe onikwe amalungelo athe vetshe kunalowo umnyama UJolobe
waqonda ukuba makayibike le ngcinezelo ngokwebala yaziwe luluntu ngokubanzi [ugxininiso
lwam]
Umphandi uthe wafumana ubunzulu bokucamgca bukaJolobe abuqhusheke kwintethwana yakhe
ethi ldquoKweli xesha siphila kulordquo Ngala magama ambalwa mane ayile le ntethwana ukhanyisele
abantu ngesizathu sakhe sokubhala le ncwadi yakhe yedrama Uyibhale enesingqukru ebindwe
yimeko yexesha awaye ephila kuyo nabantu abamnyama apho abantu abaligazi lakhe
babecalucalulwa kuxhatshazwa amandla abo ngurhulumente owayengahloniphanga amalungelo
anika umntu isidima sakhe Waqulunqa iinkqubo zokuba umntu omnyama abekowana
mgangatho uphantsi angaze avuke kuwo
17 IFeminizimu okanye uKhomokazi
UFriedan (Benstock Shari Ferris noWoods 2002245) baphakamisa ukuphathwa kwabafazi
ngesidima sobuntu njengabantu bonke Baxhaswa ngaba babhali balandelayo uEllmann Gilbert
noGuber de Beauvoir Cixous Friedan kuMoi (198531 57 92 105) Bebonke baphakamisa
kwanenkqubelaphambili yabo Balangazelela ukuba kuphele ukujongelwa phantsi kwabafazi
Bekwafuna namalungelo abo obuntu ahlonelwe Bangavinjwa amathuba emfundo
kwanewemisebenzi kwanokuba bathabathe inxaxheba kurhwebo nasekubeni babe nemihlaba
Kwakho bayakuchasa uxhatshazwa lwabafazi kuba bengabafazi UMoi (198512) uyazixhasa ezi
zimvo zingentla ngokuthi asamele ngeengcinga zombhali ophambili uKristeva owabhala wathi ldquo
12
women demand equal access to symbolic order Liberal feminism Equalityrdquo Le ntetho yazala
ezi nguqu zikhoyo kule mihla yedemokhrasi apho abafazi babonisa igalelo elikhulu
ekuphakanyisweni kwenkqubelaphambili yesizwe soMzantsi Afrika kwiindawo zolawulo
kwanegalelo labo ekuphakanyisweni kwamakhaya
Izimvo zefeminizimu uyaziphakamisa uJolobe kuncwadi lwakhe ngokuthi enze abanye
abalinganiswa abangabafazi babe ngamaqhawe Sinqabile esi simbo sokubhala kubabhali
basebuhlanti
UJolobe wenza uMaDlomo ongumama oyedwa abe ngumhlolokazi Ebuthathaka enjalo
uMadlomo wasuka womelela wakhuthala waboyisa ubuhlwempu ngokuthi azenzele ishishini
elithe lamnceda wabhatala irenti wondla wanxibisa kakuhle abantwana bakhe wabafundisa
benendawo yokufihla intloko noNgxaki wohlukana nokunxiba ibhulukhwe ekrazukileyo Batsho
banesidima ekuhlaleni ekubeni bebe zizinto zokuhlekisa Kanti nomakhulu uZagula
umhlolokazi kwinovela UZagula uthe ebebuthathaka exhaphazeka womelela wazizamela
umsebenzi wazimela wayeka ukuxhomekeka emntwini wohlukana nokuxhatshazwa ngunyana
wakhe
Entla apha sisidizile isimo sombhali sovelwano ngabantu baseTyhini nokubanqwenelela
impumelelo ebomini Oku kumveza uJolobe engumntu wobuntu Yiloo nto uMadolo (20023)
ethethe wathi uJolobe ldquouwahloniphile kakhulu amakhosikazirdquo Ngenene akuthethileyo uMadolo
kuyinyaniso kuba lo mbhali ulilizwi labangenalizwi abanjengabantu besikhomokazi
abacinezelwe ngenxa yesini sabo Umzekelo kumbongo ldquoIgazi lehotyazanardquo lo mbhali
ukhalimela ukubulawa kwentombazana ngebhozo yindlobongela yomfo kungekho nabani
ulamlayo Esi sehlo simasikizi senzeka ngelixesha kuphethe umbuso woganyamelo ophakamisa
ulawulo nelizwi lamadoda ikakhulu Le nkqubo yawenza amadoda amaninzi akabahlonipha
mpela abafazi Kwakhona uJolobe ukhalazela ukungabi nanceba komyeni kaNoJaji nowathi
gqolo ukumxhaphaza wade wenzakala entloko walahlekelwa ziingqondo UJolobe ubonisa
ukuba ngumkhuseli wohlanga kwanowabantu ababuthathaka abaxhatshazwa ngabanamandla
kunabo (19713-22)
Le mizekelo ingentla ibonisa ukuba uJolobe ebehambisana nenkolo yokukhuselwa kwesidima
kwanamalungelo abafazi Ngolo hlobo singatsho ukuba ukuya kuma kumda othile uyahambisana
nefeminizimu elidabi labafazi lokulwela amalungelo abo abawanikwa ngumQulu wamaLungelo
oLuntu (Bill of Rights) Ngenxa yokuhlonipha la malungelo uJolobe ngoncwadi lwakhe ulwela
ubomi obungcono kwanenkqubelaphambili ebomini babafazi njengabantu bonke Ukuqwela ude
adize imisebenzi eluthotho abantu ababhinqileyo abajongene nayo emakhaya Esenza njalo
13
ubonisa ukuba ngaba yinto entle nephucukukileyo ukuba amadoda abancedise abafazi kweminye
imisebenzi babaphungulele imithwalo yemihla ngemihla bubengcono ubomi babo kutsho
nobomi bamakhaya bube mnandi (194014)
18 Intsebenziswano yetekisi nenye itekisi
Eli gama itekisi libhekisa kwizinto ezininzi Ngokwezifundo zethiyori yezezoncwadi igama
elinye elisencwadini lingayitekisi Kanti umhlathi isivakalisi incwadi enjengenovela
ikwayitekisi (Orr 2003 50) Umphandi ufumanise ukuba imisebenzi kaJolobe njengeetekisi
iyathungelana Into ayithethileyo okanye athe wayikhankanya kwimibongo ethile nebonisa
ingcamango ethile okanye ukuvakalelwa kwakhe uyakwazi ukuphinda awucacise loo mba
kolunye uncwadi lwakhe Oku kuthethe ukuba ezi ncwadi zimbini njengeetekisi ezahlukeneyo
ziyasebenzisana Umzekelo kumbongo ldquoUmthandazo wangokuhlwardquo uthetha ngokuba omnye
wabantu uye abeke ldquoikhubalordquo iBhayibhile ngendlela enembeko phezu kwetafile ukuze
umninimzi aqalise ukuqhuba umthandazo wekhaya Kanti kwincwadi yakhe yedrama
Amathunzi Obomi (Jolobe 1974 10) uMaDlomo uthi xa kuza kulalwa akhumbuze
ngokwenziwa komthandazo wangokuhlwa athi makuziwe ne-ldquokhubalordquo lekhaya (iBhayibhile)
Akubuzwa uMaDlomo ngomnye wabantwana bakhe ukuba yintoni ikhubalo uphendula ngelithi
yiloo nto ibazisela ithemba Kanti nakumbongo wakhe ldquoUmthandazo wangokuhlwardquo (Jolobe
193642-45) ubonise ukubaluleka komthandazo ohamba nekhubalo ldquoiBhayibhilerdquo xa kuza
kulalwa
Ngokwengcingane kaOrr (2003 54) intsebenziswano yetekisi nenye itekisi iluncedo
ekuhlalutyweni nasekutolikweni kweetekisi zezoncwadi Kukwanjalo nasekuphicotheni kwethu
uncwadi lukaJolobe kolu phononongo Utsho uvakale ngakumbi kumfundi umyalezo ophuma
kwiincwadi zikaJolobe xa zitolikwa ngokuhlalutya ngentsebenziswanoteksi Oku sikuqaphela xa
uJolobe esebenzisa eli gama ldquoikhubalordquo kwezi ncwadi zimbini zahlukeneyo zikhankanywe entla
apha
UJolobe ufumaniseka engumntu obekhuthalele ukufunda iincwadi noncwadi lwabanye ababhali
abangama-Afrika kanti namaNgesi namaSkotshi Ebenqonomfela neembalo zeZembali
zeZempilo kwaneZibhalo Ezingcwele njalo njalo Esenza oku nje ebephanda nzulu nabanzi
ngomba othile azakubhala ngawo Esenza olu phando wazifumana echukunyiswa yimisebenzi
yabanye ababhali Le nkcukumiso iyabhaqeka kweminye imisebenzi yakhe yezezoncwadi
Kulapho ke ithi intsebenziswanotekisi (intertextuality) ikwabhaqeka khona Umzekelo uBurns
imbongi yamaSkotshi ibhale ngentlakohlaza kamnandi NoJolobe uthe wabhala umbongo
ngentlakohlaza Kulo mbongo kaJolobe kukho ulwimi lwemifanekisongqondweni ehambelana
14
nekaBurns isimntwiso esifanayo Yena uJolobe usisebenzisile isigoci esibalasele
ngemifanekisongqondweni wagqithisa kuBurns ngobakhe ubugcisa nobuchule bokubhala
isihobe UJolobe xa ebonga intlakohlaza usebenzisa isimntwiso esichukumisa iimvakalelo
zovuyo ngokufika kwentlakohlaza Sivuselela iliso lengqondo libone ilizwe lambathiswe ingubo
yobuhle obugqibeleleyo Usizi kubantu nakwindalo alusekho Ubugxwayiba bomhlaba buphelile
Bahlukene nengubo yenkwankca nengqele yexesha lasebusika
Le ngxoxo ingentla apha ibonisa ukusetyenziswa kwentsebenziswanotekisi njengesixhobo
sokuhlalutya kwizifundo zezethiyori yezezoncwadi Kodwa ke usetyenziswanotekisi luthi ukuze
lwenze umsebenzi ofezekileyo lusetyenziswe kunye nezinye izithako zezoncwadi Le
ntsebenziswano iyakudityaniswa ngentyilazwi nezi zithako zidweliswe entla apha Ngokwenza
oku ezi zithako ziyakuthungelana xa kuphononongwa ubomi nembali yombhali kusenziwa
uhlalutyo loncwadi lwakhe Loo ntungelwana ingumtya oya kusetyenziswa ekurhintyeleni
izimvo ngezimvo eziza kuthi zibonakale xa kubangulwa amahlandinyuka obomi bakhe Ziya
kusetyenziswa ngokweenkalo ngeenkalo zolwazi kuba eyona nto iza kujongwa yindlela
ezilobolelana ngayo zincedisana ukuphuhlisa iingxoxo zohlalutyo loncwadi lukaJolobe
181 IDayalojizimu
Ithiyori yedayalojizimu yasungulwa nguMikhail Bakhtin (Abrams noHarpharm 201283)
Wayibhala ngexesha lolawulo lukaStalin eRashiya yobukomanisi obusekelwe kwithiyori
yobuMaksizimu-Leninizimu(Marxism-Leninism) UBakhtin engasekelanga kwithiyori
yobuMaksizimu- Leninizimu yena uyibona inoveli iqulathe iingxoxo ngeengxoxo ezihambelana
neendidi ngeendidi zamazwi aphuma ekuhlaleni Kwezi ngxoxo la mazwi ayaphikisana Uchaza
ukuba ezinye iinoveli zinamazwi agqumelela amanye La mazwi aphuma kubalinganiswa
abakwimigangatho yokuhlala engalinganiyo Umzekelo iziphathamandla zombuso zinelizwi
lazo eligonyamelayo phezu kwelizwi labantu abaphethweyo Ababhali abahambisana nenkqubo
yolawulo logonyamelo babhala iinoveli ezivumela ilizwi logonyamelo longame phezu kwelizwi
labagonyameleyo njengoko kwakunjalo kubabhali baseRashiya ababexhasa
ubungqwangangqwili bukaStalin
UBakhtin uthi inoveli enelizwi elinye elongamileyo elihamba lodwa uninzi lwabantu
abagonyamelweyo abanalizwi ikwimo yoqiqo olunye (monologic form) Iinoveli ezinje bezizoba
intlalo yoluntu engavumeli ukuba abantu bathethe ngokukhululekileyo njengoko kwakunjalo
kwiRashiya kaStalin NgokukaBakhtin zikhona iinoveli ezivumela abantu
babengabakhululekileyo ekunikeni ezabo izimvo Iinoveli ezinje zibonisa isizwe esibantu
bavumelekileyo ukuba bathethe ngokukhululekileyo Kwanendlela yokuphila yeloo zwe
15
yeyekhululekileyo Ezi noveli zinamazwi aphendulanayo ngaphandle kwemiqobo Ilizwi
lomlinganiswa othile limele ilizwi leqela labantu abathile ekuhlaleni Iinoveli ezinala mazwi
aphenduphendulanayo asekuhlaleni zibizwa ngokuba zezempendulwano (dialogic form) okanye
zezinesimo esimazwininzi (polyphonic form)
Yena uBakhtin ukhuthaza iinoveli ezibantu bakhululekileyo Kwakhona ukholelwa ukuba
ababhali nabo mababonise abalinganiswa abanganqgqinelaniyo ngezimvo Oku kungangqinelani
kubandakanya namazwi asekuhlaleni angavaniyo ngezimvo malunga nemiba engenkcubeko le
meko iyenza inoveli ingabi nakungqinelana ngezimvo ide iye ekupheleni (Abrams noHarpham
201285) Kwakhona uBakhtin wazisa oku inoveli ivumela umdibaniso weentlobontlobo
zoncwadi umzekelo kwincwadi enye kudityaniswa ngobuchule amabali amafutshane iingoma
ezinobuhobe imibongo kwakunye neziganeko zesimbo sedrama Kanti kwakule ncwadi inye
kungaqukwa iinkcukacha zobugcisa obuthile okanye zezenzo ezithile ezihambelana nokwakhiwa
kwedayari nebhayografi kwanezeleta zembalelwano Lonke olu ncwadi luzisa kwincwadi enye
olwalo ulwazi nezimbo zokubhala ezahlukahlukeneyo kwaye zithi neentetho zazo zidale
ingxubevange enamandla nedala umoya omtsha UBakhtin (1998320-321) esaleka umsundulo
The novel permits the incorporation of various genres both artistic inserted short stories
lyrical songs poems dramatic scenes biography etc hellip some of these genres could
include would be confessions novel diaries biographies novel-in letters hellip all these
genres bring in their languageshellip and intensify each speech diversity in fresh ways
Le ngcingane kaBakhtin engenoveli ebonisa idayalojizimu idala umdla Kuba kwakuyo le
noveli inamazwi amaninzi kungaqukwa kwanemithandazo Singatsho ke ukuba la masolotya
abonisa idayolojizimu uJolobe uwafake ngempumelelo kwinoveli yakhe Elundini LoThukela
Kule noveli uJolobe umzekelo uqukanise iingoma imihobe izibongo imiboniso yedrama
nezazobe zeebhayografi ekuzobeni inkcubeko nolwazi lwemveli lwesizwe samaHlubi ayephila
intlalo yendebe endala phambili phaya endulo
Imibongo umculo kwanezinye izinto ezibandakanywa yinkcubeko zithi zibe yinxenye equka
unxulumano oluyindibanisela yeendidi zobudlwelane Oku sikuthethayo kuluncedo kolu
phononongo lale noveli Ekuphicotheni le ndibanisela kunceda ekuqondeni umyalezo
neemfundiso zikaJolobe Kwaye ezi ndidi ngeendidi zeejenri ezibumbe inoveli Elundini
LoThukela ezikwazezonxibelelwano zidala umdla nochulumanco kwanokuyolisa kumfundi
UJolobe ugqwesile ukubonisa indibanisela yamazwi ngamazwi awahlukileyo asekuhlaleni
aphendulanayo Ubonisa amandla edayalojizimu ngokuphumeleleyo kwinoveli yakhe Yaye
ukwaphumelele ekuboniseni amandla edrama kwinoveli Elundini LoThulekela
16
Isimo sobumazwininzi sale noveli siyingcingane ebalulekileyo kuhlalutyo loncwadi lwesiXhosa
Sinika umdla nomoya omtsha wokuqondana kwabantu Siveza amandla enkcubeko equlethwe
kulwimi olusetyenzisiweyo nakuncwadi Kwakhona sidiza nobungqwabalala obabufumaneka
kumazwe ayephethwe ngogonyamelo isininzi sabantu singenalizwi Ngokuka-Abrams
noHarpham (201286) uBakhtin uyahambisana nesiganeko ekuthiwa yi ldquocarnivalesquerdquo
ENtshona icarnivalesque yayiba ngumnyadala wokudelela amagunya ogonyamelo Umzekelo
abantu abangenalizwi bebandla laseRoma ngelixa lalomnyadala babevatha izivatho
zeziphathamandla zelibandla Bathi bhazalala ezitalatweni behlekisa ngezinto ezithethwa zezi
ziphathamandla zogonyamelo Babecela umngeni kolo gonyamelo Eli yayilithuba kubantu
abangenalizwi lokujula kude iimbophelelo zemithetho yocwango baphile intlalo abazikhethele
yona okwethutyana (Quinn 200488)
19 Indlela yokuhlalutya kolu phando
Njengokuba sesitshilo olu phando luza kusebenzisa intyilazwi njengendlela yokudibanisa
nokulungelanisa izithako ezihlalutya iincwadi zikaJolobe UDenzin noLincoln (20083) bayibona
le ndlela iquka imimandla emininzi ngokumalunga nophando Kwaye iquka izifundo eziliqela
Ayigxilanga kuphando olunye kuphela kuba inokusetyenziswa nakolunye uphando olusebenzisa
imethodi ekhwalitheyithivi kwesinye isifundo esingesiso esethiyori yezezoncwadi Umzekelo
ingasetyenziswa kuphando olukhwalitheyithivi olumalunga nezemfundo ezesimiyotika
ezengqondo ezefeminizimu ezenkcubeko ezembali nakwezinye iingxoxo zophando ezihamba
ngokwemigaqo eyamkelekileyo kwimethodi ekhwalitheyithivi
Intyilazwi le iluncedo kuphando olungobomi bomntu oluquka amava akhe obomi amabali
angobomi bakhe iifoto zakhe kwaneengxelo ezingaye ezishicilelweyo (Denzin no-Lincoln
200845) Aba babhali bakwanoluvo lokuba intyilazwi ekuhlalutyeni isebenzisa iinkcukacha
ezizindidi ngeendidi zokufuna ukuphanda ulwazi olubalulekileyo ukuze bafumane ulwazi
olunzulu olunokubanceda aqondakale umntu ekuphandwa ngaye (20085) Kwakhona aba
babhali bacasisa ukuba umphandi osebenzisa le ndlela ichazwe ngentla ufana nomntu owenza
ingubo yeziziba ngeziziba Yona yenziwa ngamalaphu amaninzi ahlukekeneyo Kodwa
koveliswa umsebenzi omhle kamva
UDenzin no-Lincoln babeka umnwe kwelokuba umphandi uxhamla intsebenzo yendlela
yophononongo ayikhethileyo okanye ayibona ilungele uphando lwakhe uthi ngoko asebenzise
izixhobo (amacebo) azityumbele ukukrola nokubumba ngobungcali nobungqondi umsebenzi
lowo wakhe wophando Usebenzisa iindidi zezithako zokufumana ulwazi eluncwadini nakuluhlu
lwezinto ezizezinye ezithi zimnike ulwazi ngombhali aphanda ngaye Oku kuhambelana
17
nemethodi yophando ekhwalitheyithivi Bahambisa bathi ukuba umphandi uthe wabona ukuba
amacebo (strategies) athile akalulungeli uphuhliso lophando lwakhe ngokhululekileyo unako
ukuwatshintsha asebenzise amanye amatsha athi gingci kuphando lwakhe (Denzin noLincoln
20088) Ngaphezulu aba babhali babini bathi umphandi umele azi ukuba imethodi
yekhwalitheyithivi yeyentsebenziswano Ngoko ke umphandi oyisebenzisayo uphela enolwazi
olunzulu noluphangaleleyo Okubangela oku kukuba uphando lwakhe lufumana impembelelo
kwintsebenziswano yezifundo eziliqela zamacandelo ngamacandelo olwazi Umzekelo woku
kokokwenzeka kolu phando lwalo mqulu apho kukho ulwazi oluphuma kwezembali kwezesini
kwezobuhlanga kwezobubani kwezenkolo nanjalonjalo Kuloko sisithi olu phando
lukhwalitheyithivi lufana nokubunjwa komfanekiso-bhanyabhanya oyingubo eyenziwe ngeziziba
ngeziziba kodwa kuphele kuphuma umsebenzi omhle obumbeneyo kwanobukekayo
(njengasentla)
110 Uphicotho-ntsingiselo
UDenzin (198956-57) unika icebo elinokuthi lincede ekutolikweni kweenkcukacha ezithe
zafunyanwa ngumphandi ngokunxulumene nobomi bomntu ekuphandwa ngaye Ezinye zezi
nkcukacha ngamava obomi bomphandwa obunamanqwanqwa okukhula angala ixesha lokufikisa
lobuntwana bakhe ixesha lokufikisa kwakhe ebuntwini ibakala lokufikelela kubomi obutsha
bobuntu bobudala kwanenqanaba lokufikelela kubomi obudala Umntu unamava enqwanqwa
ngalinye Kuwo kukho inqwanqwa elibandakanya ixesha lokuqala komntu esikolweni esiya
kufumana imfundo Akho namanqwanqwa ahambelana nexesha lokutshata kwanelo lihambelana
nokungenelela kwakhe kwixesha lengqesho
Ukufumana iinkcukacha ngomphandwa kuquka udliwanondlebe oluthi luxhobise umphandi
ngolwazi olubalulekileyo Ngethamsanqa imigudu yodliwonondlebe eyenziwe nguMahlasela
(1973) kwakunye noScheub (1967) esaphila umbhali uJolobe eBhayi iyakuba luncedo
olunexabiso kolu phando UDenzin noLincoln baphinda bakhankanye ukuba umphandi unako
ukusebenzisa nasiphina isixhobo sophando umzekelo imethodi okanye indlela yophando
engqinelana nophando lwakhe okanye isifundo sakhe (20085) Exhasa olu luvo uNyamende
waseYunivesithi yaseKapa obhale ngebhayografi ethi ldquoLife and works of William Isaac
Wauchoperdquo (2000) kuphando lwakhe lobugqirha ukhankanya ukuba intloko engumntu aphande
ngayo yathi yasweleka ngexesha lemfazwe yeHlabathi ngoko ifane nokuba ibingayintsomi into
yokuba abe ebengenza udliwanondlebe kunye naye Kodwa noko kunjalo wasebenza walugqiba
ngempumelelo uphando lwakhe Wancedwa kukusebenzisa amanye amacebo okuphanda
ngoWauchope Wafumana ulwazi kwii-archives ezinokuchazwa ngokuba zizisele zokugcina
ulwazi olungoncwadi kwanelezinye izinto ezibhaliweyo ngababhali Ezinye iinkcukacha wathi
18
wazifumana kuJeff Opland ongumbhali owaziwayo nonomdla omkhulu ngababhali abangama-
Afrika balapha eMzantsi Afrika
UKendal (1965) uchaza ukuba ukuba intloko ekuphandwa ngayo ngumphandi kudala
yalandulela eli oko kuba nzima kakhulu ukufumana iinkcukacha ezibalulekileyo ngayo nkqu
nokwenza udliwanondlebe Uluvo lukaKendal lunokuba sisizathu sokuba ababhali beebhayografi
abanjengoHadland (2007) kunye noBenson (1994) bathe bakhawuleza ukubhala iibhayografi
ngobomi bukaNelson Mandela kanye ngeli xesha esadla amazimba Oko bakwenze ukuze
bafumane iinkcukacha ezizizo nezinobunyani kwaye bazifumana kanye kwintloko engumntu
abaphanda ngobomi bakhe ukuquka kwanegalelo lakhe esizweni saseMzantsi Afrika
Kwangokunjalo naye uJohnson kuClifford (1962142) uyahambisana nombono waba babhali
beebhayografi bangentla apha Ude yena wayalela uBoswell umfundi wakhe abe emqeqeshela
ubhalo lwebhayografi yakhe ukuba athi gqolo ukubhala iingxelo ngobomi bakhe Oko kukuthi
abenomqulu oyincwadana apho anokuthi agcine izinto ezibalulekileyo zemihla ngemihla
neziquka iziganeko ezibalulekileyo ezinxulumene nobomi bakhe UBoswell wayesenzela ukuba
akwambatha ingubo kaqaqa abe sele ethethe wophela kumbhalibhayografi wakhe Noko kunjalo
uKendal uthi zingasombululeka iingxaki zokuvala izikhewu ezikhoyo ngenxa yokunqongophala
kolwazi angene nalo engcwabeni lakhe umphandwa ekubhalwa ibhayografi yakhe sele bhubhile
Ubanga ukuba zingoyiseka ezi ngxaki ngokuthi umphandi lowo angalufumana olu lwazi
ludingekayo ngokutyelela iindawo ebezithandwa ukutyelelwa ngumntu abaphanda ngaye
Umzekelo uKendal ongumbhali webhayografi ubalisa ukuba yena ngenkqu wathi wenza
uphando ngobomi bokumkani uRichard III Uthi watyelela iindawo apho walwa kuzo iimfazwe
namadabi amakhulu ngamandla equbisana notshaba lwakhe olukhulu uCharles waseBurgandy
Waphinda watyelela kwanetyalike eyathi yakhiwa nguRichard III kwidolophu yakowabo
UKendal ukhankanya ukuba olona lwazi lululo awathi walufumana ngobomi bukaRichard lolo
waluzuza kweezo ndawo ebethanda ukuzityelela lo mphandwa wakhe Olu lwazi lwaba lixabiso
elikhulu kwaye wayeludinga kakhulu Lwamnceda ngaphezulu kunokuba ebecinga ekuqondeni
isimo sombhali onguRichard abe ephanda ngaye Kwakhona uKendal uchaze ukuba wafumana
nesityhilelo samaxesha osizi kwanamaxesha ovuyo awathi wanawo ngexesha lokudla kwakhe
ubomi (1965150-152)
Kanti ke noLeon Edel waba nengxaki ekubhaleni kwakhe ibhayografi kaHenry James UJames
wazitshisa zonke iinkcukacha ezingaye ezazinokuthi zidize ngobomi bakhe ukuze kubelula
ukubhalwa kwebhayografi yakhe Isizathu solu tshiso wayengafuni ukuba kubhalwe ibhayografi
ngobomi bakhe U-Edel wathi wabusebenzisa ubuchopho bakhe Wangena kwiphulo lokuxilonga
19
ngokunzulu imisebenzi eyathi yabalasela kuncwadi olubhalwe nguHenry James Iziphumo
kukuba u-Edel wathi ekugqibeleni waphumelela ukuqulunqeni ngokutsha ubomi bombhali
uJames (Nyamende 200015) UQuinn (200437) wapapasha ukuba u-Edel wavelisa
imibhumbutho emihlanu yemiqulu yebhayografi kaHenry James UWeinstein (1971iii)
kwingabulazigcawu) ubonisa ukuba uHenry James walibala ukuba wakhe wabachazela abafundi
bakhe ukuba umbhali uyaphila kuwo onke amaphepha oncwadi lwakhe athe walukrola nokuba
angazama ukuzifihla ngenyameko kangakanani na
Umphandi kolu phononongo ululandele uluvo lukaKendal Watyelela isakhiwo setyalike apho
uJolobe ube yinkokheli nonyawo-ntle welo bandla nelichazwe nguMahlasela ukuba laba lelona
lawagqwesayo amanye amabandla amaPresbhithari ngenkuthalo nangempumelelo kwilokishi
yaseNew Brighton nakwingingqi yaseBhayi iphela Umphandi wafumana ukhwankqiso olukhulu
namava amatsha ngombhali uJolobe Kolu hambelo waqaphela ukuxatyiswa nokukhunjulwa
okukhulu kukaJolobe yirhamente yebandla awayelikhokela Nangoku lisazingca ngayo
impumelelo yakhe kuncwadi lwakhe uJolobe awathi walubhala Ukongeza abantu beli bandla
bamisa nelitye lesikhumbuzo sakhe ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo seli bandla Kulo kukrolwe
amagama kaJolobe kwakunye namazwi athi ldquoImbongi umqambi wedrama wenoveli
kwanezincokordquo Okunye abakwenzela ukumbulela uMfundisi Jolobe balijika igama lale nkonzo
ebelikho ngaphambili bayithiya igama elitsha elithi ldquoJJRJolobe Memorial Churchrdquo Ngesi
senzo sobulungisa benze isenzo sobuntu sokungalibali ukuthi ldquoEnkosirdquo ngokuhle abakwenzelwa
nguMfundisi Jolobe ngokubeka inkonzo yabo kumanqwanqwa aphezulu yangumzekelo kwilizwe
laseMzantsi Afrika UJolobe owathi wangenisa iinkonzo ezintle zenkqubela-phambili
nasekuhlaleni apho eli bandla lakhe laba luncedo nasekuphakamiseni intlalo yasekuhlaleni
Laphakamisa abantu abahlelelekileyo ngokuthi libancede nangezixhaso zokutya
UJolobe walixhasa ibandla lakhe ngokunikela kulo izinto ngezinto eliphakamisa Le minikelo
yalenza ibandla lakhe liqhagamshelane namaphulo akhe okukhonza uluntu ekuhlaleni apho athe
wanikela nangexesha lakhe ephakamisa iimfundo yezikolo zabantu abaNtsundu Ekuhlaleni
Waphela eBhayi esisinxadanxada kwizinto zecawa Umzekelo waba ngusihlalo wezikolo
eziliqela ngaxeshanye Wayecelwe ngabazali nabahlali ukuba athabathe esi sihlalo
Wawuphakamisa umgangatho wemfundo (Vuyorsquos Journal 2013) Ngenxa yamava
kwanobulumko bakhe wadala phakathi kwabafundi neetitshala umoya wokonwaba nowobunye
Kaloku naye ebengutitshala kwizikolo zemfundo ephantsi ezemfundo yamabanga
aphakamileyo ezikholejini nase-yunivesithi Waza ngoncwadi lwakhe ezikolweni wadala
ulonwabo kumzi oNtsundu ingakumbi kwabantetho isisiXhosa kuba uncwadi lwakhe oluninzi
wathanda ukulubhala ngesiXhosa Ngale ndlela waphakamisa uthando lwesiXhosa kuba utsho
20
ngolwimi oluqulathe inkcubeko yabantu balo Ngale ndlela ube ngumlindi weenkcubeko
nomkhuseli wolwimi lwemveli ukuze lungabhangi Oku kwakujolise ekubeni lungajongelwe
phantsi lugqunyelelwa zezinye iilwimi ezifikayo eMzantsi Afrika[ugxininiso lwam]
Ngenxa yolu bhalo lwakhe uJolobe abantu abaNtsundu baseBhayi bambulela ngokuthiya esona
sikhulu neside isitalato apha kwilokishi yaseNew Brighton sayiJolobe Road Ngesi senzo
babenika uJolobe imbeko ukuze asoloko ehleli ezinkumbulweni zabo Nomphandi wanyathela
kwesi sitalato wayehamba kuso uMfundisi nombhali uJolobe Kwadaleka uchulumanco
nemfudumalo kwanolwazi olutsha oluyinyaniso kumphandi kuba kwibali elibaliswe nguVuyo
intombi kaJolobe ubalise ukuba uyise uMfundisi Jolobe naye wayehamba kwesi sitalato
ngeenyawo ekwaqhuba nemoto yakhe kwakuso Oku kwamnika umphandi intlaninge
yemifanekisongqondweni ngobomi nesimo sikaJolobe Wambona engumntu okwaziyo ukwakha
ubudlelwane obuhle nabantu basekuhlaleni Yaye ebelubhala uncwadi lwakhe
ngokuchukunyiswa zizinto athe wazibona zaphelela zichukumisa ingqondo yakhe (Scheub
196760)
Ulwazi umphandi alufumene ngobomi bombhali onguJolobe ngokundwendwela iindawo
uJolobe owakhe wanyathela kuzo lungqinela ngaphandle kwentandabuzo uluvo lukaKendal
olubethelela ingcamango ethi umphandi obhala ibhayografi yombhali makandwendwele iindawo
umphandwa lowo wayethanda ukutyelela kuzo Esi senzo siyakumnika ulwazi olunqabileyo
angenakulufumana kumphandwa lowo kuba akasaphili
Ngoko ke eli cebo likaKendal limphathele umphandi walo mqulu ulwazi olubalulekileyo
nolutsha Luluncedo nakubafundi abakumacandelo ngamacandelo ezemfundo Luyakunceda
nophando olulandelayo olungobomi bombhali obubeyimfundiso ebantwini nesipho kubantu
ngokubanzi Obu bomi balo mbhali bubenonxulumano noncwadi lwakhe alubhalileyo
kwanesimo nemibono yakhe ephakamileyo yenkqubelaphambili yesizwe sakhe okanye yelizwe
lakowabo
111 Isithako sezezeMbali nobunzululwazi-Mlando
Isithako sezeMbali nobunzululwazi-Mlandu sicaciswa nguBobape kwiSouth African Journal of
African Language (2006149) ngale ntetho ithi ldquoliterary workhellipas a reflection of the authors life
and times of the charactersrdquo Akuthethayo uBopape kukuba uncwadi lombhali lukwasisipili
sobomi bakhe Lutyhila namaxesha athe waphile kuwo kanti kwanobomi namaxesha
abalinganiswa Uhambisa athi ingqokelela yobungqina ngombhali iquka neencwadi
21
zembalelwano zakhe ingabulazigcawu kuncwadi lwakhe kwakunye nodliwanondlebe
(Mahlasela 19733) Zonke ezi ngongoma zithi zinike ulwazi oluphangaleleyo ngobomi
bombhali Ingqokolela enjengale ingentla ingathi yakufumaneka ibe luncedo ekuphicotheni
uncwadi lukaJolobe Ziqondakale iingcinga zakhe kwanezinto ezifihlakeleyo ezingobomi bakhe
Indlela ebephila ngayo yaziwe Igalelo lakhe ekwakheni isizwe liqiqeke Nendlela ebesakha
ngayo ubudlelwane entlalweni ngokubanzi yazeke
USwanepoel (19905) naye ngokwakhe uliphakamisela phezulu eli cebo lokuphanda lika
Bobape Ulibona njengesixhobo esiluncedo kumsebenzi onxulumene nophando kuncwadi Naye
uyibona ilixabiso le ngqokelela yobungqina ethiwe thaca entla apha Ngoko ke iyakuza nolwazi
ekuncediseni ekuhleni amahlongwane uncwadi lombhali malunga nonxulumano lwalo nobomi
bukaJolobe
USwanepoel uqhuba athi eli cebo liyakwazi nokudiza ubudlelwane bababhali kwanezihlobo
zabo usapho lwakhe uhlanga lwakhe kwanobudala bakhe Unika umzekelo ukuxhasa uluvo
athetha ngalo Ubhala esithi kwincwadi kaCharles Dickens ethi Tales of Two cities kudizwa
inkohlakalo eyenzeka kubantu ngexesha le- French Revolution uvukelo lwamaFrentshi Uqhuba
achaze ukuba uKE Ntsane kumbongo wakhe othi Dumedisa Base (Greet the boss) ubonakalisa
unyembo nentlekisa ngeendlela ezithi izicaka zibonakalise intobeko engaphaya negqithe
ukuqonda xa zithetha nabaqeshi bazo naxa zifuna ukwenzelwa ubuntu kwizinto ezithile
ezizidingayo URoberts (200268-69) uyakuxhasa okuthethwa ngababhali abangentla Yena
ubethelela into yokuba incwadi ethi David Copperfield ilibali le-othobhayografi kaCharles
Dickens engenkcazo ngobomi bakhe abubhale ngokwakhe Uchaza ukuba le ncwadi icacisa
ibonise ubomi bukaCharles Dickens ebephila ubomi bokuba sisinxadanxada ngamini zonke
Ikwatyhila amaphupha kwaneminqweno ebenayo ebomini bakhe
URoberts uqhuba athi uncwadi lwakhe uCharles Dickens waluqulunqela ukufezekisa oku
kulandelayo ukuphakamisa intlalondashentle yabantu ukuvuselela ukuziphatha kakuhle kwabo
ukukhuthaza ubuntu phakathi kwabantu nokuchasa imikhwa emibi efana nokuba umntu
abenguhlohlrsquoesakhe acingele ukulungelwa yena yedwa URoberts wongeza elokuba uDickens
kuncwadi lwakhe ubonisa ubudlelwane obuphakathi kombhali namabali akhe Kubomi bakhe
bemihla ngemihla uzamana nokuphila ubomi obububo nobamkelekileyo nobungumzekelo
kwabanye abantu Ufunzele ekwakhiweni kwenkqubela-phambili ekuhlaleni nasebomini bakhe
ukusukela kwixesha lakhe elidlulileyo ukuya kwixesha abephila kulo
Umphandi uyazisekela ezi zimvo zabaphandi zidweliswe phezulu apha Ukwenza oku
ngokubonisa ukuba uncwadi lukaJolobe luya lobolelana neemeko zentlalo ezorhwebo
22
nezopolitiko zalapha eMzantsi Afrika ngexesha abephila kulo Sakuxoxa ngalo mba siqamele
ngobuthumbu bombongo kaJolobe (197494) ldquoUkwenziwa Komkhonzirdquo Imbongi kulo mbongo
ichaza iindlela ezizintlobo ngeentlobo zokungcungcuthekiswa kwenkomo iqheliswa idyokhwe
Iyakrwitshwa iphefumle nzima Konke oku kwenzelwa ukuba ithobele ingqeqesho yokwamkela
imphathombi yayo Ngolu mmelo lwenkomo yedyokhwe emnyama imbongi uJolobe uveza
elokuba inginginya yama-Afrika ithe yacinezeleka namanye athi abhubha phantsi kwengcinezelo
engathethekiyo yorhulumente wocalucalulo
USwanepoel uxhasa uluvo lukaGuerin lokuba isithako sezezembali nobunzululwazi-mlando
sibonisa ubukho bekhonkco elithungelelanisa uncwadi lombhali kwakunye nobomi bakhe
UWeinstein (1971 kwisinikezelo sakhe) walungqina uluvo lukaGuerin kuba uthi uHenry James
wakhe wabhala wathi ldquothe artist is present in every page of every book from which he sought so
assiduously to eliminate himselfrdquo Le nkcazo ikhombisa ngokumhlophe ukuba ubomi kwanesimo
sombhali siyatyhilwe kuncwadi alubhalileyo nokuba sele ezama ukuzifihla yena ngamanye
amaxesha
Ukuphetha siyaphinda sivakalisa ukuba imethodi ebizwa ngokuba yikhwalitheyithivi
(qualitative method) iyasetyenziswa kolu phando kuba ivumela uphicotho ngobomi bukaJolobe
luhambe kunye nentyilazwi xa buqwalaselwa noncwadi lwakhe alubhalileyo Kungoko ke
imisebenzi kaJolobe yezezoncwadi iyakusetyenziswa ngokumandla kolu phononongo
oluyakubandakanya nogxeko-ncomo lwemisebenzi epapashiweyo nengekapapashwa yabanye
abahlalutyi nabaphandi nobomi bakhe Yonke le nquleqhu yeyokufumana iinkcukacha ngembali
nobomi bukaJolobe
UMouton (200199) uvelisa ukuba iinkcukacha ezingembali nobomi bomphandwa
zingafunyanwa nakwiintetho athe wazenza umbhali (umphandwa) kwiingqungquthela okanye
iintlangano zabantu kanti nakwiimbali eziquka yena Nazo zingaluncedo ekufumaneni ulwazi
ngaye Yena uCouzens wongeze wathi ifoto ezinokufunyanwa ngombhali nazo zingathi zivelise
olunye ulwazi olubalulekileyo malunga nombhali olungathi luveze kwaneendidi ngeendidi
zobudlelwane umbhali abenabo malunga nezalamane zakhe usapho lwakhe kwaneziganeko
ezithile ezingobomi bombhali (1985xiii)
Olunye ulwazi lokuvala izikhewu luyakugcwaliswa ngophando olunokufumaneka kwizisele
zoncwadi nakwimizi yemaphephandaba Kanti olunye ulwazi oluphangaleleyo luya kuthi
lufunyanwe kwii-intanethi kwiijenali nakudliwanondlebe Amathala eencwadi aseziyunivesithi
nakwizakhiwo zoluntu anazo iincwadi ezinokuba nolwazi ngembali nobomi bombhali uJolobe
imizekelo yoku yile ilandelayo Ezinye iinkcukacha ezingembali nobomi bukuJolobe sizifumane
23
kwiincwadi ezikumathala ezi yunesithi zilandelayo iStellenbosch iWestern Cape iFort Hare
neNelson Mandela Metropolitan University Ukongeza kwezi nkcukacha zolwazi lungoJolobe
sinqonomfele uphando lukaMbukushe oluphonononga imibongo engeerhayimi yabafundi
abakumabanga abaphantsi (2003) olukaHoza (1999) olungothelekiso lombongo kaJolobe
ldquoUNomhirdquo nombongo kaMema u-ldquoWabulrsquoapho Lawundinirdquo UHoza kulo msebenzi wakhe
uncoma uJolobe ngokuphakamisa iinzwakazi ezingama-Afrika Kanti nencwadi kaOpland
noMtuze (1994) ikhankanya imibongo kaJolobe yokulwa umbuso wocalucalulo UQangule
noKavanagh (1971) nabo bayithathela ingqalelo imibongo kaJolobe ekulweni ucalucalulo apha
eMzantsi Afrika Zonke ezi mbalo zinolwazi olutyebileyo noluluncedo kolu phando lwalo
mqulu
Olunye ulwazi olunegalelo elilulo silufumane kwezi mbalo zilandelayo USatyo (1980)
kumsebenzi wakhe u-Elugayini Van Rooyen (1976) uGerard (1971) Mahlasela (1973) Jubase
(1966) kwakunye nezifundo zophando zobugqirha zikaKwetana (2000) ngencwadi kaJolobe u-
Elundini LoThukela UKwetana ubonisa ukuba uJolobe ubhale le noveli enenjongo yokuchasa
urhulumente wengcinezelo Ugxila ekuboniseni ukuba uburhulumente bemvelo babantu
abaNtsundu babuliqilima kwaye iinkosi zazilawula ngocwangco zazikho kwaneenkundla
zomthetho wobulungisa phambi kokuba bafike abaMhlophe eMzantsi Afrika Ukwakhankanye
ukuba bubuxoki okwabhalwa ngabaMhlophe kwiimbali kwaneengxelo zabo besithi abaMnyama
baseMzantsi Afrika babengenalo ucwango kwintlalo yabo
Abanye ababhali basebenzise nodliwanondlebe ukuze babenolwazi ngeembono zikaJolobe
Udliwanondlebe balwenza noJolobe esadla amazimba Aba babhali baquka uMahlasela (1973)
noScheub (1967) Kanti iintetho zikaKerr (1958169) noNyembezi (1958158) zincoma
inkuthalo kaJolobe ekuphakamiseni izinga loncwadi lwesiXhosa nesizwe nenkcubeko yaso
kwanesizwe esiNtsundu ngokubanzi Kanti nentethongqo kaJolobe (1958) ngenkqu iluluncedo
ekwazini ngoJolobe malunga nonxulumano lweembalo zakhe kwakunye nobomi bakhe
Uncwadi lukaJolobe lubonakele luthungelelena nobomi bakhe kwanenxaxheba athe wayenza
kowakhe umzabalazo encedisa ekulweleni inkululeko Iziganeko nemithetho yocalucalulo
lwabantu abaNtsundu inefuthe elichaphazela imibono yakhe iminqweno kwaneemvakalelo
zakhe ezizintlobo ngeentlobo Isithako sezembali nobunzululwazi sikwanceda ukufumaneni
imbali yokukhula kukaJolobe ngokweminyaka sitsho siqaphele ukuhambelana kwayo
notshintsho ekuqambeni imibongo yakhe yopolitiko (Opland noMtuze 1994115-117) Kwakho
sisinceda ekuphawuleni ukukhula kwakhe kubhalo loncwadi lwakhe nasekubalaseleni
kwimisebenzi yobunkokheli kuba uye kamva ebomini wonyulwa kwizihlalo eziliqela
24
zobunkokheli kwiintlanganiso ngeentlanganiso zababhali boncwadi (Sirayi 1985 Gerard
197177) Wade wacelwa kwimibutho yembumba yeentlanga ngeentlanga zeetyalike ukuba
abeyinkokheli yayo Yiyo naloo nto bathi bazithiya ezinye izikolo neendawo eziphakamileyo
ngegama lakhe umzekelo iJolobe High School elapha eBhayi kwanesitalato sabo esikhulu
eNew Brighton esiyiJolobe Road
112 Ithiyori nesithako sobuNzulwazi-Mlando kwiimbalo zikaJolobe
Lo mqulu ujonge ukuqwalasela imisebenzi yezezoncwadi KaJames James Jolobe
ngokunxulumene nobomi bakhe kwanamaxesha akhe ngeenjongo zokwenza uhlalutyo lwazo
ukulungiselela iphulo lokubhalwa koMlando Kukho ukunqongophala kweebhayografi
kwisiXhosa jikelele (Nyamende 2000) Uncwadi lukaJolobe luthe lwadlala indima enkulu
ekuphakanyisweni kwamanani oncwadi lwesiXhosa nasekuphuhlisweni komngangatho
woncwadi lwesiXhosa kwanasekongezweni kwezinye iindidi zoncwadi ebezingekabhalwa
kuncwadi lwesiNtu Umzekelo uJolobe ungowokuqala ukubhala incwadi yamavo kwanaleyo
yemibongo yabantwana ekuthiwa yirhayimi Kanti ubengowokuqala esiXhoseni ukubhala
incwadi yedrama (Mahlasela 1973 Kerr 1958) Le mizekelo ibonakalisa ukuba abantu
abantetho isisiXhosa bafumana ukondliwa engqondweni ngolwazi olufumaneka kwiincwadi
zikaJolobe ezibonwabisayo kwananjalo
Bakho abaphandi ababhale ngoJolobe kwimisebenzi ethile Naxa kunjalo akubangakho msebenzi
wohlalutyo okanye wogxekoncomo ogxile ekuqwalaseleni uqhagamshelwano olukhoyo phakathi
kobomi bakhe kunye nemisebenzi yakhe yezezoncwadi Kuphando ngoncwadi nombhali
kuphawuleke ukuba iithiyori zaseYurophu azizithatheli ngqalelo izinto ezimalunga nenkcubeko
nembali yombhali Kungoko ke kubonakele kufanelekile ukuba olu phando lwenziwe ukuze
umntu othe wazenza idini ekudaleni inkqubelaphambili kwimfundo elulwimini oluthethwayo
nakuncwadi lwesizwe kuyimfanelo ukuba ahlale ephila kwiibhayografi zethu (Marcus 199442)
Umphandi uye wangenelela kwintlangano enkulu ebizwa ngokuba yi-ALASA eyayibanjelwe
eWUSU emongo wayo wawusithi ldquoClaiming back our heritage through our languagesrdquo wafunda
iphepha elithi ldquoIsithako esingembalibomi bunzululwazi bumebengqondo (psycho-historical
biographical approach) nokubaluleka kwaso ngokubandakanya imbalibomi yombhali kunye
nobudlelwane bakhe nabazali bakhe Uqhube wathi Sikwaqhuba ugxekoncomo loncwadi
lombhali uJolobe alubhalileyo Siyakwenza amavandlakanya ngokunyaniseka kwesi sithako
Sisenza njalo sakunika nemizekelo embalwa ukubonisa amandla aso Kwaye sakubonisa unozala
wobunkcubabuchopho uJolobe abalasele ngabo Nto leyo enqabileyo kwimisebenzi emininzi
yezohlalutyo ebhalwe ngemisebenzi kaJolobe yezezoncwadi
25
Xa sixoxa ngonozala wobunkcubabuchopho bukaJolobe sakuthetha sisingisele kwi novela yakhe
UZagula Sityumba yona kuba uJolobe wabonakalisa ubunkcubabuchopho bakhe ngokuthi
abhale ayipapashe le novela eminyaka ingamashumi mabini ananye Kuyo ubonakalisa inkcaso
enkulu kumkhwa wabaNtsundu wokuthanda ukutyhola ngobugqwirha amaxhegokazi
kwanabafazi ngokubanzi Abatyholwa babulawe noxa bemsulwa Lo mkhuba umbi wokunuka
ngokuthakatha abathile baseTyhini ukhuthaza ukuxhatshazwa ngokwesini sesikhomokazi
UJolobe usebenzise le novela ukubukula olu xhatshazo
Umntu oqiqa kakuhle woqonda ukuba uJolobe ngokweminyaka wayengemdala ukuyaphi kodwa
waba nesibindi sokuchukumisa umcimbi owoyikwayo owawungachukunyiswa nase zincwadini
zesiXhosa kuba abantu besoyika ukuthetha ngezithethe namasiko ayingozi Ubani
ebengenakuyichasa ekuhleni into yokunukwa kwabafazi ngobugqwirha bade babulawe Olu
loyiko laluzalwa kukoyika ukuba umntu lowo azibone seletyholwa ngezenzo zobugqwirha naye
Oku ngenene kubonisa ubukhalipha bukaJolobe obumangalisayo kwanokusebenza kwengqondo
yakhe enengqiqo ephezulu
Inkolo yobuKrestu uJolobe akhuliswe ngayo echaseneyo nemisebenzi yokubulawa kwabantu
ithe yayiyo eyintsusa yokuba abone kufanelekile ukuba akhanyisele abantu ngokuthi azibhale
phantsi iingcamango zakhe kwanenkolo yakhe echaseneyo nemisebenzi enenkohlakalo Ngoko
indlela yokukhula kwakhe idandalazisiwe kule ncwadi kwindlela athe wawubhala ngayo
umyalezo wemfundiso yakhe kwiindawo awayengutitshala kuzo ezazisekude kwinkqubelandash
phambili Kwakhona kumbongo wakhe ldquoIgazi lehotyazanardquo (197122) wayithathela kuye into
yokuba ngumsebenzi wakhe ukuba ngukhala kwanomalusi kwanomkhuseli wabantu babesizwe
sakhe Esi simo sakhe uJolobe sihambelana nokufuza kwakhe igama awalinikwa nguyise elithi
Rhanisi Lithetha unogada okanye umlindi Intombi kaJolobe yabalisa ukuba wathi uyise wayo
irhanisi eminye imisebenzi yalo kukuba ngunogada wekhaya (Vuyorsquos Journal 2013)
UJolobe ukwabonisa ubunkcubabuchopho ngokuthi adale ezakhe izafobe Mve xa ecacisa
kwinoveli Elundini LoThukela ukuba indoda le iyintoni na Uchaza ukuba ibhubesi liyaqwenga
kwaye lifa liqwenga kanti likwayingcongolo kumlambo iThukela Kwaye ingonyama okanye
ibhubesi likhusela amathole esizwe salo abuthathaka Ngoko kwifilosofi okanye kwiingcinga
eziphezulu zenkolo kaJolobe umkhuluwa okanye amadoda uthi ngabakhuseli babantu
ababuthathaka bakomawabo okanye besizwe sabo Kungoko uJolobe athe amadoda amaninzi
awathi ala ukuhlanganyela isigwinta esasibulala intombazanana imvanazana ngamagwala
(197122 23)
26
Le mvanazana yayicela uncedo kuwo lokhuseleko wona akabonisa nceba abonisa ubugwala
Kungoko ke engafanelwanga liwonga lobubhubesi Naye uJolobe ngokwakhe libhubesi
Wazimelisa amajoni oMkhonto Wesizwe kwisakhiwo sebandla lakhe La majoni
yayingamabhubesi ayelwela inkululeko yabantu abaMnyama ababecinezelwe ngurhulumente
wocalucalulo Ayejongwe kukubulalwa ngumkhosi wocalucalulo okanye ukunikwa isohlwayo
esiqatha ziinkundla zemithetho yocalucalulo NoJolobe ngokunjalo wayenokufumana isohlwayo
esiqatha ngokufihla iintshaba zorhulumente wocalucalulo Wayidelela lo nto wazincama wabeka
ubomi bakhe esichengeni ngobugorha Yena wazincama esikwa yimfesana novelwano
wabafihla abantu bakowabo abaMnyama ecaweni endala eyaye ingasetyenziswa kodwa iphantsi
kolawulo lwakhe baba bayasinda njalo (Vuyorsquos Jounal 2013) Amandla nomoya wokulandela
igama lakhe lokuba nguRhanisi umlindi okanye unogada amongamela kwaye ngokuthe ngqo
angqina ukuba imbongi ingukhala wesizwe ililiso lesizwe kwanomlomo wesizwe sayo
(Qangule 1970 Kwingabulazigcawu) Ngesenzo awathi wasenza esikhankanywe apha ngentla
uJolobe wathi wawuphumelelilisa umsebenzi wakhe wokukhonza isizwe Kwakhona kumbongo
wakhe ldquoIgazi Lehotyazanardquo (197122 23) ubomi bukaJolobe bokubonisa inceba
bubonakalisiwe ukuba bunye noncwadi alubhalileyo Luziimbono zakhe neenkolo zakhe
neminqweno yakhe yenkqubelaphambili yesizwe esiNtsundu ukuba siphumelele
Le nkcazo ingentla ibonisa ubulumko nobunkcubabuchopho bukaJolobe obuboniswe kwisimo
nakubuntu bakhe Kumbongo athe wawubhala ngomama wakhe uchaza ukuba unina waye
efundile kwaye enobulumko ekusombululeni iingxaki eziselusatsheni lwakhe Ukucacisa oku
ude athi uJolobe ldquokwakungaziwa ukuxakwardquo xa wayekhona (193678) Le ngxelo ayinika
ngomama wakhe itolika ukuba yena wasifuza isimo sikanina sobukrelekrele bengqondo nesimo
sobuntu sokusiza abantu abacinezelekileyo UFreud kuRyan (2007 93) uyazixhasa ezi zimvo
zingentla kuba wongeza ngokuthi abantwana bathi baziqwalasele izinto ezenziwa ngabazali babo
xa bekhula zize ezo zinto zigcinwe koovimba abayingqondo yabo eleleyo UJolobe umbhali
uchaze ukuba unina wayeyinkokeli kwingingqi awayehlala kuyo Wayebaxabisile abantu
Wayenceda nabantu abagulayo enika izixhaso zokutya kwabahluphekileyo esenza iinkqubo
zokufundisa abafazana nabantu ngokubanzi Wayebafundisa ebaqeqesha kwizakhono zokukwazi
ukuziphilisa baphakame benze ngcono intlalo emakhaya bakwazi nokukhulisa ngendlela eyiyo
abantwana Ngaphezu koko uJolobe uchaza ukuba unina wayekuchasile ukucalucalulwa
kwabantu ngenxa yesizathu somgangatho wabo ubuni babo uhlanga lwabo ibala labo
nangokumalunga neminye imiqangiyelo esondele apho Ngokwenene esi sisingqino esibonisa
ukuba uJolobe ukhuliswe njani na nabazali bakhe kwaye kwaneenkolo athe wazikrola kuncwadi
lwakhe ziyinto enye esisipili sesimo sakhe kwanobomi bakhe kanjalo Olu lwazi lwathi
27
lwalangazelelwa ngumbhali uPatricia Scott (1973v) othe akuwugqala umsebenzi woncwadi
lukaJolobe wakhankanya ukuba kungayinto entle ukuba umntu anganolwazi ngamandla adale
avelisa umbhali onguJolobe onobugcisa obukwisigaba esiphezulu kangaka nonomsebenzi
obonisa isimo esihle nesitsala iingqondo zabantu zikhwankqiswe yindlela abuphile ngayo ubomi
bakhe Le ngxoxo isinika inkcazelo enika isizathu esibangela sokuba abanye abantu bambone
uJolobe eyenye yeenkcubabuchopho zama-Afrika ezithe zazalwa eMzantsi Afrika
Okunye okuthe kwabhaqeka kukuba ulwazi ngobomi bukaJolobe nangeehambo zakhe luthe saa
Yaye akukho msebenzi wobungqondi oqhagamishelanisa ubomi bakhe neehambo zakhe kunye
noncwadi alubhalileyo Kungoko kuye kwabaluleka ukuba kuqulunqwe olu phando olusebenzisa
isithako sembalibomi nobunzululwazi bumengqondo ukuze luze nolwazi nezakhono zokubumba
ibhayografi epheleleyo kaJJRJolobe Ngokwenza njalo sinika umkhombandlela kwabanye
abaphandi nabahlalutyi babe nokuqulunqa iibhayografi ezipheleleyo zabanye ababhali
besiXhosa Kungaphela kusenziwa nezazobe malunga nobomi babo Ingxaki yophando olulolu
hlobo kukunqaba kwezixhobo ezisemgangathweni ezinokunceda kwinkqubela-phambili yalo
Exhasa olu luvo uNyamende (20005) Uthi
There has been no attempt recently to publish a biography on the life of any Xhosa writer
The lives of well ndash known Xhosa writers like AC Jordan JJ R Jolobe and GBSinxo
remain unwritten This hampers any in-in-depth studies as researchers have to contend
with brief sketches of their lives
Enye ingxaki kukuba inqwaba yolwazi ngoJolobe ithe yacimeka Ngamanye amaxesha kuthe
kwafumaniseka iinkcukacha ezingenabunyani Kodwa noko kunjalo kubalulekile ukuba ubomi
bukaJolobe bubenako ukubhalwa kwibhayografi kuba kolu phononongo iinkcukacha
ezinobungqina ngobomi bukaJolobe ziye zafunyanwa Sisebenzise isithako sobuNzululwazi
bezeMbali nobuNzululwazi-Mlando ekufikeleleni kolu lwazi Sisithako esivunyiweyo zizifundo
zethiyori yezezoncwadi
Ngesi sithako kolu phononongo sifumanise inqwaba yobungqina obuninzi obubonakalisa ukuba
ubomi bukaJolobe bubophene noncwadi lwakhe Kwaye sanemizekelo esiyikhupha eluncwadini
lwakhe ukubonisa ubunyaniso boku sikuthethayo Kungenxa yeso sizathu esi sithako sibonakala
silixabiso elikhulu ekwenzeni uphando ngoJolobe njengombhali Ithiyori yobume-ngqondo
(yesayikhoanalisisi) iyahambelana nesi sithako Iphakamisa umgangatho wokuphanda
okukhokelela ekuqulunqeni ibhayografi yomntu ingakumbi eyombhali woluncwadi Oku
kuxhasa ubungqina obuthe babonakala busalatha ubudlelwane bukaJolobe kunye nabazali bakhe
kwakunye nendalo emngqongileyo ekukhuleni kwakhe Lo mcamngco uBopape (2006148-149)
28
unika inkcazelo ngawo That sees literary works hellip as a reflection of the authors life and times
and the life and times of the characters
Ukuxhasa izimvo ezichatshazelwa nguBopape apha ngentla singathi igama likaJolobe leenkobe
uRhanisi kufanelekile ukuba likhankanywe ukuveza amandla alo athe abonakala ebomini bakhe
UThipha kuNeethling (200512) ecacisa ukubaluleka kwegama lomntu uthi ldquoBy their names you
will know themrdquo Le ntetho kaThipha ikwincwadi engesifundo seonomastikisi Uphakamisa
ukuba abantu bayakwaziwa ngefuthe labo ebomini kwanezimo zabo kwanemisebenzi yabo
ngenxa yamagama abo ngamanye amaxesha UJolobe njengerhanisi wayengenako
ukuqanyangelwa kwinto enye nakumsebenzi omnye Uphile ubomi obungxakangxaka obumenze
wabandakanyeka kwizinto eziliqela ebezinganzima ukuba azifeze omnye umntu kuba
zigunyazisa usetyenziso lwamandla aphezulu engqondo nawezenzo Kwaye kubonakala ukuba
bekunganzima ukuba zingenziwa ngumntu nje oqhelekileyo Olu luvo luqatshelwe nguGqirha
Kerr (1958169) owaye eyinqununu kwiYunivesithi yaseFort Hare apho uJolobe wasenza khona
isidanga seBA kuba ukhankankanye ukuba unzima umsebenzi wobuNyawontle
kwanokubangutitshala kwanokuba ngumbhali ovelisa iidazini zoncwadi kuba udala uxinzelelo
olukhulu kodwa yena uJolobe uthe waphumelela kuzo zonke ezo nkalo Le nkcazelo kaKerr
yalatha ukuba uJolobe unesimo esisodwa sobukrelekrele
Kwakhona uJolobe uye waphila ngokwegama lakhe Wabonisa isimo esifana nqwa neserhanisi
Lona liyakwazi ukuphila ngokulula kwiindawo ezisemhlabeni nasemanzini UJolobe ngesi simo
sakhe wayefuze uyise Uyise naye ubenesimo esingxakangxaka njengonyana wakhe Ube
enguMfundisi wecawa ekwangumfama enawo namarhanisi ekwanguye nomfama enemfuyo
Amarhanisi abe eluncedo ngendlela ezininizi Ezinye zazo kukuvusa abantu bomzi xa umzi
ungenelwa lutshaba okanye kufika umntu angamaziyo ekhayeni aye amxwaxwe loo mntu
ngengxolo yawo Naye uyise wakhe umbone uJolobe engunogada kwikhaya lakhe UJolobe uye
waliphila igama lakhe kakhulu akabingunogada kwikhaya lakhe nje qha wangunogada nokhala
wesizwe ngokuthi abhale uncwadi enze neentetho ezithe zayichasa inkqubo yokucinezelwa
kwabantu abaMnyama bakowabo ngumbuso wolawulo lwabantu abamhlophe kweli lizwe
Waphakamisa nelokishi yabantu abaMnyama iNew Brighton wachasa iyantlukwano
kumabandla amaKristu waze wadala ubumbano phakathi kwawo Ezi zimvo nemibono yakhe
uyizoba ngeziganeko ezibanga umdla kumbongo wakhe ldquoAkukho hlelo aphordquo (193656) Lo
ngumzekelo woqhagamshelwano olukhoyo phakathi kobomi bombhali noncwadi alubhalileyo
Okwesibini ixesha lokuphila kwakhe uJolobe ulidiza kwezinye iimbalo zakhe ngamaxesha
abalinganiswa bakhe abaphila kuwo Kumbongo wakhe ldquoUmthandazo Wangokuhlwardquo
29
(193635) uzoba ixesha awayephila kulo engumntwana apho uyise wayethi akhokele usapho
kunyuswe idini lombulelo kuMdali kuze kufundwe iziBhalo eziNgcwele nguyise owayezibiza
ngokuba yena ldquolikhubalordquo lasekhaya UJolobe akukhula naye uvuselela iinkumbulo zokukhula
kwakhe waze wazibhala kuncwadi lwakhe Kanti nakowakhe umzi umthandazo wangokuhlwa
uwuqhubile Akawuqhubanga emva kwesidlo sangokuhlwa xa kuza kulalwa njengakowabo
Yena uye watshintsha ixesha lokuwenza Wawenze nosapho lwakhe phambi kwentsimbi
yesixhenxe phambi kokuba kutyiwe isidlo sangokuhlwa naphambi kweendaba zasenjikalanga
(Vuyorsquos Journal 2013) Kwakhona umlinganiswa wakhe uMadlomo kwincwadi yakhe yedrama
naye umenza ukuba ayenze isiqhelo sekhaya lakhe into yakuba kuqhutywe umthandazo
wangokuhlwa ngenjikalanga kuze kufundwe neliZwi leNkosi Naye uthe xa echaza iBhayibhile
wathi ilikhubalo lekhaya (19741)
Ngeli xesha uJolobe ebengumhlali eBhayi wayibona indlela ababecinezelwe ngayo abantu
abaMnyama apho waza wayibhala kwincwadi yedrama Amathunzi Obomi Kuyo wazizoba
wazenza umlinganiswa ongenagama Lo mlinganiswa ungutitshala wesikolo sesiqhelo aphinde
abe kwangutitshala wesikolo secawe Apha kudizeke imisebenzi kaJolobe kwilokishi yaseBhayi
kuba uthe wafundisa nasezikolweni waphinda wangutitshala ofundise kwisikolo secawe kuba
ebekwanguMfundisi ebandleni lakhe Ebekwahambela abahlali bale ngingqi azibona iingxaki
zabo xa adibane nabo ubuso ngobuso (Vuyorsquos Journal 2013) Kanti nakwinoveli yakhe UZagula
uzizoba eyititshala engumlinganiswa olikholwa elikwayititshala ezama ukukhanyisa kwindawo
esebumnyameni nethi iqaphele iinkolo eziyingozi
Okwesithathu amaxesha amaninzi abantu bathi xa bembona umbhali uJolobe emifanekisweni
bambone enxibe iindondo zamehlo Kanti kwalo mbhali uthe kumbongo ldquoUmthandazo
Wangokuhlwardquo wabonakalisa iinkumbulo zekhaya lakhe ngexesha esemncinane Kuwo
ukhankanya ukuba uyise wayeyikhokela imithandazo yangokuhlwa naye enxibe iindondo
zamehlo Ukwachaza kwanokuba xa uyise efunda ebezifaka emehlweni akugqiba ukufunda
azibeke entloko njengoko naye Jolobe ebesenza ebenxiba iindondo zamehlo Oku kungqinelana
nengcingane kaFreud ecatshulwe nguRyan (200793-96) obhala athi
Significant experiences from childhood remain filed away in the mind and exert
an influence in our thoughts and behaviour as adults It is easy to see how these
ideas might be useful in the study of literature
Ngoko le nkcazo ingentla ibonisa ukuba naye uJolobe uthe akuba mdala wafuza isimo
nenkangeleko kayise omzalayo nangezenzo ezi akuba mdala Oku kukwakhombisa uthando abe
enalo ngaye uyise Le mizekelo ingentla ibonisa ukubaluleka kwesi sithako sembalibomi
30
nobunzululwazi bobumengqondo Siquka ubomi bombhali sidulise nobudlelwane bakhe nabanye
abantu njengoko sibonisile ngobomi bukaJolobe abukrole kuncwadi lwakhe
Ukongeza esi sithako sibandakanya kwanokuqokelelwa kweenkcukacha eziqondene nombhali
Ezi nkcukacha ziquka iileta zombhali iingabulazigcawu kwakunye nodliwanondlebe
kwaneminye imiba equka ingxelo nobomi bombhali kwanexesha lokuphila kwakhe njengokuba
kuchaziwe nguBopape (2006149) Olu lwazi luyakunceda ekutolikweni koncwadi lombhali
uJolobe kwanokuzama ukubhaqa iingcinga zakhe ezinzulu ezicacileyo kwanemiyalezo yakhe
efihliweyo kuncwadi lwakhe Uhlalutyo ngokwekwesithako sobuNzululwazi Bume-ngqondo
nobuNzululwazi-Mlando lunconywe kakhulu nguSwanepoel osibone isisixhobo esikhulu
kuphando olumalunga noncwadi (19905) Ulubona olu hlulutyo luluncedo ekuqokelelweni
kweenkcukacha ezinika nolunye ulwazi oludiza ubukho bobudlelwane phakathi kombhali
noncwadi lwakhe Kwakho esi sithako siyakwazi ukubonakalisa ikhonkco lobudlelwane
malunga nombhali uncwadi lwakhe usapho lwakhe nohlanga lwakhe
UVuyo intombi kaJolobe ubalise ukuba uyise uthe wayeluncedo nakubantu ababesebenza
emzini wakhe bewucoca Wabanceda ukuba babuyela esikolweni bongeze iimfundo yabo
baphakamise izinga labo lobomi kangangokuba omnye wabo wafunda waphela efumana
imfundo yobutitshala Wafumana umsebenzi wobutitshala Wagqibela ngokuba yinqunqununu
kwesinye sezikolo eziPhesheya kweNciba Kanti kwalo Jolobe wenza iindlela zokuba abantu
abahluphekileyo kwilokishi yaseBhayi bancedwe ngokutya Wayebandwendwela abantu
belokishi yaseNew Brighton abanike amacebo okuphila Ezi zenzo zihle zibonisa ukuba uJolobe
wayelandela ekhondweni likamama wakhe owambonisa okulungileyo okufanele kwenziwe
ekukhonzweni kwesizwe (Jolobe 193679-80)
Kanti nenoveli Elundini LoThukela ibonisa isimo sikaJolobe sobunkokeli esisukela kwimvelo
yakhe yasendulo apho inkosi ibisuka ibushiye ubumnandini basebhotwe iyokuvelela abantu bayo
abahlala kwiziphaluka ngeziphaluka zezizwana uJolobe ngaxesha lakhe naye wenza kanye
njengokuba wayesenza unkosi uMthimkhulu ikumkani yamaHlubi (200815) Naye uJolobe
ubonakalise isenzo senkokheli ebaxabisileyo abantu bayo nekhathalayo ngabo kunye nangempilo
yabo Naye ebewushiya umzi wakhe imishini ahle enyuka izitalato evelela abantu Inokuba
yiloo nto esinye sezitrato ezikhulu saseNew Brighton sithiywe ngaye kwathiwa yiJolobe Road
apha eBhayi (Vuyorsquos Journal 2013) Ezi nkcukacha zibonisa ubunganga besithako soMlando-
Mbali ekuhlalutyeni iincwadi zikaJolobe
URoberts (200268-69) ubonakalisa ngamazwi akhe amandla nexabiso lesi sithako
kugxekoncomo nohlalutyo ngokuthi aphawule ngolu hlobo
31
The life and works of Dickens demonstrate the complex inter relations between
his fictionalisation of his life and the lives of others and the process of
recreation of the past his present concerns and the attempt to find a future
moral path
Ngoko ke ngenxa yezi zizathu zikwesi sicatshulwa singentla isithako sohlalutyo kuMlando-
Mbali singasetyenziswa ngokuzithandela komhlalutyi okanye singasetyenziswa njengendlela
yokufuna ukuqonda indlela uncwadi olubhalwe ngayo Kwakhona singasebenza njengesixhobo
sokuphicotha nakwimimandla ngemimandla yezolwazi enjengezobumebengqondo ezenkcubeko
nakwezobugcisa bokutolika iitekisi ngeetekisi zezoncwadi
Esi sithako sifumana amandla amakhulu kwanokunyaniseka kwanokuxabiseka xa sithe
sasetyenziswa ngaxeshanye kunye nemethodi yekhwalithetive eluncedo ekudaleni iingxoxo
ezivakalalyo UDenzin noLincoln (20083) bayichaza le methodi njengesixhobo sophando
nesithi sibandakanye iqela leendidi zezezifundo Bathi umphandi angasebenzisa isimiyotika
Isimiyotika yona isisifundo sobunzululwazi bemiqondiso ekwayinxenye yethiyori yezezoncwadi
Ezinye ke izifundo ezinokusetyenziswa nesisithako zezi ubunzululwazi-zizezi (ethnomenology)
ifinomenoloji (phenomenology) inzululwazi-toliko (hermeneutics) ifeminizimu
ezobumengqondo nezenkcubeko (2008 9) Ifinominoloji yithiyori yolwazi eyamkelekileyo
kuhlalutyo lwezezoncwadi ngokwethiyori yezezoncwadi Yona inzululwazi-toliko yithiyori
ebonisa ukuba itekisi ebhaliweyo enjengencwadi eyinovela ingatolikwa njani ukuze intsingiselo
yayo iqondwe Ngoko ke ezi ndidi zezifundo zidweliswe entla ziyalungelelana nohlalutyo
lwezezoncwadi oluqhutywa ngemethodi ekhwalitheyithivi
Kwakhona kudala umdla ukwazisa ukuba imethodi ekhwalitheyithivi isebenza ngezinto ezihleli
kwisimo sazo ngokobunjalo bazo (ontological status) kwaye ivumela ukutolikwa kwezinto
ngendlela abantu abazibona ngayo (Denzin noLincoln 20084) Iquka izixhobo zokutolikwa
kwanokucaciswa kwezinto ezithi zitsho kubekho iinguqu elizweni liphucuke libe ngcono Le
methodi ikhwalitheyithivi isebenza kuphando lolwazi oluziindidi ngeendidi olubhekiselele
kwimingxilo ngemimgxilo enjengale ilandelayo Imiboniso yezifundo eziphandiweyo iingxoxo
udliwano-ndlebe iincoko iifoto amacwecwe ashicilelweyo kwakunye neenkcukacha
ezigciniweyo oluziinkumbulo (Denzin noLincoln 20084) Intyilazwi yiyo edibanisa
kuphononongo olunye zonke ezi ndidi ngeendidi zolwazi ezikumsebenzi wophando oluqhutywa
ngemethodi ekhwalitheyithivi
NgokukaDenzin noLincoln (20085) kwakolu hlobo lophando umphandi uyakwazi ukusebenzisa
izixhobo zohlalutyo loncwadi Umzekelo aphicothe ukuba umbhali uzisebenzise njani na
32
izafobe kumsebenzi okanye kwitekisi yakhe yezezoncwadi Oko kukuthi umphandi okanye
umhlalutyi akhangele ukuba umbhali ulusebenzise njani ulwimi lwezafobe njengesixhobo sakhe
sokuthumela umyalezo oyintsingiselo kumfundi Ngoko ke umhlalutyi okanye umphandi
unokuzityumbela izixhobo izakhono iimethodi afuna ukuzisebenzisa kuphando lwakhe
Lilungelo lakhe ukwenza olutyumbo kodwa lube luyakuluqhuba uphando ngokwemiqangiyelo
eyamkelekileyo ekwenzeni imisebenzi yobungqondi Olu luvo luthi lwenze umphandi
abengofunde banzi afumane ulwazi oluphangaleleyo nakwezinye iindlela zokutolikwa koncwadi
ezinokuquka umzekelo ulwazi lwezifundo zefeminizimu ithiyori kaKarl Marx kwanezifundo
ezimalunga nekcubeko (Denzin noLincoln 20088)
UJolobe kumbongo ldquoUkwenziwa Komkhonzirdquo (197490) ubonisa inkcaso enkulu
ekuxhatshazweni kwabasebenzi ngoongxowankulu Le nkcaso yakhe ihambelana nethiyori
kaKarl Marx ethi kwilizwe lomkhapitali abasebenzi bamungunywa igazi ngoongxowankulu
Ngoko ke abasebenzi mabaphakame bayilwe le ngcinezelo UJolobe ukhangeleka esabela elo
khwelo Ezifama nasemigodini abasebenzi bayaxhatshazwa UJolobe kulo mbongo wakhe
uvelana naba basebenzi ngokokutsho kukaVilakazi (1965) owathi naye wabhala umbongo
ldquoEzinkomenirdquo okhalimela ukuphathwa kakubi kwabantu abasebenza emigodini oku kungqinwa
nanguAttwell noAttridge 2012609-610)
Kumbongo wakhe uJolobe ldquoUkwenziwa Komkhonzirdquo ubumbe inkabi yenkomo emnyama
elumelo lwabasebenzi abaMnyama abasebenza ezifama nasemigodini abebephethwe kakubi
ngabaqeshi babo ngexesha lorhulumente wengcinezelo noxhatshazo Le ngcinezelo nolu
xhatshazo sizibone kutsha nje kwimigodi yaseMarikana kule mihla sikuyo yexesha
ledemokhrasi Lo mbongo kaJolobe usathetha nanamhla oku Usabonakalisa uvelwano kunye
nabantu abacinezelekileyo naba xhatshwazwayo Uhlaba umkhosi njengokhala neliso lomzi
Uhamba ekhondweni lezimvo zikaFanon (Gugelberger 1985 Introduction) noBreytenbach ku-
Olaniyan noQuayson (2007166) abakhuthaza ababhali ukuba kuncwadi lwabo mabakhathalele
ukubonisa uvelwano nabantu abacinezelwayo apha elizweni Lo mzekelo ubonakalisa ukuba le
methodi yekhwalitheyithivi iluncedo olukhulu kolu phando kuba isasebenzisana nezifundo
zembali nezezopolitiko ezinika ulwazi lokuba uhlalutyo lwethu lungene nzulu ekuphononongeni
uqhagamshelwano phakathi kombhali onguJolobe noluncwadi lwakhe Kutsho kwacaca ukuba lo
mbongo kaJolobe ungumyalezo wezimvo zakhe ngokubona kukho abantu abacinezelwayo
nabaxhatshazwayo eMzantsi Afrika ngexesha awayephila kulo Lo myalezo kubonakala ukuba
wayewusa kwizizwe zehlabathi zonke ehlaba umkhosi Kule ntlabamkhosi wayebonakalisa
inkolo yakhe kwizifundo zikaKarl Marx ezilwa ingcinezelo yokucalulwa nokuxhatshazwa
kwabasebenzi ebasebenza ezifama nasemigodini kumbongo wakhe ongentla pha
33
Kwakhona uJolobe wathi wafunda ngesimbo esisetyenziswa kwisihobe sesiNgesi sokufakwa
kwemvanosiphelo emibongweni Wasibona esisigoci singangqinelani nesihobe sesiXhosa
Wafumana ingxaki ekulandeleni imigaqo yokubhalwa kwemibongo equlunqelwe ukuba
isetyenziswe kulwimi lwamaNgesi ngokunxulumene nokubhalwa kwemvanosiphelo Ngoko ke
singatsho ukuba uJolobe uqhube ngokoluvo lukaDenzin noLincoln esilukhankanye apha ngentla
kuba kuphononongo lwakhe lobhalo lwemibongo yabantwana wafumanisa ukuba isixhobo
sokubhala umbongo ngemvanosiphelo esiXhoseni asilungi asihambelana nemigaqo yolwimi
lwesiNgesi Ayingqinelani nendlela amagama asebenza ngayo kulwimi lwesiXhosa Emva koko
akaphozisa maseko waqulunqa esakhe isimbo okanye isigoci esimsebenzelayo esililungeleyo
ulwimi lwesiXhosa kubhalo lwemibongo yakhe Ngesi senzo uKerr (1958169) noNyembezi
(1958158) bambona uJolobe engumntu okrele-krele nokwalikhalipha elingenaloyiko
lokugxekwa ngabantu ngento elithe layibona ukuba ifanelekile ukuba yenziwe ekuqhubeliseni
phambili imfundo yesizwe esiNtsundu kwanokuba enze elakhe igalelo ekuphuhlisweni
nasekuphakanyisweni komgangatho woncwadi lwesiXhosa
Ngenxa yefuthe leengxoxo nemizekelo enikwe apha ngentla umntu angathi abe nale mibuzo
ilandelayo
1 Kutheni uJolobe athe noko walandela inkolo yobuKristu kodwa abengumhlobo
omkhulu nenkcubeko yebantu abaMnyama Lo mbuzo ukhumbuza indlela lo mbhali
athe wayibalisa ngayo ngochulumanco olukhulu inkcubeko ngexesha lokushwama
kumaHlubi kwibali lakhe elikwayimbali ekwincwadi yakhe Elundini loThukela Xa
ebalisa uthi umshwamo uqhutywa ngezigaba Uthe akufika kwisigaba sokungeniswa
kwenkunzi yenkomo ebuhlanti ingqingwe ngamadoda ngenjongo zokuyibulala
ngezandla ezihlupheza ebonisa ukuba angaluthini na utshaba xa lunokuthi lufike
luhlasele isizwe okanye amakhaya amaHlubi Amadoda abonisa ukuba ayakulibulala
ngezandla kuphela utshaba kungasetyenziswanga imikhonto nezinye izixhobo
Umbhali uJolobe wayichaza indlela amadoda athi asiphutha-phutha ngayo esi silo
Uchaza ukuba amanye amadoda azama ukusicinezela amathatha amanye asitsala
umsila Ikhatywa nokukhatywa ngokungenanceba Kwangelo xesha linye esi silo
sasigxwala ngamandla sibangwa kukoyika kuba sikubona ngeliso laso ukufa
kufikile kuso (2008165) Ngumbono ongathandekiyo lo kwaye uJolobe ukhuphe
undoqo obonisa ukuba amanye amasiko esintu ayenentlonti Kwakhona lo mbono
ubonisa ukuba uJolobe uthande ukuzibeka izinto njengoko zinjalo ukuze umfundi
34
azikise ukucinga azibonele ukuba izinto kumaxesha akudala zazingentlanga ngalo
lonke ixesha nanjengokuba kusenjalo nakule mihla yedemokhrasi
Kwakhona esi siganeko sikhomba ukuba uJolobe ube engumntu onengqondo
kwanesimo esimbaxa esingacuthekanga kuba akagxilinga kwizinto ezintle
nezimnandi zodwa zobomi Ngokubalisa ngendlela eli siko elaliqhutywa ngayo eli
siko kwisizwe samaHlubi uJolobe ubonakalise umdla omkhulu kwinkcubeko
yesizwe sakhe kwanokuba wayeziqwalasela iindlela ezazithi izinto zenziwe ngayo
ekuhlaleni nasemathekweni Nangona ebekhulele ekhayeni lenkonzo nje
ebengahambeli kude kwizinto zenkcubeko ekuhlaleni esakhula Kubonakala ukuba
yena ebethi aye kula matheko apho wayethi azibone izinto azifote ngeliso lakhe
eliyikhamera Yiyo le nto ebenesiphiwo sokuchaza izinto ezithi zenze umfundi
othuke angabi nakuze azilibale iziganeko ezothusayo kuba zitsho zibhaleke
engqondweni Ngalo mzekelo ungentla uwadulisile namaxesha osizi
kwaneziganeko zeembambano apho kuye kufuneke zinqoze iintonga ldquoukuthimba
uxolo ngokumohlwaya umhlaselirdquo ukulungisa izinto Oku ukuthethe ngexesha
lohlaselo lwamaHlubi endlu yaseKunene phantsi konkosi uMahlaphahlapha apho
athi eza awendlu enkulu abonisa uvelwano ancedisa ekududuleni nasekoyiseni
amaNgwane (Jolobe 197685)
Uncwadi lwakhe uJolobe kwakunye nebhayografi yakhe lumbonisa njengomntu
oyinkcubabuchopho ekukroleni iimbalo zakhe nezigcwela iimfundiso ezakhayo
2 Kwenzeka njani ukuba uJolobe abe ngumntu okwakwipolitiki kwanasebuKristwini
kodwa akwazi ukuzifezekisa ezi nkalo zombini
3 Uncwadi lwakhe lunefuthe elingakanani na kwizizukulwana ezilandeleyo
4 Ingaba bekuyakuba kulungile xa umntu esithi uJolobe wayeyinkokheli
eyayinemibono ekwasisicaka esaye siyinkokheli
Ndiphakamisa ukuba le mibuzo ingasentla ichaza iinjongo zolu phando lwesi
sifundo ezizezi
Ukunika ingqwalasela kubomi bukaJolobe namaxesha ache ngokuqwalasela isipili
esiluncwadi lwakhe esibonisisa ubomi bakhe neminye imibandela
Ukubonisa ukutyeba koncwadi oluqanjwe nguJolobe
35
Ukubonisa ubunkcubabuchopho bakhe
Ukuzama ukucwangcisa iinkcukacha ezibalulekileyo ezingoJolobe ukwenzela
abantu balufumane ulwazi ngoJolobe njengelifa labo
Ukuzama ukongeza olunye uncwadi lophando lohlalutyo okanye logxekoncomo
kwiimbalo zobungqondi kulwimi lwesiXhosa
Xa siphetha singabalula ukuba ekuxoxeni kwethu kuye kwacaca ukuba isithako esiphambili
esithe sachongwa lolu phando sisebenzisana kunye nale methodi ikhwalitheyithivi Kubonakele
ukuba isesona sikrweqe sixabisekileyo ekuphumezweni kolu phando Isisixhoba esibalulekileyo
kuba phakathi kwezinye izinto ivumela nophando ukuba sifumane ulwazi kwimithombo
ekwisigaba sengqalo (primary sources or documents) nekwisigaba solwalekelo (secondary
sources or documents) Uncwadi lukaJolobe oluthe lwabhalwa nguye lungaye luyakuthi
luthathwe njengomthombo okwisigaba sengqalo Ze ezingaye ezingabhalwanga nguye sizibalele
ekubeni ziyimithombo yolwalekelo Ukuxhasa lo mba ungentla uMouton (200199) uphakamisa
ukuba iinkcukacha ezineentetho neencwadi zembalelwano ziyimithombo yengqalo Ziluncedo
olukhulu kusetyenziso lwesithako esakhelelwe ukuphicotha imbali nobomi bombhali Kanti naye
uCouzens uthe wamisa ngolwakhe uluvo wathi iifoto zomntu ekubhalwa ngaye zingaluncedo
ekudizeni ulwazi malunga nozihlobo zakhe kwanebuhlobo kunye nosapho lwakhe Ezi zinto
ziyinxenye yemithombo yengqalo Ziluncedo ekufunyanweni kweenkcukacha ezibanzi
nezifunekayo kuphando ngolwazi lomntu olusebenzisa uphononongo olukuphando lwembali
bomi (historical biographical research study) (1985 xiii ngokwasentla apha)
Ukuvala izikhewu ezikhoyo kungafunwa ezinye iinkcukacha koovimba okanye izisele zogcino
lolwazi kwimizi yamaphephandaba nakwiingxoxo zophando lwenkcukacha ezingomphandwa
nakwezinye iimbalo ezingoJolobe Siyavuya ukwazisa ukuba sezikho iincwadi ezibonisa
iingxoxo ezithile malunga noJolobe Apha singathi sikhankanye imisebenzi kaHoza (1999)
Opland noMtuze (1994) Kavanagh noQangule (1971) Bennie (1935) Satyo (1980) noKwetana
(2000) kwanabanye
Le mpophomo- buciko ngokwesithako sezembali kunye nobunzululwazi mlandu ekulo mqulu
isetyenziswa kwimethodi yekhwalitheyithivi ngempumelelo ukubonisa ixabiso elikhulu
kuhlalutyo loncwadi okanye ugxekoncomo loncwadi nasekutyhileni iinyaniso ezifihlakeleyo
ngoncwadi lombhali noluthi ludize ukwaziwa kombhali ngendlela engcono nebanga umdla
kwanendlela esebenze ngayo ukuqondwa koncwadi lombhali nasekutolikweni kwalo ingakumbi
ekuqondweni kwemiyalezo umbhali ayithumelayo kubafundi bakhe kwanakumzi oNtsundu
36
ngokubanzi Kwakhona ithe yadiza neengcinga ezifihlakeleyo zovakalelo kwaneminqweno
yakhe kwanemiba eyezopolitiko eyayigquba ngexesha likaJolobe Wayekhathazwa kakhulu
lucalucalulo nokucinezelwa kwabantu abaMnyama Le meko wayikhankanya nakwezinye
iimbalo zakhe kwaye kulapho iimvakalelo zentlungu yakhe zithe zadizeka khona ngokumandla
37
ISAHLUKO 2
AMAGQABANTSHINTSHI NGOBOMI BUKAJJR JOLOBE
21 Intshayelelo
Iinkcukacha zobomi bukaJolobe eziza kuboniswa kwezi ngxoxo zilandelayo zibalulekile kuba
ziza kongezelela ubungqina kwiingxoxo ezidlulileyo Okwesibini iinkcukacha ezintsha
zizakunxulumanisa ubomi bukaJolobe neembalo zakhe Ngenxa yoko ke sizakuqwalasela ubomi
bukaJolobe ukusukela emva kokuba ezelwe ukuya kuthi xhaxhe ngeli lixa eyinkwenkwana
ekwimfundo yakhe yobuncinci Emva koko sidlulele kwimfundo yakhe elandelayo equka
noqeqesho lobutitshala Sibuye sichaphazele imigudu yakhe yokwandisa imfundo yobutitshala
Ze singene kwintsebenzo yakhe yasebutitshaleni kwanokuba ngumzali opheleleyo Songeze
ezinye izigaba zobomi bakhe ezizakuvelelwa ezizezi ukuntingela phezulu endleleni yakhe
yempumelelo igalelo lakhe esizweni umhlalaphantsi wakhe kwanokudingwa kwakhe luluntu
ukufuduka kwakhe esiyakuhlala Phesheya kweNciba unqulo lwakhe nezinye iinkonzo
imibulelo yabantu neenkumbulo zabo ngaye izinto zeenguqu zenkqubelaphambili ezenzeke
emva kokuba endulukele eBhayi kanti nomyolelo wakhe kwanokunduluka kwakhe ehamba
ewusikelele umzi oNtsundu kuyakuthi kukhankankanywe
UClifford (19623) usixelela ukuba uQuintillian unika amacebo ngokumalunga
nokubhalwa komlando womntu obalulekileyo Uthi kolo bhalo makubandakanywe
la masolotya alandelayo
Izinto ezithe zenzeka phambi kokuba azalwe
Izinto ezithe zaqhubeka okanye ezimalunga naye ngexesha esidla ebomi
Izinto ezithe zenzeka emva kokuba eyibekile inqawa
22 Umnombo okanye intsukaphi kaRanisi Jolobe
UJolobe liHlubi nozwane Bekunqabile ukufane uve abantu kwiintetho zabo ngoJolobe
bekhankanya bencoma abantu bomnombo aphuma kuwo Kunqabile kwanokuva
ukukhankanywa kwesiduko kwanezinqulo ezi zakhe njengendoda enkulu xa kubaliswa
ngemisebenzi negalelo lakhe kuncwadi nakwisizwe sama-Afrika siphela jikelele
Iinginginya zabafundi boncwadi lwesiXhosa ezikolweni zamabanga asezantsi nakwaphezulu
nakwiidyunivesithi ezinamacandelo eelwimi zesiNtu Afrika zisamangazwa bubutyebi obukwi-
misebenzi kaRhanisi Jolobe yezezoncwadi Abafundi bala maziko emfundo ephakamileyo
alandelayo iYunivesithi yaseStellenbosch iYunivesithi yaseKapa iYunivesithi yaseNtshona-
38
Kapa iNelson Mandela Metropolitan Yunivesithi iWalter Sisulu Yunivesithi iRhodes
Yunivesithi neYunivesithi yaseMzantsi Afrika nezinye ngokunjalo basacaphula kwimisebenzi
yezezoncwadi ebhalwe nguJolobe xa bebhala imisebenzi yokuzuza izidanga zemfundo enomsila
Nakumazwe aphesheya koolwandle xa kuqulunqwa iingxoxo zobungqondi kwezezoncwadi
uncwadi lukaRhanisi Jolobe lunikwa ingqwalasela Kanti nabanye abantu abadala basenazo
iinkumbulo ngoncwadi lwakhe oluyolisayo ababelufunda ezikolweni ingakumbi izicengcelezo
zakhe ezazihamba nentshukumo
Nangona esebenze kangaka isaziwa nemisebenzi yegalelo lakhe akuvakalanga kaninzi ebizwa
ngezibongo nezinqulo uJolobe Bekufanele njengendoda xa kuthethwa ngaye zivakale izinqulo
zakhe njengokuba xa kubhekiswa kuNelson Rolihlahla Mandela bekusithiwa futhi futhi
ldquoMadibardquo kude kuqukwe nezamanyange akowabo awandulukayo angookhokho aphuma kubo
ooZondwa ziintshaba nooNdaba nooBhomoyi (Mqhayi 1943)
Lo mba wokunqaba kokubizwa kwezinqulo zikaJolobe undululwa nayingcingane kaClifford
(Ngokwasentla apha) Unqonqozisa ukuba indoda enkulu ethe yenzela isizwe sayo jikelele
izenzo ezinegalelo elikhulu ekuphakanyisweni kwaso ifanelwe yimbeko enochatha wentlonelo
ingakumbi sisizwe sayo Ngolu phononongo sinethemba lokuba kobakho uvuselelo olukhulu
lokumhlonipha uJolobe
23 UJolobe ube yindoda phakathi kwamanye amadoda
Ukuphuma kwendoda iye edabini kukubi ikhusela isizwe loo nto yaziwa njengesenzo sobukroti
kwaXhosa kwaye loo nto ichaza ukuba indoda ifikelele kwizinga elikhulu lobudoda (Jolobe
197484) UJolobe ube yenye yamadoda ayilweleyo inkululeko yeli lizwe wasinda ngezikaSibi
ukuba angaphoswa naye entolongweni okanye asiwe esiQithini ngenxa yokuba ngumlomo
wabathungwe imilomo ngexesha lengcinezelo Imibongo yakhe yokuchasa ingcinezelo nayo
wayipapasha ngo1952 kumaphephandaba apha eMzantsi Afrika kanye ngexesha elibi kakhulu
lokucinezelwa ngamandla kwabantu ngumbuso wocalucalulo
URhanisi Jolobe ebengalwi nje ngoncwadi kuphela ezinye izenzo zakhe bezihamba phambi
kwakhe zimpheleka Umzekelo wadala umqolomba wokufihla abazabalazi ababegqogqwa
kumakhaya abo ngabakwantsasana ababekwiphulo lokubamba abalwa imithetho yengcinezelo
Akaphelelanga apho Wabanika ukutya abantu abalambileyo nabahluphekileyo
Obu butshantliziyo bukaRhanisi James Jolobe bungqinwa nguOpland noMtuze (1994115) Bathi
ngo1952 lo mbhali wapapasha imibongo yakhe emithathu kwiphephendaba uMthunywa Le
mibongo xa umntu eyinqonomfela eyivisisisa injongo nentsingiselo yomyalezo yayo
39
wofumanisa ukuba ijolise ekomelezeni amajoni omzabalazo wenkululeko yomntu oMnyama
kweli lizwe Kwakhona ijolise ekomelezeni isizwe somzi oNtsundu uphela wama-Afrika ukuba
ungatyhafi uthembeldquobabenokholo nethemba lenkululekordquo Ufune bazi ukuba ayisekudanga
igaleleke inkululeko Ukugxininisa kwakhe olu hlobo kubonakalisa mhlophe ukuba uRhanisi
Jolobe wakhumbula ukuba ithemba kwiimeko ezinzima liyaphilisa Ithemba lingamandla
okuxhasa umphefumlo ungaphumi UJolobe ulibona liyinkanunu edudula udano notyhafo kutsho
komelezeke amadolo agevezelayo kubinzwe elutshabeni kanye ngexesha lenkxwaleko
Ubutshantliziyo kwanobukroti bukaJolobe bube kwayingozi kuye babunokumvalelisa
kwesimnyama isisele zijwilwe kude izitshixo kuba eminye yemibongo yakhe ingakumbi le ithi
ldquoImbumba Yolutshardquo (Opland noMtuze 1994116-117) Ibe icace gca intsingiselo yawo
ngokuyichasa ngokupheleleyo inkqubo yengcinezelo yomntu oMnyama Kulo wona kubonakele
ukuba akasecengi kulala phi Kodwa wayethi asinde ngokulambisa kwabakwantsana befuna
icebo lokumbamba ngamandla Ngezi mimi zokuzingelwa kwakhe wayengathandazi nje
wayethetha noThixo ange umbona ngeliso lenyama (Vuyorsquos Journal 2013 Omnye umzekelo
wokunika ithemba kwakhe umzi oNtsundu namaqhawe omzabalazo uye wabhala efunza edabini
kodwa enika nesomelezo kuma-Afrika aqhubeke alilwele ilizwe lawo elilibango lawo
Wakhwaza wathi
Mlindi kuxa liphi na
Ebusuku Wakhwaza
Isifingo sidlule
Ngumsombomvu
Umyalelo uyenziwa
Iyathamba iAfrika (Opland noMtuze 1994116)
UJolobe uyibone ngeliso lomoya inkululeko isiza Oku kwalathwa ngokucacileyo sesi
sicatshulwa singentla Ngenene phantsi koxinzelelo lwezizwe zehlabathi ekugqibelei zenziwa
izigqibo nguMongameli wombuso wocalucalulo uDe Klerk Kwayileka uthethathwano
neenkokheli zakhe kwakunye nesigqeba sikaNelson Rolihlahla Mandela ijoni lenkululeko
nenkokheli yoMkhonto Wesizwe Sazaliseka isiprofeto sikaJolobe nobekwayimboni ube ldquo liliso
lesizwe nomlomo wasordquo (Qangule 1970 ingabulazigcawu) Ngenene waphuma uMandela
entolongweni wanguMongameli wokuqala yoMzantsi Afrika omtsha wedemokhrasi yombuso
wolawulo lwentando yesininzi Yazuzeka inkululeko eyabonwa nguJolobe ngo1952 isiza kude
ingxamile Ngenene yagaleleka ngo1994
40
24 Izibongo okanye iziduko zikaJolobe
Ijoni uNelson Mandela nenkokheli enkulu eyaphuma entolongweni yajika yakhokela isizwe
siphela yayalela ukuba kukhululwe onke amabanjwa oopolitiko Isiduko sayo asiphelanga ukuba
sematheni bambi abantu bambize ngesinqulo sakhe esinguMadiba Zona iimbongi zizikhumbule
zonke izibongo zale ndoda inkulu kwanemisebenzi yayo zayilanda ngamagama okhokho bayo-
ooZondwa ooNdaba nooBhomoyi (Mqhayi 1943)
UJolobe uthe yena wakhunjulwa ngunyana kaJohn Knox Bokwe uGqirha Bokwe othe
wabonakalisa umahluko xa ebebulela umsebenzi kaJolobe oyincwadi yezincoko osihloko sithi
Amavo (1940) Wathi lo msebenzi kaJolobe uphume izandla Watsho wamkhwazi ngezinqulo
zakhe wathi ldquoThukela Nozulu Mpafanerdquo Xa wayesenjenje wayebulela namanyange
akuloRhanisi Jolobe Wayekhumbula enqula nooyise-mkhulu bakhe kwanookhokho bakhe
URubusana (19061911 200242) unoluvo lokuba iziduko ezi zikwahamba nezinqulo okanye
izibongo zibalulekile kuba zikwaquka nezihlwele nezizinyanya okanye okhokho aphuma kubo
umntu kwanokuba zibika umnombo wakhe Umzekelo uRolihlalahla Nelson Mandela ubizwe
ngabantu ngokuba nguMadiba Kanti uMqhayi imbongi yesizwe ibe iyazi kakhulu iminombo
nezinqulo zabantu ingakumbi iinkosi uthe xa ebonga uThembeka Soga ngenxa yobukrelekrele
bakhe kwanokukhonza kwakhe isizwe waquka nookhokho bakowabo nabazala bakhe ooMadiba
wabhala wathi
Umafungwa ngabaThembu - KwaZondwa kwaMadiba KwaHala nakwaNdaba KwaCedume nakwaBhomoyi (Mqhayi 194368)
Kanti ke uVuyo intombi nomafungwashe kaJolobe ungqine okuthethwa nguBokwe apha
ngentla Ubalise wathi ldquoudaddyrdquo wathi yena uzalwa ngooNozulu ooThukela ooMpafane
ooKheswa nooNonkosi Wamxelela ukuba bangamaHlubi ayesuka eNtla esisizwe esikhulu
nesasityebile sibuxabisile ubuhlobo nezinywe izizwe Uthe basuka eNtla kummandla womlambo
iThukela kwaye bafika kweli lizwe ngenxa yemfazwe eyayibizwa ngokuba yimfecane (intsabo)
eyaqhambuka ngenxa yokuba izizwe zisuke zihlaselane Le nkcazo uJolobe awayichazela
abantwana bakhe ingqina ukuba kubalulekile ukuzazi
241 UJolobe nezinto ezenzeka phambi kokuzalwa kwakhe
Umzekelo ibali elagcinwa nguMfundisi uMalgas lithe laluncedo ekwaziweni
kwemvelaphi yomnombo wesizwe saMaHlubi kwanombo wokhokho babantu
bakwaJolobe UMalgas wabulela inceba eyathi yenziwa nguMhlekazi uKumkani
41
uHintsa kumhlaba wakhe ngokuthi akubona amaHlubi exhwalekile mhla afika ezimbacu
kweli lizwe yena wasuka wangumkhuseli wawo xa ayeswantsuliswa ngamaNgwane Lo
Mfundisi uthe amaHlubi ayengakulindelanga ukuhlaselwa kwanokubulawa kwenkosi
yawo enkulu uMthimkhulu Loo nto yadala imbubho enkulu nentsabo yabantu beshiya
amakhaya abo besindisa ubomi neentsapho zabo
UJolobe naye kwincwadi yakhe uElundini LoThukela (1959) uchaphazela ukuba
kubalulelekile ukuba umntu awazi umnombo wakhe nemvelaphi yakhe kwanezinto
zemvelo yakhe Utsho nokuthi amabali abantu athi enze umdla xa esusela kwiindawo
okanye equka iindawo zemvelo yabo (Scheub 196760) Into ethethwa nguJolobe
iyinyaniso kuba umntu ukuyazi imvelaphi yakhe uba nokuzingca ngobubani bakhe
okuzala ukuzithemba Ngoko ke ukubazi abantu azalwa ngabo kwanamanyange
neenkosi namaqhawe namagorha akowabo awathi azibalula ezimfazweni kudala
ihlombe nomoya wobukhalipha ohamba nokwazi ukuba ubuqhawe busegazini lakhe
umntu Oko kunika ilunda kudale umoya wokuzithanda Kunkcenkceshela nomoya
wokulithanda ilizwe umntu azalelwe kulo ndash ubuthandazwe ke obo Umzekelo abantu
abaninzi kule mihla bathi bancedwe yinkqubo ekumabonakude uKhumbulrsquoikhaya
ukuvala izikroba ezibuhlungu empilweni yabo yokungabazi abazali okanye abantu babo
UMfundisi uMalgas uthe wazibalula ngobuthandazwe bakhe ngobuHlubi nangokuthi
abulele ubukhalipha nobuqhawe kwanobuntu obuthe baqhutywa yinceba obathi
benziwa nguMhlekazi uKumkani uHintsa kumhlaba wakhe ngokuthi akubabona abantu
abaNtsundu abangamaHlubi befika bexhwalekile bezimbacu behluphekile athi yena
aba bantu ngabantu bakowabo Inceba yakhe yamlawula kuba akazange avume
kwakhona ukuba baxhatshazwe zezinye izizwe ezifana namaNgwane Wona wawalwa
wawachitha waza yena Kumkani Hintsa waligwiba nomkhuseli nomambesi wabantu
ababuthathaka nabalambileyo wabapha ukutya
25 Intsusa yohlaselo kunye nentsabo yookhokho bakaJolobe
Isizekabani sokuqaleka koku kuhlaselwa kwamaHlubi kukuba wathi ngebhaqo uMthimkhulu
inkosi yamaHlubi wahamba-hamba etyelela izizwana zakhe namaphakathi akhe Kwathi kanti
usondele kakhulu kumda womhlaba wamaNgwane Aza wona amaNgwane ayitolika loo nto
ngokungathi uMthimkhulu namaphakathi akhe ngabantu abaziintlola Atsho kwangoko ahlasela
isizwe samaHlubi singacingele nto Sasingazilungiselelanga kulwa mfazwe AmaNgwane aza
ayingxwelerha kabuhlungu inkosi yawo enkulu yamaHlubi uMthimkhulu eyathi ayakuba
nakusinda kuloo manxeba yasweleka Uhlaselo lwathi lwadala intshabalalo enkulu eyathi
42
yanenwenwa Asaba amaHlubi kuba ayetshiselwa izindlu ethinjelwa kwaneenkomo zawo ezibe
ziyimpilo yabo njengabantu abaNtsundu kakade (Soga 193718)
UJolobe uyayingqina le mbali nenceba eyathi yaboniswa nguKumkani Hintsa ngokuthi abhale
umbongo othi Imfecane noyakuhlala usisikhumbuzo sembali yamaHlubi Ngawo kuya
kukhunjulwa nobomi bukaHintsa inkosi enkulu ngesenzo esikhulu eyasenzayo ngokuthi ibonise
uvelwano nobubele kookhokho bombhali uJolobe ngokubahlangula emlonyeni wamarhamncwa
awayenxanelwe ukufinca igazi labo Loo marhamncwa ngamaNgwane awaye engaphezi ukuthi
gqolo ahlasele amaHlubi nangona uKumkani uTshaka wayewohlwaya aMangwane ngezigalo
ngenxa yeso senzo sokuhlasela amaHlubi KuJolobe uKumkani uHintsa liqhawe azingca ngalo
kwinkosi zamaXhosa UJolobe umbone esisikhumbuzo seenkosi ezazizinkokheli ezikrelekrele
zikhokelwa sisandla sikaSomandla sothando nenceba novelwano ekulawuleni abantu bazo
(Jolobe 1971) UJolobe wachukumiseka zizimo zeenkosi ezinobulumko ubukhalipha
kwanemfesane waza naye wafunda kuzo walinganisa wayinkokheli enjalo Kaloku ithi intetho
yamaXhosa intsimbi ilolwa yenye intsimbi Kwakhona uJolobe uthe wenza esinye isikhumbuzo
kumbongo wakhe apho akhumbule khona uvelwano kanobukhalipha bukaKhwane owaye
eliphakathi elikhulu likankosi uTshiwo Naye uKhwane wabonisa ubulumko nobukhalipha
beenkosi zandulo zamaXhosa nezezinye izizwe Wawubekela ecaleni umyalelo kaTshiwo
owawumgunyazisa ukuba abulale bonke abanukwe ngobugqwirha nokuthakatha Yena
uKhwane wasuka wasikwa yinceba wanovelwano ngaba bantu bagwetyelwe intambo wamana
ebafihla kude lee emehlweni enkosi yakhe Isimanga kukuba basuka aba bantu babesengelwe
ukubalawa baluncedo kwakuvela iimfazwe bancedisa ekukhuseleni isizwe siphela Kwathi
kwakubakho imfazwe uKhwane abantu abafihliweyo basuka babangumkhosi omkhulu bancedisa
emfazweni UKhwane wavuzwa ngesenzo sakhe esihle wawongwa ngesithsaba sobukhosi Waba
yinkosi yaba bantu wabakhuselayo nabathi emva koko basisizwe esitsha babizwa ngokuba
ngamaGqunukhwebe Naye uJolobe uye wafunda kwiimbali zobuqhawe bala makhalipha
angooHintsa nooKhwane Zamchukumisa zamfundisa ukuba naye abafihle abazabalazi
benkululeko yomntu omnyama abebeleqwa bebanjwa bephoswa ezintolongweni Bambi babede
babulawe kabuhlungu ngamapolisa awodwa (special branch) aqeshwe ngurhulumnte
wengcinezelo ukuba ajongane kuphela nabantu abachase umbuso ophethe ngaloo maxesha
Ngale ndlela uJolobe wathi wahamba ngesikhokelo seliZwi awathi walilandela elithi
ldquoUsisilumko umntu othi asindise abantu abaya kubulawardquo (Imizekeliso Isahluko 23 ivesi 11)
Umbhali uSoga (19376) ubalisa ukuba uMfundisi Malgas wathi wabalisa kwiphephandaba Imvo
ngokuchithakala kwesizwe saBambo Esi sizwe sada saza kufika kwilizwe likaHintsa eMpuma
koloni USoga ukhankanya ukuba uMalgas wabulela wabuka inceba eyathi yenziwa
43
nguMhlekazi uKumkani uHintsa kumhlaba wakhe ngokuthi amkele ngezishushu amaHlubi
awayexhwalekile mhla afika kumhlaba wakhe Wasuka yena wangumkhuseli wawo
kuMaNgwane awayebasukela UMatiwane inkosi yaMangwane yayalela umkhosi wayo ukuba
uhlasele amaHlubi Aze amaNgwane awaqubulisa amaHlubi UMthimkhulu iKumkani
yamaHubi wangxwelereka kakubi ngamandla kuba ebengakhange acinge ngakuhlaselwa
namfazwe kuba ilizwe belixolile ngelo xesha lakhe Waphela esweleka Wathi akusweleka aza
amaNgwane athi gqolo ukuhlasela amaHlubi abatshisela zindlu ethimba kwankomo Akazange
abenabancedisi ekulweni amaNgwane kuba umzalwana kaMthimkhulu wathi wazifunela indawo
eLuSuthu phambi kohlaselo lomkhuluwa wakhe Athi ke ayokubika esi sihelegu kuKumkani
uTshaka Waza wawahlasela amaNgwane kaMatiwane athe wona akayeka ukuhlasela amaHlubi
ade azokuwangenisa kumhlaba kaKumkani uHintsa wasizwe samaXhosa AmaHlubi akufika
emBhashe kumhlaba kaHintsa wathumela kuwo amaphakathi ayokuwabuza amaHlubi ukuba
bangoobani na UMalgas uthi aphendula ngazwinye athildquoSiyamfenguzardquo Oko kukuthi
siziimbacu ezifuna uncedo Kwaqalela apho ukuthiwa iimbacu zemfecane ezamkelwa ngenceba
nguHintsa ngamaMfengu
USoga (19379) ubalisa ukuba uHintsa ezimbacu wazamkelela eGcuwa Zazingamawakawaka
Utyatyadula enjenjeldquo UHintsa uqale ngokubambesa kuba abantu babesele behamba ze
wabakhuphela nemihlaba yokuma neenkomo zokusenga ukuze nje namhla kubuye kudityanwe
ngokutsha namaXhosa kuba abantu babe banye kakade kungasekho nabuXhosa koko
kwakoomawokhulu uAdamhelliprdquo Ukwachaza ukuba uHintsa wawumema wonke umzi
wasemaXhoseni waqhuba wathi ldquoPhulaphulani mawaba nezithwala-ndwe Aba bantu ke
iintombi zawo zizekeni ukuze nibe banye nidibane nokuze nabo bangemki buphele
ubumfengu Musani ukubabona begqubeke yindlela ngenye imini ngomso nabo
bayakwambathardquo
UHintsa wayalela nokuba iinkosi zabaMbo maziphume zime zimele ubukhosi bazo Umzekelo
unkosi Matomela wafika wazifumanela umsetyenzana wobucaka wokuba ngumsengi weenkomo
esengela uKumkani uHintsa ezifihlile ukuba uyinkosi Nezinye iinkosi ezazifihlayo zezi
ooNkosi Mabandla Mhlambiso Mthimkhulu Msuthu usoZulu oseTsojane kwanonkosi
uNjokweni UHintsa wagxigxinisa ukuba iinkosi maziziveze zingazifihli kuba zisoyika
ukubulawa Ukususela lo mini wayalela nokuba unkosi Matomela aphumele ngaphandle
athabathe ubukhosi bakhe abuliswe kuthiwe Ah Matomela (Soga 193710)
USoga ubhale wambulela wamncoma uMalgas esithi ldquoUMalgas ngokuzalwa ngumGcaleka
ekungekho nkohliso kuyerdquo Umbulelela imbali engamaHlubi namaBhele athe wayifumana kuye
44
Nathi bantu bale mihla siyambulela uSoga kwakunye noMfundisi Malgas ngokuzigcina iimbali
ezibalulekileyo zobuzwe babantu abaNtsundu ababalulekileyo nabathe bazibalula
ekuphakamiseni isizwe samaXhosa kwanezizwe eziNtsundu ngokubanzi Iimbali zabo zityebile
zivusa umxhelo zibanga umdla zikwanika ulwazi olwakhayo noxa olunye ilelosizi nje
Kwakhona imbali yakhe ibonisa ubulumko beenkokheli zamandulo ezazifunde kwizikolo
zemveli zanikwa nguMdali ubulumko bokulawula ngesidima ngobuntu ngoxolo ngenceba
nangokulikhusela kwiintshaba ngobukroti ilizwe lazo kanye njengoKumkani uHintsa ongcwaba-
lakhe liseMbhangcolo nowafa kabuhlungu ekhusela ilizwe lamaXhosa kumaNgesi awathi
ayinqumla intloko yakhe Ngoko ke makabongwe uKumkani uHintsa isilo sohlanga ngokuba
ngukhala wesizwe kude kube sekugqibeleni Olu luvo lungqinwa nanguJolobe othi uHintsa waba
ligwiba lamaHlubi ngeemini zentshaba zawo Utsho echaza nokuba kwinkcubeko yamaHlubi
ldquoKulungile ngaphezulu ukufa edulini kunokucima amehlo elukhukweni ubungagulirdquo(1959
200882)
USoga wathi gqolo wamana efuna ukwazi banzi ngamaHlubi nobudlelwane bawo namaBhele
Umane efuna ulwazi kuMfundisi uMalgas (IMvo kaJanyuwari ngo1917 Soga 193717) Lo
Mfundisi wamnika uSoga ingcaciso ethe kamva kwabonakala ukuba ithe ayanambitheka
kakuhle NoJolobe oliHlubi ngokuzalwa weza nolwazi kwincwadi yakhe elibali kwanembali
yamaHlubi echaza ukuba amaHlubi akangomaBhele kuphela okwenzekayo kukuba inkosi
yamaHlubi yazeka intombi yamaBhele Oku kuthetha ukuba kukho ubuhlobo phakathi
kwamaHlubi namaBhele kodwa wona ingengomaBhele Isazathu sokuba kuboniswe le
yantlukwano kukuba uSoga usuke waluthakazelela ulwazi athe walufumana waluqonda
ngendlela yakhe ngokuthi ade alupapashe ngokuchazela izizwe ukuba amaHlubi ngabantu banye
namaBhele UJolobe uye njengoko sesitshilo wayilungisa le nyewe kwincwadi yakhe uElundini
LoThukela Kuyo ubonisa nokuba amaHlubi ahlaselwa ngamaNgwane kodwa amaBhele
alandula ukunceda amaHlubi Wona awagxotha kakubi amaHlubi xa ayecela inkxaso kuwo
Esenza le nto nje amaBhele ayejonge inzuzo angayifumanayo kumaxhoba emfazwe UJolobe
ebalini ude achaze nokuba amaBhele athi abumbana ahlanganisana ayimikhosi afana
namaxhalangardquo(Jolobe 200891) Eli bali lokuhlaselwa kwamaHlubi phantsi kwenkosi
uMahlaphahlapha linobunyani kuba libaliswa ngobumjalo balo nguBennie (1935) kwincwadi
yakhe Imibengo
Ingxelo kaMfundisi uMalgas ihambisa ithi
AmaBhele la ngabantu banye namaHlubi UBhele wendisela intombi yakhe uHlubi
kwinkosi yabaMbo kwasekuthiwa inzala yale ntombi ngamaHlubi aphuma kuBhele
45
inkosi yabaMbo ezala uLufelelwenja ozala uSidwabasenkomo ozala uMsi ozala
uMzimkhulu ozala uMaseko ozala uNdlovu ozala uMalunga ozala uDlamini ozala
uMthimkhulu ozala uNgcobo kwindlu enkulu azale uRhadebe kweyasekunene uNgcobo
ozala uDlomo ozala uMashiyi ozala uNtsele ozala uBhungane ozala uMthimkhulu lo
wabulawa ngamaNgwane ukuze kuchithakalwe entla
USoga uthi eli nqaku lisisicatshulwa entla apha linamandla kakhulu xa liphuma kumfundisi
oliHlubi noMbo ngokwakhe ngokuzalwa Utsho esenjenje ldquoMna njengombhali weNtlalo
kaXhosa nanjengomntu othanda ukuzichukusha ndiziqonde iingcambu zobuhlanga bukaNtsundu
ukuba aBambo namaBhele namaHlubi amelwe ukuzalanardquo (193717-18)
251 Imimandla yamaHlubi afika athi tshitshilili kuyo
UPahl (1967 1978263) uvelisa elokuba amaHlubi athi akufika apha eKoloni kwimimandla
yoMneno-Nciba naPhesheya kweNciba athi sa-a a tshitshilili Uchaza ukuba iindawo asemi kuzo
njengesizwe esibumbeneyo nekusathethwa kuyo isiHlubi kuseHeshele eMatatiyele eMount
Fletcher nakwimimandla yakuQumbu naseMount Frere Ukhankanya ukuba wona amaHlubi
ngokwemvelo yawo aphuma eNatala kangangokuba amanye wawo amaninzi aselapho kwaye
athetha intetho eyelenene kakhulu nesiZulu Kwakhona ithe intetho yawo yaphinda yayelela
kwintetho yesiXhosa kodwa u-ldquondirdquo kumaXhosa ngu-ldquongrsquo kumaHlubi UPahl uthi amaHlubi
ayangrsquoangrsquoaza xa ethetha (Pahl 1967 1978263- 264) Utsho enika le mizekelo elandelayo
ISIXHOSA ISIHLUBI
Ndiyahamba
Ndiyabulela
Andibonanganto
Xa ndingekhoyo andikho
Ngrsquoiyakhamba
Ngrsquoiyabongrsquoa
Angrsquobonangrsquo a lutho
Na ngrsquongrsquo ekho angrsquokho
Amanye amaHlubi akoomaNgcobo Cala Tsomo (Scheub 1967) eGcuwa (Soga 1937) kanti
naseNgqushwa (Sirayi 1985)
UBen Mahlasela kudliwanondlebe noJolobe ngo1973 uchaze ukuba uJolobe yena ukhule
ethetha intetho yakhe exubene nesiHlubi Loo ngxelo ibonisa gca ukuba yiyo loo nto kwincwadi
yakhe uJolobe eyinoveli engu-UZagula (1923) athi isiXhosa sakhe sasigcwele zizafobe
zesiHlubi (1973) Le ngxaki uthe wayoyisa ngokuthi rhoqo anyamekele ukusazi isiXhosa wade
wafumana namancedo kaMqhayi awathi angumkhombandlela wenkuthazo emkhokelele
ekubhaleni isiXhosa esamkelekileyo
46
USoga uchaza ukuba abaMbo okanye amaHlubi ayafana namaZulu kuyabonakala aphuma
sinqeni sinye AmaHlubi akuloJolobe azinkosana nawo aphuma ebukhosini bamaZulu USoga
udiza ukuba uMbo noXhosa lo bagazi linye ngokwemvelo yabo yegazi lasebukhosini
kwasendalweni UZulu noXhosa baphuma esinqeni esinye (19372-3) kwaye babufana ngentetho
yabo ayafana namasiko abo entlalo yamandulo UXhosa yena wachithakala kuqala waya
kuzihlalela Kwakho kubonakala kukho ubuhlobo kumnombo wamaHlubi namaZulu IsiHlubi
ngenene sibonakala sisondele kakhulu kwisiZulu sibe singanxaxhanga kuyaphi kakhulu
kwisiXhosa Umzekelo umbhali uPahl (1967264) ubonisa ukuyelelena kwezi lwimi
UJolobe uyamgqinela uPahl kumba wozalano phakathi kwesiZulu nesiHlubi Kwinoveli
Elundini LoThukela ubhala abonise ukuba xa kubuliswa okanye kuthethwa nomntu omkhulu
ongumninikhaya okanye inkosi yesizwe iyahlonelwa kuthiwe ldquoBabardquo ngesiZulu nangesiHlubi ze
kuthiwe esiXhoseni ldquoBawordquo Kuloko umbhali uJolobe ebhale wachaza nokuba isiHlubi
siyelelene kwisiZulu
Kolu phononongo kuye kwabhaqeka imvelaphi yezinqulo zohlanga lwamaHlubi Zisukela
kumagama ookhokho namanyange akuloJolobe Kwakho zikhona ezinye ezisukela kumagama
emilambo emikhulu ehlonitshiweyo kwasendulo ekwimimandla yakwaZulu ngoku Imizekelo
yaloo milambo yile iThukela neMpafana Kungoko ke ezinye izinqulo zamaHlubi zisithi
Thukela Mpafana
26 UJolobe namagama akhe
Ngokwezidingo zolu phando kufanelekile ukuba siphicothe amagama uJolobe athiywe wona
kowabo Anento yokwenza nendlela abe ephila ngayo Iinkcukacha zako konke oku zikule
mihlathana ilandelayo
261 Igama elithi Rhanisi nentsusa yalo
NgokukaNdimande-Hlongwana (200577) noMbovane (199671) Amagama ezilo ezilwanyana
neentaka nezinye izinto aye asetyenziswe ngabazali ukuthiyeni abantwana babo Ngamanye
amaxesha la magama azoba iimpawu zezimo zaba bantwana Umzekelo abanye kuthiwa
ngooNgcuka kanti abanye abanye apha ekuhlaleni kuye kuthiwe ngooNgonogwaja (isiZulu)
okanye ooMvundlana kuba imivundla yaziwa ngobukrele-krele kwanesantya esikhulu xa ibaleka
ayifani namalovane nofuduzwana esithi sive kubaliswa ngabo ezintsomini
UKoopman kuKaschula (2001142-147) uchaza ukuba kuphando lwakhe ngezibongo zeenkosi
ufumanise ukuba kwisiZulu ukumkani uGoodwill Zwelithini kuthiwa ldquongunogwaja
ozikhundlakhundla esinye sesokulala nesokuthamelardquo Le ntetho itolika ikwachaza ubumbaxa
47
bakhe nokwanda kwakhe ekuhlaleni kwanendlela enza ngayo izinto Kwakhona ikwachaza
ubulumko nesimo sale kumkani kuba ifaniswa nomvundla ngokwentetho yesiXhosa Oku
kubonisa ukuba kubalulekile ukuphicotha igama okanye amagama ombhali phambi kokuba
kubunjwe ibhayografi yakhe Ngenxa yoku sakuqala ukuqwalasela igama likaJolobe elithi
Rhanisi ze emva koko senze njalo kula athi James
Eli gama likaJolobe lithi Rhanisi kusenokwenzeka ukuba belisisiteketiso kuqala esithe sakhula
naye UNdimande noHlongwana (200577) bayaluxhasa olu luvo bebethelela elithi abantu
banikwa amagama aziziteketiso ezinje ngezilo ukuquka neentaka Uyabangqinela ngolu thiyo
uRamncwana kuMoropa (199529) Wenza oku kumbongo ITshawekazi elihle xa esenjenje
NguNondwe elibizwa yimbongi
NguSylvia elibizwa ngumlungu
Ngumdakakazi omnyama ongeva sepha
Ngumafungwashe kuyise nonina
Yintwrsquoemehlo alubhelu okwentakazana
Yintwrsquoentamrsquoende ngathi ngusikholimanzi
Kwesi sicatshulwa uRamncwana uteketisa esi sithandwa sakhe usifanisa nentakazana kwakunye
nosikholimanzi Uteketisa esebenzisa intaka Kwangokunjalo igama elithi Rhanisi libonakalisa
ukuba le ntaka ibe iyintaka ethandekileyo kubazali bakaJolobe nenomahluko ngesimo sayo
Uluvo olunje lusekwa nangumbhali uReaske (196660) othi abantu kubalulekile bayixabise
indalo Akuthethayo kusifundise ukuba buninzi ubulumko abafundi bangabufumana
ngokuqwalasela izimbo zendalo Umzekelo kumbongo ldquoUmlambordquo UJolobe ufundisa
ngokubaluleka nangokuba luncedo kwawo kwindalo edinga amanzi nempilo Ufundisa ukuba
kuwo bangafunda ubulumko kwanokuba bazi ukuba bayinxenye yendalo ebangqongileyo Obu
bubulumko bokuphila obumenza umntu indalo ayazi nzulu ngokude abuqonde ubomi bakhe
bubunye nobo bendalo Sakufikelela kule ndawo kutsho kuvokotheke okuthethwa nguReakse
ngentla apha
Xa umntu indalo eyiqonda nzulu ngobulumko uyakwazi ngamanye amaxesha ukufumanise
ukuba abantu abanamagama athiywe ngendalo baye babonise imikhwa okanye iimpawu
zezilwanyana izilo izityalo okanye iintaka njalo njalo njengokuba kukhankanyiwe
nguRamncwana apha ngentla Kanti noJolobe kumbongo wakhe Inyibiba usebenzisa igama
lesityalo esiyinyibiba ukuteketisa isithandwa sakhe esasinguJeanne Nongogo (Jolobe 1936)
Ngolu melo uyateketisa encoma ubuhle bukaJeanne owaye eyinzwakazi entle neyayimhlophe
ngebala Nalo igama likaJolobe Rhanisi lilumelo lobunyulu kwanokucoceka
48
262 Iimpawu zerhanisi ngokunxulumene nesimo sikaJolobe
Irhanisi linomsebenzi ongxakangxaka ekhayeni lomfuyi walo Lichaziwe kwincwadana
yabafundi bamabanga aphantsi apho naye umbhali uJolobe engomnye wabahleli okanye
ababhali Kuchazwe ukuba lithandwa ngenxa yezinto ezibalulekileyo ezithi zifunyanwa kulo
ezizezi Iintsiba zalo ezithambileyo zenza imiqamelelo elalisa kamnandi Inyama yalo
enomahluko ukuba mnandi oku kwanamaqanda alo makhulu kunawe nkuku
Kanti yona intombi kaJolobe uVuyo ibalise ukuba uyise wathi amarhanisi afana nabakhuseli
babantu bekhaya elifuywe kulo Liye lithi kwakusondela umntu othile lakumva ngevumba ukuba
ayingowekhaya lenze isankxwe sengxolo litsho ukuhlaba umkhosi likhwaze ukuvusa abaninimzi
batsho bavuke bakhangele undonakele Ngoko ke singagqiba ngelithi irhanisi ngunogada
nokhala wekhaya Kwangokunjalo uJolobe naye ebengunogada nokhala Uye wayilandela
imisebenzi ebalulekileyo yerhanisi intaka kuba waba ngukhala wesizwe esiNtsundu wasazisa
ngamayelenqe athe enziwa litshantliziyo lombuso wocalucalulo uVerwoerd owaye efuna ukuba
abantu abaNtsundu bemke ezidolophini babuyele emasikweni abo emaphandleni kwintlalo
abayiqhelileyo Wayefuna ukuba isizwe esiNtsundu sivinjwe ulwazi olufumaneka ezidolophini
sibe sisizifede ezingahambeli phambili Waqulunqa iinkqubo zokufeza le njongo Kwilivo
ldquoIsikordquo elikwincwadi Amavo uJolobe(1940) uhlafuna le njece elugcwabevu Ungena kuyo
ngethoni yengcaphuko nonyembo exukusha iinkqubo zengcinezelo ezisongelwe ukuhluphekisa
umntu oNtsundu ngexesha lakhe (Jolobe 1940)
UNeethling (200518) ebhala encwadini engesifundo se-onomastiksi uchaza ukuba siqondene
nendlela abantu abanikwe ngayo amagama abo Le ndlela siyixukushile apha ngasentla Ngoku
songeza kuyo olunye ulwazi oluvela kuNeethling Uthi ufumanise ukuba amagama abantu
abangama-Afrika anentsingiselo Yaye akuvamisanga ukuba amagama abo angabi nayo
intsingiselo Noxa nje amanye amagama abantu baphesheya kolwandle athande ukuswela
intsingiselo kodwa akusoloko kunjalo lonke ixesha Okuthethwa nguNeethling kuyinyaniso
Amagama abantu abaMnyama athanda ukubonisa iminqweno nemibulelo Umzekelo ngeli gama
uMpumelelo abazali banqwenela umntwana lowo abe ngophumlelayo ebomini nozisa
impumelelo ekhayeni ekuhlaleni nakwisizwe siphela OoNomhle aba bavathe ubunzwakazi Eli
linguPumla lelomnqweno wokuba umntwana akufikelela ebudaleni wozisela abazali ukuphumla
Kanti amanye abonisa uvakalelo lomsindo ngokufika komntwana engalindelwenga okanye
ezelwe ngendlela engathandekanga ekhayeni Bavela njalo abanala magama Ndixolele
Nomandithini Fanavele Nobangela UNomfuzo unqwenelwa ukuba afuze umzali ngesimo
Kanti ke njengoko besele sitshilo abanye bathiywa ngezimbo zeentaka okanye izilwanyana
49
(Ramcwana kuMoropa 1995) Bavela njalo ooNondwe aba Eli gama libonisa ubukrekrele
bengqondo nobuhle obunjengobentaka indwe
Uluvo lukaNeethling (20058) malunga namagama anikwa abantu ubhale wathi
In African society the naming of child assumes some particular significance A child
especially in every traditional home is regarded as belonging not only to his emmediate
biological family but also to extended family and eventually to the community
Le nkcazo ikhombisa ukuba kumakhaya abantu abaMnyama ukuthiywa komntwana igama
kuthabatha indawo enkulu kubomi bakhe Umntwana ngokwemvelo yabantu abaNtsundu
akazalelwanga abazali bakhe qha koko ungumntwana wezizalwana zabazali bakhe Kwakhona
ukwangumntwana wesizwe azalelwe kuso Kwaye isizwe sijonge nokutyetyiswa nguye (Jolobe
194038) UJolobe uyalungqina uluvo lukaNeethling kuba uthi umntwana uzalelwe ukuba
aliphakamise ikhaya lakhe kanti uzalelwe ukuba abe negalelo ekuphakamiseni isizwe azalelwe
kuso UJolobe ukhankanya umba ongendlela abantu abamnyama abathiywa ngayo amagama
elizweni labo
Lo mba wokunikwa komntu igama uJolobe uwuchophele nakwisincoko esimalunga nevenkile
yasezilalini (1940 70) Ubhale wathi
Abantu abaNtsundu abaninzi bayoyiswa kukubiza amagama abantu abamhlophe
nangaphandle koko bathanda ukumnika igama lentetho yabo umntu oMhlophe osebenza
phakanthi kwabo
Igama lidla ngokulandela izimbo zomninilo lowo Sixhasa eli banga ngokukhumbuza ukuba
ngokuya bezingekandi kakhulu iintsimbi zamehlo phakathi kwabaNtsundu ubesakuthi omhlophe
ofike enxiba zona kwa-oko kube sekusithiwa nguMehlomane ukubizwa kwakhe Ude achaze
ukuba yena umfo osisiqololwane nengxegeba isiqingqi sendodana ebenganyali ukuzizuzela
igama lokuba nguMafutha Umfo oyindlezana ububele ubesele eyakubizwa ngokuba
nguThandabantu (194070-71)
263 Igama uRhanisi
UJolobe uthiywe ngegama lentaka emhlophe ekuthiwa lirhanisi Le ntaka idalwe yaneminwe
emithathu edityaniswe ngenwebu ukuze ikwazi ukudada ihlale iphile emanzini iphinde ikwazi
ukuphila emhlabeni Ngoko ke le ntaka inethamsanqa Idalwe yanobutyebi kuba akululanga
ukuba ingalamba iswele ukutya ngokulula Kaloku iphila kukutya ekufumaneka emhlabeni kanti
iphile nakukutya ekufumaneka emadamini Iyakwazi nokubhabha ayifani nenkuku yona
50
ingakwaziyo ukubhabha umgama omde Imeko yerhanisi yenziwe yalula kuba lixhamla
inkululeko yokuzikhethela ukuba liphile phi umzekelo apho kukho ubomi obungcono kulo
UJolobe naye ulilandele igama lakhe kuba uye wanjengerhanisi waphila kukuvuna ukutya
kwakhe kwiindawo eziliqela Ebeyititshala kwanoMfundisi-lizwi Njengombhali ebefumana
inzuzo zakuthengiswa iincwadi zakhe Eneneni ebephila ubomi obumbaxa kuba ebenawo
amagxa abanzi nomxhelo wokusebenza kwiikomiti ngeekomiti Ebekho nakwiinkonzo
zokuphakamisa umzi oNtsundu zasekuhlaleni Kwiinkonzo zikarhulumente ebekho Kanti
neenkonzo zecawe yakhe iRhabe ebekwazenza ngempumelelo Ngenene ubomi bakhe bubonisa
ubumbolombili (Nyembezi 1958154)
Uphile ubomi obungxakangxaka Ubomi obunjalo bufuna umntu okrele-krele nonamandla
okusebenza kakhulu Bufuna kwanomntu onesiphiwo esongezelelweyo sokudalelwa ukuba
yinkokheli ngendalo Akakho umntu ongakwazi ukuphumelela zonke inkalo zokuphila
engaphiwango loo mandla UJolobe ebexhotyiswe ngawo watsho waphumelala kumsebenzi
wobutitshala aphinde aphumelele kumsebenzi wobufundisilizwi Ukubonisa oku singabalisa
ukuba ibandla elalikhokelwa nguye lawabetha onke amanye amabandla aseRhabe lagqwesa
ngokusebenza ngempumelelo kwanokubonakalisa inkqubela-phambili laza lanconywa ngokuba
ngumzekelo kwamanye amabandla Kanti nakubhalo loncwadi uJolobe ube etshatshele eqokelela
eqokelele amabhaso endawo yokuqala kukhuphiswano lobhalo-loncwadi minyaka le (Kerr
1958157) Kanti nasekhayeni ube engutata no-daddy othandwayo lusapho Namalungu ebandla
lakhe ebemthanda xa embiza ebesithi ldquoUDaddyrdquo (Vuyorsquos Journal 2013)
264 Ubumbolombini bukaRhanisi Jolobe
UJolobe uphile ubomi bokuba sisicaka sesizwe esikhonza ngandlela zonke nangazo iziphiwo zakhe
zendalo Isimo esinje sihambelena negama lakhe nesimo sakhe esingumfuziselo werhanisi lona ikuba
belingugqirha belinokuphilisa izilwanyana zasemanzini nezasemhlabeni Umzekelo ngulo unikwe
ngentla apha apho kukhankanywe iindawo ngeendawo axelenge kuzo ngaxeshanye kwanokuba
abengumyeni kwinkosikazi yakhe kwanotata kubantwana bakhe nabo abalidinga kakhulu ixesha
lokuba naye nangona izidingo zasesixekweni bezijonge kwakuye ukufezwa kwazo
Ubungxakangxaka begama lakhe loburhanisi bube nefuthe kubomi bakhe Ubonise ubumbolombili
ngexesha efundisa eBible School apho ebengumqeqeshi weetishala waza ngaxeshanye waba
ngumfundisi kwiicawa ezimbini zaseRhabe enye ibikwaNtselemazi iyiJohn Knox Bokwe Memorial
yaze eyesibini yaseFort Beafort iyiDorington Kucaca ukuba yonke le nto uyenze kule minyaka
asebenza eLovedale Noko kunjalo usapho lwakhe lwabaluleka kakhulu kuye Amaxesha amaninzi xa
51
iimeko zivuma wayehamba nalo Wayengathandi ukulushiya ngasemva kwaze oku kwamenza
wasisinxadanxada (Vuyorsquos Journal 2013)
2641 Intlalo yakhe emzini wakhe nokuxakeka nomsebenzi wobhalo
Ukuzama ukuba usapho lwakhe luphile ubomi obusemgangathweni ophezulu wazilahlela ekubhaleni
uncwadi ezenzela ezinye iindlela zokuphila kwakunye nosapho lwakhe Wayevuka ebusuku ahlale
esitadi sakhe abhale uncwadi Kanti nasemini ngamanye amaxesha wayeye azivalele khona ezama
ukuqhubekeka nomsebenzi wokuba ngumbhali Inkosikazi yakhe yayisuka imenze ongekhoyo xa ezo
kufunwa ngabantu kuba imkhusela ukuba angaphazamiseki Ebandleni alikhokelayo njengomfundisi
wayeye afunwe njalo kuba wayetshatshele ekusombululeni iingxaki zamarhamente nasekuwanikeni
iingcebiso mayela neemeko zomtshato kanti nasekuhlaleni wayekwangumlweli wenkululeko yomntu
oMnyama ezichasile izenzo zengcinezelo zabantu ngenxa yebala labo kwanomgangatho wabo (Vuyorsquos
Journal 2013)
2642 Iziphoso zikaJolobe ezinokudala ingxabano ekhayeni
Obu bungxakangxaka bentlalo yakhe babunokudala ingxabano nosapho lwakhe kuba kuyabonakala
ukuba wayengenalo ixesha lokuba nalo ngokwaneleyo Esi simo sibuyelela kwesikayise kuba naye
wayekwenesi simo sonyana wakhe soburhanisi kuba wayebambe iindawo zengqesho eziliqela
ngaxeshanye wayenguMlungiseleli nenkokheli yebandla ekwanguyinqununu yesikolo
ekwangumfama Ixesha awayengaliphosi lokuba nosapho lwakhe lelo lokutshona kwelanga
lokunyuswa kwamadini ombulelo xa kusenziwa umthandazo wangokuhlwa Ubukho bakhe ekhaya
ngeli thuba babunyanzelikile kuba yayibanguye umbingeleli owayenoxanduva lokwenza loo msebenzi
(Jolobe 1936)
Obu bungxakangxaka bobomi bukaRhanisi Jolobe buyakhankanywa nguKerr (1958169) Umncoma
ubukhalipha kwanobukrelekrele bokuthi akwazi ukwenza izinto ezinzima abanye abantu abangakwazi
ukuzenza ngaxeshanye Umzekelo ukhankanya ukuba awululanga umsebenzi wobuNyawontle
kwanokuba umntu abeyitshala ngaphezulu aphinde abengumbhali ovelisa inqwaba yeencwadi UKerr
uhambisa athi yonke le misebenzi idala uxinzelelo olukhulu emntwini kuba ifuna amandla amakhulu
kwaye banqabile ukuba babekhona abantu abanokuyenza yonke le misebenzi ngempumelelo enkulu
UJolobe wabonisa ukuba nesazela esiphilileyo phambi kwezihlwele xa wayewongwa ngamabhaso
okugqwesa ngokuphuma phambili kubhalo loncwadi waba ngumntu ocela uxolo kwinkosikazi yakhe
esivuma isiphoso sokungabinaxesha laneleyo nayoWenza njalo nangezinye izinto zekhaya afedayo
ukuzenza ngokwanelisayo ngenxa yobungxakangxaka bobomi bakhe Wayibulela inkosikazi yakhe
ngokuba ibe luncedo olukhulu kwimpumelelo yokubhala uncwadi lwakhe Uqhube wathi inkosikazi
52
ayikhange ikhalaze nasekhayeni ngokuzinikela kwakhe kuloo msebenzi kwaye yona yasoloko
yabonakala ingumntu oyiqondayo imeko yakhe
Le nkcazelo isentla apha ibonisa ukuba uJolobe ebenaso isazela esihleliyo esimxelelayo ukuba
uphumile emgaqweni wokungaluniki usapho uthando lwakhe olupheleleyo Ngenxa yokuxakeka
ziincwadi Kakade akukwazeki ngamanye amaxesha ukubetha iintaka ezimbini ngelitye elinye Kodwa
ngenxa yemeko yokufuna ubomi obungcono bosapho lwakhe kwanokukhonza isizwe ngoncwadi
lwakhe nokubona ukunqongophala koncwadi lwemveli wathi wanyanzelisa ekudubuleni iintaka
ezimbini ngelitye elinye Kanti nabantwana ngokucacileyo babemlangazelela ngamanye amaxesha
kuba nabo bayakuthanda ukuba bakhe bakuvuyela ukufundiswa imidlalwana nguyise wabo okanye
babe neencokwana naye Obu budlelwane bunje buyabakha abantwana UKerr (2012) uyayixhasa le
ngcinga kuba uchaze ukuba uFrancis Bacon wayekulangazelela ukuba noyise abenexesha naye
abonise uthando kuba naye wayefuna ukusondelelana noyise kuba emthanda
UJolobe uthe wasivala esi sikroba ngokumana elukhupha usapho lwakhe luye kutya kwiindawo
ezizihotele ngamanye amaxesha ukwenza mnandi ekhayeni lakhe Kwakhona intombi yakhe uVuyo
eyayingumongikazi ichaze ukuba uyise wabonisa ukubaxabisa yena nonina owaye engumongikazi
omkhulu kwiziBhedlele ngokungaliphosi ixesha lokubaphuthuma emva komsebenzi kanti
kwanokubaphangelisa wayeyenza loo nto ibe yindima yakhe Ngaphezulu kuJolobe ixesha
langokuhlwa belibalulekile yayilelokuba usapho lwakhe lube kunye luphefumlelane lubukane
EDikeni kwitheko lokuwongwa ngamabhaso empumelelo ekubhaleni uJolobe kumazwi akhe
okubulela wachaza ukuba bona bakuva ikhwelo elibabizayo ukuba bayokuhlangula okanye banike
inkxaso ethile abalanduli bangena endimeni Kungoko yena ethe wenza zonke iinzame ukuya kunika
uncedo kwindawo ezithile isizwe esifuna kuyo uncedo kuba inkolo yakhe ithi akukho mntu uzidlela
ubomi yedwa ngoko ke kufuneka isizwe esiNtsundu senze zonke iinzame siyokunika uncedo
oludingekayo ukuze siphile isizwe siqhubele phambili (1958171)
Le ntetho yakhe ingentla apha iveza intsukaphi yobu nxadanxada bakhe Yambethe intsingiselo
yesimo sakhe esikwigama lesiNtu uRhanisi awalinikwa nguyise Kodwa wafundiswa ngunina
ukukhuthala kuba esithi umntu uzalelwe kwanokukhonza isizwe hayi obakhe ubomi kuphela
(193679-80) Yiloo nto wathi waba ngumntu kwanomthi oxakathe iziqhamo ezininzi Wangumyezo
ngokwakhe kuba abantu bafumana umthunzi kuye bafumana neziqhamo ezingamacebo awakhayo
Kungoko uNyembezi wambabaza uJolobe ngobubunkcubabuchopho bakhe Ngenxa yabo wafunwa
ezindaweni ezininzi ukuba abe ngusihlalo kwimibutho ngemibutho yenkqubelaphambili yesizwe
kumzi waseBhayi Wade wacelwa ukuba abengusihlalo kwiikomiti ngeekomiti ezikolweni
53
zabaMnyama zemfundo ephezulu kwakhona ekwangusihlalo wombutho weetyalike ezimanyeneyo
(Vuyorsquos Journal 2013)
27 Amagama kaJolobe ubomi bakhe noncwadi lwakhe
UScott waba nonxano lokufunda ngokubanzi ngomntu onguJolobe Ngenxa yoko wasebenza
ngoncwadi lukaJolobe waze akugqiba waqulunqa ibhibliyografi engeencwadi zakhe
azipapashileyo Kungoko uScott (1973v) emva kokuqokelela iminyaka ngeminyaka
iinkcukacha ezingoJolobe eziseluncwadini lwakhe wakwazi ukufikelela kula mazwi alandelayo
To understand what a creative artist is really saying it is necessary to know something of
the man himself More biographical facts (sketches) will not give us a manrsquos worldview
but when it emerges in his writing or painting the forces which made him what he is
assume a new significance of commentary on what he is telling us
Olu luvo lukaScott apha ngentla luyinyaniso evunywe nguJolobe ngokwakhe Uthe ethethe
noSchueb kudliwanondlebe naye ngo1967 wacebisa abafundi bakhe esithi umfundi xa efunda
ngenyameko uncwadi lwakhe angathi abhaqe ulwazi olukhulu nolunzulu oluqhushekwe
ngumbhali ngaphakathi kuncwadi Olu lwazi lungakhokelela ekwazini nzulu ngombhali
Umfundi uyakuluzuza ngokunqonomfela nzulu uncwadi lombhali kunaxa efundela nje
ukuzonwabisa
UWeinstein (1971i) naye uyakugqina okuthethwa nguJolobe malunga neenzulu zeemvakalelo
namaphupha ababhali aqulathwe kuncwadi lwabo ngokwabo Kuba naye wathi waxhobisa
abafundi bakhe ngolwazi olufihlakeleyo abanokulufumane xa bezingisa bephanda inyaniso
efihlakeleyo athetha ngayo umbhali ngamanye amaxesha Umzekelo umbhali oyimbalasene
uHenry James wachaphazela waxwayisa abafundi wachaza ngenye indlela yophando ngombhali
Uchaze ukuba kukuthi umfundi azithathele ingqalelo izinto athe wazibhala kuba kuzo kulapho
ulwazi oluninzi lufihlakele khona Amazwi kaHenry wathi uWeinstein wawathathela ingqalelo
waza wawakrola kwingabulazigcawu yencwadi yakhe esithi ldquoThe artist is present in every page
of every book from which he sought to assiduously to eliminate himselfrdquo Into ethethwa
nguWeinstein ithi umbhali ukho kwiphepha ngalinye lencwadi nganye athe wayibhala nokuba
angazama kangakana na ukuzifihla
Ukungqina olu luvo lukaWeinstein uJolobe udize imbali nentsukaphi yookhokho bakhe
kwincwadi yakhe uElundini loThukela ukuba uliHlubi Kwaye usiba lwakhe luyayolisa
ngendlela apha echulumancisayo Lumpompoza neemfundiso ezakhayo lukwathathe ibali
elikwayimbali yamaHlubi lwayenza yabumdlalorha wedrama noko ilelenoveli nje
54
271 UJolobe namagama akhe esiNgesi
UMbovane naye uhambisana nokukhankanywe nguNeethling apha ngentla ngokuthi amagama
ayakwazi ukubonisa iminqweno uvakalelo lovuyo nemibulelo kuThixo (199670-74)
Amagama uJames James luphindaphindo lwegama likayise wakhe uRhanisi Jolobe Lwenzelwa
ukugxininisa umnqweno kayise kaRhanisi Uliphindaphindile igama lakhe ukuze umyalezo wolu
phindaphindo uhlale uhleli engqondweni yonyana wakhe Ngokokubona kwethu uyise kaRhanisi
wayenengcamango nomqweno othi ldquoXa ndindulukile nyana wam uze uthabathe indawo yam
uliphakamise igama lomzi wakowenu uwuphakamise umsebenzi wobunyawontle ubengumalusi
wabantu beNkosirdquo Le ngcamango ingqinwa nguVuyo intombi kaJolobe xa esithi ldquoUtata
wasibalisela wathi wazazi ukuba ubenobizo lobuNyawontle ekukhuleni kwakhe kanye njengotata
wakherdquo Le ntetho ihambiselana noluvo lukaBertolt Brecht (Moi 1985160) othi
Mann ist Mann When you name yourself you always name another
Le ntetho ingqinwa sisithethe sabantu abaNtsundu nesabantu ngokubanzi kwiindawo
ngeendawo xa benika abantwana babo amagama abo bona bazali okanye bebanika lawo
ezizalwane zabo ezibanduleleyo Umzekelo uJames Jolobe onguyise kaRhanisi Jolobe uye
wamthiya unyana wakhe ngegama lakhe wathi unguJames waphinda wamphinda kwangeli gama
linye mhla unyana wakhe waziswa kuye Olu phindaphindo lwegama elithi James lunobunzulu
obukhulu Lugxininisa ukunikwa kukaRhanisi bonke ubuyena bukayise Obu buyena buthe
bamlandela uRhanisi kuba uyise ube engumfundisi wangutitshala waphinda wangumfama othe
waphumelela kwimisebenzi yakhe yonke Bathi nabantwana bakhe bonke bangabafundileyo
lwaza nosapho lwakhe lwaphila ubomi obungcono Kanti naye uRhanisi wangumvundla ozeke
indlela wafana nqwa noyise ngesimo senkuthalo Uyise naye ebenesimo esingxakangxaka kuba
uthe waziphilisa ngeendlela eziliqela zemisebenzi eyahlukahlukeneyo URhanisi naye
wangumfundisi wangutitshala waphinda wangumbhali woncwadi kanti wenza neminye
imisebenzi eliqela ethe yaluncedo kuye kwanasekuphakamiseni abantu basekuhlaleni
kwanesizwe ngokubanzi
272 James ndash lilumelo lwengubo eyambathwa nguRhanisi
Uyise kaRhanisi ngokumphindaphinda unyana wakhe athi nguJames James ngokucacileyo yena
James wayenqwenela ukuba unyana wakhe uJames James Rhanisi Jolobe angene ezihlangwini
zakhe Eli gama alinikwe nguyise liphindaphindiweyo lifana nengubo yakhe athe wagqiba
unyana esimmcinci ukuba nguye oyakuthi ayembathe libe ngamandla okuhambisela phambili
ilizwi likaThixo isibane singacimi endlwini yakhe akunduluka yena Umfundisi uJames onguyise
55
kaRhanisi naye uthe waxelisa uEliya owathi waphosela ingubo yakhe yobuprofeti kuElisha
unyana wakhe ngokomoyaWayesenzela ukuba uElisha ayisebenzise kubizo lwakhe lobuprofethi
xa yena Eliya engasekho apha emhlabeni (OoKumkani bokuqala Isahluko 19 ivesi 20 Incwadi
yeziBhalo eziNgcwele1975380) Kanye njengomnqweno kayise uRhanisi Jolobe uthe
wangumfundisi omkhulu owathi wavelela phantse bonke abafundisi kwibandla laseRhabe
ngentsebenzo yakhe enkulu kwanegalelo lakhe elikhulu ekudaleni inkqubelaphambili
kumabandla ngamabandla aseRhabe Wade waliphakamisela phezulu kakhulu ibandla laseSt
Patricks eNew Brighton apha eBhayi kuba laphela ligqwesa kunamanye amabandla
Ukongeza uRhanisi uthe waphinda wonyulwa wayiModarator yokuqala eNtsundu kwibandla
lePresbytarian Church of South Afrika iRhabe (Mahlasela 197315) Isenzo sikayise kaRhanisi
sokunika unyana wakhe uRhanisi igama lakhe uJames sixhaswa nangokuthethwa nguMbovane
(199671) othi abantwana bathi ngamanye amaxesha banikwe amagama abonisa iminqweno
yabazali babo kubo Umnqweno kayise kaRhanisi waphunyezwa kuba wafuza uyise wahamba
kanye ekhondweni lakhe imfuza yade yagqithisa URhanisi waphiwa ubulumko namandla
ngaphezu kukayise Wasebenza kwindawo yaseDikeni waba ngumkhokeli kwanomfundisi
onempumelelo kumabandla aseRhabe awasebenza kuwo ngaxeshanye elakwaNtselamanzi iJohn
Knox Bokwe eDikeni nelaseDorrington Presbytarian Church eBhofolo Ngenxa yomsebenzi
wakhe omhle oyimpumelelo wakutshintshelwa eBhayi bakhala esimantshiyane abahlali
abaNtsundu nabaMhlophe bezi ngingqi abexelenga kuzo (Jolobe 1958)
273 UJames indoda yokholo ephakamisa imisebenzi yobulungisa
Igama elithi James likaRhanisi lihambelana nqwa neemfundiso zompostile uYakobi (James)
okwangumvangeli Eli bango silixhasa ngesicatshulwa esikwinkolo yobuKristu kwitestamente
entsha (kwiziBhalo eziNgcwele 2004) encwadini ebhalwe nguYakobi (Isahluko 2 ivesi 17)
esithi ldquoUkholo olungenamisebenzi lufilerdquo Oku kuthetha ukuba umntu othi likholwa makangabi
nakuthetha nje kodwa makavelise neziqhamo zobulungisa UJolobe uyilandele imfundiso
yokholo kaYakobi (kaJames) kuba ukholo lwakhe lulandelwe yimisebenzi Nanku eyalela
ibandla lakhe liphe abasweleyo ukutya nanku enika indawo yokuzimela abalweli benkululeko
kwisakhiwo esidala sebandla lakhe laseRhabe ebasindisa kwintshutshiso yabakwantsasana
(Vuyorsquos Journal 2013)
56
274 UJames Rhanisi Jolobe umqhathi
Eli gama lithi James lithetha Yakobi ngesiXhosa lithetha umntu oqhatha abanye Umzekelo
ngokwebali elikwiziBhalo eziNgcwele uIsake owaye enamawele amabini elinye linguEsawu
elinye linguYakobi wathi xa wayezakunduluka emhlabeni wabiza iwele elidala elalixhonti
egama lalo lalinguEsawu elalisoloko likufutshane kuye walixelela ukuba liyokumzingelela
inyamakazi ezindle lize limphekele ukuze alisikelele UYakobi wazirhalela iintsikelelo
ezazizakunikwa umkhuluwa wakhe waza wakhohlisa uyise uIsake ngokuzenza ixhonti
elingumkhuluwa wakhe wakuzifumana wabaleka ekhayeni lakhe kuba esoyika ukubulawa
ngumkhuluwa wakhe (Genesis isahluko-26 ivesi-27 Incwadi yeziBhalo eziNgcwele 197530)
Ngokunjalo naye uJolobe wawuqhatha umbuso wabaMhlophe ngokufihla amajoni ama-Afrika
achase ulawulo localucalulo Lo rhulumente wacinga ukuba ungumfundisi weliZwi ongcwele
gqitha ongenako ukuwukhohlisa UJolobe uphinde akahamba ngeliZwi lesiBhalo
ngokwesicatshulwa esikwincwadi yokuqala kaPetrosi isahluko-2 kwivesi-13 esithi
Wuthobeleni ngoko wonke ummiso ongowomntu ngenxa yayo iNkosi nokuba
ngukumkani njengowongamileyo nokuba ngabalawuli njengabathunyiweyo nguye
bekani abantu bonke Thandani isizalwana uThixo moyikeni
Ngokwala mazwi singagqiba sithi uJolobe kwakufanele ukuba axhase izenzo zenkohlakalo
zorhulumente wegcuntswana Kanti ke yena wenza inceba ngokusindisa abasentshutshisweni
ngenxa yombuso ongenanceba naluthando Wayethobela uthando lukaThixo kunenkohlakalo
yomntu Oku kuthethe into yokuba iBhayibhile le mayifundwe ngobulumko Nanku uThixo
entywilisela elwandle amaYiphutha awayesongele amaSirayeli awathi yena Thixo wawakhulula
kwingcinezelo yaseYiphutha UMzantsi Afrika ubuyintshutshiso neYiphutha phantsi kombuso
wocalucalulo worhulumente wobaMhlophe kubantu abaMnyama ngebala ngexesha lokuphila
lukaJolobe UJolobe wayenqula lo Thixo owakhulula amaSirayeli engcinezelweni Kungoko
naye uJolobe wasindisa entshabalalweni abalweli benkululeko yomntu oNtsundu
Esi senzo sikaJolobe sibonisa ukubaluleka konqulo Lunento oluyenzayo ekucingeni
nasekuziphatheni komntu Olu luvo uJolobe kwincwadi yakhe Amavo (1940) uyaluxhasa
Ubona unqulo lubalulekile kwaye uthi luyamakha umntu Lukwaluncedo ekwakhiweni komoya
womntu kuba uJolobe uthi umntu ungumoya ingqondo nomzimba Ude athi umama wakhe
akazange abavimbe ukutya okondla umphefumlo Oku kutya liliZwi leNkosi eliqhagamshelanisa
umntu noMdali wakhe ngokwenkolo yobuKristu (Jolobe 193679-85)
UJolobe wafundiswa nguyise nonina ukulihlonela ilizwi likaThixo Ngokulandela igama lakhe
uRhanisi abe ngunogada nomkhuseli Wayethobele ilizwi likaThixo xa wayesindisa abalweli
57
benkululeko Kwakho ngokubangumqhathi elandela igama lakhe uYakobi (James) wayehlonele
uThixo ngokuthi enekhola yobufundisi aqhathe umbuso wenkohlakalo ngokugcina abalweli
benkululeko kwisakhiwo esidala senkonzo yakhe Wayisebenzisa ingqondo yakhe ukuhlangula
isizwe singatshabalali athobele umyalelo kaThixo okwiziBhalo eziNgcwele (Imizekeliso
Isahluko 23 ivesi 11) othi
Hlangula abasiwa ekufeni nabajingxelayo besiya ekubulaweni khawubanqande
UJolobe wakhetha ukuthobela lo mthetho kaThixo kunokuba awophule athobele umthetho
womntu wocalucalulo nengcinezelo Ikhwele lobuthandazwe bakhe obusekelwe ekoyikeni
uThixo lamlawula akabinako ukunyamezela ukuba yinxenye yokubulawa kwabantu abaNtsundu
nokutshutshiswa kwabo kakubi kucinywe amagama abo angenzi nto ngaloo nto
Ukhethe ukuwuqhatha umbuso wenkohlakalo ngengubo yobufundisi enxibe nekhola emhlophe
Usebenze kumtshotshaphantsi ldquoundergroundrdquo evathe ezi zambatho zingcwele Wayesebenza
ngeendlela ezifahlekeleyo esindisa kwityalike endala nemiphefumlo engamakhulukhulu
engeyayibhubhile ngondlelamnyama mhlawumbi idutyulwe isweleke Yena wabanika izikhundla
zokuzimela bangafunyanwa ngabazingeli abangamapolisa akhethiweyo (special branch)
angenalusini kuye nakubani na olwela inkululeko yabantu abaMnyama Ngoko ke uJolobe
unogada ukhala kwanomqhathi naye ngokunokwakhe wasinda kwabo bazingeli Isimo senceba
sakhe saba nendima engundoqo kubumbolombili bakhe
Kungoko kubonakala ukuba uJolobe wasonga entliziyweni yakhe ngokungathi Uthi
Unotshe Ndisaphila ndiyakuthi gqolo ukubasindisa abantu abaligazi lam kanye
njengoMosisi owathi wancedisa ekulwiseni umHebhere owayehlaselwa ngumYiphuta
waphinda wabuya waba ngumncedi ekukhululweni kwabo
Naye uJolobe lithe ikrele lombuso kaVerwoerd lawusika umphefumlo wakhe akabi
nakunyamezela wasindisa abantu abathi basuka baziindwayi neembacu kwilizwe labo lokuzalwa
Wacalulwa naye nabanye abantu abaNtsundu ngamandla kunezinye iintlanga kweli lizwe
Abantu abaMnyama baphela bephoswa esiQithini senkwankca yengqele njengooGovan Mbeki
nooNelson Mandela nooWalter Sisulu nooRaymond Mhlaba nabanye oonyana neentombi
zothuthu lweAfrika
Kanye njengeqhawe uKhwane (Jolobe 1971) uJolobe ngexesha lokuphila kwakhe naye
wasindisa amakhulu-khulu abantu ababephawulelwa ukubulawa ngumbuso kaVerwoerd
Wahamba ekhondweni lenduna enkulu iphakathi elikhulu lenkosi uTshiwo inkosi yamaXhosa
58
eyathi ngenxa yokunukwa ngokuthakathwa kwabantu esizweni sakhe wayalela uKhwane ukuba
ibe ngumsebenzi wakhe lo wokumana ehamba nabo ebakhokelela ekufeni okungunaphakade
ngokubatyhalela emaweni bayokuwela ezantsi (Soga 1937 124) Wasuka yena wasikwa yinceba
ngabantu bakowabo wabonisa uvelwano Waza wabafihla wabasindisa kuba ngebabefile
Ngokuhamba kwamaxesha abantu awaba sindisayo bamnyusela bamenza inkosi yabo Wabizwa
ngokuba yinkosi yesizwe samaGqunukhwebe
Naye uJolobe wayeba novelwano ngabantu ababebanjwa bambi bebulawa ezintolongweni kanye
njengendlela awathi wabulawa ngayo uSteve Bantu Biko eswelekela entolongweni phantsi
kongcungcuthekiso elungenambaliso nge-7 kaSeptemba 1977 (Mangcu 201263) Wazibona
engenakunyamezela xa amatshantliziyo angabalweli benkululeko yomntu oMnyama besifa
Wasikwa yinceba Wayalela ukuba icawa endala yaseRhabe ukuba mayingatshixwa ihlale
ivuliwe
Ngesi senzo uJolobe wadela umthetho owawubekiwe ngurhulumente wocalucalulo wokuba
abantu abachasa iinkqubo zakhe zokhuseleko batshutshiswe kanobomi (Gerard 197191-92)
Ngoko ke isenzo sikaJolobe senceba yaba sesobuqhawe Ukuba wayethe wasonga izandla zakhe
wazibona engcwele gqitha akawophula lo mthetho abantu bakowabo ngebabetshabalele
Ngenxa yokubasindisa kwakhe isizwe masizidle kakhulu ngamaqhawe namakhalipha aso awathi
amshiya ngengqondo urhulumente wolawulo lukaVerwoerd anjengonyawontle uRev Rhanisi
Jolobe unogada nomalusi wezimvu ezingabantu bakhe abaNtsundu kwingcuka eziqwengayo
28 Umnombo kaJolobe
Utatomkhulu kaRhanisi Jolobe uHans wayeliHlubi Watshata inkosikazi egama linguLydia
Naye waba kuluhlu lwamaHlubi afumana imihlaba eNgqushwa (Sirayi 19859) URhanisi yena
enika eyakhe ingxelo wachaza ukuba uyise wayengumfundisi kwingingqi yaseCala kwaye yena
wazalelwa kwindawo ekuthiwa kuseNdwe ngo1902 (Scheub 196758) Inkosikazi katata wakhe
yayingu-Emily uNobethu wayeyintombi ezalwa kwamaKhohliso eCala (Mahlasela 19733)
Eyona nto eyayimnika umdla uRhanisi imtsala umxhelo yayindalo entle eyayiphahle le ndawo
yaseCala Uqhuba aphindelele ukuchaza ummandla awayehlala kuwo noyise nabantwana
bakowabo Wawuchulumancisa uneendidi ngeendidi zeentaka ababethi bazizingele
Wayezizingela nabahlobo bakhe URhanisi wabanomdla nakwiindidi ngeendidi zezityalo ezintle
ezineengcambu ezalatha ukuba iyindawo etyebileyo Enye into awayeyithanda kule ndawo
awayehlala kuyo kukuba wayethi aphume namanye amakhwenkwe baye bakhaphele iinkomo
neegusha bengabelusi Ngaphezulu kwezinto azichazileyo apha ngentla eyona yona
59
eyayinobuhle nje obubodwa obuphezulu bendalo yayikukubona iintaba ezintle mgama
zithetshitshilili kwakunye nemilambo emikhulu iTsomo
URanisi Jolobe uchaze ukuba emva kwethuba uyise wakhe watshintshelwa emishini eMatatiele
yityalike yakhe ukuba ayokuxelenga khona kwindawo ekuthiwa yiSpringfield apho abantu
babeziphilela nje ubomi bentlalo epholileyo
281 Ubudlelwane bukaRhanisi nabazali bakhe
UJung uchaza ukuba kukho uluvo lokuba isimo somntwana oyinkwenkwe sithi ngamanye
amaxesha sifumane ifuthe elikhulu elisuka kumama wakhe Eli futhe kuthiwa yi- anima Lihleli
kwingqondo eleleyo Lenza umntwana ambone unina ongoyena mntu umqondayo Kanti
kwangokunjalo umntwana oyintombazana kwingqondo eleleyo yakhe kuye kongama ifuthe
ekuthiwa yi-anumus Lona lifumaneka ikakhulu kubantu abangamadoda Lilawula ingqondo
yakhe itsalekele kwisimo sokuthanda ukufuza uyise ngesimo Ezi zimvo zicacisa ukuba amadoda
kungenzeka angabi ngamadoda ngokugqibeleleyo kwanabantu basetyhini kwangokunjalo (Kerr
2012 Kwatsha 200775)
Kwakhona ngokwengcingane yobume bengqondo abantu baneminqweno ehleli kwingqondo
yabo eleleyo ekufuneka ibe nokutyhilwa okanye iqondwe ukuze isimo somntu sibe nokuqondwa
(Kwatsha 200775-89 ibid) Olu luvo lubonakala lukho luhleli engqondweni kaRhanisi kuba
uVuyo kwibali lakhe ukhankanya ukuba uyise uRhanisi wabaxelela ukuba yena wahlala esazi
ukuba yena unobizo lokuba ngunyawontle Kanti xa sithi sijonge isimo sikaFrancis Bacon yena
wahla ekhula elangazelela uthando lukanina wakhe awayemthanda engenalo ixesha lokubonisa
olo thando kuye yaza ke loo meko yokungalufumani uthando lukanina yenza isikroba esikhulu
ebomini bakhe (Kerr 2012)
282 URhanisi nobudlelwane bakhe noyise uJames Jolobe
UJolobe uRhanisi njengokuba kusekukhankanyiwe ngamandla apha ngasentla wathatha
iimpawu zikayise zenkuthalo nokusebenza ngamandla angaxhomekeki kumsebenzi omnye
ukuziphilisa kwanokondla usapho lwakhe Kwakhona ubonakela ukuba ube emthanda emhlonele
uyise kuba uye walandela ekhondweni lakhe ngokuthi abe ngumfundisi kwanotitshala
ophumelelayo Ootata abaninzi basoloko belangazelela ukuba oonyana babo baliphakamise
igama labo nelosapho lihlale liqaqambile kwaye ukuba banamashishini okanye iinkonzo ezithile
abazithandayo banga oonyana babo bangazilandela Umzekelo ibhayografi kaFrancis Bacon
Kerr 2012) isixelela ukuba uFrancis wamdanisa kakhulu uyise ngokuthi abenguntwana osoloko
ekhathazwa kukuhlaselwa sisifuba ingakumbi akuba kufutshane emahasheni Uyise
wayeshishina ngawo ukuziphilisa Wayenazo nezinja ethanda ukuzingela ngazo Uyise kaFrancis
60
wacaphuka kakhulu akubona ukuba unyana wakhe okuphela kwakhe akunakuze aliphakamise
ishishini lakhe akubhubha kuba impilo yonyana wakhe ingafuni ukuba nanto yokwenza nezinto
azithandayo Oku kwamenza akamnthanda kakhulu njengabanye abantwana bakhe kuba
wambona ebonisa ukuba uyindoda ebuthathaka Ngethamsanqa uyise nonyana bathi babukana
ngamandla kuba omnye kubo uthe wazibona ekomnye Babunjalo ubudlelwane obabukho
phakathi koRhanisi noyise
Ubomi bukaRhanisi bayiphumeza iminqweno namaphupha kayise Waza ngaphezulu unyana
waliphakamisa igama likayise naphakathi kwesinye isifundisi kanti nakwiimbalo zakhe uthe
waliphakamisa igama likayise nelikanina Wababulela ngokumkhulisa bemfundisa bemnika
kwaneengqeqesho eziphilileyo
Uyise kaRhanisi kuyabonakala ukuba nangona wayelondla usapho lwakhe ngokwaneleyo
elufundisa wayenganakuba nalo ixesha elaneleyo lokuba kunye nalo Wayeye axakeke kakhulu
umzekelo elungiselela inkonzo nolawulo lwayo Ngaphezu koko ajongane neengxaki
zamarhamente ezifuna izisombululo Kuthi kulapho afuneke kwiintlanganiso ngeentlanganiso
Kwangokunjalo waye engutitshala kufuneke aqwalasele iinkqubo zokufundisa esikolweni
nokusonjululwa kweengxaki njengoko wayeyinqununu Zazikwajonge yena kwaneemeko
zasekuhlaleni eziquka abazali
Wayekwangumfo okwangumfama oneenkomo neegusha kwanamasimi alinywayo
Wayengumanejala wale fama eqeshe nabancedisi Ngokucacileyo babunqongophele
ubudlelwane obushushu bakhe kunye notata wakhe Nangona waye emthanda ngenxa yokuba
enguyise kodwa wayexakekile engenalo ithuba lokusoloko esekhaya nelokudlalisa abantwana
bakhe Kuyabonakala esi isizathu singentla siphendula umbuzo wokuba kutheni uRhanisi
kungavakalisi budlelwane obuliqilima noyise nangona yena kubonakala ukuba ube emthanda
ephilela ukumvuyisa Ude wambatha iingubo zakhe wangumfundisi wangutitshala
waliphakamisa negama lakhe ekuhlaleni
Inye kuphela into ebethi ayibalise nabethi ayenze noyise kwanosapho lwakhe luphela
ibingumthandazo wangokuhlwa Eli xesha ibilelokunqula uMdali uThixo Uthando lwakhe
ngoyise uye waluzoba ngokunzulu kumbongo wakhe othi Umthandazo Wangokuhlwa Kulapho
athe wayibonalisa indlela awayemgqale ngayo uyise Wambona esisibonelo esingumzekelo xa
emi phambi kwabo ekhokela umthandazo URhanisi uye wabalisa ngezigaba ngezigaba ezithi
ziqhubeke xa uyise eqhuba le nkonzo Kumthandazo wangokuhlwa ekhayeni labo kulapho
babethi thande bamngqonge xa ethabatha indawo yakhe njengenkokheli yekhaya enyusa idini
lombulelo kuMdali Ibingumthandazo osisiqhelo senkqubo yakowabo imihla ngemihla Kukulo
61
mthandazo apho athi uRhanisi abonise ukumqwalasela ngokumthanda uyise kuba ude abalise
nangendlela iindondo zakhe zamehlo wayethi azinxibe ngayo ebusweni kwanokuba wayezibeka
njani na akugqiba ukuyifunda iBhayibhile yakhe athi likhubalo lekhaya lakhe Kwanendlela
awayesifunda ngayo isiBhalo esiNgcwele engagqwidizi nayo uRhanisi uyayikhumbula Ubalisa
nangendlela eyayi ingummiselo wekhaya ukuba nabo bengabantwana babelinikwa igalelo labo
lokuba bafunde ukuthandaza bathethe neNkosi besithi ldquoBawo wethu oseZulwinirdquo Babewenza lo
mthandazo weNkosi akugqiba uyise ukuthandaza
Kodwa eyona nto anombulelo ngayo kuyise ligalelo lakhe ekubondleni nasekubafundiseni
Kwakhona kuyabonakala ukuba uthando lwakhe nokumhlonela uyise lubonakele ngokuthi aphile
intlalo engumzekelo ekuhlaleni kwanokulandela ekhondweni lakhe lezebobufundisi nobutitshala
wade yena wazenza ezi zinto ngokugqithisileyo
Xa sithelekisa ubomi bukaRhanisi nobukaFrancis Bacon sifumanisa ukuba uFrancis waba
nelishwa lokuba angalifumani ithamsanqa elafunyanwa nguRhanisi Jolobe lokuba uyise abonise
umdla kwinkqubelaphambili yakhe ngokumnika namagama akhe UFrancis Bacon walufumana
uthando kwiimpelesi zakhe nakumakhulu wakhe kuphela Bona abazali bakhe bobabini zange
bamnike uthando nakancinane nasekubeni yena wayenesipho sokuba ngumzobi Wazenzela
udumo waphila ngeso sipho noxa nje uyise wakhe engazange abonise luthando nankathalo kuye
wasoloko engumntu ongqwabalala ngakuye ebonisa kuFrancis ukungabi nayo nemizwa le
yothando ekhayeni engenalo nethuba elincinane lokwenza izinto ekhayeni kunye nabantwana
bakhe njengotata kaRhanisi owayebakho kumthandazo wangokuhlwa awukhokele aze adumise
uThixo kunye nosapho lwakhe
Uyise kaFrancis wayexabise ishishini lakhe lamahashe ngaphezu kobudlelwane obububo
nonyana wakhe Le meko ibonisa umahluko phakathi kobomi bukaRhanisi noFrancis Bacon
Obu budlelwane bungafanelekanga phakathi koFrancis noyise kwaba nomphumela
ongalunganga uFrancis wathi ngamhla uthile wenza into uyise angazange ayithande Walala
kunye nezicaka zakhe ezingamadoda waza yena uyise kaFrancis wayalela ezi zicaka ukuba
zimtyabule ngemvubu unyana wakhe Esi siganeko asi zange simonwabise tu kwaphela Kwathi
kulapho oogqirha bafumanisa ukuba uFrancis unesigulo sesifuba (asthma) Sasiye simhlasele
ngamandla akuba kufutshane namahashe Kwamtyhafisa kakhulu oku uyise waze wambona
unyana wakhe engenakuze abenako ukuyithabatha indawo yakhe naninina yaye engenakuze
ayifezekise neminqweno yakhe njengendoda Ubudlelwane phakathi koFrancis Bacon noyise
baba mandundu ngakumbi kwakufumaniseka ukuba uFrancis uthi akusondela ezinjeni abambeka
ee minxi sisifuba Ngenxa yale nto kwacaca kuyise ukuba uFrancis akanakuze ahambe naye xa
62
kuphunywe ingqina nezinja kusiyiwa kuzingelwa iinyamakazi ezindle UFrancis ngoko ke
wamtyhafisa uyise kuba enganakuze abenokuliqhubelisa phambili ishishini lakhe lamahashe
akubhubha kwanezinye izinto abe ezithanda ezinjengokuzingela Waphela uyise emtyhalela
unyana wakhe kude lee kangangokuba unyana wayengathandi ukuthetha ngoyise ebantwini
Wayeye athi nje kuphela ngoyise ldquoHe was a bastardrdquo (Kerr 201286) Oku kuthetha ukuba
uFrancis wayesithi uyise ngumgqakhwe Oku kuthetha kukaFrancis kwakuzalwa sisimo sikayise
sokungamxabisi unyana wakhe owayelufuna uthando lwakhe Ekukhuleni kwakhe uFrancis
waphela etsalekela ekuthandaneni namanye amadoda Oku kubonisa ukuba umqweno kaFrancis
wokuba athandwe nguyise wathi wokungafezeki uFrancis wabonisa isimo esingaqhelekanga
Kubonakala ukuba ingqondo yakhe eleleyo yasivala esi sikroba ngokuthi imnike ithuku lokufuna
ukuphila ngandlela zonke hayi ithuku lokuzungula ukufa kodwa ithuku lokuphila efumana
uthando kwamanye amadoda
Ezi zimvo zingentla zibonisa ukuba ubudlelwane obuphilileyo bubalulekile ekubunjweni
kwesimo sonyana ebomini babantwana Ngoko ke sivakalisa ngoncomo olukhulu ukuba uyise
kaRhanisi Jolobe wazama ukuba ngumzekelo odale inkuthazo nempumelelo kwanokuyithanda
nokuyihlonela iNkosi kubomi bukaRhanisi
283 Ubudlelwane bukaJolobe nonina uMamThembu
ULacan ongomnye wabaqulunqithiyori abaphambili kwezobumengqondo unoluvo lokuba
umntwana xa ekhula uyakuncedwa lifuthe lababandakanyekayo ebomini bakhe ekuzazini
nasekwamkeleni ubuntu nobubani bakhe Kungoko ke igalelo lomama lokuba umntwana abe
nokuzazi ububani bakhe nasekufumaneni uthando libalulekile kwanolangazelelo lomntwana
lokusoloko efuna ukuba nonina wakhe malufezekiswe Kuba ngeli xesha esemncinnane oyena
mntu onefuthe kuye lokwazi izinto nobomi ngumama wakhe (Kerr 2012) Kwangokunjalo
kuyinene okuthethwe nguRhanisi Jolobe ngomama wakhe umaMthembu ukuba ibisoloko inguye
ebesoloko ehamba nabo ebanika uthando Ude athi umama wabo ebakwangumhlobo kubo kuba
ubethi abamamele xa beneengxaki abancedise nasekusonjululweni kwazo (Jolobe193679-80)
63
284 Ubudlelwane bukaRhanisi nosapho lwakowabo
Ubudlelwane bukaJolobe kwakunye nabantakwabo kwanoodade bakhe babubukhulu kuye
Sikuphawula oku ngokumana ebakhankanya ebonakalisa nokubakhumbula kwizinikezelo
zoncwadi lwakhe alubhalileyo Wade wabadwelisa ngokwezana kwabo kwincwadi yakhe
yedrama esenzela ukuba bangaze balityalwe lusapho lwakhe nazizizukulwana zakhe URhanisi
ufundise abafundi bakhe ngokubaluleka kokukhumbula kwanokubaxabisa abazali Akufika
kwizinga lokuyingcamla impumelelo wathi kanye ngoku besadla amazimba bephila ekugqibeni
ukubhala kwakhe incwadi yakhe yokuqala esemncinane emtsha kakhulu eneminyaka
engamashumi ananye ubudala Simva ebonakalisa ukubathanda kakhulu abazali bakhe
kwisinikezelo sencwadi yakhe Amavo (1940) xa esithi kuMa noBawo ndibulela ukundikhulisa
ukundiqeqesha nokundifundisa kwabo
Lo mbulelo kaRhanisi kubazali bakhe usinika ingqondo yokuba ubona udumo lwakhe iludumo
lwabazali bakhe Esi sinikezelo sisikhumbuza ingoma yakwaNtu ethi ldquoNdiliyokoyoko ndinje
ngumamardquo nekwaquka igalelo labazali bobabini ekukhuliseni umntwana ngokuthi babonise
inkathalo kwanothando ekukhulisweni kwentsapho yabo
Kwisinikezelo sencwadi yakhe yedrama ubonakalisa ukukhumbula abantakwabo nodade bakhe
ngokubadwelisa ngokwezana kwabo ngokukaYosefu edwelisa abantwana bendlu kayise Yena
uRhanisi ubhale wathi
Kwabendlu kaBawo- Lennox[James James Rhanisi] Emma Dugard John Angelina
Sarah Bridget Monde Peggy
Ngale ndlela ubonisa ukubaxabisa nokubathanda ekwakhuthaza ubunye obu abukhuthaze
kwizizwe eziNtsundu nakwindlu yoMzantsi Afrika uphela kwincwadi Amavo (194023) xa
esithi ldquoSingabendlu enyerdquo
285 UJolobe nobudlelwane bakhe namakhosikazi akowabo
URhanisi ebenentliziyo enovelwano nothando ngakubantu baseTyhini ezama kangangoko konke
anako ukuba baxabiseke bakhuseleke phantsi kwephiko lakhe Le mvo yakhe yazalwa
kukuqaphela ukuba ngamanye amaxesha kwinkcubeko nezithethe zesizwe liye igalelo labo
lingaxabiseki kangako URhanisi ebekhuthaza ukuba abantu bonke baphathwe ngesidima esinye
sobuntu kubekho ukuhlonelana kuphakanyiswe uvelwano nobuntu Esi simo sakhe sibangele
ukuba alwe ukujongelwa phantsi kwabantu abathile esizweni Ebengazithandi kwaneemfundiso
ezikhuthaza ukujongelwa phantsi kwabanye abantu ngenxa yesini
64
Oku kungasentla apha kwalatha ukuba walilandela igama lakhe lokuba nguRhanisi ongunogada
wosapho lonke lukayise nonina oluquka namakhosikazi akowabo Kunqabe okwezinyo lenkuku
ukuba umbhali akhumbule abantu bakowabo kuncwadi lwakhe ade akhumbule nenkosikazi
yakhe kwanamakhosikazi abakhuluwa kwanawabantakwabo xa ewonke Ubenomoya ochazwa
nguJung xa esithi amanye amadoda anomoya obizwa ngokuba yi-anima obonisa iimvakalelo
zovelwano ezifunyanwa kubantu abangoomama
Kolu sapho lukhulu lakuloRhanisi kuyakhwankqisa ukubona oonyana babakhuluwa bakhe
bethatha iintombi zamaHlubi ikakhulu Oku bonisa iinkumbulo zemvelaphi yabo ngexesha
babesisizwe esinye esibumbeneyo kwimihlaba yeThukela Kwakhona kubonisa ukuba abantu
bakowabo bebenomqweno wokuba umnombo wamaHlubi ungapheli uthi shwaka Kuloko ke
iziduko zamakhosikazi akwaJolobe akuloRhanisi ziziduko ezifumaneka kumaHlubi (Vuyorsquos
Journal 2013)
UJolobe wayezazi iinkqubo zesiNtu Wayelwazi ulwendiselwano ukuba yintoni na
Asikokuthengiswa kweentombi zibe zizicaka zeminye imizi kwakhiwa ukuzalana Yilo nto
wayewaxabisile amakhosikazi oonyana bakwaJolobe Ezi ntokazi zaziziintyatyambo zamakhaya
azo amahle andilisekileyo Zazithandwa zixatyisiwe kumakhaya azo Kodwa zona zathi
ngokuthanda oonyana bakwaJolobe zavuma ukuba zibe ngabantwana bakwaJolobe ngokuzalwa
ngomendo Hayi ngokuba ziye zangathi zithengiswa ngelobola ukuba zibe zizicaka kuba
bezingafunwa komawazo
Ngoko ke ngokukaJolobe abafazana bakowabo bafana nabantwana abatsha abafikela kubazali
babo abatsha ukuze baphuhlise bandise umzi wamaHlubi Yiloo nto uRhanisi engababekanga
kude uye nabo wabaphakamisa wababonisa ukuba nabo banebango kumzi wakowabo Le
nyaniso ingqinwa kukuba uJolobe uthe nabo wabadwelisa ngokwezana kwabo waza akaphelela
apho wabeka ecaleni kwegama ngalinye lo mntu amagama abo abazalwa nawo nabawanikwa
komawabo kwaneefani zamakowabo kwaneziduko zakomawabo Ngaloo ndlela uthe
wakhumbula wahlonela nezihlwele zamakhaya aboabaveliswe zizo ukuze nje babe yintsikelelo
kumzi wakwaJolobe Kanti ke uRhanisi ewadwelisa nje la makhosikazi akowabo komawabo
uwaquka nawo kudumo lwakhe angaze alityalwe aziwe ezizweni Ngoku kubaquka wababonisa
ukubathanda kwakhe kwanokuba bayinxenye yakhe Ewe namagama amatsha abawanikwe
emizini yakwaJolobe uthe wawahlomela kuluhlu lwamagama abo ngembeko enkulu Abantu
ngokubanzi kwanabafundi namhla bafumana nolwazi olutsha olutyebileyo ngokunzulu
obelungafane lukhankanywe ngabanye ababhali ngaphambili malunga noRhanisi nobomi bakhe
namalunga nobomi babantu bakowabo amaHlubi akwaJolobe
65
UJolobe nangona ebefundile nje ebezifunda izinto ezakhayo zeenkcubeko yezinye iintlanga
kuncwadi alufundayo azithabathe azisebenzise ekwakheni nasekuphuhliseni isizwe sakowabo
amaXhosa alwimi abhala ngalo (Kerr 1958) Oku kwenza kwakhe kubonakalisa ingqondo
echubekileyo nengahlalanga ndaweninye ekwazi ukwakha inkcubeko ekwiqondo eliphezulu Le
nto uyibonakalisa nangokwenza isinikezelo senoveli yakhe ebalaseleyo Elundini loThukela
ngendlela engaqhelekanga phakathi kwababhali baseAfrika Unikezela enjenje
Kuwo onke amakhosikazi akowethu - uNokhaya uLinda Makhiwane uMaGambu
uNobandla uJeanne Nongogo uMaRhadebe uNoCivil uClara Mboniswa uMamBhele
uNoLusuthu uEunice Dlomo uMaRhadebe uNosapho uStella Msikinya uMaRhadebe
Akaphelelanga ekubhaleni isinikezelo olu hlobo Wenze okukodwa nokunomahluko ngokuthi
incwadi yakhe Ilitha edumileyo nekwanemibongo yamaqhawe akwaNtu kwanehlekisayo
wayinikezela yona kwisithandwa sakhe jwi nesithe sayinkosikazi yakhe kamva
2851 Ubudlelwane bukaJolobe nenkosikazi yakhe
Jolobe ubhala esi sinikezelo kwinkosikazi yakhe uthi ldquoNguJames J R Jolobe KuJeanne
Buthelwardquo Ngesi senzo umbhali uJolobe ungqina intetho yobulumko yesiNtu ethi ldquoumntu
ngumntu ngabanturdquo Oku kukuthi umntu akafikeleli kwizinga eliphezulu ngenxa yemigudu
yakhe yedwa qha nabanye abantu baba negalelo empumelelweni yakhe Uye afumane inkuthazo
nakwabanye abantu ingakumbi abo baphile kufutshane kuye ngexesha lokuphila kwakhe oku
ukukhankanye kuMavo (1940) Umzekelo woku bubungqina owabuthethayo uRhanisi kwitheko
lomsitho wokuwongwa kwakhe ngeembasa namabhaso ngempumelelo yakhe kubhalo loncwadi
lwesiXhosa Waxelela inginginya ukuba impumelelo yakhe ibe ikhwezelwa yinkuthazo
nenkxaso athe wayifumana kwinkosikazi yekhe uNobandla obethi amseke amlungiselele
amkhusele ekubeni angabi nakuphazanyiswa nto xa athi azivalele esitadi ezamana namathuba
okugqiba ukubhala iincwadi zakhe
Wade wongeza ebungqineni bakhe wathi inkosikazi yakhe ibonise ukuyiqonda imeko
kwanoxanduva abenalo ekuphuhliseni isizwe ukuba sibe noncwadi ukuze sibe sisizwe
esifundileyo nesiphumelelayo Inkosikazi kaJolobe ngoncedo lwayo kumyeni wayo ukuba
abhale ldquoiidazini zoncwadirdquo (Kerr 1958) yathi kanti nayo inceda isizwe siphela UJolobe
uyakungqina oku Uthi ngaphandle koncedo lwenkosikazi yakhe ngewayengazange abe nawo
amandla okuvelisa umsebenzi athe wawuvelisa ewuvelisela isizwe esiNtsundu ukuze
ubelikhuselo lwenkcubeko kwanovimba wayo kwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana zaso Ngoko ke
isizwe singatsho ngazwinye sibulele sithi kuNobandla ldquo Nangomso ephandela enye yenetholerdquo
66
286 UJolobe nebahlobo bakhe abakhulu
Aba balandelayo uBhishop Mater uJulius Mtyobo uMfundisi uGB Molefe A Nzimande
neqhawe uMqhayi ibe ngabahlobo bakaJolobe abakhulu abathe bamxhasa bemkhuthaza
ukuntingela phezulu kumanqwanqwa akhe obhalo luncwadi Kanti nombhali uMama owaye
eyintatheli ngexesha likaJolobe wathi waba ngumhlobo emzini kaJolobe ukusukela mhla wathi
wathabatha iifoto zikaJolobe nenkosikazi yakhe ngomhla ababetshata ngawo behamba
kwizitalato zaseMain Street kwidolophu yaseBhayi
UJolobe akabanga ngumhlobo olibalayo othi akuwaqabela amabakala eleli afikelelisa umntu
empumelweni alibale ngabantu abebeyibambile ileli ezantsi bemgadile bemxhasile ukuba
angawi abetheke kabuhlungu ezantsi phaya-a Yena uthe wayikhumbula wayikhankanya ititshala
yakhe eyathi yamnceda ukuba yaziwe kwaye ingaze ilityalwe elizweni ngegalelo layo
ekuphakanyiseweni kolwimi lwesiXhosa eyamnceda ngandlela zonke imxhasa nangeemali
aweyengenazo yena uRhanisi zokuba ipapashwe Uthe akuphumelela nasemagqabini
wamkhumbula utitshala wakhe uVenerable Archdeacon JK Mather owathi rhoqo wamkhuthaza
ukuba enze ilinge lokubhala incwadi Kwincwadi yakhe u-UMyezo (1936 1974viii) eyaba
yenye yeencwadi zakhe ezathi zabalasela umkhumbule wabhala wathi ldquoKumhlobo
owandiphembelela ukuba ndenze amalinge am okuqala ukubhala onguVenerable Archdeacon
JK Matherrdquo
USEK Mqhayi umkhokeli wakhe naye umkhumbule akusithela anduluke kweli hlabathi uthe
wabhala umbongo ngaye embulela ngokuba wabangumncedi wakhe xa wayedinga umntu
wokubonisa indlela eyiyo yokubhala uncwadi lwakhe ngolwimi olwamkelekileyo lwesiXhosa
(Jolobe 1974 121)
29 Utatomkhulu kaRhanisi eNgqushwa uyise usinga eMatatiele
NgokukaSirayi uyise kaRanisi uJames Jolobe uzalwa nguHans Jolobe iHlubi Inkosikazi yakhe
nguLydia igama Bona ke aba bantu bakhulu babehlala kummandla waseNgqushwa (19858)
Kuyabonakala ukuba wabaphakathi kwalaa qela lamaHlubi emka Phesheya kweNciba lafudukela
eNgqushwa layakuzimela kumhlaba omtsha ngoko kuchazwa nguSoga (1937) Uyise kaRhanisi
wafumana umyalelo kwinkonzo yakhe ukuba athabathe isihlalo sobufundisi eMatatiyele
ngo1912 (Sirayi 19859) Bafikela kwindawo yaseSpringfield ngokukwenkcazo kaMahlasela
(1973) Le mfuduko kayise yayichaphezele imeko yokukhula kukaRhanisi Umzekelo
ummandla waseCala naseNdwe apho uRhanisi wakhulela khona kwakuthethwa ngamandla
ulwimi lwesiXhosa esingcono Kummandla omtsha eMatatiyele uninzi lwabantu lwaluthetha
isiHlubi kwanesiSuthu (Mahlasela19732) Ngokuqinisekileyo imeko enje yenza izinga
67
likaRhanisi lokuthetha kwakhe kwanokucinga ngesiXhosa alibilihle nangona kwabonakala
ukuba yena emoyeni wakhe uyaluthanda ulwimi lwesiXhosa Umgangatho wakhe wokubhala
isiXhosa wehla kakhulu kangangokuba incwadi yakhe yokuqala UZagula yafumana iingxaki
ekupapashweni ngenxa yokuxuba kwakhe isiXhosa nesiHlubi kakhulu
Le mpumelelo yazalwa luncedo lukaMqhayi owamfundisa isiXhosa esihamba ngemigaqo
yobhalo lwaso eyamkelekileyo Kaloku isiHlubi esi lulwimi uJolobe owakhula luthethwa
nguyise kowabo nokuba ebesixuba nesiXhosa
291 Utata kaRhanisi nendlela yakhe yokuziphilisa
USirayi (19858-9) yena unika le mbali ilandelayo ngokunxulumene noyise kaRhanisi ogama
linguJames Jolobe Uchaze ukhankanye ukuba wafunda wabangutitshala owathi wafunda
kwisikolo iBlysthswood Emva koko wabayinqununu kwisikolo seseTsomo Umama wakhe u-
Emily Nobethu wayeyintombi yakwaMakhohliso eCala (Mahlasela 19733) URhanisi
ebethanda ukumbiza umama wakhe ngokuba nguMamThembu (Jolobe 1936) Bobabini abazali
bakhe bebengamaKristu USirayi uqhuba athi uyise kaRhanisi waba ngumfundisi wokuqala
webandla iDutch Reformed Church ngomnyaka ka1900 Wathi kamva waqephuka kweli bandla
ngenxa yekungangqinelani nezinye iinkqubo nezimvo zabongameleyo waza ke wakujoyina
ibandla lamaRhabe waba ngumfundisi kulo ngomnyaka ka1906 kwisithili seseXhalanga apho
uRhanisi wathi wazalelwa khona UVuyo intombi kaRhanisi Jolobe uyayiphikisa ingxelo
kaSirayi ukuba uyisemkhulu wayengumfundisi waseRhabe Ubalisa ukuba uyisemkhulu waye
engumfundisi waseWesile kwaye ingxelo yakhe inobunyani kuba uRhanisi utata wakhe
kumbongo ongembali nobomi bukamama wakhe usazisa ukuba umama wakhe waye eyinkokheli
yamanina ecaweni yakhe apho ababenxiba ibhatyi ezibomvu nefaskoti ezimhlophe kwaye le
yiyiyunifomu yamanina enkonzo yaseWesile
UVuyo uthi utatomkhulu wakhe wayeyindoda enobulumko bokungaxhomekeki kumrhumo
webandla ekondleni usapho lwakhe nasekufundiseni abantwana bakhe Kuyazeka ukuba
imirhumo yabefundisi ngaloo maxesha yayiphantsi Oku kuxhaswa libali likaSinxo kuGerard
(197168) elithi umfundisi waseMthuqwasi uThamsanqa igama owayengahlawulwa kakuhle
libandla awayesebenza kulo waphela ehlupheka kakhulu Kanti ngaphambili waye engutitshala
nosomashishini owathi wanempumelelo enkulu engaswele nto Kodwa wathi ngenxa yephupha
elathi lamkhumbuza umnqweno kayise wokuba abengumfudisi ukuhamba kwexesha wathi
walandela ubizo lwakhe
68
NgokukaSirayi ngoko ke uyise kaJolobe wayilwa into yokuba abesisisebenzi seNkosi
ahlupheke nabantwana bakhe bahlupheke Waza wayisebenzisa ingqondo yakhe ngenkuthalo
waqhuba wangenelela kwiinkqubo zolimo nokufuya waza wanefama yakhe walima wafuya
kwingingqi yaseCedarville (19859) Wafuya impahla emfutshane iigusha zohlobo neenkomo
neenkuku namahashe njalo njalo Le ngxelo isikhumbuza uJolobe encoma umhlambi weenkomo
zakowabo kwi-Indyebo yesihobe (1970) owawuhonjiswe ngeentlobo ngeentlobo zeenkomo
ezenyama ezobisi nezokwenziwa kwemisebenzi kwanezihonjiswe ngemibala emihle kanti
ezinye zimise neempondo Uyise wathi akayeka ukuxelenga njengotitshala wayinqununu
kwisikolo sasemishini eTsomo
292 Inzala kayise kaRhanisi
Umama kaRhanisi uMamThembu wathi wazala abantwana abasixhenxe bathi baba ziititshala
bosixhenxe kodwa yena uJolobe nomkhuliwa wakhe uLennox bathi bona balandela ngqo
ekhondweni likayise baziititshala baphinda babangabefundisi beLizwi (Sirayi 19859)
Kwakhona kuvakala ukuba uyise kaRanisi Jolobe wathi watshata kwakhona kamva akunduluka
unina kaRhanisi Lwaza lwanda usapho lwakhe ngabantwana abathathu (Vuyorsquos Journal 2013)
Ngoko ke kuyabonakala nakubani na ukuba inkuthalo kayise kaRhanisi yokubamba imisebenzi
emininzi ngaxeshanye yathi yaluncedo ngamandla ekukhuliseni usapho lwakhe olukhulu noluthe
lwanda kamva
293 Izinto ezibuhlungu ezehlela uRhanisi Jolobe
URhanisi wathi walahlekelwa ngumkhuluwa wakhe owaye ikuphela kwakhe omkhulu kunaye
ngokonganyelwa ngumsinga kumlambo iTswirika owawuzele uphuphuma (Jolobe 193688)
Mahlasela 1973) Wayeleqa ukufeza idinga awayenalo lokuya kushumayela ngaphaya
komlambo USirayi uthi igama lalo mlambo nguMzimvubu (19859) abe yena umphandi
efumanise ukuba lo mlambo yiTswirika ngokuchazwa nguJolobe kumbongo awubhale
ngokunduluka kukanina kulo mhlaba Umbhali ngoko uluvo lwakhe lulolubalulekileyo Kwaye
ngaphezulu koko kubalulekile ukuva ukuba yena uthini na ngobomi bakhe obuchazwa nguye
ngenene obusuka ekubuphileni kwakhe kwaye esi sifundo siquka ukwazi ngobomi bakhe
kwanonxulumelwano lwalo kuncwadi lwakhe
294 Ukuhlomla kukaGqirha W Vilakazi ngoRhanisi Jolobe
Umbhali uVilakazi uthe waqwalaselisisa isimbo sokubhala kwanezimvo zikaRhanisi Jolobe
Ubhale wathi
69
Lo mbhali isimbo sakhe sokubhala sidiza isimo sakhe sokukhula ngeemfundiso
zobuKristu oku kudizwa zizimvo zakhe nemibono yakhe yokubona ubungcwele kwindalo
kwanokuba isandla sikaThixo siyabonakala nakwizinto ezisingqongileyo (Gerard
197176)
Okuthethwa ngulo mbhali apha ngentla kuyinene Indlela yokucinga ngokwenkolo yobukristu
uJolobe uyifumene kwindlela akhuliswe ngayo nayincance amabeleni kanina Umama wakhe
uye wayiphila impilo yobuKristu ngeehambo nangezenzo ngokuthi abeluncedo ekuhlaleni Kanti
noyise kaJolobe waye engumfundisi wecawe Wafuduka esuka eNdwe apho wayezalelwa khona
waya kuhlala eSpringfield mission eMatatiele ngenxa yokutshintshelwa yinkonzo yakhe Kwaye
ebe efundisa kumabandla akhe obufundisi Inkolo yobuKristu ibe nguMatwa noTotse kubomi
bakhe oko kukuthi ibe zizinto ezimbini ekunzima ukuba zihlukaniswe Kube njalo nakubomi
bakhe uRhanisi Inkolo yobuKristu ayikwazanga ukuba ingahlukaniswa noncwadi lwakhe
alubhalileyo kuba iinkolo neemfundiso zobuKristu zibe bubomi bakhe kwanembali yobomi
bakhe
295 Isimo sikaJolobe sidizwa ziincwadi zakhe
Uncwadi lukaJolobe lubonakala lulunye nobomi bakhe Luvelisa ngamandla ukuba uRhanisi lo
ungubani na Lutyhila iingcinga zakhe ezisekelwe phezu kweemfundiso zokwenza okulungileyo
Olu luvo lungqiniwe nguVilakazi apha ngentla uncwadi lwakhe luqamangelene nobomi bakhe
kwanendlela akhuliswe ngayo Lukwadandalazisa nezinto ezimvuyisayo nezimcaphukisayo
zemisebenzi yobumnyama eziquka nenkohlakalo yabantu kwabanye abantu Umzekelo
imisebenzi kaGqirha Verwoerd yokucinezela abantu abaNtsundu kuba bebaNtsundu ngebala
yayimcaphukisa imhlungisa (Gerard 197189) Uncwadi lwakhe ludiza imibono yakhe
ngenkqubelaphambili yesizwe sakhe esiNtsundu nemveliso yegalelo lakhe elizindidi ngeendidi
Igalelo lakhe kuncwadi luhambelana nezinto athe wazenza ekuhlaleni enceda abantu eBhayi
enceda abantu abangenakutya bafumane uncedo lokutya (Vuyorsquos journal 2013) Uzenze ezi zinto
zintle kangaka eqhutywa naziinkumbulo zikamama wakhe owayenentliziyo yovelwano
yokunceda abantu abahluphekileyo ekuhlaleni ngexesha lakhe (Jolobe 193681)
Kanti nenkolo yakhe yobuKristu kaJolobe ibabazwe nguKwetana (20008) Uthi uJolobe
wathetha kwintlangano eyayivuyisana naye ngokunyuselwa kwakhe ukuba abeyi ldquomoderatorrdquo
isihlalo esikhulu awathi wasinikwa yiCawe yakhe iRhabe Uchaza ukuba kwintetho yakhe
waphakamisa ukuba kunceda ntonina ukuba athi umntu enokutya nempahla yokunxiba
angabelani nommelwene wakhe ambona ehlupheka ebomini kuchazwa ukuba wayenza loo
ntetho kukho nabaphathi abaMhlophe esalatha ingcinezelo yomntu omnyama ekwakhomba
70
ephakamisa inkululeko yakhe ukuba ifike Kwaye le yayiyinkqubo awakhula iphilwa ngunina
ekhayeni lakhe kuba wathi waluncedo kwabahluphekileyo abaphe isonka abalambileyo
(193679-93) Naye uJolobe uthe wamlinganisi unina wazama ngamandla ukuyiphila impilo
yobuKristu ngezenzo hayi ngomlomo nje kuphela
296 Impilo yakuloJolobe neenkqubo zikayise ekhayeni
URhanisi uthe wayiveza indlela yenkqubo yekhaya akhulele kulo yemihla ngemihla obomi balo
obusekelwe ebuKristwini Enye yezi nkqubo ebixatyisiwe nguyise ekwakumelwe yenziwe
likhaya lonke ibingumthandazo wangokuhlwa (193635) Kuyacaca ukuba uJolobe wayigqala le
nkqubo ibisenziwa nguYise ukususela kwasebuncinaneni bakheYahlala ihleli kuRhanisi
ingumfanekiso owazobeka engqondweni yakhe idibene nezinye iinkqubo ezazisenziwa nguyise
kwanenxaxheba yosapho ekufezweni kwazo Oku kungqinwa yinkcazo kaRhanisi yokuba
usapho lwakowabo lonke lwaluye luthi nqwadalala phantsi ngenzolo enkulu aze uyise
alukhokele ekudumiseni uSomandla alandelise ngokubulela ukugcinwa kwalo nguYe Le
ndibano yayiquka oonyana noomolokazana Ukhankanya nokuba bekuthi kwakugqitywa
ukuthandazwa abantwanana abancinane benze umthandazo weNkosi Uchaza ukuba bekuthi
kwakugqitywa kuthiwe saa ukuya kwiindawo ngeendawo zokulala Oku kubonisa ukuba umzi
kayise wawumkhulu kakhulu Le nkqubo ekwangomnye yemithetho yekhaya naye wayilandela
ekhumbula isiko akhuliswa ngalo nguyise (Vuyorsquos Journal 2013)
297 UMamThembu nefuthe lesimo sakhe kuRhanisi
Umama kaJolobe ube engumXhosakazi ozalwa ngabaThembu Uye wanamasu asixhenxe Yena
uRhanisi ube ngowesibini URhanisi umchaza umama wakhe njengenzwakazi eyayintle kakhulu
neyadalwa yahonjiswa ngamehlo amahle Waye engumntu onothando nobubele enobuso
obukhululekileyo URhanisi ude wabhala wathi ngonina ldquoNdalubona nalrsquouthando kuloo mehlo
akho mahlerdquo (1936 79) UJolobe uchazile kwaku-Umyezo (1936) ukuba wafunda kunina
inkuthalo novelwano kubantu abacinezelekileyo nabahlwempuzekeleyo kwanokuhlonela iNkosi
kwanokuba nembeko Wamfuza unina wagqithisa wangophumelelayo ngemfundiso zakhe
URhanisi Jolobe uchaza umama wakhe njengomntu obeyintsika yobomi kubo ekhayeni
UMamThembu ebesoloko ekho yena ekhaya ekhuthele elenza ikhaya libe shushu Uthi babe
namaxesha okulangazelele ukugoduka bemke okwethutyana kwezo ndawo babethi babe kuzo
Unobangeka woku kukuba babeqonda kakuhle baza kufikela kwizandla zobubele nothando
Ukungqina olu luvo lungentla apha uJolobe wabhala umbongo ekhumbule ikhaya lakhe Kulo
mbongo Ikhaya ubonisa uvuyo nochulumanco ngekhaya lakhe apho wayefika kukho umama
71
wakhe nosapho lwakowabo Lo mbongo uchukumisa iimvakalelo zovuyo kowufundayo
osuleleke ngovuyo ayibone into ethethwa nguJolobe xa esithi
Limnandirsquo ivumba lentyantyambo
Kodwa luyolo lobuqholo
Le ndawrsquoizukileyo
Ikhaya
Yincindrsquoemnandi emhlabeni
Kodwa yincasa yobuhlobo
Amazwrsquoezizalwane
Ekhaya
Empumelelweni emhlabeni
Hayi ukuba nabegazi
Bavuye kunye nawe
Ekhaya
Kwidabi lobu bomi kwiinkqwithela
Ndingakholosa ngabani na
Ngaphezu kokwayama
Ngekhaya
Ikhaya lihlathi umqolomba
Hayi ikhaya emhlabeni
Yindawo eluyolo Ikhaya
Lo mbongo kaJolobe awathi umbhali uMama owayeqeqeshwe nguJolobe ukubhala imibongo
wawuthanda waza wawufaka kwincwadi yemibongo yakhe Indyebo kaXhosa (Mama 195110)
Lo mbongo uyingoma emnandi ukwanempinda eyolisayo Kucace mpela ukuba wawuqamba
evuyile ekhumbula ekhaya apho kukho abaziyo nabathandayo abanjengomama wakhe athe
nguMamThembu (193678-87)
UJolobe ubalisa nokuba umama wakhe wayengumama onomahluko Waye engumama kubo
aphinde abekwanguye nomhlobo kubo Uchaza ukuba ebe engumama kubo xa beneengxaki
kwizinto zobomi abahlangana nazo ngamanye amaxesha Bekuba lula ukuthetha ngazo ezi
ngxaki kunina ngokukhululekileyo Unina ebengamjongeli phantsi umntwana oze neengxaki
zakhe kuye Wayezimamela ngomonde akugqiba anike namacebo ukuzisombulula ezo ngxaki
Kungoko abhale wathildquoNguwe umthombo wamacebordquo (193678-82) Oku kuthethe ukuba
wayenezisombululo zeengxaki zabo zonke
URhanisi uthi unina wayengabashiyi ngasemva abantwana bakhe xa kufuneka ehambile
Wayehamba nabo Le nkcazo kaJolobe ngonina izoba ngokuphandle umfanekiso wesikhukukazi
uqobo Sona sisoloko sihamba namantshontsho aso siwatyise siwakhusele nakukhetshe UVuyo
72
naye uthi naye uyise nokuba ubefuduselwa phi na yinkonzo okanye esiya kusebenza ndaweni
entsha ebengabashiyi ngasemva ahambe ebagcinisa ebehamba nabo (Vuyorsquos Journal 2013)
Ngale ndlela uye wafunda izinto ezibalulekileyo ekukhulisweni nasekukhuselweni kwabantwana
ukuze basinde nakwiingcuka eziqwengayo Oko kukuthi izinto eziyingozi ezibangela abantwana
bangabi nampumelelo ngenxa yezimo ezigoso ngamanye amaxesha Isimo sobubele
nesobukhukukazi bukanina sathi sadala ubuhamte emoyeni wakhe akunduluka kuba ubhale
wamxelela unina ngobuhlungu bentliziyo yakhe elihlwili Oku ukuchaza ngala mazwi akhe athi
ldquokukho umoya wobulolo emazantsi ebume bam endingenakuwuchazardquo (193678) URhanisi
akalibalanga ukusityebisela ukuba umama wakhe nangona engumama obebathanda kangaka nje
kodwa ebengayihilizeli ingqeqesho yabo ngokubafekethisa Ebebabonisa indlela efanelekileyo
neyamkelekileyo ebomini babo nasekuhlaleni kangangokuba xa bathe benza into
engamkelekanga kwinkqubo yesimo esilindelwe ngunina kubo babengenwa luloyiko besoyika
neliso elubukhali lakhe kotyeshela ingqeqesho yakhe Babengafuni ukumdanisa unina wabo
ngezimo ezigwenxa Bonke babethi bakucinga ngomama wabo nokukhathazeka kwakhe bakona
zitsho iingcinga zabo zicinge kaninzi ukuphumbuka endleleni kuba bengathandi ukumdanisa
Ngenxa yoku njengabantwana babengathandi ukwenza okungekho mthethweni okuza
kumhlungisa unina wabo
Kwakhona uRhanisi uchaza ukuba umama wakhe wayeyi- ldquoNjengelerdquo eyinkokheli engumama
owayekwangumvangeli ovakalisa iindaba ezilungileyo ebantwini kangokuba abantu baninzi
bathi balufumana usindiso wade wabafundisa nangeendlela abangathi balulwe ngalo utshaba
olungendawo (193681)
Ekuhlaleni abantu abahluphekileyo wayebanakekela kwanabantu abangaphilanga Ude athi
ldquoImandlalo yencwina yayilixilongo elimbizela enkonzwenirdquo (Jolobe 193681) Uqhuba athi yaba
mininzi ldquoimilomo elambileyordquounina umaMamThembu awathi wayifunza (Jolobe 1936 81)
Oku kungasentla kubonisa ukuba umama wakhe wayengakhathalelanga usapho lwakhwe lodwa
kuphele ukuba luphile ngcono wayengumama onobuntu oyixabisileyo nempumelelo
kwanokuphakama kwabantu basekuhlaleni apho naye aphila khona (Jolobe 193681-82)
Kwakhona umama wakhe wayenobuntu engakhethi bani ngebala nangobuzwe nesini ebemnceda
umntu odinga usizo lwakhe nasekuhlaleni URhanisi uthi yayibanzi intliziyo kamama wakhe
ingenamkhethe (Jolobe 193681) Le mbali yobomi bukanina kwanesimo sakhe yimbali
kaRhanisi kubomi bakhe naye athe wabuphila entlalwani yakhe Imfuza yakhe yesimo sikanina
ifanele ukuchazwa ngala mazwi athi ebengumcephe ucandiwe Umzekelo uRhanisi uthe naye
wenza kanye ngendlela awakhula ebona umama wakhe esenza ngayo wade wayiyo
73
ngokugqithisileyo kwisimo sakhe ngokokude abeke nobomi bakhe emngciphekisweni ezama
ukukhusela ubomi babazabalazi benkululeko ngexesha abe ephila kulo Babethi apho
bafunyenwe khona ngamapolisa ngaloo maxesha batshutshiswe ngokungenanceba bambi bade
bafele eziseleni kanye njengokwenzeka kwiqhawe elikhulu lesizwe nelomzabalazo uBantu Biko
elaphatheka kabuhlungu lade landuluka laya kooyise (Mangcu 2012 263) Into yokucalucalula
abantu ngebala kwanomgangatho wabo yayiyinto unina awaye engahambisani tu
kwaphelanoRhanisi Jolobe wayenjalo Kuye abantu bafanelwe kukuphathwa ngesidima esinye
kwanokuxabiseka kuba bangabantu Kwakhona uJolobe uchaza nokuba unina wadala iinkonzo
zokuxhobisa abanye abafazana ngeendlela zokukhulisa iintsana zabo kakuhle emakhayeni
ngempumelelo wabafundisa kwaneendlela ezakhayo kwinkqubelaphambili yamakhaya abo
(Jolobe 193682)
298 Uthando olulodwa lukamama kaRhanisi
UMamThembu wamkhulisa unyana wakhe uRhanisi ngendlela eyathi yamnika uthando
olusisiqinisekiso sokuba uyathandwa ngunina Olu thando lwamenza unina waba kwangumhlobo
nomkhokeli wakhe ombonisa indlela elunguleyo kumahlandi-nyuka obomi Zonke ezi zinto
zamnika isiseko esingaqungqiyo esathi sambumba samakha wabanokuzithemba waluncedo
esizweni nangenxa yesimo sovelwano nokungaphakami athe wakufunda kumama wakhe
Kwakhona ingqeqesho kamama wakhe yamenza wanembeko wathi kwakuyo waluzuza uthando
lukamama wakhe ngokungenamlinganiselo Kwaze oku kwamenza azame ukwenza izinto
zenkqubelaphambili ezingamvuyisayo unina Oku kubonisa amandla okwakhiwa konyana
onesimo esihle esibunjwe ngunina ngexesha umntwana esakhula Oku kubonisa nokuba
umntwana uyayithanda into yokuba kuthiwe hayi kuye anconywe kanjalo akwenza okuhle
ukuze akhuthazeke angaphezi ukwenza okungaphezulu okuhle
Ukuvinjwa konyana ngunina uthando kunemiphumela engemihle engafaniyo neboniswe bubomi
bukaRhanisi Jolobe Le ngcamango siyixhasa ngezinto ezihle ebomini bukaFrancis Bacon
Uphile ubomi bobugxwayiba obulusizi kakhulu ukusukela ekuzalweni kwakhe ukuya
ekundulukeni kwakhe ngo1992 Le meko ichazwa nguKerr (2012) owenza uphando ngobomi
balo mzobi owathi wazibalula kumisebenzi yobugcisa ngokuzoba imizobo enomahluko
neyakhwankqisa abantu kwikhanvasi ikakhulu UKerr ubalula ngamandla ukuba ukuvinjwa
kukaBacon uthando ngunina kuko okwamenzakalisa ngamandla kuba umntwana uyaludinga
uthando lukanina ingakumbi kumaxesha okukhula kwakhe nokuba uyinkwenkwe nokuba
uyintombazana Kwaye loo nto yindalo ethi iboniswe nazizilwanyana zasekhaya kwaneentaka
ezifana nezikhukukazi ezinika uthando nokhuselo kumantshontsho azo ekukhuleni kwawo
74
UFrancis Bacon wathi wakuvinjwa uthando nokhuseleko kwananguyise lo wembala ubomi
bakhe babumbeka ngendlela eyathi yabothusa abazali bakhe Ingqondo yakhe yasivala isikroba
sokutyhilizelwa kude nguyise nonina ngokuthi athande ukuphila intlalo yobumama eyindoda
(homosexual) Babuya abazali bakhe baba neentloni ngonyana wabo Kwacaca ukuba
unobangelo wesimo sakhe kuba abengafumani luthando nakubukwa nakunconywa
nakukhuselwa ngabazali bakhe engamanyelwa naxa ethetha nabo
Uyise kaFrancis wayesoloko engqwabalala ethetha rhabaxa nonyana wakhe kuba engakhange
aphumeze iminqweno kayise ngenxa yesigulo sesifuba esaba ngumngumqobo ekubeni ajongane
neshishini likayise lamahashe kuba wayeguliswa nakukusondela kuwo oku (Kerr 2012125)
Umama kaFrancis Bacon waba ngumama owabonisa ukungabi namdla kunyana wakhe
Wayenomdla kwizinto eziqondene nolonwabo lwakhe yedwa akenza nethuba lokuchitha ixesha
lakhe nonyana wakhe awabe emthanda kakhulu unina owaye emhle Uthe naxa wayethanda
ukwenza imizobo yamanenekazi amahle athwala iminqwazi ebizwa ngokuba zii ldquohatsrdquo ezintle
nanxiba kakuhle njengonina aze abonise unina wayengabonakalisi mdla nakuwuncoma
umsebenzi wonyana wakhe ukumkhuthaza Impelesi yakhe yathi yayiyo efana nomama kuye
ngenxa yothando nobuntu bayo imazelela njengomntwana (Kerr 2012 88)
UFrancis Bacon uthe akungalufumani uthando lwakhe kuyise nakumama wakhe wadideka
kabubi kakhulu engqondweni nasemphefumlweni nasekubumbekeni kwesimo Waphela ethanda
ukulinganisa iimpahla zikanina nezangaphantsi Kulapho wathi wabhaqwa nguyise ngamini
ithile elinganisa ezo mpahla Uyise wathi ngomothuko udano nomsindo wamgxotha ebhebhetha
wamgxothela ngaphandle kwamasango omzi wakhe Wahamba ehlala esithubeni ehamba erenta
kwimizi eqashisa ngendawo yokuhlala Wamana encedwa yimali awayeyifumana kunina
owayekhule kungalanjwa kowabo Waphela eziqhubekela ngokunokwakhe ezibandakanya
nabantu ababezincutshe ekuzobeni ukuphuhlisa isipho sakhe sobugcisa ekuzobeni
UJolobe yena waba nethamsanqa lokukhulela kwikhaya elishushu Umama wakhe wamxhasa
ngandlela zonke zobomi bokuphila emqhubela empumelelweni kwanekamva elihle waza
kanjalo akabi nantloni wamnika nokutya komphefumlo okuliLizwi eliphilisayo leNkosi
Kwakhona uphindile wamfundisa ingqeqesho ethe yahambelana nothando neendlela ezilungileyo
ezibangele uJolobe abhale athi apha ngentlaldquoSasiloyika iliso lakherdquo ekwenzeni
okungafanelekanga Ngale ntetho uRhanisi ungqina intetho ethandwa ngamaXhasa ethi
ldquoIngqeqesho iqala ekhayardquo
75
UBenjamin Carson (1992) othe wangugqirha wonyango ezibhedlela uthe waziwa wahlonelwa
nali lizwe lonke ngobukrelekrele bengqondo ngembeko anayo negalelelo ekuxatyisweni
nsekuphakanyisweni kwezidima zabantu xa bebonke Kwincwadi yakhe uthi ldquoThink Bigrdquo
Ubalisa ngendlela abakhuliswa ngayo nzima ngunina oonyana ababini umninawe nomkhuluwa
Unina wabo walahlwa ngumyeni wakhe owaye engumfundisi Wafumanisa kamva ukuba
unomnye umfazi ebengamazi anabantwana kuye kwaye ungumgulukudu othengisa iziyobisi
izinto ezingekho mthethweni
Umama wabo wayesilwa nabo bakufumna amanqaku aphantsi esikolweni Wayebaxelela ukuba
abadalelwanga okufumana izinto ezisezantsi ebomini Wabakhuthaza ukufunda ukuzimisela
bayilwe intlupheko ngokuzimesela ezifundweni nasekufundeni iincwadi Umzekelo wathi
mababukele iinkqubo zeTV ezimbalwa Bagxile ekwenzeni umsebenzi wesikolo wasekhaya
awukhangela ukuba wenziwe Waza wabamela ukuba baqhelane neziko leencwadi elikufuphi
kubo Benze ubuhlobo nabaphathi balo bafunde iincwadi zibe mbini ngeveki Bazigqibe kwaye
bakugqiba babhale phantsi ngezinto abazifundileyo kwezo ncwadi kuba wayeye awuphonononge
umsebenzi wabo Waza wabayala kanjalo ukuba bohlukane neetshomi ezingenamdla
ezifundweni nezisihamba kakubi isikolo nezingawenziyo umsebenzi wazo UCarson uthi bathe
bebesekugqibeleni emanqakwini ezifundweni bengaxatyiswanga nokuxatyiswa esikolweni
bazibona bekwindawo ephezulu yokuxatyiswa ziititshala ngenxa yokugqwesa kwabo
ezifundweni UCarson uthi babengayithandi into yokuphoswa kwabo ziinkqubo ezininzi
kumabonakude kwanokufunda iincwadi kumaziko eencwadi kodwa kamva batsho baqonda
ukuba iincwadi abathi bazifunde zabongezelela ulwazi oluthe lwaluncedo kwizifundo zabo
ngokubanzi Esikolweni batsho baphela befunde iinqwaba yeencwadi ezibe ngabahlobo benene
ekubaphakamiseni ukusuka kumanqwanqwa asezantsi Basuka baluncedo nasezikolweni abathe
benyukela kuzo kuba bathi baxhobisa abanye abantu ngolwazi ngenxa yefuthe likamama wabo
owathi wala ukuba oonyana bakhe bangahambeli ndawo ebomini kwanokuba babenekamva
elimfiliba Umama kaCarson ufana nqwa nomama kaRhanisi uye othe wamfundisa unyana
wakhe kunye nabantakwabo ukuba bakwazi ukuyuhlula ldquo igolide elithulinirdquo (193679) baphela
bengabafundileyo Ngamanye amagama uJolobe ubonisa ukuba uyazidla ngonina ngokuba waye
engumama owaye esisilumko esinjalo kungoko wada wambhalela umbongo wombulelo
nesikhumbuzo ukuze angaze alityalwe
76
299 Umbulelo kaJolobe kumama wakhe uMamthembu
Umama kaRhanisi Jolobe wanduluka ngomhla we-7 kweyeDwara 1931 UJolobe ubhale
umbongo ngaye ongumfanekiso wengoma nengoma yothando ngomama wakhe Umchaza
umama wakhe ngendlela ebonisa ukumthanda nokumhlonela kangangokuba ude umbongo
awuhombise ngekhorasi okanye impinda kwisitanza ngasinye ethi ldquoMama wam MThembukazi
omhlerdquo
Ukusukela kwisitanza sesibini uwuzobe lomfanekiso ngamazwi akhe ethetha naye ngokungathi
uyambona ekufutshane naye kwaye emva into ayithethayo kuye Le ngcinga kaJolobe ibonisa
ukuba uJolobe ebekholelwa kuvuko lwabafileyo nakuba yona imizimba yona ingekho kodwa
bona bakho bayaphila Ubunyaniso bale nkolo bobokuba iNkosi yakhe ayikhonzayo enguYesu
Kristu yathi yafa yangcwatywa kodwa yavuka inomzimba omtsha onamandla okungena
iingcango zivaliwe Lo mzekelo ube sisiqiniseko kuRhanisi Jolobe sokuba nonina uyamva kwaye
nelizwi lesiBhalo lithi abafe bekuKristu abafi baphila ngonaphakade Le nyaniso ingqinwe
nangoyiNkosi ayikhonzileyo ngexesha lokuphila kwakhe eyathi kwibali lokuvuswa kukaLazoro
ekufeni yathi koodade bakhe ababe dandathekile kukubhubha komnakwabo Yathi yona uLazaro
kafanga Kungoko uJolobe athe wabhala ethetha nonina wathi kuye
Kwamhla mnene ndisafike
Sisandula ukubona
Ukukhanya namathunzi
Wasazisa ukwahlula
Inkwenkwezi eluthuluni
Ndalubona nalrsquouthando
kuloo mehlo akho mahle
ndazi ndingaxelelwanga
ukuba wena ungumama
Intliziyo yafumana
ukuphumla kuwe Mthembukazi
77
Intsunguzi yobumnyama
Ukho wena ukukhanya
Wenrsquoungekho ikhaya laba
Nje ngentlango kuthi sonke
Sisebenza sakhuthazwa
Lolo vuyo ebusweni
Silahleka saloyika
Iso lakho lilusizi
Kwakungaziwa ukuxakwa
Nguwe umthombo wamacebo
Wawuthanda saneliswe
Sithebe sendlu yakho
Akungenxa yoko na ke
Wakhuthala ngolo hlobo
Kanti noko wadlulisa
Kuba akusivimbanga
Oko kutya okukumbi
Kuba ubusazi ldquoUmntu
Akaphili sonka sodwardquo
Sakukhula ke sakwazi
Sakwazi wena ngokupheleleyo
Mthwalindini womnqamlezohellip
Mama wam mThembukazi omhle
78
Imandlal enencwini
Yayilixilongo kuwe
Ikubizelrsquoenkonzweni
Yayibanzi intliziyo
Yakho ingakhethe didi
Baliqela abazuza
Loo Ndlela yeNyaniso
Wawuhamba ngayo wena
Ngezwi elingathandabuzi
Wayalatha bayibona
Obo bomi bakho kubo
Baba yintsika ke yomlilo
Futhi-futhi imilomo
Elambileyo wayifunza
Mama wam mThembukazi omhle
wawuyinjengele yalo
Mkhosi mhle wamanina
Afaskoti zilikhephu
Azibhatyi ziligazi
Oyinambrsquoenkulu eyaala
Ukucombuluka kambe
Amagora oSombawo
79
eLundini lweKhwahlamba
ngaphesheya kweTyinira
Nantso loo ndimbane kambe
Ngomsimbithi isimelela
Abafazi abanentlahla
Yelo Xhwane likaThixo
Abakhethwa kulo mkhosi
Usekweli lingaphantsi
Amafela-ndaweninye
Ewe naloo Kuruseshwa
Aba ke wabafundisa
UkukhonzrsquoinKosi yabo
Kwa nokulwa nolo tshaba
Ngaphakathi nangaphandle
Kwanokuba ngumzekelo
Emakhaye esixekweni
Kwanokusulunga usapho
Nokusiza kwanesizwe
Inxalenye ikwandulele
Kwelo qela lamajoni
Awuwela ke loo mlambo
Mkhulu usemdeni phaya
Namhla niyakuhlangana
Na ekuphumeni ekhaya
80
Naloo nyana wagonwayo
Ngulaa msinga weTswirika
Mama wam mThembukazi omhle
Le migca ikrweliweyo ngaphantsi yalatha ngokuthe gca igalelo likanina kaRhanisi ekhayeni
lakheesizweni nasekuhlaleni Waba negalelo lokuphakamisa isizwe nobomi basekuhlaleni Oku
kungqinwa nguJolobe apha ngentla xa esithi umntwana uzalelwe ukuphakamisa isiqu sakhe
igama lakowabo ikhaya lakhe kwanesizwe sakhe Umfanekiso kamama wakhe uwuzobe
ngeengcamango zamaxesha awaziyo kunene ngomama wakhe Kungamaxesha unina ebephila
naye kunye nabantakwabo noodade bakhe
UJolobe uncedile ngokubhala asazise ngomama wakhe kuba bekungakuze kubekho umntu
onokusibalisela kakuhle ngomama wakhe ngendlela eyanelisayo njengale Ubalisa
ngokukhululeka okukhulu okubonisa ukungabi nazintloni ngokuthetha phandle ngomama wakhe
Ubonisa ukuzidla ngomama wakhe kwaye umbona ebe sisipho esikhulu kuye nakwikhaya lakhe
Kwaye ubonisa kule ngoma yakhe engumbongo embonga nangeemfundiso zakhe ezithe
zamakha wayindoda enkulu ebomini nezimnike isiseko esiqinileyo senkuthalo nokomelela
esimenze umntu ophumelelayo Yiyo loo nto ku-Amavo akhe eyinekezele incwadi yakhe
kumama noyise wakhe wambulela umama wakhe ngokumkhulisa ngokumgqeqesha
nangokumfundisa Umama kaRhanisi wenze umsebenzi omkhulu omhle wakhulisa waqeqesha
unyana wesizwe nothe kamva naye wakhula wayokozela ziziqhamo ezisatyiwa ngabantu kule
mihla ngenxa yemisebenzi yakhe abalulekileyo nequka kwanoncwadi lwakhe athe waluvelisa
Yiloo nto uNyembezi kwitheko likaRhanisi esidlangalaleni wamnomncoma umbhali uJolobe
wathi usisebenzele isizwe sakhe (Nyembezi 1958) Umbongo webali elingomama
uMamThembu ufana nale nto kuthiwa yibhayografi UJolobe ukrole lo mbongo ngobomi
bukamama wakhe ukuze ube lilitye lesikhumbuzo ukuze angaze alityalwe emhlabeni [ugxininiso
lwam]
UJolobe wenze kanye le nto yenziwa nguMqhayi (194343) owathi wabhala ngoCharlotte
Manyi-Maxeke Wabalisa ngobomi bakhe kwanemisebenzi yakhe yamandla ephakamisa isizwe
enceda abantu abahluphekayo kwanabagqitywa ziziyobisi esakha evuselela namakhaya
ngokwenza iinkonzo zokubuyisa amatshipha awaduka ezizweni ewabuyisela emakhayeni awo
Naye uMqhayi umyolelo wokuba wathi makwenziwe ilitye lesikhumbuzo angaze alityelwa lo
mama sisizwe Naye uJolobe ulandelo elokhwelo lukuba bakhunjulwe ooMama bama-Afrika
81
ukuquka umama wakhe ababekho kweli lizwe nemisebenzi yabo esathethayo isakha isizwe
sikaNtu nakule mihla sikuyo
Ekuphethweni kombongi wakhe uRhanisi Jolobe uthetha nomama wakhe esithi ndlela-ntle
emkhumbuza ukuba ngoku uzakuba nethamsanqa lokuhlangana nonyana wakhe omkhulu
uLennox owathi wonganyelwa ngumsinga esiya lishuyela kuqhuba inkonzo ngaphesheya
komlambo (Vuyorsquos journal 2013)
2910 Uncedo loo makhulu nokuxabiseka kwabo kuJolobe
UNeethling apha ngentla uthi umntu akazalelwanga abazali bakhe kuphela uzalelwa nabanye
abantu bendlu bekhaya azalelwe kulo kwanesizwe sakhe kuba naso sijongwe ukuphakanyiswa
nguye noJolobe uluxhasa ngamandla olu luvo (194034) UVuyo ukhe wabalisa ukuba ukufika
komzukulwana wakhe wafumana ubunzima bokuba akhule kakuhle ngenxa yempangelo Uyise
wakhe uJolobe wacela umakhulu kaVuyo ekhayeni ukuba amncede okwethutyane ekujongweni
komzukulwana wabo ogama linguMyezo unyana kaVuyo okwethutyana Ubalisa ukuba
umakhulu wakhe wamnceda uyise nonina kwakunye naye kakhulu kakhulu kuba wakhula
kakuhle umntwana Kule mihla loo mzukulwana kaJolobe nguye ngoku noluncedo ekhayeni labo
kwaye wafunda waligqwetha (Vuyorsquos Journal 2013) URhanisi unconywa ngababhali abaliqela
kwanoBennie ukuba ubhala ngemiba abanye ababhali abathe banqaba kakhulu ukubhala ngayo
Ubhale nangexabiso likamakhulu ekhayeni Oku kubonisa intliziyo ebanzi Rhanisi Jolobe
yokubaxabisa abantu abakhulu abaziziseko zokubakho kwamakhaya kuba inzala ekhoyo
Omnye umzekelo ongoRhanisi Jolobe ubonakele ekuxabiseni umama wenkosikazi yakhe
okwangumakhulu kuVuyo Kuchazwa ukuba wathi wala ukutshintshelwa kwindawo ekude
njengaseKapa ngabaphathi becawe yakhe Wabona ukuba umama wenkosikazi yakhe
angashiyeke engenamntu wokumjonga nokhuseleko lwakhe (Vuyorsquos Journal 2013)
UJolobe usityhilele ukuba iyenkulu indima edlalwa ngoomakhulu ekhayeni nakubababhali
nabazobi njengaye (Jolobe 193617) Umzekelo umakhulu kamakhulu kaFrancis Bacon
uElspeth uthe lo mzukulwana akungaxabiseki kubazali bakhe yena wana wadlale indima enkulu
wamphakamisa ebomini bakhe (Kerr 201288) Kuba yena uye wabonisa uthando
kumzukulwana wakhe akamtyhilizela kude njengabazali bakhe ngenxa yemeko yakhe nezigulo
zakhe kangangokuba uKerr ubalisa ukuba batsho bakheka ubomi bumzobi uFrancis Bacon
ngendlela efanelekileyo kubudlelwane bakhe nabanye abantu Waphinda umakhulu wakhe
wasinkcenkceshela isiphiwo sakhe sokuzoba kuba naye ngokwakhe wayebuthanda ubugcisa
bokuzoba i-art Wade waxhoma imifanekiso emikhulu yeendidi zemizobo yexabiso ezindongeni
82
zakhe ewuhombisa umzi wakhe kuba wawufumile kukho namashishini ezimbiwa (Kerr 2012)
Ngoko uJolobe wenza kakuhle ngokusikhumbuza kumbongo wakhe ngemfundiso yakhe
yexabiso loomakhulu kumakhaya kwanokuba sibaxabise njengokuba naye enza njalo
29 11 UJolobe nemfundo yakhe nomsenzi wobutitshala emaphandleni
Kwingxelo yakhe emalunga nemfundo kaJolobe uSirayi (198512) ubhale wathi UJolobe wathi
waqala amabanga akhe aphantsi eXhalanga waza waya kuqhubeka nawo eMatatiele apho uyise
wathi watshintshelwa khona wade wafikelela ku-ldquoStandard Vrdquo UJolobe noMahlasela banika
ubungqina bokuba uRhanisi Jolobe wathi wafunda amabanga aphantsi eNdwe apho wazalelwa
khona nalapho uyise wayebekwe wangumfundisi wakhona USirayi uqhuba athi Jolobe
wagqithela phambili ngo1916 wayo kwenza ibanga lesithandathu eKeiskama Hoek kuba
eMatatiele izikolo ezinemfundo ethe kratya zazimbalwa Ukusukela apho wenza izifundo
ezazibizwa ngokuba yi -Native Primary Lower (NPL) zokuqeqeshelwa ubutitshala eSt Mathews
College eMthwaku iminyaka emithathu waziphumelela wayititshala evunyiweyo (Sirayi
198512 Mahlasela 19732)
UMahlasela (19732-4) yena uthi uJolobe wayakuqala ukuphangela kwisikolo iMasakala
kwaseMatatiele waza emva koko wathunyelwa eMabhobho apho abantu balapho babesaphila
ngendlela yakudala kakhulu Waziva engathi ufike entlango kuba wayekude lee kubantu
bakowabo kwanendlela ayiqhelileyo nabephila ngayo Le meko yobulolo yamenza wacinga
ngecebiso letitshala yakhe yangaphambili eSt Mathews uMather owamkhuthaza ukuba akhe enze
ilinge lokubhala incwadi Wathi kwangoko waqalisa eli phulo lokubhala incwadi ngenxa
yesithuthezi awaye enaso Wazigcina enento ayenzayo anomdla kuyo Wagqithiselwa kwindawo
ekuthiwa yiLower Mvenyane kwindawo yeseMt Frere kumhlaba wamaBhaca apho abantu bale
ngingqi babethetha intetho ebusiXhosarha esixubene nesiBhaca sikufuphi nakwisiSwazi
Nalapha akuzange kube lula ukuqhagamishelana nabantu kakuhle ngenxa yentetho Kodwa
waqhubeka nobhalo lencwadi yakhe UZagula Yayinokuba nzima impilo nakule ndawo
yamaBhaca kuba umntu omtsha ofikayo uye akruqule abanye abantu xa emana ebuza rhoqo into
angayivanga kakuhle ngenxa yomqobo wolwimi ingakumbi akumana ebuza esithi ldquoPhinda
andivanga ubusithinirdquo Wade wayibhala wayigqiba incwadi yakhe Kodwa wafumana udano
kakhulu kwakubonakala ukuba incwadi yakhe ayikwazi ukuphumelele ukuba ipapashwe kuba
igcwele sisiHlubi nangona yena wayeqinisekile ukuba ubhale isiXhosa Le meko kuyabonakala
ukuba ibangwe kukuba wakhulela kwingingqi ethetha isiHlubi naye eliHlubi Ngoko ke intetho
esisiHlubi yaye imngqongile kuba kucacile ukuba nakowabo kwakuthethwa isiHlubi nangona
yena esithandile isiXhosa Kwakhona isiHlubi siyelelene esiXhoseni Oku kuboniswa nguPahl
83
(1967232) Ngethamsanqa uJolobe wafumana umkhokeli onguSEK Mqhayi othe wamkhupha
kule nyula kuba wabanosizi wamnceda wazilungisa iimpazamo ebezikho yade yaba
nokupapashwa inoveli yakhe
2912 UJolobe nombulelo wakhe ngoMqhayi
Akuziva iindaba zokuwa komthi omkhulu uSEK Krune Mqhayi uRhanisi Jolobe ubone
kusesikweni ukuba awudlulise umbulelo wakhe kowasakuba ngumkhokeli wakhe
kwanomkhuseli nomphakamisi wolwimi lwesiXhosa nobekwayimbongi yesizwe jikelele
(1974121) Wambonga akuziva izingqi zokunduluka kwakhe Wabhala kanye walinganisa
isimbo sikaMqhayi sokwazisa ngegalelo lomntu alenzileyo ekuhlaleni ngokuthi enze
intshayelelo phambi kokuqalisa umbongo wakhe xa abhala ngabantu abakhulu abenze
imisebenzi emikhulu esizweni njengakwenze kumibongo yamakhosikazi angama-Afrika
anjengooThembeka Soga nooMaya Khoboka (Mqhayi 19435468) Nalapha uqale wazisa
abantu ngendima enkulu yakhe ngendlela awathi wasindisa ulwimi lwesiXhosa nenkcubeko
ekutshabalaleni Ubhale wathi
Egameni lababhali beencwadi senza ilizwi lombulelo koPhezu -konke ngobomi balo
mphakathi Indima yakhe kokubhaliweyo ayibanga ncinane ibiyebalaseleyo kunjalo nje
Kule mihla umntu uthi ebeselrsquoesoyisakala kukuswela igazi ancedwe ligazi lomnye
axumeke omelele Ube njalo uMnu uMqhayi kwintetho ebhaliweyo yesiXhosa Kwakukhe
kwabhalwa nguTiyo Soga nooRubusana nooGqoba nabanye koko ngeli xesha lokuvela
kukaMqhayi eso sikhukula sasidambile Intetho ebhaliweyo yayingenamandla kuyaphi
kwisininzi sabafundisiweyo nokuyithetha ngomlomo kwakuqhwalela Kwathi gqi
uMqhayi neencwadi zakhe ngakumbi Ityala lamawele kwakho inguqulelo esabheka
phambili ukususela oko kuba ababhali abakhoyo ikakhulu baphenjelelwe kukuvela
kweencwadi zakherdquo (Jolobe 19361974122-123)
UJolobe lo Mqhayi athetha ngaye entla apha umbonge wathi
Ingqangangqanga yentetho yesiXhosa
Ubharumla ngokwengonyama xa abongayo
Umazwi aluncuthu kwabafundisisayo
Umhlahli ndlela negalelo lokubhaliweyo
Into kaMqhayi iMbongi yeSizwe Jikelelehellip
Umbulelo wokukhumbula ubulungisa awabufumana kuMqhayi owathi yanguye owathi
wazinikela ekumncedeni uJolobe ekulungisweni kweziphene kwincwadi yakhe ukuze ilunge
Uncomo lwakhe ulunonge ngezikweko ezinkulu nezidala umdla nezibonisa ngokucacileyo
imisebenzi leyo ayenzele isizwe somzi kaXhosa lukonwabisa abantu ngemizobo yobuqhawe
bakhe Ebengakhathele kuthandwa xa elungisa into eza kunceda iphakamise isizwe Kwaye
ngobo buqhawe uMqhayi waba ngumzekelo oye wahlala uhleli engqondweni kaJolobe Wafunda
84
womelezwa bubuqhawe bukaMqhayi othe wanjengo-ldquomkhuluwardquo kuye endleleni yobu bomi
akushiywa ngumkhuluwa wakhe uLennox owayengunyana omkhulu kayise kaRhanisi
UJolobe uye wathabatha ingubo kaMqhayi yobuthandazwe neyobukroti neyokubangukhala
NjengoMqhayi naye wazilwelwa iilwimi zesiNtu noncwadi lwaso ukuba ziphuhliswe
NjengoMqhayi walelwa oko Uhambe ngqo ekhondweni likaMqhayi walubhala lonke uncwadi
lwakhe ngesiXhosa njengoMqhayi UJolobe uye wazithatha izixhobo oko kukuthi imikhonto
kwaneenduku zokulwa zikaMqhayi ngokuthi azinikele ekusazini isiXhosa kwanokusibhala
ngokunzulu Kananjalo waza waphinda waqhubeka walulwelwa waluphuhlisa ulwimi noncwadi
lwesiXhosa Umzekelo wazibandakanya ekubhalweni ngokutsha kwesichazimagama sesiXhosa
sasemgangathweni Lwabonakala ulwimi lwesiXhosa luntanganye nolwimi lwesiNgesi
nolwesiBhulu ngomgangatho Kanti kanjalo uthe waluphuhlisa uncwadi lwesiNtu
wabangowokuqala ukubhala incwadi yee ldquorhayimirdquo yabantwana abancinane - Lovedale Xhosa
Rhymes (1957) Kanti wabangowokuqala kwiilwimi zesiNtu ukubhala incwadi yamavo waza
kanjalo wangowokuqala esiXhosani ukwenzela lo umzi incwadi yedrama Ngokulubhala lonke
uncwadi lwakhe ngesiXhosa axelise uMqhayi ubonakalise ukumhlonele ukumxabisa
kwanokumthanda kwanokuzikhumbula izinto ebezisemoyeni womkhokeli wakhe uMqhayi kuba
naye uMqhayi wathi wayinkokheli enobulumko naye nemhlonelayo uJolobe ngoku ube
emncinci kunaye Yiloo nto athi uJolobe kumavo akhe inkokheli ithi ithandwe ngabantu xa nayo
ibonisa ukubathanda abantu bayo ibalwele ibaphakamise bathi nabantu bazinyulele yona
bayixabise (Jolobe 194063) Loo ntambo yobuhlobo kunye noMqhayi yahlala iziinkumbulo
ezintle ezathi zamnika amandla uJolobe okuwenza umsebenzi wakhe wokukhonza isizwe
ngothakazelelo olukhulu kuba esazi ukuba uMqhayi akafanga usaphila umoya wakhe phakathi
kwasizwe kuba uMqhayi njengaye yena Jolobe babe ngamaKristu akholelweleyo kuvuko
lwabafileyo (Jolobe 193688-89) Umzekelo oku kungqinwa kukuba uthi uMqhayi kanjalo
akunduluka umhlobo wakhe onguMaya Khoboka wathi le nzwakazi yomntu wasetyhini iyakuba
yeyona nyibiba intle ngaphezulu kubomi obutsha (Mqhayi 194354)
2913 Iihambo zikaRhanisi Jolobe efuna ulwazi oluphezulu ngesiXhosa
UMahlasela ukhankanya ukuba uRhanisi Jolobe wathi waya kusebenza kwisikolo sasefama
kwisithili saseNyarha kummandla owawusakubizwa ngaloo maxesha ukuba kuse-Ciskei
Wasishiya isikolo nesithili saseMt Frere kuba efuna ukwazi isiXhosa esisiso ngokubanzi
Ubalise ukuba uhambo lwakhe lokufuna ukwazi isiXhosa soqobo lwamzela novuyo olukhulu
olwamdala uchulumanco olukhulu ngamandla ngakumbi akubeva abantu besithili
85
saseBhobhotyane nabaseMankazana besithetha isiXhosa kamnandi ngokusulungekileyo
(Mahlasela 1973)
Le ngxelo ivakalisa ukuba uJolobe wafana nomntu ozalwa ngokutsha Le meko intsha yamdala
ilunda watsho wangumcelimngeni kubantu ababhala isiXhosa kuba wasuka walambela
ngamandla ulwazi lolwimi lwesiXhosa ngokuqhutywa yimibono yakhe yokufuna ukubhala
uncwadi lwakhe ngolwimi lwemveli olusisiXhosa
2914 UJolobe nokunyuka intaba yokufuna imfundo ephezulu
UJolobe wanxanelwa ngamandla okongeza imfundo ebomini bakhe UMahlasela uhambisa athi
uJolobe waqhubeka nezifundo zabucala ezazibizwa ngokuba yiJuniour Certificate waza
waziphumelela waza ngo1926 waya kwenza izifundo zediploma zobunyawontle (Diploma in
Theological Studies) kwiYunivesithi yaseFort Hare Ngo-1927 uJolobe wathi waliphumelela
nebanga leMatriki waza waqhubekeka phambili nezifundo zeBA
2915 Imibono emihle kaGqirha Kerr kwimpumelelo kaJolobe nabahlobo bakhe
KwiYunivesithi yaseFort Hare isiXhosa uJolobe wenza izifundo zeBA Wachonga ezi zifundo
zilandelayo eZembali (History) eZobunzululwazi ngoluntu (Anthropology) eZengqondo
(Psychology) eZezopolitiko (Politics) eZezilwanyana (Zoology) isiNgesi kwakunye neZezimo
(Ethics) (Mahlasela 19733) UGB Molefe noA Nzimande bangabahlobo abaphambili
bakaJolobe bengamaphuthi ahlathinye indlela le babevana ngayo Inqununu yeYunivesithi
uGqirha A Kerr wathi wenza into entsha waveza amathuba okuba izifundo zobubunyawontle
zibembaxa ngokuthi zixutywe nezifundo zeBA Wakhuthaza wacebisa uJolobe nabahlobo bakhe
ukuba bangawaphosi amathuba anje okuxanda kulwazi lokufuna imfundo Bathi balithabatha
icebo likaGqirha Kerr (Sirayi 1985) UJolobe nabahlobo bakhe ooMolefe nooNzimande bathi
baluthakazelela olu daba lutsha baza baqalisa ukuzimisela ukwenzeni ezi zifundo
2916 Iingxaki zokunyuka intaba uJolobe nokuthweswa isidanga eFort Hare
Emva kweeveki ezimbini uJolobe nabahlobo bakhe bafumana ingxaki enkulu bakuzama
ukuntingela phezulu ekuya entabeni yempumelelo Isizathi sesi Bafumanisa ukuba abakwazi
nokuba nomtyhi wokuphefumla kubomi babo ngangendlela olwathi lwabanzimela ngayo olu
hlanganiso lwezifundo Baza bayigwadla le nyewe beza nesisombululo sokuba bazibeke phantsi
izifundo zeBA baqhubeke nezifundo zobufundisi kuphela Kwathi kanti bachukumisa ingwe
emsileni kuba uGqirha Kerr waba nomsindo ogqithisileyo nowaba kwiqondo eliphezulu Waza
wabagqagqanisela esithi baphume baphele e-ofisini yakhe ngokuthi athi yena efuna ukuba
babengabefundisi bokuqala abanezidanga zeBA kwibandla laseRhabe Ngoku bona aba bafana
86
bamxelela ldquoimfitshimfitshi nendebelefele engenantsingaphirdquo eyabonwa nguMbovane kwincwadi
uNdixoleleni (20051) Wabangxolisa ngendlela eqatha ebaxelela ukuba yena ebenenjongo
eziphezulu ngabo (Sirayi 198512) Wababona bengabantu abangenambulelo gqitha kuba
belahla ithamsanqa belinikwa Bagqiba ekubeni bafe namthanyana Baphela bezimisela kunzima
kunjalo Baqonda ukuba mabawe bevuka kude kulunge USirayi uthi uJolobe wazimbambazela
ezomeleza ngala mazwi alandelayo
Life is a struggle
Where there is a will there is a way
Cowards die many times before they meet their death
Perseverance prevails
Kuyacaca ukuba uxinzelelo ababekulo yayilolunzulu UJolobe imbongi yatsho yacinga nzulu
ngemeko eyayikuyo ifuna icebo lokuphumelela yatsho yakhumbula nge-ldquokati yakowabordquo
ekucaca ukuba wayethi ayijonge imikhwa yayo yokuzingela kwanonyamezelo nomonde lwayo
ekufuneka ibe phantsi koxinzelelo ukuze ibambe ixhoba Umzekelo kufuneka ihlale ithe qwa
inganikezeli Kuye kufuneke ijonge ixhoba ingaliphosi ukuze ifumane inzuzo saneliswe isisu
sayo esilambele inyama yempuku okanye yentaka UJolobe watsho wachukumiseka wafumana
amandla kwesi silwanyana sinobulumko singanikezeliyo Watsho waqamba umbongo othi ldquoIkati
yakowethurdquo (Jolobe 1936 11) Lo mbongo ungekati asixelela ngayo uJolobe usityhilela ukuba
uJolobe ube eyithanda ldquoimfuyo kayise nemfuyo yakowabordquo nayo iyindalo ebalulekileyo ebomini
bakhe esakhula kuba kwimibongo eliqela ubhale exelele abafundi nangemfuyo le yakowabo
Umzekelo ubhale imibongo ethi inja yakowethu Umqhagi wakowethu Ihashe likabawo njalo
njalo Ubhale ngezinto zenene ebomini bakhe ezichukumise umphefumlo nengqondo yakhe
(Scheub 1967) Kulo mbongo wazuza ubulumko bokuba kanene ukuze esi silwanyana siyikati
silibambe ixhoba kufuneka singawasusi amehlo aso kulo Sozuza ekugqibeleni saneliswe
Wafunda nokuba umzamo wobomi nenzuzo yempumelelo zombini ezi zinto ngamaphuthi
ahlathinye athi ahambe nezi mpawu zilandelayo umonde inyameko uzingiso ithemba ukholo
nokusebenza ngokuzimisela Ekugqibeleni iminqweni kaJolobe nabahlobo bakhe yahlawulwa
ngamabhaso amahle nemincili Imizamo yabo nokunganikezeli kwabo kwabasebenzela Bathi
nabo kamva bangeniswa kumnyhadala wabathweswa izidanga kwiyunivesithi yaseFort Hare
2917 Iimpembelelo zokubhala ziqale njani
Ngexesha esenza ubutitshala eMthwaku uJolobe ititshala yakhe u-Arch-deacon Mather
yaphawula ukuba unesiphiwo sokubhala kwanokwazi ukuzichaza izinto ngendlela enomahluko
nebanga umdla Waza ke wamkhuthaza ukuba abenento ayibhalayo Le ngcamango yathi
87
yaphenjelelwa ngamandla kukusuka omnye umfundi ogama linguEnoch Guma owathi wabhala
incwadi egama lingu-Nomalizo Yapapashwa yafundwa nangabafundi Esi senzo sanconywa
kakhulu esikolweni samzela nodumo
UJolobe nabahlobo bakhe uGuybon Sinxo Julius Mtyobo kunye noRev Father Gawe bathi
benza iqumrhwana elithile abathi balibiza ngokuba yi-The Witenagimot Oku kwenza
kwavuselela iitalente okanye izinto abaneminqweno kuzo UJolobe yena waba nomdla
ekubhaleni iivesi zemibongo (Jolobe 1958 170 Mahlasela 19733 Sirayi 198514) Abanye
bazikhethela amacandelo amabali nomculo nezinye izinto abanokuthi babemdla kuzo Baza
benza izigqibo zokuba bamane besenza umhlangano apho umntu ngamnye angathi abonise into
ayivelisileyo (Jolobe 1958170) Ezi ziphumo zenkqubelaphambili zibonisa ukuba iititshala
ezifundisayo ziluncedo olukhulu ekuphuhliseni iitalente zabafundi kuba zidlala indima enkulu
ekuvelisweni kweendidi ngeendidi zezakhono kubafundi kuba ngabo abathi bababone kamsinya
apho bathi batshatshela khona Naye utitshala uMather wathi wasibona isiphiwo sikaRhanisi
Jolobe sesakhono sakhe kubhalo loncwadi ngaphambi kokuba yena nabazali bakhe basibone
Kwakhona oku kufundisa ukuba abantu abatsha bangathi xa benokudibana nabantu
abaphumeleleyo abanomdla ekuphakanyisweni kwabo zingaphuhliswa iitalente zabo ingakumbi
xa bethi banyameke banganikezeli ngenxa yeengxaki abazifumanayo endleleni eya entabeni
yempumelelo kanye njengokuba uJolobe wanyamezela wazingisa akatyhafa ekufumaneni ulwazi
lwesiXhosa esiphezulu nemfundo ephezulu kanjalo Ekugqibeleni wauphela engumbhali
ophumrsquoizandla Isizwe somzi wasemaXhoseni sazingca ngamandla ngaye Ngokunjalo
kwanomzi wesizwe esiNtsundu ngokubanzi Umhlobo kaJolobe onguGuybon Sinxo naye waba
ngumbhali weencwadi nemibongo Enye ithi UNojayiti wam Kule ncwadi uzibalula ngesimbo
soburharha nokubulala abafundi ngentsini Yena uJolobe wazibalula ngobhalo lwemibongo
Umyezo neendidi zoncwadi olunjengedrama nezincoko Wathi wathi wangumntu wokuqala
kuncwadi lwesiXhosa ukubhala udidi loncwadi oluzizincoko (Gerard 1971) Kanti yena uJulius
Mtyobo walapha eBhayi wathi wazibalula ngesipho sokuqamba amaculo (Mahlasela 19736
Sirayi 1985)
Ubuhlobo benene bubonakaliswa nguJolobe ngokuthi enze imibulelo emihle kuBishop Mather
Yimibulelo emikhulu engegalelo lakhe ekumkhuthazeni abe ngumbhali weemncwadi Oko
okwenze kwisinikezelo sencwadi yakhe Umyezo nethe yanconywa ngamandla sisizwe
nanguGW Bennie ngokuba kumgangatho ophezulu xa kuthelekiswa noncwadi olwalubhaliwe
ngaloo mihla Kwakhona umphandi uthe wakuyithelekisa nonwadi olubhalwa nguWordsworth
noBurns wayibona ikumgangatho wazo ngesimbo ukubhalwa kwazo kwanangezafobe
ezibunjwe kwindalo kuba nabo bebengabathandi bendalo Kwakhona imibongo
88
enjengentlakohlaza iinyibiba amabhabhathane imilambo kubonakela kukho intambo
yobudlelwane obuphilayo phakathi kwemibongo kaJolobe neyaba babhali bakhankanywe apha
ngentla bezizizwe zamaNgesi namaSkotshi Oku kubonisa ingcingane kaOrr (2003)
yentsebenziswanotekisi (intertextuality) Ingcingane ebonisa ubudlelwane obiphilayo phakathi
kwenye itekisi kwanenye itekisi Umzekelo phakathi koncwadi lukaJolobe noncwadi lwababhali
abangentla apha Kukho ukuyelelana okukhulu kubhalo lwemibongo yabo Umzekelo oku
kubonakala gca ingakumbi kumbongo ldquoIntlakohlazardquo obhalwe nguJolobe kwanemibongo
engendalo ebhalwe ngabo
Le nkcazo ingentla ingqina ukuba ubhalo athe yena uJolobe wazimisela ukulubhala luncwadi
olukumgangatho ophezulu kuncwadi lwesiXhosa olunganakuze lujongelwe phantsi xa
kuthelekiswa nezinye iilwimi elizweni liphela kuba uJolobe ube ezimisele Ngoncwadi lwakhe
waphekela umzi kaNtu ukutya okusemgangathweni nokunesongo nokuncomekayo okude
kwanconywa nguBennie apha ngentla oliNgesi Le nkcaza yangqinwa nguJolobe xa ephakamisa
izinga eliphezulu lembalo ezibhalwe apha e-Afrika engafuni ukuba zidelelwe zezinye iintlanga
Kwintetho yakhe ethe gqolo wamxelela uScheub owayebononakalisa ukulithandabuza izinga
loncwadi lwase-Afrika kunolwaseYurophu (196763) ukuba kuncwadi lwase-Afrika lwemveli
kwanolubhalwe nguye ukuba lusemgangathweni olinganayo nolwaseYurophu
Ithandazwe lase-Afrika uJolobe wamnika uScheub (196761) le mpendulo ithi akukho mahluko
phakathi koncwadi olubhalwe ngama-Afrika nolubhalwe eYurophu xa umntu ewuqiqa kakuhle
umsebenzi woncwadi ukuba kukuthini na Kwinkolo yakhe yena umsebenzi woncwadi
kukwakha isizwe salo Umsebenzi walo ayikukonwabisa nje ikwakukufundisa Kwakhona
ngokwefilisofi okanye ingqiqo kaJolobe imfundiso ebhalwe ngumbhali kuncwadi ibuyela
ekuhlaleni nasebomini babantu Umzekelo ngoncwadi olubhalelwe bona batsho bafumane
ulwazi bakhule engqondweni nasemoyeni Baphela bekhuthazekile benze izinto ezakhaya
batsho bahlanguleke ekwenzeni izinto ezibuyisela umva isizwe Ngaloo ndlela batsho balumke
babengabaphumelelayo
2918 UJolobe ijoni lenkuleko yomntu omnyama
UJolobe uthe wabonisa ubuthandazwe kubantu besizwe esiNtsundu esisengcinezelweni phantsi
kombuso wocalucalulo ngenxa yebala laso nangenxa yokuba bengabemi bemvelo baseMzantsi
Afrika Ubonisa uvelwano kwanokuvinjwa kwabo amathuba amahle enkqubelaphambili Konke
oku ukubonakalisa kwiincwadi zakhe zemibongo nakwidrama ethi Amathunzi Obomi naku-
Amavo Kanti uKwetana (2000) ukhankanya kwisifundo sakhe sophando ukuba u-Elundini
89
loThukela ukwayincwadi ekwazoba upolitiko lukaJolobe oluchasa impatho nolawulo lombuso
woburhulumente wabaMhlophe ekufikeni kwabo kweli lizwe
Olu luvo lungentla lungoJolobe ongumphumamkhosi olwela inkululeko yomntu oNtsundu
USirayi (198515) exhasa ukhankanya ukuba uJolobe kwa-esesesikolweni eMthwaku waba
nobuhlobo neetitshala ezinjengoRev Canon James Calata waseKaradokhwe nowayephakamisa
umbutho we-ldquoBlack Conscousnessrdquo Waziwa ngokuba ngumfundisi owaye eyichase kanobomi
ingcinezelo yabantu abaNtsundu kwilizwe lemvelo yabo Umama kaJolobe uchazwa ngunyana
wakhe ukuba ube naye ube engumntu oyichasileyo kakhulu ingcinezelo kwanokucalulwa
kwabantu kwasekhayeni azalwa kulo Ngoku ubuhlobo bukaJolobe nabefundisi
abanjengoMfundisi Calata kwamhlupheza ukuba ayimele inkolo yokuthiya ucalucalulo lwabantu
abaMnyama kuba bemnyama kwilizwe labo lemvelo elilibango labo ngokudalelwa kulo
2919 Igalelo elenziwa nguJolobe eFort Hare
Akufika kwiYunivesithi yaseFort Hare uJolobe wazibandakanya nezinto zenkqubelaphambili
Ude athi uJolobe le Yunivesithi yayiyunivesithi yengqalo yeziseko zenkqubelaphambili kaJolobe
(Sirayi 1985 Gerard 1971) Ngo-1928 kunyaka wakhe wokugqibela kwizifundo zobufundisi
(Theology) wangenela ukhuphiswano loncwadi olwaluququzelelwa liqumrhu i-Society for the
Propergation of Christian Knowledge (SPCK) elalikhuthaza inkqubelaphambili yoncwadi
nenkolo yobuKristu Incwadana awayibhalayo ethi Indlela ezimbini yaphuma phambili waza
wafumana ibhaso Yathi yapapashwa kamva ngo1930 (Sirayi 198515)
Kwakhona ngo1931 isincoko uJolobe awathi wasibhala esasisithi ldquoThe Prospects For A Native
of South African After Completing A College Course Of Work And Service Among his Own
Peoplerdquo naso saphuma emagqabini waza wazuza ibhaso ngaso (Sirayi 198516) Le nkuthalo
kaJolobe yokubhala uncwadi yaphenjelelwa nanguGqirha Kerr owaye eyinqununu yaseFort
Hare UJolobe ubalisa ukuba le nqununu yayithi izifunde iimbalo zakhe esidlangaleleni
kwiindibano zabafundi kwaye oko wakubona ukuba kuyamvuyisa kumenza umdla Ngoko ke eli
linge lokukhuthaza uJolobe lamhlupheza (Jolobe 195870) (Kerr 1958169) noNyembezi
(1958) Waxelela abantu ukuba uJolobe uthe ldquowanomkhwardquo wokuthi rhoqo ayokuqokelela
amabhaso kukhuphiswano lobhalo loncwadi Esi santya sokuqokelela amabhaso rhoqo iminyaka
ide ilandelelane kwamomeleza kwamnika ilunda kwanokuzithemba ngakumbi xa ebona ulwimi
lwentetho esisiXhosa ethe waluqonda ekugqibeleni asuka amakhwiniba ebe enawo
ngamphambili
90
2920 UJolobe inkokeli nombhali udala ubumbano lwamahlelo
UJolobe waye engumfundi eFort Hare eyinkokeli kwi-Student Christian Movement
waphakamisa umbono wokumanyanisa amahlelo ngamahlelo ephelisa umkhethe nokucalulana
kweenkonzo kumaKristu
USirayi (195816) uchaphezele ukuba uJolobe wathi wazibandakanya nequmrhu labafundi
eliphakamisa inkolo yobuKristu Uqhuba athi uMnu ZK Mathews owathi kamva
wanguNjingalwazi kwicandelo leeLwimi zesiNtu wabonisa ukuluchasa uluvo lobudlelwano
okanye indibano yamabandlangamabandla kwiintlangano zeenkolo Ngcingane leyo
engakhuthazi nkqubelaphambili nobunye bamabandla ngamabandla Olu luvo lokucalucalulwa
kwamabandla lwamcaphukisa uJolobe waza kwangoko wantingela phezulu wajoyina umbutho
kaZwelonke owawubizwa ngokuba yiStudents Christian Association (SCA) Ngo1928 wathi
wonyulwa ngabafundi wenziwa uSihlalo wawo ngomnyaka ngo1929 USirayi uqhuba athi
iimbalo zikaJolobe ezibuchasileyo ukuzingca ngamabandla zibonisa iminqweno namaphupha
akhe ukulangazela kwakhe ubudlelwane nobunye bamabandla Ukubethethelela uluvo lwakhe
uJolobe wabhala wabonisa ubungozi bokucalucalulana kwamaKristu Wabonisa ukuba iNkosi
yawo abayilandelayo enguYesu yabafundisa ubunye nokuba bathandane baxabisane Ezi
mfundiso uzibhale njengencoko kuncwadi lwakhe Amavo (1940) kwisihloko esithi ldquoUkuzingca
ngebandlardquo kwanakwimibongo yakhe engamaphupha akhe enjangale ldquoAkukho hlelo aphordquo
(1936) nakumbongo ldquoIphuphardquo (1971)
UJolobe kule mizekelo ingentla uphakamisa uthando ubunye imbeko nokungaziphakamisi La
mathende kwinkolo yobuKristu azizezona mbasa zifunekayo nezakhayo kwinkolo yobuKristu
Izinto ezichasene nala mathende uJolobe uzizobe ngemifanekiso eyoyikisayo yamarhamncwa
athi azame ukuqwenga amaKristu angahambeli ndawo ekufikeni ldquokwibhotwerdquo athenjiswe lona
(1) Olunye loncwadi uJolobe alubhalileyo ikakhulu ngesiXhosa
Luninzi uncwadi oluthe lwabhalwa nguJolobe kwanamaphepha kwanezitolikelwe esiXhoseni
zisuka kwezinye iilwimi Ziquka ezi zidweliswe apha ngezantsi
Incwadi Indawo nonyaka wopapasho Okubhaliweyo
Thuthula
Isikhokelo
Sabashumayeli
Nabafundi Bezibhalo
Stockwell London 1938
Lovedale Lovedale
Press1938
Translation of his epic
poem ldquoUThuthulardquo
Translation amp adaptation
of E Grantrsquos Guide for
91
Amavo
Umyezo 2nd ed (with
editional Poems)
Poems of an African
Xhosa Grammatical
Terminology
Ibhayibhileinto
Eyithethayo Nenjongo
Yayo
Izifundo Zesikolo
seCawa Zomzantsi
Afrika Zekota
ldquoTraining of the African
Ministry the Situation
in the Ciskeirdquo SA
Umyezo (3rd ed) (With
editional poems)
Ukuphakama Ukusuka
Ebukhobokeni
Izicengcelezo
ZaseDikeni
Iintsomi zikaAesop
Henderson Xhosa
Readers
Wits Univ Press
JHB1940
Wits Univ JHB 1944
Lovedale Press
Lovedale 1946
Lovedale Press
Lovedale 1948
Methodist Publ House
CT 1948
South National Sunday
School Assoc Port
Elizabeth 1948
Lovedale Press
Lovedale 1949
Wits Univ Press JHB
1951
Wits Univ Wits Univ
Press JHB 1951
Lovedale Press
Lovedale 1962
Lovedale Press
Lovedale 1953
Lovedale Press
Preachers and Bible
Students
Essays
Poetry
Translations ndash
Jolobersquos four
poemsTranslations ndash
Jolobersquos four poems
translation of E Grantrsquos
The Bible Itrsquos a
Meaning and purpose
The Teachers Guide
Article
paper
Poetry
Translation of B T
Washingtonrsquos Up from
Slavery
Poetry
Translation of Aesoprsquos
fables
Reader
Translation of Guide to
92
Impilo - ntle
Indyebo yesihobe
(compiled by JJR )
UMayaAmahlandinyuka
Umyezo (4th ed) with
additional poems)
Amathunzi Obomi
Imigodi kakumkani
uSolomoni
Ibali leBhayibhile
ELundini LoThukela
Ilitha
ldquoThe Authorrdquo in SA
Outlook 89
Lovedale 1954
Lovedale Press
Lovedale 1955
APB Wits Univ Press
JHB 1956
APB Wits Univ Press
JHB 1957
APB Wits Univ Press
JHB 1957
APB Wits Univ Press
1957
APB Wits Univ Press
JHB 1958
APBWits Univ Press
JHB1959
Christian Publ Co
Roodepoort 1959
APB Wits Univ JHB
1959
APB Wits Univ press
JHB 1959
African Authorrsquos
Conference
Attridgeville Pretoria
1959
Health For Adults
Poetry (anthology)
Translation of W Bonsels
Maya - The Adventures
of a Bee
Poetry
Drama
Translation of HR
Haggardrsquos King
Solomonrsquos mines
Translation of JL
Hurlbutrsquos Story of the
Bible
ProseNovel
Poetry
Paper
Olu luhlu lwezi mbalo zikaJolobe lubonakalisa kakuhle elinye legalelo lemisebenzi likaJolobe
ekongozeni uncwadi lweendidi ngeendidi lwesiXhosa kuma-Afrika kweli lizwe Kungoko
93
uNyembezi wathi wakhuza wancoma uJolobe ngamazwi avakala ngolu hlobo ldquoMfundisi
siyabulela umzamo omhle uwufezile wokukhonza isizwe sakhordquo (Nyembezi 1958158) Igalelo
likaJolobe lingqinwe ziintlobo ngeentlobo zeenkcubabuchopho zezifundiswa ezisuka
kwiintlanga ngeentlanga zingqina zithetha into enye ngemveliso yakhe athe wayenzela isizwe
sakowabo esingama-Afrika ingakumbi abantu abangamaXhosa Kucace gca ukuba abantu
abantetho isisiXhosa elulwimi abhale ngalo ikakhulu uncwadi lwakhe ngabantu ebebekufutshane
entliziyweni yakhe
USirayi kwakunye noScott (1973) benza esi sicwangciso ngesiNgesi bebonisa imipapasho
eyenziwe nguJolobe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo
Incwadi Indawo nonyaka Okubhaliweyo
1 Umyezo
Izifundo Ngentlalo
Kwizikolo
ZabaNtsundu
Sifunda IsiXhosa
Izifundo Zempilo Std 5
amp 6
A New Concise Xhosa
ndash English Dictionary
put into standard
orthography
Wits Univ
Press JHB
1936
Juta amp Co Cape
Town 1962
Via Afrika Cape
Town 1962-3
Longmans Cape
Town 1963
Lincroft Books
Pietermaritsburg 1965
Poetry
Translation of AD
Doddrsquos Social Studies
in Lower Primary
Schools
Reader
Translation of GP
Lochnerrsquos Health
lessons
Transcription
94
Ulutya (edited by JJ R
Jolobe
UJohn Knox Bokwe
ibali ngobomi bakhe
Introduction has been
translated by JJ R
Translation of S
Nyembezirsquos Ulutya
Lovedale Press
Lovedale 1972
Translation of
S Nyembezirsquos
Ulutya
Biography
210 UJolobe nomsebenzi wakhe eTranskei 1920 ndash 1923
USirayi noMahlasela babalisa besithi uJolobe walugqiba uqeqesho lwakhe njengetitshala
ngo1919 eMthwaku waza wayekusebenza eMatatiele phakathi kwamaHlubi kwisikolo semfundo
ephantsi iMasakala Wathi kamva wafuduselwa ukuba ayokusebenza kwingingqi yaseMabhobho
kamva wagqithela eLower Mvenyane kummandla wamaBhaca eMt Frere
UJolobe kudliwanondlebe noMahlasela umchazele ukuba abantu baseMabhobho babephila
ngendebe endala Babetshele kwiinkolo zakudala Imeko enje yamtsho wakhumbula uBishop
Mather owakhe wayititshala yakhe eyayimana ukumkhuthaza ukuba abhale incwadi (Sirayi
198519-20) Ezi ngongoma zisityhilela ngokuzalwa kwencwadi kaJolobe eyinovela UZagula
Olu luvo lungqinwa kule ncwadi nguJolobe xa ebalisa ngobomi belali ekwakugquba kuyo
iinkolo zobugqwirha ezinobungozi Kwakutyholwa nabantu ngokuthakatha Ukhanyiso
oluyimfundo nenkolo yobuKristu lwalufana nesibane esimlilo ulonzizayo Inkqubelaphambili
inqongophele
Kule noveli uZagula ayibhale eseTranskei ubumbe umlingwaniswa (okwanguye) oyititshala
efika kule lali isebumnyameni Yona izisa ukukhanya okuyimfundo nolwazi oluphelisa umoya
weenkolo ohamba neengozi zokusolana kwabantu ngobugqwirha ofukanywe kukumonelana
kwabantu Ngokwenza oko le titshala iphelisa iinkolelo ezidala imbubho kwanokwenzakaliswa
kwabantu ngezi zityholo zobugqwirha Le mizamo yeenguqu zobulumko eziza nale titshala
idiza ubunkcubabuchopho bukaJolobe kwanesimo sakhe esikwincwadi yenoveli ayibhale
esemtsha eneminyaka eyi-21 ukupapashwa kwayo Kule noveli athe wazibumba wangomnye
wabalinganiswa Wangulo mlinganiswa ungutitshala ulwa nokutyholana kwabantu
95
ngobugqwirha Kodwa lo mlinganiswa uyititshala akamnikanga gama Wenze njalo
nakwidrama Amathunzi Obomi apho wazibumba waba yilaa titshala ingenagama ikhuthaza
abafundi baye esikolweni bangancami kwanokuba baye nakwisikolo secawe ngeemini zeCawa
Kwincwadi yedrama yakhe le titshala ikwayititshala engumKristu yesikolo seCawe iphinde ibe
yititshala yesikolo semfundo Le titshala ingumlinganiswa ikwayiyo kwanomfundisi
njengakubomi benyaniso abe ebuphila uJolobe evelela abazali belokishi yaseBhayi
nabahlolokazi oomama obabodwa ukuba bangatyhafi kuzakulunga kwaye mabathi gqolo ukusa
abantwana babo esikolweni seCawe bakhuthale nasesikolweni Abonise nokuba ngenye imini
bayakuphakanyiswa yimfundo yesikolo kwaye nokuya kwabo esikolweni seCawe kunceda
nabazali ekwakhiweni kwezimilo ezintle basinde ezintolongweni nakwizenzo zobundlobongela
Olu lwazi lwenza umntu abone ngokumhlophe ukuba uJolobe ubekrelekrele eyile nto kuthiwa
yingqondi Oko kukuthi inkcubabuchopho umntu onobulumko nokwazi ukwenza izinto
zamandla ngaxeshanye zibe yimpumelelo zonke zonwabise nesizwe asibhalelayo ngaphezulu
Ikwangumntu onesakhono esisodwa sokubhala esiphezulu Ebekwangumntu oneziphiwo
zokwenza izinto ngendlela enomahluko kwanomntu oqhubelisa phambili ulwazi olwakhayo
noluphumelelisa nakwezemfundo
211 Intsebenzo yakhe eCiskei 1924-1925
UJolobe wagqiba ekubeni awuphuhlisa owakhe umgangatho wolwimi lwesiXhosa ukuze akwazi
ukusibhala kakuhle asithethe nakakuhle Waya kusebenza kwisikolo sasefama eNyarha
kwingingqi yaseKhobonqaba UMahlasela (19733) uthi uJolobe ubalise ukuba
wakhwankqiswa yindlela emanandi abantu baseBhobhotyane nabakwaMankazana ababesithetha
ngayo isiXhosa besithetha ngokuzingca okukhulu kulo mmandla wamaNgqika
Kwakhona uMahlasela ubalisa ukuba uJolobe ube esoloko enephupha lokuqhubela phambili
enxanelwe imfundo ukuze kuphuhliseke izinga lemfundo yakhe Ngoncedo lomfundisi uRevd
W Bald waseRhabe waphumelela ibanga leJC Ngo1928 uJolobe wabhala incwadana ethi
Indlela ezahlukeneyo Indawo yaseBedford ibaliswa njengendawo eyaba nomtsalane kuJolobe
ngenxa yendalo entle Kulapho wabona khona intyantyambo eyinyibiba iphakathi kwezixhobo
kuba kakade iNyarha ikummandla onamatye amakhulu yaye kulapho uJolobe wathi wahlangana
nondofa wakhe intombi yakwaNongogo uButhelwa igama (Sirayi 198521)
UJolobe waya kuba ngumhlohli kwisikolo soqeqesho-befundisa (Lovedale Bible School)
Wasebenza kuso kwade kwangunyaka we1949 Ukunqongophala kweemali zentlawulo
yabahlohli kwabanga ukuba ayeke ukuxelenga kwesi sikolo Ngethamsanqa wathi wafumana
96
umsebenzai kwisikolo soqeqesho zititshala eLovedale Training Collage apho wathi wafundisa
izifundo zesiNgesi nezokusebenza kwengqondo yabantwana kwanemethodi yokufundisa
ubutitshala (Sirayi 198521)
UJolobe bekusele kuchaziwe apha ngentla ukuba wabangumfundisi wala mabandla aseRhabe
alandelayo iJohn Knox Bokwe Memorial kwaNtselamanzi neDorrington Church yaseBhofolo
Waba ngomnye wee-chaplains zaseVictoria Hospital uSirayi wakhankanya okhankanywe apha
ngentla uchaze ukuba uJolobe wabalilungu lala maqumrhu alandelayo
PCSA General Assembly Committee for relations with Bantu Presbyterian Church for
1944- 1946
Kerk Session of the Lovedale Institution Churches since 1938
PCSA General Assemblyrsquos Committee for Union Churches for 1944 ndash 1946
Health Society ndash was its honourary Secretary and Treasurer for 1948-1949
Xhosa language Committee for 1949- 1959
Senate for Lovedale Missionary institution for 1953 ndash 1955
Lovedale Governing Council for (1954 ndash 1955
Department of Educationrsquos Xhosa Language and Literature Committee responsible for
revising Xhosa orthography in 1955
Waye kwalilungu le LovedalendashPress and the South African Outlook Commitees (Jolobe
1958 170) (Sirayi 1985 22)
Yayingumbono kaMqhayi noJolobe ukuba lungafi ulwimi lwesiXhosa lwemveli lubhange
lugqunyelelwe zilwimi ezifikayo kweli lizwe labo lokuzalwa Umzekelo bobani aba babhali
bathi bazibhala incwadi zabo ngesiXhosa besilwa ukucinezelwa kolwimi noncwadi lwesiNtu
basebenzela ukuba kungafundwa incwadi lwesiNgesi kuphela Lathi eli phulo lokuphuhlisa
imfundo yabantu abaMnyama lafikela ezandleni zikaJolobe ezinganamikhinkqi Laba
nokuphumelela ngenxa yonkuthalo kwanokuzinikela enkonzweni yokukhonza isizwe esiNtsundu
siphakanyiswe kanye ngokuthethwa ngumhobe wesizwe i-Afrika othi ldquoMaluphakanyiswe
uphondo lwayordquo UJolobe kubonakala ukuba waphila ngaphakathi kwakhe lomyalezo
nomthandazo wesizwe Wawulandela ngezenzo Wayiphakamisa ibhanile eluncwadi lwakhe
umbhali uJolobe Wasisebenzisa nesiphiwo sakhe sokubhala wanga ufunza edabini lempumelelo
esithi ldquoPhambili ma-Afrika imfundo sisixhobo sale mihla sokuziphilisa Huntshu Phambilirdquo
212 Izifundo neCumenical
USirayi (198531) ukhankanya ukuba uJolobe ube enomoya wothando omenza aququzelele
izinto zenkonzo Uthi wathi wavakaliswa umnqweno ongaphakathi wentliziyo yakhe kwiphepha
ekuthiwa yi-Zambia Church Press Agency (1974) apho avakala esithi owona mnqweno
usentliziyweni yakhe kukudala ubumbano ngokuthi kubekho intlangano yoonyawontle bemvaba
97
ngeemvaba apho Olu luvo lungathi lushukuxwe khona Kwakhona kwakweli phepha
kuvakaliswe eli phupha lakhe lingentla ngala mazwi alandelayo
He (Jolobe) still hopes to see the
Day when all churches will not only
Work together but enjoy organic
Union as well
UJolobe wathi wasebenzela ukufezekiswa kwalo mnqweno wakhe ungentla wobumbano
lwamaKristu eemvaba ngeemvaba Wonyulwa kwiYunivesithi yaseFort Hare ukuba abe
ngusihlalo weSCA (Student Christian Association) ngo1928ndash1929 Uthe nasemva kokuba
eziphumelele izifundo zakhe ngo1931 waqhubekeka nokuphumeza womnqweno wakhe
wobunye bamabandla ngokuthi aphikele ukuba lilungu lwalo mbutho Waza ngo-1936 wanyulwa
wayakumela yonke iAfrika equlethe amasebe eSCA endawo ngeendawo kule ngingqi
kwintlangano kazwelonke eyathi yabanjelwa eMysore kwilizwe lase-India
Kwakhona wathi wanyulwa wangunoBhala noNondyebo weCiskei Missionary Council
Umsebenzi walo mbutho wawuquka umanyano lwamakholwa Ngo1959 wabuya weza
kuxelenga eBhayi eqhubeka neenkonzo zakhe zobufundisi Kwangalo nyaka wajoyina
intlangano yeemvaba ngeemvaba eyathi yabizwa ngokuba yi- Interdominational African
Ministersrsquos Association of South Africa (IDAMASA) Lo mbutho injongo yawo ephambili
yayikukudala ubudlelwane nentlonelwano yamabandla ngamabandla (Sirayi 198531)
Kubalulekile ukwazisa ukuba uJolobe wakhe wanguMongameli wombutho obizwa ngokuba
yiCape Midlands Region Akaphelelanga apho ngo1966-1969 uJolobe uphinde wanyulwa
wanguMongameli jikelele wombutho IDAMASA (Sirayi 198532)
213 Ibali likaVuyo ngotata wakhe uRhanisi Jolobe
UVuyo intombi kaJolobe nomafungwashe wakhe ubalise ukuba uJolobe wazalelwa eNdwe
ngomhla wama-25 kuJulayi 1902 wasweleka ngoMeyi ka-1976 wangcwatyelwa eMthatha
2131 Abazali azalwa ngabo
Uqhuba abalise ukuba uyise uRhanisi uzalwa nguJames Jolobe owayengumfundisi waseWesile
Umama kaJolobe igama lakhe ngu-Emily elesiNtu nguNobethu ozalwa kwaMakhohliso
kwisizwe sabaThembu Uchaze ukuba utotomkhulu wakhe ongutata kaRhanisi Jolobe yena
igama lakhe yayinguHans bona bahlala eNgqushwa (Vuyorsquos Journal 2013 Sirayi 1985)
UVuyo ukhankanye ukuba uninzi looJolobe lufumaneka eTsomo bambi eMatatiela Kwakhona
uyise uJolobe umchazele ukuba utata wakhe wayenomzi efuyile iinkomo eCala waza kamva
98
wafuduka esiya kwenza umsebenzi wobufundisi eMatatiele apho Lwathi lonke usapho lwakhe
lwanyanzeleka luye kulo mmandla mtsha axelenga kuwo
UVuyo uqhube wathi emva kwethuba uyise kaJolobe utatomkhulu wakhe wathabatha
umhlalaphantsi waya kuhlala eBrandford Uhambisa athi babethi bamtyelele khona kunye
nabazali bakhe beyokumbona kwaye waye enobubele kubo bonke abazukulwana bakhe
Ukhumbula ukuba wayeye athi xa enzelwe ikofu kusasa enzelwe ngeza komityi zinkulu kakhulu
kuba waye engathandi ukuqala aphunge yedwa Wayenesithethe sokumana eyigalela esosareni
ngezavenge aze amane ephungisa yonke loo milonyana mincinane yabazukulwana bakhe
UVuyo usakhumbula ukuba oomolokazana emzini katatomkhulu wakhe babethi
batshintshiselane ukwenzela utatomkhulu wakhe ikofu kusasa
UVuyo naye kwelakhe ibali uyangqina esithi uyise wakhe uJolobe umbhali wababalisele ukuba
babesuka eNtla besisizwe samaHlubi Bathi bawushiya ummandla wokuzalwa iThukela ngenxa
yeemfazwe
Kuyakhumbuleka ukuba kwincwadi yakhe uJolobe ethi Amathunzi obomi (1957) uye
wayinikezela kubantwana bendlu kayise xa bebonke wabacwangcisa ngokulandelelana kwabo
wenjenje Lennox Emma Dugald Angelina John Sarah Bridgett Monde noPeggy Kwakhona
uVuyo usichazele ukuba umama katata wakhe uNobethu Emily wazala abantwana abasixhenxe
abangaba ULennox (Rhanisi okanye James) Emma Dugald Angelina John Sarah
Akusweleka umama katata utatomkhulu watshata umfazi wesibini owaye bizwa ngokuba ngu-
Mem Yena wabeleka abantwana abathathu abelekelane ngolu hlobo uBridgette uMonde
noPeggy Ubalise kwanokuba umkhuluwa kaRhanisi uLennox watshata uLinda Makiwane
isiduko uMagambu U-Emma waza wanguNkosikazi Mzozoyana UJolobe yena watshata
uMarhadebe uJeanne Buthelwa Nongogo u-Angelinah yena wanguNkosikazi uJafta
UVuyo intombi kaJolobe ubalise enika imbali yokuba uJohn watshata uEunice owayeyintombi
yakwaRhadebe nowathi wazala abantwana ababini abangamawele waza wasweleka emva koko
Abo bantwana bafunda baza babangoogqirha Emva koko uJohn wazeka enye inkosikazi egama
layo linguStella nayo ibe izalwa kwaRhadebe UStella yena akazange abenabo abantwana
USarah yena wathi wendela kwaMashologu emaBheleni UBridgette yena uchaze ukuba
usaphila Ukhankanye ukuba utatomncinci wakhe uMonde waye engumzabalazi omkhulu
nomlweli wenkululeko yomntu omnyama phantsi kombutho iPAC
99
2132 Izinto ebezithanda uRhanisi Jolobe
(i) Ukutya abekuthanda
Amasi nemifuno Umvubo wesonka namasi waye ewuthanda kakhulu Wayethi akugqiba
ukuwutya athande ukuthoba ngamasi oqobo Kwakhona waye eyithanda imifuno neziqhamo
(ii) Amaqegu akhe
Amaqegu yayizizithuthi awathi wazisebenzisa kwiihambo zakhe nabe ezithanda Esokuqala
yayilihashe lakhe Waza wathenga isithuthuthu Wayezithanda ezi zithuthi Waza kamva
wazithengela imoto ekwakusithiwa yi-Ranger Kwaza kwagaleleka eyona moto eyayisefeshinini
ekuhlaleni ekwakusithiwa yiMazda Wazikhuphela yona ebhokisini kwaye waye eyithanda
kakhulu
(iii) Ingoma UVuyo ubalise ukuba utata wakhe uJolobe ebeyithanda ingoma kakhulu
nangona yena ebeliyilo nje Isimanga kukuba ebemva umntu oyilozayo ekwayaleni aze
akhuthaze ukuba ancedwe Ingoma yakhe ebeyithanda kakhulu ukuyicula ikwiculo laseRhabe
kunamba-94 Liculo elithildquoNdimthanda uMkhululi wam owandizela noxolo phakathi kwam
noThixo wamrdquo Thina bantwana bakhe besilihlonele kakhulu eli culo lakhe abethanda ukulicula
nathi ekhaya
(iv) Ubunye bekhaya nomthandazo wangokuhlwa
Isidlo sangokuhlwa waye thanda ukuba sityiwe lusapho lonke luhlale etafileni kuba kusasa
nasemini abantu benza amaxhashixhashi ukuya esikolweni nasemisebenzini kunzima ke ngoko
ukuhlangana Kanti sona isidlo sangokuhlwa nesasemvakwemini ngosuku lweCawa uJolobe
ebethanda zityiwe kunye etafileni ukuze usapho luphefumlelane ngemiba ethile Enye into
uJolobe ebe engumntu wocwangco Ixesha ebelixabisile Ebethanda ukwenza izinto kuselithuba
Ethanda nokuba usapho lwakhe lube nexesha lokuphumla Umzekelo ubesiphangelisa
asiphuthume ngexesha mna nomama esibhedlele Umzi kaJolobe ubupheka ngoMgqibelo
kungaphekwa ngeCawa Okanye ebeye ayalele ukuba kungaphekwa aze asuke alukhuphe usapho
lwakhe lutye ehotele alonwabise
100
2133 Utyalo lweembewu zobuthandazwe kulutsha
1) Esikolweni Inkqubo zolawulo ezikolweni apho ebexelenga kuzo
Ubuthandazwe bukaJolobe bufana nobukaMoses eYiputa butyhilwa zezi ziganeko zilandelayo
Babungumlilo obomvu ovuthayo ongacimiyo ezibilini zakhe Waphakamisa ukuzazi kwanokuba
bangoobanina abantwana abafundisayo
UVuyo uqhube wabalisa wathi ngexesha uyise ayititshala wayesithi uluhlu lwamagama
abantwana kwirejista yakhe alucwangcise ngamagama abo emvelo neefani zabo
Ebengasebenzisi amagama esiNgesi xa ebiza abantwana abafundisayo Ubesithi xa umntwana
efuna ukusebenzisa igama lesiNgesi uJolobe ambuze athi Umama wakho xa ekubiza ekhaya
ukubiza ngelo gama nardquo Umzekelo ldquoIngaba uthi ldquoBeatricerdquo- Umntwana aphendule ldquoHayi
titshala uthi- Pumlardquo ldquoNantso ke indlelardquo Atsho ke utitshala uJolobe
2134 UJolobe ujongwe yintolongounceda unceda abazabalazi benkululeko yama-Afrika
Ngexesha localucalulo kwakukho amapolisa awayesaziwa kwiilokishi ezinje ngaseDuncan
Village eMonti ngokuba sisi -special branch Loo mapolisa ayesithi akuva ukuba abantu abathile
baziwa njengabazabalazi aphande ngabo kwaneendawo abahlala kuzo baze bathi bakubafumana
babavalele ixesha elingaqingqwanga Inkoliso yolutsha yayisithi shwaka ingaphinde ibonwe
Abantu abaninzi babhaca bawashiye amakhaya abo bahamba bencathama ezindaweni ukwenza
iingxoxo neentlanganiso zabo Ezi ndawo kuzinyelwa kuzo zazibizwa ngokuba ziindawo
zomtshotshaphantsi (underground) Babehlala kuzo besindisa ubomi babo UVuyo ubalise
kwanokuba uyise naye waphoseka kancinci ukuba angavalelwa entolongweni wayesengozini
kuba abakwantsasana bathi bandwendwela inkonzo yakhe eshumayela bafika ebalindele
washumayela loo mini ngodlwabevu lwentshumayelo baphela bemamela intshumayelo ekucaca
ukuba yachukumisa imiphefumlo yabo sisakhona sakhe esabamba umdla wabo bahamba
bengathi abazazi ukuba bebeyokwenza ntoni na eCaweni kaJolobe UVuyo ubalise ukuba igalelo
likayise ibe lelikhulu ngokuthi abonise uvelwano nomanyano ekulweni inkululeko nengcinezelo
yomntu oMnyama ngenxa yomyalelo awawunikayo ebandleni ukuba icawe endala yesaRhabe
eyayiphantsi kolawulo lwakhe nengingqi yakhe ihlale ivuliwe Kucaca ukuba ngale ndlela
wayelungiselela abazabalazi ukuze babenendawo yokuzimela xa besukelwa lutshaba
101
2135 UJolobe ubonisa uthando ungcwaba ulutsha olungahambi cawa
Uqhube wakhankanya ukuba abanye abefundisi babethi bale mpela ukulungcwaba ulutsha
obelungayihambi inkonzo xa abazali balo befuna uncedo kubefundisi ukuba lufihlwe
lwakubhubha ngenxa yeemeko zobomi Yena uJolobe ngokukaVuyo wazinikela ukwenza
inkonzo enesidima yokulungcwaba ngesidima kuba kuye lwalubalulekile eluthanda enovelwano
waza wamana ukubonisa inceba kulo Kubonakala ukuba wayezikhumbuza iliZwi lesiBhalo
elithi ldquoBavumeleni abantwana beze kumrdquo Akuthethayo uVuyo kuyinyaniso kuba enkonzweni
eyayikhokelwa nguJolobe isentle nanamhlanje nesaphethwe kakuhle kunene kukho umfanekiso
omhle eludongeni obonise umalusi ephethe isagweba sakhe ekunye nezimvu zakhe zisitya ingca
kumadlelo aluhlaza kufutshane nomfula opholileyo Kubonakala ukuba uJolobe ebeluhlonele
ubizo lwakhe Loo nto yamenza wahlala ebaxabisile bonke abantu abadala amaxhego
oomakhulu kwanabantu abatsha kuba ebazi ukuba bazizimvu zakhe Oku kubonisa
ngokumhlophe ukuba ebeluphila ukholo lwakhe
Kanti nabantu abaselayo ebengabajongeli phantsi ebebonisa ukubaxabisa nabo abamkele
ecaweni UVuyo ukukhankanya ukuba uyise ebesithi emva kwenkonzo ayalele inkonzo ukuba
luphiwe ukutya kuba efuna ukuba lungemki lulambile UJolobe ubonise isidima esikhulu
kulutsha ngokubanzi wabonisa ukuba nalo lubalulekile
2136 Umyalelo onzima nokugaleleka kwe ldquoBantu Educationrdquo kwimfundo yabaMnyama
UVuyo usazise ukuba kwathi nje kuvakale isindululo semfundo yomntu oMnyama (iBantu
Education) kweli lizwe wacaphuka kakhulu uJolobe utata kuba wayeluthanda uhlanga lwakhe
oluNtsundu Wazixelela ukuba akazokuba sisixhobo sokusetyenziswa ekudaleni ngakumbi
ingcinezelo nasekuthobeni umgangatho wabantwana bama-Afrika Urhulumente woMzantsi
Afrika wagunyazisa inkqubo yocalucalulo lwabantu abaNtsundu enyanzelisa ukuba abaMnyama
bafundiswe imfundo ephantsi kuneyezinye iintlanga Wathi kwangako uJolobe wayeka ukuba
ngumfundisintsapho kwisikolo awayefundise kuso Akazange ayithathe nemali yakhe yepenshele
yexesha leminyaka eliqela awathi wayisebenza exelenga phantsi kweSebe leZemfundo
2137 Ukushiya iinkonzo yobutitshala ezikolweni
UJolobe wathi kwangako wayeka ukuba ngumfundisintsapho kwisikolo awayefundise kuso
Akazange ayithathe nemali yakhe yexesha leminyaka eliqela awathi wayisebenza exelenga
phantsi kweSebe leZemfundo Kwangoko wabhala incwadi eyazisa ngokuwushiya kwakhe
umsebenzi wobutitshala Wayithi thaca kwiSebe lezeMfundo laloo maxesha akathatha naloo
mali ebekwa elugcinweni yepenshele Ngokucacileyo uJolobe wazixelela ukuba akazokukwazi
102
ukunyanzelwa ngetshova ukuba afundise abantwana nolutsha olungama-Afrika akowabo
imfundo engezantsi kunale yena awayifumanayo Waqhubeka nobizo lwakhe lokuba
ngumlungiseleli kwanomsebenzi wobuNyawontle olwalulubizo lwakhe kakade ngaphambi
kogabadelo lwentswelobulungisa yokucalucalulwa ngamandla kwabantu abaMnyama
Apha sibona igqange lomlilo lobukhalopha nobuthandazwe uvutha ngaphakathi kuJolobe kanye
ngokufanayo nomlilo wobuthandazwe kwikroti uMqhayi owathi yena wathi wala kwema ngaye
ukuba anyanzelwe liZiko LeMfundo ngexesha lakhe ukuba afundise abantwana abaNtsundu
izifundo zembali ezingeyonyaniso ezimalunga nobuzwe babo abe yena Mqhayi ebazi poqo
ubuzwe nembali yamaXhosa Watsho wazibeka phantsi iintambo zobutitshala Ezinye zezi mbali
ngokuqinisekileyo wathi waziva koobawo bakhe Umzekelo uMqhayi waye eyimbongi yesizwe
ebonga iinkosi kwaye wasoloko ehlala nazo kuba uyise wayeliphakathi lasebukhosi beeNkosi
kwakunye nabanye abantu abakhulu (Mqhayi (1974) Gerard 197153) Loo nto yabangela
ukuba abengoyaziyo iminombo kwanezibongo zeenkosi amaphakathi amakhulu kwanezihandiba
ezingabantu abakhulu ababekekileyo Umzekelo uye wabonga UThembeka intombi kaSoga
intombi yasebukhosini wathe yinjengele ngenxa yobuqhawekazi bakhe ekuphakamiseni kwakhe
isizwe nangezixhaso zokutya nemfundo
Wathi uzalwa kwaBhomoyi kwaCedume kwaZondwa kwaNdaba ebaThenjini Wade wabonga
neTshawe laseBritane walixelela ukuba iyaxaka inyaniso eliza nayo kweli lizwe
neliyishumayelayo yokuba athi xa esiza kumkani aphathe ibhotile yotywala liyidibanise
nombhaxa kwakunye neBhayibhile (Mqhayi 194359Gerald 197161)
2138 Izinto ebengazithandi uJolobe
i) Ukuphoswa kwengqeqesho ebantwaneni ngabazali
UNomvuyo umchaza uJolobe njengomzali obengadibani nomntwana ongenambeko Ekhayeni
ebengazange wayisebenzisa intonga ukweluleka umntwana kodwa xa ethe waphuma
emgaqweni into ebeyenza yile Ebembizela e-ofisini yakhe amnike isitulo ahlale aze ke athethe
naye ngendlela efanelekileyo Umntwana ebephuma kuloo ofisi elila ezidanele kwaye
neenyembezi eziphethe ngezandla ngokungathi ubethiwe ngenxa yamazwi oluleko ebethi
uJolobe awasebenzise xa ethe wophula imigaqo ebekiweyo yekhaya Umntu xa athe wabizelwa
e-ofisini ebengabuye ayiphinde into ayenzileyo UJolobe ebelubona luyimfuneko ululeko
lomntwana Ebembona umzali ongamelulekileyo okanye ongamqeqeshiyo umntwana wakhe
njengomzali ongamthandiyo umntwana wakhe kuba uyakuphela eyingxaki esizweni Kuyacaca
103
ukuba ngokukaJolobe umntwana ufanele ukuba abelibhongo elivuyisa abazali nesizwe sakhe
nangona abanye abantwana baye banxaxhe nje
(ii) UJolobe nokungabuthandi kwakhe ubumdaka nobuvila
UVuyo ubalise ukuba uyise uJolobe ebengabuthandi ubumdaka Ekhayeni labo bekubakho
nabantu abancedisayo ukugcina ikhaya licocekile ngaphakathi nangaphandle Nabo babelicoca
ikhaya labo URhanisi ukhulele ekhayeni apho umama wakhe ube ekhuthele ekhuthaza ucoceko
ekhayeni nentlalo entle yobomi boxolo Olu luvo luchazwa kumbongo wakhe ongomama wakhe
(Jolobe 193679-89) Kwaye unina ubeqhuba inkqubo zokuxhobisa amakhosikazi ngolwazi
lokugcinwa kwamakhaya emahle kwanempilo yamakhaya intle inempumelelo UVuyo uthi
abazali bakhe bakhuthaza ukuba bonke abantu basebenzisane ekwenzeni ikhaya licoceke
kungabikho misebenzi yabelwa abantu abathile kuthiwe abanye abanakuyenza into ethile Lo
yayingumthetho wekhaya (Vuyorsquos Journal 2013)
Ezi mbono zide zondela engqondweni kaJolobe kuba uthe xa ethabatha inkosikazi wathabatha
inkosikazi efana nomama wakhe onothando nokhutheleyo nongumongikazi ophakamisa intlalo
yococeko empilweni yakhaya nangokubanzi Ngoku siyabonakala isizathu sokuba abantwana
abakhulayo ebenzele imibongo yokuthanda ucoceko babuthiye ubuvila nobumdaka neempukane
iintakumba iintwala iincukuthu kungokuba ufune bakhule bekhuselekileyo kwizifo babesisizwe
esiphumelelayo (Jolobe 1970 1957)
Ngaphezulu inkonzo awayikhokela elapha eBhayi esentle isacwebezela umgangatho
ngokuphathwa kakuhle kwayo ibonise imizila yeendawo ezintle apho uJolobe ebeshumayela
khona aphinde anika neemfundiso ezakhayo kunye nenkosikazi yakhe
(iii) UJolobe nokungathandi kulityaziswa UVuyo ubalise wathi ldquoUDaddy ebengathandi
ukuhamba emisa aphazanyiswe xa eseluhambeni eqhuba imoto Sasimazi ngoko ke Sasiye
sikhawuleze ukuya ngasese xa siza kuhamba naye siyokubetha amanzi phambi kokuba sikhwele
emotweni ngaloo ndlela sasisebenzisana nayerdquo
2139 UJolobe nochaso lwempathombi kwabantu baseTyhini
UNomvuyo ubalisa ukuba bona bengabantwana bakaJolobe abazange bababone unina noyise
bexabana phambi kwabo Kwakhona abazange bambona nakanye ephakamisa isandla
kwinkosikazi yakhe UVuyo ubalise wathi umfana othile wathi wabetha umakazi wakhe owaye
engudade bomama wam Wacaphuka utata kakhulu wenza into ngaloo nto Loo mfana wafumana
ukwelulekwa wazithoba wacela uxolo UVuyo Ukhankanye ukuba mama wakhe ebemthanda
104
uyise emxabisile Xa ebesenza izinto naxa athatha izigqibo uyise uJolobe ebeye athethathethane
nenkosikazi yakhe Kanti nabantwana bakhe ebehlangana nabo ave nezabo izimvo ngezigqibo
azithathayo
21310 UJolobe nomtshato wakhe nenenekazi lakwaNongogo
Umtshato kaJJRJolobe nenkosikazi yakhe waba ngonyaka ka1936 Basibalisela ukuba
wawumkhulu kakhulu WawungoLwesibini ezintsukwini Bathi kwamisa iimoto kuba
babehamba eMain Street eBhayi Umtshakazi wayenxibe ilokhwe entle emhlophe notata emhle
ecaleni kwakhe Abafoti besiStudio sakwaFrik eBhayi abazange bazibambe bathatha iifoto
zomtshato Umbhali uMama bachaza ukuba owathi waqeqeshwa nguJolobe ekubhaleni imibongo
wayekho eyintatheli efota nokufota Emva koko wathi wabhala inqaku kwiphephandaba
elimnandi ngomyeni nomtshakazi abathe bagqwesa ukuba babahle oku kwanendlela
ababekhangeleka ngayo ngaloo mini yomtshato Usichazela ukuba loo ngxelo intle yadala
ubuhlobo obukhulu phakathi koMnumzana uMama kunye nosapho lwasekhaya Waza wamana
ukutyelela abazali bam Nabantu bendawo yokufota yakwaFrik nabo emva komtshato bathi
bazisa uluntu ukuba uMfundisi uJolobe ube etshata nentombi egama linguButhelwa
yakwaNongogo engumongikazi
UJJRJolobe noButhelwa basichazela ukuba babonana kakhulu e-Dikeni apho wayesenza khona
izifundo zokonga kwisibhadlele-eLovedale umama wam uButhelwa ehlala kwamalume wakhe
uGqirha DDT Jabavu Babalisa ukuba uMalume wakhe wayenokholo kuJJR kangangokuba
wayede amcele ukuba amgadele umzi wakhe xa engazokubakho
21311 Usizi lwabantu mhla walishiya iDike esinga eBhayi ngo1959
UVuyo ukhumbule ukuba uJolobe nenkosikazi yakhe bathi bafudukela kwakhona eBhayi
ngo1959 abantu basekuhlaleni eLovedale bakhathazeka kakhulu bakwaziswa ngolu fuduko
kukaJJR Jolobe nobonwe eyintsikelelo enkulu kwingingqi yabo kwanokushiywa kwabo
yinkosikazi yakhe eyayingumongikazi omkhulu Igalelo likaJolobe kule ngingqi kukuba ube
nguMfundisiliZwi efundisa esikolwni iLovedale Bible School nakwiTraining Department yesi
sakhiwo Ebengaphelelanga apho ebekwangumfundisi ekhokela namabandla amabini emnye
aseRhabe kwaye engumfundisi ophumelelayo nogqwesileyo kubhalo loncwadi
Kuvakele ukuba naye unkosikazi uJolobe naye uthe wanegalelo elikhulu kwisithili saseLovedale
ingakumbi iLovedale Hospital Kwesi sibhedlele kulapho wathi waphumelela izifundo zabaqala
ubungokazi waza wenyukela phambili wangumongikazi opheleleyo nobhalisiweyo ngo1937
Ngo1941 uye wafumana ithamsanqa kwakhona lokonyuselwa ukuba abe ngumongikazi
105
ophezulu obizwa ngokuba nguSister Ngaloo ndlela wathi waphakathi koomongikazai bokuqala
eMzantsi Afrika ukufikela kweli nqanaba Ngo1951 wathi waphinda wanyuselwa wawela waya
kwenza izifundo eziphezulu kunyango lwesifo iTB Wathi wathiwa jize ngesatifikethi
sokuphumelela izifundo zakhe waza wabuyela kwakhona kweli lizwe ngomnyaka ka1952
Wanyulwa wangumhlohli kwizifundo zokonga kwesi sibhedlele sedolophu yaseDikeni Noko
kunjalo abantu bebuhlungu ngokushiywa kwabo ngabantu ababathandayo bathi babanqwenelela
impumelelo novuyo kwingingqi abaya kukhonza kuyo (The South African Outlook October 1st
1959)
21312 Uthando lukaJolobe nolwenkosikazi yakhe
UVuyo Jolobe unike le ngxelo idala umdla Wathi
UJolobe utata ebemthanda kakhulu umama inkosikazi yakhe kangangokuba ebeye
amphathele izinto ezimnandi xa avela edolophini Umama ebethi asiphe kuloo mphako
singabantwana bakhe Phakathi kwawo ebangayishiyi itshokolethi ebeyithanda kakhulu
kunye nentlanzi umama Umama ebemthanda utata kakhulu embekile emkhusela ukuba
singamgxoleli thina bantwana simphazamise xa abhala esitadi Utata uJolobe
ubeluthanda usapho lwakhe ade alukhuphe alutyise eziholetele xa emi kakuhle ngezinye
iimini uluphumze ezimbizeni Kwakhona utata wayithengela inkosikazi yakhe
ayithandayo imoto entle kakhulu waza umama wabangomnye wabafazi bama-Afrika
ambalwa ayeneemoto ngezo mini Abantu babeye bambuke xa eqhuba kuba wayemhle
efaneleka enowonga Wayenxiba kakuhle umama ezithanda afake ikawusi ldquoinylon
stocking kunye nelipstic elinenekazi Wayesisibonelo kumanesi aqeqeshwayo esibhedlele
ethandwa nangamalungu ecawa ngobubele
UVuyo uthi utata wakhe umbongo ldquoInyibibardquo wawuqamba ngenxa yokuthabatheka bubuhle
bukamama wakhe Ubalisa ukuba naye wayemthanda kakhulu unina Ngobuhle waye
eyinzwakazi emanzrsquoandonga ecikiziwe Ibala lakhe lalimhlophe kanye njengenyebiba emhlophe
ethanda ukunxiba kakuhle ethanda nokunxiba imibhaco yakwaNtu ngamanye amaxesha xa esiya
edolophini ekuthanda nokuthunga enomatshini wokwenza impahla
UMahlasela ubalise ukuba wayeye aye emzini womhlobo wakhe uJolobe eyokuqonda ngezinto
ezithile kumbhali noMfundisi Ubalise ukuba inkosikazi kaJolobe yayiye ibonise Ubuntu
nobubele emzini wombhali uJolobe azive naye emkelekile (1973 Isinikezelo) Yiyo loo nto
uJolobe wayeyithanda kakhulu kangaka-bubuntu bayo Oku kwathi kwadala ukuba amthande
ngaphezulu umongikazi oyinkosikazi yakhe kunye nabo bonke abongikazi besibhedlele
106
saseDikeni apho inkosikazi yakhe yayixelenga khona inguMongikazi omkhulu nohlonitshiweyo
Olu thando lwamdala uqambo wabonisa ixabiso labomongikazi esizweni Wabhala wathi
Amaganyana akhe lo mntwana wemfesane
NguNokunyamezela Nonceba Nobulali
NguNongqikelelo Nobubele Novelwano
NguNokuthembeka Nokuphapha Nobuchule
UmOngikazi
Kwintlungu zemizimba evikivekileyo
Obakhe ubuchule buba nengqikelelo
Unesibindi nenceba Ekuphatheni kwakhe
Izandla zibe ngathi buboya ukuthamba
UmOngikazi
Kwabaxakwe kukutya umqalrsquo ungaginyi
Ubafunza ngamajelo oqhoqhoqho ngomonde
Ujongrsquoukuhlangula bungabalekrsquoubomi
Uzingisa amaxa ajokise imihla
UmOngikazi
Lo mbongo ungentla uqanjwe nawo nguJolobe waza kwakhona umbhali uMama
wawuxokomezela kwincwadi yakhe yemibongo awathi wayipapasha ngo-1951 kwincwadi yakhe
ethi ldquoIndyebo kaXhosardquo (195112) Wonke ubani angangqina ukuba lo mbongo ungumzekelo
woqhagamshelwana loncwadi lulaJolobe kunye nobomi bakhe athe wabuphila kwaye ungqina
ekuthethileyo le mbongi kuScheub (196758) kuba ezantsi kwesihloko salo mbongo uthi
Abongikazi uJolobe ubhale lombhalo wazisa abafundi bakhe ldquoUmhobe ondululwe kukubona
ukusebenza nokuziphatha kwabongikazi besiBhedlele saseLovedalerdquo Ngokungathandabuzekiyo
uVuyo nonina bayabandakanyeka
107
21313 Ubudlelwane bukaVuyo nabazali bakhe
UVuyo wasibalisela ukuba umbongo kaJolobe othi ldquoUmbongo webhadirdquo wawubhala kuba
elindele ukuzalwa kwam uthi wathi kumama wam uMaRhadebe ogama linguJeanne ukuba uye
wabeleka umntwana oyinkwenkwe okanye intombazana igama lakhe iya kuba ngu-ldquoVuyordquo
ldquoNgenene ndakuzalwa wathi ndinguVuyo kuba esithi ndiluvuyo lweliso lakhe Igama elipheleyo
lam ngu ldquoVuyolwelisolamrdquo ngamanye amaxesha xa undibiza ngesiduko sakhe athi
ldquoMakheswardquo
Akuthethayo uVuyo kwenza umdla kuba uJolobe ugcobile kakhulu kulo mbongo
ngokundwendwelwa lelibhabhathabe limakhwezi khwezi iingubo zalo ngobuhle neli mzisele
uvuyo nochulumanco kuba uye wayihombisa ngempinda-mqolo eyingoma emnandi egxininisa
ivakalisa olu vuyo xa isithi ldquoVuyo lweliso lamrdquo ekupheleni kwezitanza ngazinye UJolobe ube
engumhlobo omkhulu wam esithi ndiyintonga esekhosi kuye
UVuyo ubalise ukuba yena wayefuna ukuba nguGqirha kodwa umama wakhe
owayengumongikazi omkhulu wabona ukuba angangumongikazi omkhulu ngokubona isakhono
sakhe sokuthanda ukonga Waza ngenxa yakhe wawela kwicala lokuba abengumongikazi
oqeqeshiweyo
UVuyo ukhankanye ukuba bobabini abazali bakhe bayiphakamisa kakhulu imfundo bonke
abantwana babo babangabafundileyo Ukhankanye ukuba babangabantwana abathathu kubazali
bakhe Owesibini ongumfana ogama linguFikile uye wabaligqwetha waza owesithathu
oyintombazana ongu-Ayanda yena wabangugqirha osebenza Phesheya kolwandle
Babanomzukulwana ogama linguMyezo ongunyana kaVuyo owathiywa nguJolobe ngegama
lencwadi yakhe ayithandayo ldquoUMyezordquo U-Litha ibelelinye igama lakhe lesibini athe waliphiwa
ngumakhulu wakhe uNobandla nalo ligama lencwadi yakhe yemibongo eyonwabisayo ldquoIlithardquo
UMyezo naye ufunde waligqwetha Omnye umzukulwana obe embekile utata ethandwa
ngutatomkhulu wakhe uJolobe nguWonga Jolobe ongunyana kaFikile nobe emthanda kakhulu
utatomkhulu wakhe nodadebobawo wakhe uVuyo Yena wabangusomashishini omkhulu apha
Bakho baliqela nabanye abazukulwana bakaJolobe abaphumeleleyo
(i)Umvuzo wam ndakwamkela Vuyo uyabalisa wathi
Ukwamkela kwam zonke iinyanga umvuzo kwindawo endaqala ukusebenza kuyo
ndandiyisa imvulophu yam yomvuzo kudaddy kwisistadi sakhe injalo
ndingayiqhaqhanga Wayethi abulele aze ke uyise abulele ahambe ngemoto
108
ayekundibhatalela onke amatyala am Aze ke abuye ayifake imali eshiyekileyo
ayibuyisele emvulophini andinike ndiyisebenzise ngokuzithandela kwam enye ndiyivale
(ii) Uqhagamshelwano lukaJolobe nomafungwashe wakhe uVuyo
NgokukaVuyo ubalise wathi utata wayenesiphiwo sokundazi xa ndingaphathekanga kakuhle
kwindawo endikuyo okanye xa kukho into embi endehleleyo Unina wakhe uJeanne wamxelela
ukuba ubethi xa elele athethe ebiza igama lakhe yena Vuyo UVuyo ukuxhasa elibango ubalise
elibali
Kwathi ngenye imini ndixelenga ebusuku kwesinye isibhedlele Ndathi xa ndiphuma
ndigoduka kusasa ndabona imoto kamama ipakishwe kwindawo ezipakishwa kuyo ezinye
iimoto Ndathi ndosothuswe yileyo Tyhini Nanko umama ephuma ngobungxamo esiza
kum Wathi nje akufika kum akazange athethe zinto zininzi Wandicela qha ukuba
ndikhawuleze ndikhwele sigoduke kuba ndiyafuneka ekhaya Ndaqonda kwangoko ukuba
kukho undonakele Endleleni umama wam wandichubela iindaba yokugungaphili
ngamandla kukatata kwaye akanawo namandla kwanalo okutya Ndathi nje ukuba
ndingene endlini andibone wathi ldquoTyhini ufikile Kwatsho kwalungardquo Wathi
bekusithiwa ebengasatyi watsho wanomdla wokutya akuninikwa
(iii) UJolobe ngutata omamelayo kwanomhlobo kubantwana bakhe
UVuyo ubalisa ukuba waqhubeka ukuncokola noyise Wabonakala efumana amandla Wathi
akunikwa ukutya watsho watya bekusithiwa akasatyi Uthi ezi zinto zazisoloko zithi zakuhla
zimana zibamangaza yena nonina Atsho esoleka ngala mazwi
Enye into endandiyithanda kakhulu kutata kukuba utata wayeliqonda igama elithi ldquotatardquo
okanye ldquodaddyrdquo intsingiselo yalo ukuba iyintoni na umzekelo ngulo Ndandiye ndithi
ndakuba nengxaki ndiye esitadi sakhe ndicele ukuthetha naye ndibuze okanye
ndimbalisele nangantoni na endifuma ukuyiqonda kuba u ldquodaddyrdquo waye mamela aze
andinike amacebiso aphilisayo Utata wayenelizwi elimndi elithambileyo xa ethetha
Kanti nabafazana befemeli bezizalwana efemelini yethu babeye bayo kukhalaza ku
ldquodaddyrdquo bakungaphathwa kakuhle ngabayeni babo kwaye amadoda efemeli ayemoyika
embekile engathandi ukungqubana naye emazi kanjalo Wayethi u ldquodaddyrdquo bakufika
athi mabenziwe bahle balungiswe neenwele zifrerhwe banxityiswe kakuhle babebahle
okwenene abafundise ukuba baziphakamise bahlale bebahle bangavumi ukuphatheka
kukubi Weyethi ayilwele impatho entle yabo nabo bemthanda kakhulu Olu luthando
lukamama kutata nolukatata kumama
109
21314Umhlalaphantsi kaJolobe
Intombi kaJolobe uVuyo ibalise ukuba uJJRJolobe wakhetha ukuhlala Phesheya kweNciba
(Transkei) eMthatha akuthatha umhlalaphantsi wakhe kuba wabona iyeyona ndawo izolileyo
kuba wayefuna ukuphumla EBhayi ngenxa yokuba esaziwa gqitha wabona ukuba akanakuze
akwazi ukuphula kakuhle Kwakhona wabona enganakukwazi ukuthi hayi angabancedi abantu
xa besiza befuna uncedo kuba bemazi ukukhathala kwakhe ngabantu abacinezelwayo mihla le
Kanti naye wayesoloko ehleli emngciphekisweni kuba ewuchasa umbuso wenkohlakalo ocalula
abantu bagazi lakhe abaNtsundu Waqonda ukuba makagokude abuyele kwingingqi awazalelwa
kuyo nalapho amaxabiso okuthenga umhlaba aye ephantsi umzekelo kunaseBhayi
21315 UJolobe wakhela usapho lwakhe umzi
UJolobe ube enobulumko neliso lokhozi lona libona intlanzi kude emanzini luhlasele ngethuba
Ubezibona izinto zisekude aze azilungiselele
Wathi wakubona ukuba impilo yakhe iyophuka ngokuhamba kwexesha emva wacinga
ngokukuthatha umhlalaphantsi wakhe Wakhawuleza wakhangela indawo epholileyo apho
angathi achithe kuyo umhlalaphantsi wakhe nosapho lwakhe Kwakhona wayenenjongo
zokuzakhela owakhe umzi ungowakhe kuba amaxesha amaninzi ebeye ahlale nosapho lwakhe
emishini kwimizi yeenkonzo apho ebehamba esiba ngumfundisi khona
Wathi wafuna ikontraka enokuthi yakhe indlu yakhe wade wayibhaqa awayibona
isemgangathweni Yaqalwa indlu yakhe ngo-1972 phambi komhlalaphantsi wakheWathi
wayinika imiyalelo yokuba ikhawuleze ukwakhiwa indlu igqitywe kwisithuba seenyanga
ezintandathu Wasebenza ngamandla ekwakhiweni kwakhe saza nathi sisebenza safaka isandla
ngamandla simncedisa nangemivuzo ngokuchwayita okukhulu Waza wayalela nokuba
umphamdle wayo uhonjiswa uqatywe ngepeyinti emhlophe luze lona uphahla lwayo lona
lubemnyama
Indlu yakhe ngenene yagqitywa kanye ngexesha alixeleliyo kwaye intle Kwabonakala ukuba
utata yindoda yamazwi ayo Waza wayifakela netanki lamanzi leli xesha lale mihla elenziwe
nemateriyeli yeplastiki ukulungiselela xa kuthi kumke amanzi usapho lwakhe lungasweli manzi
Wayifakela isitovu esihle kakhulu samalahle neenkuni Sasiyelelene kweziya zee-Welcome
Dover ukuze indlu isithe yonke xa kubanda nasebusika Kodwa wathi wenza sibekhona naso
isitovu esikhulu sombane Wathi kuba ezithanda iintyantyambo nemifuno kakhulu waba nazo
ezizintlobo ngeentlobo esitiyeni Waze wanqonqozisa ukuba ikhaya libe nayo imithi yeziqhamo
eluncedo kuphuhliso lwempilo yomntu kuba zikhusela nezifo kwangokunjalo
110
Yaba yindawo ekufutshane kanye apho umntu angathi abenako ukuhamba ngeenyawo ukuya
edolophini enkulu uMthatha ukuze abantwana bakhe bakwazi ukuhamba ngokulula ukuya kuyo
bangaxhomekeki kwizinto zokukhwela ezinje ngeebhasi njalo-njalo
21316 UJolobe uyilungiselele indawo yokunduluka kwakhe ngethuba
Yathi ngokuhamba kwexesha lakhe lokuphila yatsho nempilo yakhe yophuka kangangokuba
bekuye kubenzima ukuhamba imigama emide Waza ngaminazana ithile wabuza umbuzo uVuyo
awambona eyintonga yakhe esekhosi umbuzo owamkhwankqisayo Wathi
Vuyo ntombi yam yeyiphi indawo oyibona ingaba yefanelekileyo ocinga ukuba umsebenzi
womngcwabo wam ungaqhutyelwa khona
UVuyo wacinga nzulu waza wabuya nempendulo wathi Yi - Anglican Cathedral Church
Daddyrdquo Kaloku uVuyo wayethanda ukumbiza utata wakhe ldquoDaddyrdquo Uyise waphendula
ngelithi ldquoOwu kulungile ke
Oku kuzalisekisa awakubhala kumbongo wakhe uJolobe othi ldquoAkukho hlelo aphordquo
21317 UJolobe utyelela ibandla laseBhaptizi
UVuyo ukukhankanyile apha ngentla ukuba akufika eMthatha uJolobe impilo yakhe yaye isihla
ngokuhla kangangokuba kube nzima ukuya kweyakhe inkonzo iRhabe ethe qelele Kodwa
ngenxa yokuba wayeyithanda indlu yeNkosi ngamhla uthile waya kunqula kwibandla
laseBhaptizi elikufutshane apho kumzi wakhe oseMthatha
UVuyo ubalisa ukuba uyise waqonda ukuba makafike mva ngabomi inkonzo sele iqalile
Wangena waya kuhlala emva phaya ukuze angatsali amehlo abantu Kodwa abantu bale nkonzo
bahle balikrobela elo qhinga lakhe Uyise ubalisele usapho lwakhe ukuba wabona sekufika
amadoda amakhulu emcela ngentobeko amnika imbeko ukuba anyukele ngentla ayo kuhlala
kwindawo ebekekileyo abathe bambekela yona Bathi kanjalo bazala luvuyo olukhulu
kukuhanjelwa ngumntu omkhulu onjengaye ebandleni labo Oku kubonisa ukuba abantu beli
bandla bazibona bethamsanqalekile besikelelekile bubukho bakhe phakathi kwabo
21318 Ubuthandazwe babantu abaMnyama naselukhukweni lokufa
UJolobe ubathandile abantu bakowabo abalibala lakhe eliNtsundu abathe batshutshiswa
kabuhlungu bambi bade bazimbacu elizweni labo
111
Imeko yokuphatheka ngokungenakuxabiseka kwabo ibe imvisa ubuhlungu Enye into ube
enomninawa wakhe owaye engumzabalazi omkhulu kwaye ubomi bakhe babusoloko
busengozini kwaye oku kwakumkhathaza
UVuyo ubalise ukuba ngo-1976 uyise wathi esekhukweni lokufa waboniswa izinto zexesha
elizayo nangokwakuza kwenzeka kulawulo lwedemokhrasi Waqononondisa ukuba luyeza
kwaye luzakwenzeka umzekelo ngothethathethwano nangezivumelwano zomgaqosiseko
oqulathe umGomo wamaLungelo UJolobe uthe elele esibhedlele ekwikhuko elinzima lokufa
ebambekile kodwa wanamandla okwenza amazwi okugqibela kubantu abaNtsundu Unike
umyolelo wenkuthazo womeleza isizwe sakhe wathi ldquoInkululeko ikufutshane kukhulu ngoku
kunexesha elingaphambilirdquo La mazwi angqina awakuthetha kumbongo wakhe wezezopolitiko
othi ldquoOsemboniselwenirdquo apho athi ldquoisifingo sidlule sekumbovurdquo ldquongumsobomvurdquo ldquoumyalezo
uyenziwardquo (Opland noMtuze 1994116)
Le nkuthazo uVuyo ubalise ukuba uyise uyithethe kumaqela ngamaqela abantu ababemana
besiya kumtyelela ngexesha ebebambekile esibhedlele kucaca ukuba esendleleni elishiyayo eli
lizwe Ubomelezile ebaxelela ukuba yona inkulululeko iyeza uyaziva izingqi zayo ziqalisa
eMthatha Kwakhona UJolobe uye wazilungisa iingqondo zeenkokheli nabantu ukuba bahlale
beyilinde njani na inkululeko Ubafundise ukuba bathabathe isixhobo esiyimfundo babe sisizwe
esifundileyo kuba yakufika inkululeko kuzakufuneka bathabathe iindawo zabo kulawulo lwaso
kwaye kuza kufuneka babesisizwe esindilisekileyo nesiqeqeshiweyo Ngolu hlobo uthe wakwazi
ukuthuthuzela anika ithemba kwisizwe nemiphefumlo ephelelwa ngamandla ukuba ingatyhafi
iqule ihlale ithembile kuba inkululeko ekudala ilindelwe yona iyafika ngaphandle
kwentandabuzo nokuba ifike yena sele endulukile UVuyo ubalise ukuba uJolobe uthe ngo-1976
elele esibhedlele ekwikhuko elinzima lokufa ebambekile kodwa wanamandla okomeleza isizwe
21319 Ukunduluka kwakhe uRhanisi Jolobe
Nangomhla wokunduluka kwakhe uVuyo Jolobe ubalise athi Wathi utata kukho nabanye
abantu becawe ababekho ukuza kumvelela waliphakamisa ilizwi lakhe wathi
Iphi nale kwayala icula kamnandi apha ecaleni kwam Ma ingaphazu mayiqhubeka
icule
Waza emva koko washumayela ngokungathi use pulpitini Emva koko waza wathandaza
wabasikelela ebomeleza wasisikelela isizwe esiNtsundu Emva kwethuba wayibeka inqawe
112
Kanti kwixesha elingaphambili uVuyo uthi uyise wamnika umyalelo emcela ukuba akunduluka
ikhaya ligcinwe kakuhle lisemgangathweni lingachithakali xa bona bengasekho nonina Waza
wacela uMfundisi Mateza ukuba aze abengamehlo akhe amjongele ikhaya xa kukho imicimbi
efuna ukusonjululwa
Uqhuba athi uVuyo abazali bakhe bobabini mhla banduluka wayekho wabonga kwaye nguye
owabavala amehlo Uyise wamnika umyalezo wokuba aligcine ikhaya labo lihlale liqaqambile
bakungabikho bona
21320 Umngcwabo katata uRhanisi Jolobe
UVuyo ubalise ukuba uyise uRhanisi Jolobe inkonzo yomngcwabo wakhe yaqhutyelwa
kwicawe i-Anglican Cathedral Church eMthatha Wathi walishiya eli gada ngomhla we-9
kuMeyi ngo1976 Intombi kaJolobe uVuyo ibalise ukuba umngcwabo kayise wabamkhulu
kakhulu kakhulu kuba iimvaba ngeemvaba zabakho ziphume ngamandla zizokukhunga zisithi
ldquoNdlela-ntlerdquo kutata Zonke zahlangana Anglican Cathedral Church eMthatha Kuyabonakala
ukuba zonke iinkonzo ezazilapho zabangumfuziselo wehlelo elinye elibumbeneyo
ebelinqwenelwa nguJolobe[ugxininiso lwam] ukuba onke amaKristu abentliziyonye kungabikho
kujongelana phantsi kwamanye athandane njengokuba iNkosi yawo inqonqozise yatsho
(Yohane isahluko 17)
Ukhankanye ukuba umama wakhe uJeanne Nobandla Jolobe yena wanduluka ngo-23 kaJulayi
ngo-2003 Nawo umngcwabo wakhe waqhutyelwa kwakwinkonzo i-Anglican Cathedral Church
ngomhla we-31 Julayi 2003 Yena wazalelwa eHerschel eBluegums
221 Ubudlelwane obunzulu bukaJolobe noThixo wakhe
UVuyo usixelela ukuba uyise uJJRJolobe wayenobudlelwane obunzulu noThixo wakhe
uSomandla Wayechitha ixesha elininzi oko kukuthi iiyure ezininzi ethandaza Ebengathandazi
nje ebethetha noThixo njengoMosisi webali elisebhayibhileni owayethethe noThixo Izinto
ebezibhala ebecela ngazo isikhokelo nobulumko namandla eNkosini ukuze zibe nokuchukumisa
ubomi babantu zibe yintsikelelo okanye zinike isityhilelo okanye ziyolise Akubalisayo uVuyo
kuyaxhaseka kuba uMhleli wephephandaba laseNatala (Jolobe 197090) Wabonakala
ephanjanisiwa yimibongo kaJolobe yezezopolitiko eyamvuselela emoyeni wakhe nasemxhelweni
wakhe Yamnika ithemba namandla okuba ayibone inkululeko yomntu oMnyama ifanele ukuba
ifike ingakumbi kwindlela imbongi uJolobe yathi yawubhala ngayo umbongo wayo othi
ldquoUkwenziwa komkhonzirdquo (1974111) Lo mhleli wephephandaba lakwaZulu wachumiseka
113
wancoma ukuba imisebenzi kaJolobe kumele ukuba ifundwe ngabeSuthu amaZulu
kwanangabanye abantu
222 UJolobe nezinto ebezimdala uqambo
UJolobe ngokukaNomvuyo Jolobe ebebhala ngezinto ekubonakele ukuba yayizizinto
ezazikufutshane nentliziyo yakhe zichukumise Umzekelo uthiye umzukulwana wakhe
amthandileyo ebangwe luvuyo waza wamthiya ngegama lencwadi yakhe UMyezo wathi
nguMyezo Okubonisa ukuba ukufika kwalo mzukulwana kwamchukumisa wambona esesinye
sesiziqhamo ezintle zasemyezweni olikhaya lakhe Lo mzekelo ungentla usisibonelo esicacileyo
ukuba uncwadi lukaJolobe luyintambo enye lukwasisipili esalatha ubomi bakhe namava akhe
obomi UVuyo ubalise wathi uyise ubethanda ukukhuthaza umoya wovelwano nowobunye
nomoya wentsebenziswano
21323 Elokuqukumbela
UBoswell kuClifford (1962125) usinika amacebo okubhala ibhayografi awawafumana
kuJohnson umqeqeshi wakhe UJohnson umakhwekhwetha nowaye ehlonelwa ekubhaleni
iimilandu yabantu okanye iibhayografi ngexesha lokuphila kwakhe OoBoswell aba ababe
ngabafundi bakhe wayebayalela ukuba kuphando lwabo olumalunga nokubhala ibhayografi
yomntu kubalulekile baziqaphele izinto ebezisemoyeni womphandwa lowo Kwakho baphande
ngaye kwaneendawo ebethanda ukuzityelela kwaneendawo ebephuma ayokutya kuzo afunde
namaphepha aphunge neziphungo zakhe kuzo Xa yena Johnson ebebhala ibhayografi yomntu
ebethi athumele abathunywa bakhe bayokuphanda ngamandla ngomntu azakubhala ngaye
bangazishiyi ezondawo ebezithanda umphandwa benze njengoko selekuchaziwe entla apha
Ngolu hlobo babefumana iinkcukacha zenene nezidala umdla kwanezichulumancisayo nebezithi
zibonakalise ubuyena ngandlela zonke ngomntu azakubhala ngaye Wathi kufuneka bamazi
kakuhle lowo baza kubhala ngaye
Olu phando nalo luza nolwazi olunexabiso obelunqabile ukufumaneka kwanokuba lwaziwe
Uninzi lwalo lwafumaneka kwibali elibaliswe nguVuyo Ibali lakhe lidale umdla omkhulu Libe
lelichulumancisayo ingakumbi libaliswe ngumntu obehlala naye kwanomntu obe esenyongweni
kaJolobe nobe emthanda uyise noyise eyithanda intombi yakhe Eli bali libe luncedo olukhulu
ekwazini ngobomi bukaJolobe Libe sesinye siziseko zokwenziwa kolu phando kuncwadi
lwakhe ngokumalunga nokunxulumana kobomi bukaJolobe noncwadi lwakhe alubhalileyo
Ngoko ke ulwazi lukaVuyo luxhobise olu phando ngolwazi olunamandla Latsho lacaca gca
ngakumbi igalelo likaJolobe ebomini bakhe abuphilileyo bokuphakamisa isizwe Lithe nalo
114
langqinwa nakuncwadi lwakhe Kungoko ke kungathiwa uncwadi lukaJolobe yimveliso yobomi
bakhe Kanti nezinye iintetho ezimalunga noJolobe ezikhankanywe nguKwetana nguKerr
noNyembezi kwanezinye iimbalo nazo zibeluncedo kakhulu ekuqaqambiseni ulwazi ngobomi
bukaJolobe obumatwe kunye noncwadi lwakhe
115
ISAHLUKO 3
UHLALUTYO LWENOVELI ELUNDINI LOTHUKELA
31 Intshayelelo
Kwesi sahluko kuza kwenziwa uhlalutyo lwenoveli esihloko sithi Elundini loThukela Uphicotho
lunxulunyaniswa nezimvo zeengcali zesithako sezeMbali nobuNzululwazi-Mlando Uphicotho
olunje lulilinge eliphathekayo lokubhala umlando okanye ibhayografi kaJolobe Incwadi
engumlando wombhali ilixabiso elikhulu kuba idiza ulwazi olufihlakeleyo olunobulumko
obuqhushekwe ngumbhali kuncwadi lwakhe Olu lwazi alufane luchukunyiswe okanye
kuthethwe ngalo ngababhali nangabaphandi abaninzi abaphande ngoncwadi lukaJolobe
Siyakuthi kolu phononongo siluveze olu lwazi lungobomi bukaJolobe ngenkqu
nolukwachaphazela kunye nesizwe azalwa siso esingamaHlubi Ngalo olu lwazi sakutsho
sikwazi nokulungisa okungeyonyaniso okubhalwe ngembali yamaHlubi kwaneyamaXhosa
ngokubanzi
Sibona kubalulekile ukuba silungisiwe esi siphene sibhaliweyo silahlekisa uluntu ngembali
nenkcubeko yamaHlubi Sakubonisa ukuba uJolobe usilungise ngoncwadi lwakhe Wathabatha
ubugorha bukaMqhayi kuba naye uMqhayi wathi wenza uqhankqalazo olulolwakhe
Wakhalazela imbali engeyonyaniso ebhalwe ngesizwe sakhe esingamaXhosa eyapapashwa
kwiincwadi zezembali kwiSebe lezeMfundo ngexesha lakhe Ootishala abaseluqeqeshweni
babefundiswa le mbali yobuxoki ukuze bona bayikhuphelele ebantwaneni ezikolweni Yena
uMqhayi wala ukufundisa abantwana besikolo ulwazi lobuxoki olu qhankqalazo lwakhe
lwamenza wabushiya ubutitshala kuba esala ukufundisa into ayaziyo yena ukuba ayiyiyo
inyaniso abe yena eyazi inyaniso ngesizwe azalwa siso kwaneenkosi zakowabo awaye ehlobene
nazo oku kufumaneka kwincwadi kaMqhayi ethi UMqhayi waseNtabozuko (1974) Ngenxa
yoku kwakwesi sahluko sakujonga ukuba wenze ntoni yena uJolobe ukukhusela ukubhanga
kwembali kwanenkcubeko yamaHlubi UScheub (1967) noMama bakhe bavakalisa olunye udaba
olungemnandi lokufa koncwadi lwemveli ngexesha wayephila kulo uJolobe Ngoko ke kwesi
sahluko kuza kujongwa ukuba migudu mini lo mbhali uJolobe ayenzileyo yokunika umongo-
moya kuncwadi lwemveli lwesiXhosa evuselela esenzela ukuba lungafi Inoveli Elundini
LoThukela iyakusinika iingongoma zokuxhasa iingxoxo zethu Kuzo siyakubonisa ukuba
uJolobe uyenzile imigudu yokuba uncwadi lwemveli maluqhubele phambili luhlale luphila
kuncwadi lwakhe ulubone luxabisekile kuye kwanakwisizwe esiNtsundu ngokubanzi ukuquka
izizukulwana ezizayo Ubone kubalulekile ukuba zihlale zinovimba wolwazi olilifa lazo nazo Le
116
noveli Elundini LoThukela ingomnye woovimba belo lifa Yaye ibonakala ingeyondlela
iqhelekileyo yokubhala inoveli yesiXhosa
Olu bhalo lwenoveli ngohlobo olutsha uJolobe uxoxe ngalo kudliwanondlebe awayenalo
(Scheub 1967 60) Exoxa noScheub waphakamisa ubhalo lwenoveli olutsha ekwabonisa
ngokubaluleka kwamabali asemakhaya Wadiza ukuba kukho amandla afihlakeleyo kumabali
asemakhaya Kuloko ke kule noveli Elundini LoThukela kuza kuthi kujongwe ukuba wenze
ntoni okanye simbo sini na athe wasisebenzisa ukuphakamisa amabali asemakhaya anegalelo
ekuphuhlisweni kobhalo olutsha lwenoveli
UJolobe akayifihlanga kuScheub into yokuba le noveli yakhe Elundini LoThukela uyakhele
kule ngcamango intsha Uyichaphazele into yokuba le noveli iziziqhamo zeembono zakhe
ezimalunga nenkqubelaphambili yobhalo oluphezulu loncwadi lwesiXhosa kwicandelo lobhalo
lweprozi yanamhlanje Uyibone inamandla atsalayo adala umdla Njengombhali obe ekhuthele
uyibone itsalela enzulwini yophando lwenoveli oluchulumancisayo
Kolu qambo lwale noveli yakhe wenze indibanisela yezinto ezininzi ukutsala umdla womfundi
Ubumbe imbaliso yezezoncwadi esebenzisa imbali yenene yesizwe Yimbaliso ekwasisele
senkcubeko yesizwe namasiko nezithethe zamaHlubi Watsho wavusa neenkosi ezandulukayo
zaya kwelemilowo wazibuyisa wazenza zaphila okutsha zaphakathi kwesizwe zenza izinto
ezikhwankqisayo nezivuyisayo Obu bugcisa abusebenzisileyo ngokungathandabuzekiyo budale
ilunda ingakumbi kubukhosi bamaHlubi ngokuthi umzekelo avuse ezi nkosi zilandelayo
zamaHlubi uMahlaphahlapha uDlomo uNtsele kwanamaqhawe awo Kanti kwanaye
uBhungane uvusiwe Kwaneenduna ezinkulu zemikhosi yokulwa zamaHlubi zivusiwe
zahambahamba kweli bali ziyathetha-thethana njalo
UJolobe uye wayididiyela imbiza yebali lakhe le noveli wongeza nenkcubeko nembali
yamaHlubi kwakule ncwadi yakhe Uquke kwaneziganeko ezibanga uvuyo nobumnandi Kukho
nemifanekiso-ngqondweni yentsini neyemikhwazo yochulumanco Kukho neziganeko apho
amadoda acele kwabasicatyana bebalekela ukuzaphula izinqe luloyiko Yonke le nto itsho
umfundi avuseleleke uthando lwenkcubeko kwanele mbali emnandi emalunga nookhokho bethu
kwisizwe esiNtsundu
Indlela ayikrole ngayo le noveli itsho ithontsize amathe obumnandi obuphuma kucwambu
lolwimi lwesiXhosa asisebenzisileyo Watsho ngaso wenza into entle ebuntamborha elukwe
yayinto enye edibeneyo equka izithethe namasiko abaliswa ngohlobo lwamabalana
aphumrsquoizandla ukuyolisa oku ngenxa yokusebenzisa izangotshe ezityebileyo ezikhatshwa
117
sisigama esivokothekayo kwanolwimi lwezafobe olungqathuva Waza amabalana wawaphuhlisa
ngeencoko eziphakathi kwabalinganiswa ezonwabisayo nezimenza umntu ahlale ethe qwa
angaphelelwa mdla ekumameleni nelizwi eli lombalisi
Ngenene umfundi utsho ayibone idrama engumangaliso ngesimbo sakhe sokuyila iingxoxo ezithi
zilandelwe ziintshukumo ezinkulu Oku kubanga umfundi ange uyibona ngeliso lenyama into
eyayiqhubeka ngenxa yesakhono sakhe sokubalasela kuchongo lwesigama esivuthiweyo esithi
sizifanela iindlela iziganeko nezehlo ezenzeka ngayo Atsho umfundi oyaziyo imbali inkcubeko
neziduko zamaHlubi avuseleleke umoya wovuyo Atsho abe nehlombe ingakumbi xa esiva
uJolobe echaza ukuba imikhosi yamaHlubi emfazweni yayisithi xa igwaza ngomkhonto kutshaba
yayiwuphosa ilandelise ngezinqulo neziduko zamaHlubi Isenza njalo yayikhusela isizwe sayo
Ihlombe lokuzingca komntu ukuba ungubani na ezalwa ngoobani na lo mbhali uJolobe uthe
walibonakalisa ukubaluleka kwalo ingakumbi xa umntu ezingca ngabazali bakhe azalwa ngabo
nabathe bamkhulisa kakuhle UJolobe ukukhankanyile ukuba akukho nto imbi xa umntu ezingca
ngobuzwe bakhe ukuba loo nto akeyenzi ukujongela phantsi abanye abantu (194030)
Ibali lenoveli eElundini loThukela lithe lathandwa kumzi oNtsundu kakhulu ngokubanzi Le
ncwadi ngokwayo ichongwe yayenye yeencwadi ezikumgangatho ophezulu nebhalwe
nangobugcisa obuphezulu Iye yalufumana olu ncomo kwintlangano ye ldquoBook fair ebibanjwe
apha eBhayi ngo-2013 Kukhankanywa ukuba ikudidi lwencwadi ekuthiwa ngamangunda
(classics) kuncwadi lolwimi lwesiXhosa Oku kubonise ukuba uJolobe xa wayebhala le noveli
wayenga hambisixesha engabhali kuba kusithiwa kuyabhalwa Kakade akukho ukubhala nje
kuba kubhalwa UMao-Tse-Tung kuGugelburger (198550) uyasingqinela xa esithi
There is nohellip such a thing as art for arts sake art that stands above classes art that
stands against independent politics
UMao-Tse-Tung uthetha malunga nomba wokubhalwa koncwadi Uphakamisa ukuba akukho
bali libhalwe nje okanye imisebenzi yobugcisa eyenziwa nje kungekho njongo ithile Le ntetho
isentla ivakalisa uluvo lokuba umntu usenokubumba umsebenzi othile kanti uvakalisa iimbono
ezithile zakhe ezifihlakeleyo Umzekelo yena ubhalele ukuphelisa imimoya edubaduba uxolo
NoJolobe unazo ezakhe iinjongo zokubhala le noveli Eyokuqala ibe kukuba wathi wabona
ukuba kukho ukungazi kakuhle ngamaHlubi Ngoku ke le noveli yenza loo nto ivala eso sikroba
Uyibhale ngeenjongo zokwazisa ngemvelaphi yamaHlubi kwaneminombo yeenkosi zawo
118
kwanembali yawo Kwakhona ngale noveli wazisa ngamasiko kwanezithethe zawo eziquka
inkcubeko yawo kubantu abangawaziyo kakuhle Umzekelo kuthe kwabonakala ukuba kukho
ukubhidaniswa kwezinto zokuba amaHlubi ngamaBhele UJolobe njengethandazwe ube
kwangunogada wamaHlubi
Ngoko ke lo mbhali ubone kulungile ukuba ayilungise loo nto ukuze izizwe zifumane ukhanyiso
zingahambi ebumnyameni zazi ngemvelo yawo Le meko uthe makayilungise kuselithuba Ngesi
senzo ulungiselele izizukulwana ezilandelayo zibe nokuyazi inyaniso Kakade uJolobe waziwa
ngokuba ngumntu othanda ukuzilungisa izinto kuselithuba hayi ngomzuzu wokugqibela (Vuyorsquos
Journal 2013) noKerr (1958169 Nyembezi 1958157)
Kwakhona kwale noveli uyenze yalibali elikwasisixhobo esitsha sokuvuselela ukuba izinto
zemvelo oko kukuthi inkcubeko noncwadi lomlomo lwemveli olunjengezibongo lungafi
ngokuthi aluqhusheke kuyo esilwa imibiko yokuba uncwadi lwemveli luyafa ngokweengcinga
nemibono yabanye ababhali abanjengoMama kuSchueb (1967 60)
Ngaphandle kokuphakamisa amaHlubi nembali yawo enye injongo yakhe ibe
kukuphakamisa ulwimi lwesiXhosa nenkcubeko kwanoncwadi lwesiXhosa kuba wathi
kwasekuqaleni kobhalo lwakhe wazikhethela ukubhala ngolwimi lwesiXhosa Ngemini
yetheko lokuvuyisana nombhali uJolobe ngogqweso lwakhe kubhalo loncwadi
nasekuphakamiseni umzi oNtsundu wenza intetho evula ingqondo ababhali besizwe sama-
Afrika Wathetha ngokubaluleka kobhalo loncwadi lwemveli kwanamabali asemakhaya
ethu wathi
No nation can produce literature for another It is Africans alone that can meet this
crying demand ldquothrough writing (Jolobe 1958171)
Nangoku ebhale nje le noveli uElundini loThukela uzamana nokuba kungasweleki luncwadi
olukumgangatho ophezulu kumzi kaNtu Kwakhona ngokubhala le noveli yakhe injongo yakhe
ikwakukongeza uncwadi lwemvelo Injongo kaJolobe yokubhala le ncwadi kukuzama
ukuphakamisa uncwadi lwemvelo luqhubele phambili lungagqunyelelwa zezinye iilwimi
ezifikayo kweli lizwe lude lubhange
Ngaphezulu le noveli uyibhale yasisisele solwazi esiqulethe imbali yeminombo yeenkosi
zamaHlubi kwanovimba wamasiko kwanezithethe zawo ukuze zingaze ziduke ngokuhamba
kweminyaka ngokungabhalwa kolwazi olubalulekileyo lwemvelo yabantu kuncwadi lwabo
119
32 Ukubaluleka koncwadi
UJolobe apha ezantsi uvakalisa izimvo zakhe ezimenze watsaleleka ekuthandeni ubhalo
loncwadi Amazwi akhe abonise ukuba ayimpuphuma yeemvakalelo zakhe kwanamava akhe
kubhalo loncwadi angaphakathi Amava akhe okubhala kwakhe nathe amomeleze ekuthandeni
kwakhe ukubhala uwabeka ngala mazwi
Through writing we can depict our aspirations and frustrations We depict our ambitions
and our disappointments We can describe our humour and griefs We can describe our
way of life and our way of thinking to the delight and edification of our people (1958171-
172)
Ngolu luvo lungentla uJolobe udiza izimvo zakhe ezibonisa ukubaluleka kuye kobhalo luncwadi
Umzekelo ube engumntu obenganamazwi made ekuthetheni ngomlomo (Vuyorsquos Journal 2013)
ngokubhala uncwadi kubonakala ukuba ubethi afumane ithuba lokuthetha okungaphakathi
kwakhe Yiloo nto esithi ngokubhala sithi sikwazi ukuchaza iminqweno yethu kwanezinto
ezisicaphukisayo nezingasonwabisiyo Sidize amaphupha ethu ukudana kwethu izinto
ezisibanga intsini kwanezisibanga usizi Sidandalazisa nendlela esifuna ukuphila siphathwe
ngayo
Kule ncwadi yakhe Elundini LoThukela udiza kanye ezi mvakalelo zingentla Kanti
nakuncwadi lwakhe ngokubanzi ezi zimvo zakhe zingentla uzigxininisile Umzekelo kulo
msebenzi wakhe kule noveli utyhile iimvakalelo zakhe zokungoneliseki ziinkolo zikaTB Soga
(19379) ngokumalunga nendlela awabona ngayo amaHlubi Ngale ncwadi uthe wabona ukuba
makazandlale kakuhle izimvo zakhe zokuwazi kwakhe amaHlubi kuqhuqheke ukungazi kuvele
ukukhanya Uzamele ukususa umoya wokuthi khunubembe kwamaHlubi ngokuthi yena Jolobe
adale udlamko ngokuthi ayichaze gca indlela yamaHlubi yokuphila ngesixhobo esiyile ncwadi
Yiloo nto kudliwanondlebe lwakhe noScheub (1967) ukhankanye ukuba angathi umfundi xa
enokuzifunda ngokunzulu nangokuziqonda iimbalo zakhe afumane imigodi yolwazi kulo
Ngoko ke siyabulela kuJolobe Ukuba ebengabhalanga walungisa izinto ngesingazange sazi nto
thina bangayaziyo imbali nentlalo yamaHlubi Ngaphezulu kubaphandi abathe babhala
ngemisebenzi kaJolobe akavakalanga othe wachukumisa ezi nzulu zithethwa nguJolobe ezikule
ncwadi yakhe esizi hlafunayo kulo mqulu namhla
120
33 Inoveli nonxulumano lwayo nembalibomi kaJolobe
Kwesi siqendwana sakwenza ugxekoncomo lwenoveli Elundini LoThukela ngenjongo
yokuxilonga ubukho bonxulumano phakathi kwayo nembali nobomi bukaJolobe Isiseko sayo le
njongo kukuba inoveli le ingamaHlubi abe noJolobe eliHlubi Sakuqala sive ukuba uTiyo Soga
uthini na ngamaHlubi
331 Imbali kaSoga ngamaHlubi
USoga uthethe ngokungathi uwubizela umzi wakwaNtu embizweni ukuba athabathe uluvo
lwakhe ngendlela entsha athe watyhilelwa ngayo ukuba amaHlubi la kuthe kanti ngobani na
Uthethe wathi
Sinani ke sakuvumelana ldquosonkerdquo thina mzi oNtsundu ngento yokuba kuthe kanti akukho
nto ingamaHlubi enyanisweni Kuba la maHlubi sithi ngawo ithe kanti ikwangamaBhele
(Soga 193718) [ugxininiso lwam]
USoga uthetha into engenabunyani kakuhle ngamaHlubi kuba enolwazi olufutshane ngawo
Indlela uSoga athetha ngayo ibonisa ilizwi loganyamelo kwaye ubonakala ezama ukuba babe
baninzi abantu abamlandelayo lingabi nakuvakala ilizwi labanye abantu abonukuthi baluchase
uluvo lwakhe
Le ndlela ayisebenzisayo yobhalo loncwadi lwakhe ichaswa kakhulu zizimvo zikaBakhtin Uthi
abanye ababhali kuncwadi lwabo bathi balubhale lubonakale ukuba lwenzelwa ukuvakalisa
amazwi neenkolo zabo abaziphakamisayo ukuze amazwi abanye abantu angavakali ingakumbi
abantu abacinezelweyo (Abrams noHarpham 2012 85-86)
Umbono kaBhakhtin sakuwusebenzisa kolu gxekoncomo ukuphicotha sibonisa ukuba kutheni
sisithi uSoga uluvo lwakhe ngamaHlubi aluyonyaniso ncam yaye lologonyamelo
33 11 Ingcingane kaBakhtin nelizwi likaSoga loganyamelo
Intetho kaSoga ibonisa ugonyamelo nendelo Ilizwi lakhe elithi ldquoakukho nto ingamaHlubirdquo
alilindelanga elinye ilizwi lempikiso Lifana nelizwi likaStalin owayelawula eRashiya ngexesha
awayephila ngalo uBakhtin phantsi korhulumente wogonyamelo Ngelo xesha uBakhtin
wafumanisa ukuba eRashiya kukho nababhali bamabali abathi babonise ugonyamelo kuncwadi
lwabo Umzekelo ukhankanya ukuba kuncwadi lukaTolstoy isimo soganyamelo sombhali
kuncwadi lwakhe siye siqapheleka kanti kuncwadi lukaDostoevsky ongumbhali naye uthe
wabonisa inkululeko yabalinganiswa kuba bathi bavumeleka ukuvakalisa amazwi abo neendlela
zabo zokucinga
121
UBakhtin ugxininisa ukuba incwadi yebali ayikwazi ukuba ibe necala elinye kuphela Ukuba
kunjalo kukho ilizwi loganyamelo elingafuni amanye amazwi aphethe ezinye iinyaniso
Kwincwadi echase ugonyamelo umbhali uveza nabanye abalinganiswa abathi babonise ukuchasa
izimvo ezithile Kwakhona ubonisa ukuba ibali lithi liquke apha kulo nezinye iindidi ngeendisi
zentetho ezisukela kwizinto eziliqela kanti nakwinkcubeko kwanomgangatho womntu Ayinjalo
incwadi ebhalwe nguSoga esithe sacaphula kuyo entla apha Iyincwadi engayivumeliyo intetho
ekhululekileyo evela kwabanye abantu
Le ncwadi kaSoga inguzwinye (monologic) ayivumeli mazwi athethayo kodwa ephendulana
engavani ngezimvo Ayifani nale noveli kaJolobe Elundini LoThukela enabalinganiswa
abavumelekileyo ukuba bathethe ngokukhululeka Bayakwazi ukuthetha nangezinto
abangazithandiyo nezingabakholisiyo ekuhlaleni Isimo senoveli enjalo ibizwa nguBakhtin
ngokuba ingumazwi-aphendulanayo (dialogic)
USoga kwincwadi yakhe akavumelanga mazwi aphendulayo ephikisa eli lakhe Alikho ilizwi
elivela kumaHlubi lokuba angoobani na wona Amazwi etekisi yakhe awasebenzisileyo abonisa
ugonyamelo kuba amaHlubi umzekelo wona akatshongo ukuba angamaBhele Kwaye nentetho
kaMfundisi uMalgas ebonisa ukuhlobana kwaMabhele namaHlubi ngokwendiselana uSoga
akayiseso Kwasuka kwathi cwaka emva kweso sibhengezo sikaSoga akwabiko bani uthethayo
achase uluvo lwakhe kuba ude wathi ingcaciso ekhutshwe nguMfundiso uMalgasi inobunyani
kwaye akukho nkohliso kuye Ngala mazwi uSoga ubonise ukuyivala imilomo yabantu kuba xa
umntu enokuphakama aphikise okuviwe kwaqondwa nguSoga ebeya kukhangeleka engumntu
ongenambeko kuba kuthethe uMfundisi othetha inyaniso
UMacherey (Moi 198594) uthi ldquocwakardquo akalunganga Inkolo yakhe ikhuthaza ukuba abantu
bathethe kuba ukuthula kwabo kwalatha ingcinezelo yabo kwanoloyiko Kwaye naye u-Eagleton
(199634) uthi abantu abazibona becinezelekile basuke bathule kuba bebona ubomi babo
busengozini xa benokuthetha bachase intetho yomntu osemagunyeni aphezulu kunabo
Ngokoluvo lukaMacherey okholwa ekubalulekeni kokusetyenziswa kwengcingane kaMarx
kuhlalutyo lwencwadi uthe ucwaka nezikhewu ezishiywe zingavalwanga kuncwadi kubalulekile
ukuba umhlalutyi woncwadi ayidulise into efihlwe ngumbhali ngazo Yena uJolobe kolwakhe
uncwadi wawuvula umlomo wakhe wazisa ngenyaniso eyiyo ukuba amaHlubi akangamaBhele
Ngokwenza oko uJolobe uphikisana noSoga ngokuphandle esidlangalaleni
122
332 Ingcaciso kaGqoba ukuba amaBhele asingomaHlubi
UJolobe wathi ngophando lwakhe olunzulu ngesizwe samaHlubi wafumana imbali eyabhalwa
nguWiliam Gqobha owathi wadiza ukuba amaBhele asingawo amaHlubi aye esisizwe
esasimelene namaHlubi Ngaminazana ithile unkosi uMahluphahlapha waya wahlaselwa
ngamaNgwane AmaBhele ala ukunika uncedo kumaHlubi kaMahlaphahlapha Asuka wona
axhoba ezungula ukuzuza ubutyebi kwabafa emfazweni Umzekelo uGqoba ubalisa ngesenzo
samaBhele encedisa amaNgwane uthi
Avela amaBhele sele ebongana kade ekwicala lamaNgwane Kuthe kwakuba njalo wathi
uMahlaphahlapha ibandla likaNtongayivikwa malihambe ngaphambili amanye
arhawule usapho neenkomo amaBhele agxothwa ayokufakwa emakhaya Kwachithwa
yonke into kaloku kwathinjwa neenkomo yaziintuli (Bennie 193517)
UJolobe uye wantshatshela ekunongeni ibali lakhe libe nomdla ngezinto eziyinyani Uye
wayisebenzisa le mbali kule noveli yakhe wade wabonisa ukuba amaHlubi ayesithi xa ehlasela
utshaba agwaze ngemikhonto ezithutha ngezinqulo zookhokho bawo kwaneenkosi
zakomawaboldquoInyaniso iyakusikhululardquo lutsho uluvo lukaJolobe (194054)
333 Ingcaciso kaJolobe ebalini lakhe igxininisa ukuba amaHlubi asingomaBhele
UJolobe ubhale wathi
Ngokuzaliseka kwamaxesha kwafika ezingqondweni zabantu abalungileyo babona ukuba
izinto azimanga ngendlela ezifanele ukuma ngayo xa umntu waseAfrika wayethengiswa
ngokwenkomo endaweni yentengiso kwilizwe laseMerika Basuka bazamela ukuba izinto
mazime ngendlela efanelekileyo (Jolobe 194054)
Naye uJolobe wathi wabona ixesha lifikile ukuba alungise abonise inyani esaphila ukuze
izizukulwana zingahlali ekungazini kude konakale izinto Wenzela ukuze nabafundi bazi
kakuhle ldquoukuba amaHlubi asingomaBhelerdquo
UJolobe yena ubalisa kweyakhe incwadi egxininisa okuthethwe nguGqoba Uthi amaHlubi endlu
yasekunene ahlaselwa ngamaNgwane idabi lalinzima AmaNgwane emaninzi ngamanani aza
adudulelwa kwimida yasemaBheleni AmaHlubi athi ebecinga ukuba amaBhele angaphuma
awancedise edabini asuka wona axhoba awahesha amaHlubi okomshologu abonakalisa ukuba
ajonge inzuzo anokuthi ayifumane kubantu abanokuthi bawiswe edabini Athi amaHlubi
asekunene ayakufuna uncedo kunkosi uDlomo kundlunkulu Uncedo lwathunyelwa phantsi
komphathimkhosi uNtlabane Oyiswa amaNgwane kwathinjwa neenkomo zawo Imikhosi
yamaHlubi idibene yathi yahlasela imikhosi yamaBhele ngokuthi bekulindelwa ukuba ibe ngawo
123
anika uncedo Asuke wona abeyinxenye yeentshaba ngenxa yokuba egxothe amaHlubi kakubi
edinga uncedo kuwo Le ngxelo UJolobe uyibeke ngale ndlelaldquoAmaBhele athi angenelwa
ohlwaywa ngokuphatha kakubi abantu awayejonge ukusabela kuwo Kwathinjwa kuwo
amakhulu athile eenkomordquo (Jolobe 200896) UJolobe uye wambulela ngamandla uGqobha
ngokuba lusizo ekucacisweni kwenyaniso naye ngolwakhe uncwadi
34 Ubunkcubabuchopho bukaJolobe ekulweni ingxelo engayonyaniso ngembali yamaHlubi
UJolobe wenze into entsha yokulungisa imbambano ngendlela entle nephucukileyo ebonisa
ukuba ungumntu ocingayo kakhulu Indlela athe wazisombulula ngayo iiyantlukwano
neembambano ibonisa isipho sakhe sobunkcubabuchopho
Apha kolu phando sincomeka kakhulu isithako sezembali nobunzululwazi-mlando Siluncedo
olukhulu ekuboniseni ubudlelwane bukaJolobe noncwadi lwakhe kuba kule ncwadi ube nako
ukuzichasa iintetho ezingeyonyaniso ezipapashwe nguSoga encwadini yakhe UJolobe ngale
noveli ubonise ukubumela ubuzwe bakhe Ubonakalisa ukuzithemba kuba uthetha ngolwazi
alwaziyo oluyinyaniso nolukwiimbali zookhokho bakhe namakhalipha eenkosi
ooMahlaphahlapha
UJolobe ukwabonisa ukuba kumaHlubi inkcubeko yawo isisiseko sobomi bawo Afundiswe
yona ziinkosi zawo ezinobulumko eziphakamisa uthando lobuzwe babo Kungoko ade athi
uJolobe ide yasisithethe kumaHlubi into yokuhlonelana ingakumbiu ukuxatyiswa kweenkosi
(Jolobe 20084) kuba indoda enamandla kumaHlubi bekulindeleka ukuba iyithabathe indawo
ibe ngumkhuluwa incede abantu bakowayo ababuthathaka ibahlangule elutshabeni (Jolobe
200892) Ude wenza umzekeliso wakhe uJolobe odize ubulumko namava akhe obomi nothando
lwakhe lwesizwe azalwa siso kuba uth isandla sasekunene sakuhlatywe ngameva sibangulwa
sesinye isandla Ngoko ke amaBhele athe azidulisa ngesimo sawo ukuba akazazi izithethe
zamaHlubi ezifana nesi singentla sokuba sakwenzakala isandla sasekhohlo esasekunene
sihlangulwa sesinye
Ngokuqinisekiyo uJolobe wathi wabona ukuba abantu bangaphela bengazazi ukuba bangoobani
na xa besuka banikwe amagama angeyonyaniso Wabona ukuba oku kungadala ukuphithikezwa
kweengqondo zabantu baphele belandela amasiko neenkolo ezingezizo ezabo Ngaphezulu koko
kubonakele nakumntu wonke ukuba uSoga akakhange enze uphando lunzulu Umzekelo khange
abize imbizo yamaHlubi namaBhele akhe azivele kuwo ukuba angoobani na kanye kanye Yena
uSoga ube engumXhosa ongenalwazi lunzulu ngamaHlubi UJolobe uhlala esithi ldquoInyaniso
iyakhululardquo (Jolobe 194054) Ngoko ke ngale noveli yakhe ukwazame ukuxhobisa abantu
ngolwazi olululo
124
35 UJolobe nguThukela
Isihloko sale ncwadi sikwasisinqulo sakhe uJolobe Sinxulumene nemvalaphi yabantu bakowabo
amaHlubi Isinqulo sikaJolobe nguThukela Esi sinqulo sisusela kumlambo iThukela Ngoko
kungathiwa abantu lsquobayimilamborsquo Ubungqina bentombi kaJolobe bunamandla ekwaziseni
ukuba uyise uRhanisi Jolobe ube engumni na Kudliwanondlebe ibalise ukuba uyise wabaxelela
ukuba bona bangamaHlubi ooThukela ooMpafane ooKheswa ooNonkosi ooNozulu ababesuka
eNtla Naye kwincwadi yakhe yeziduko uMakuliwe utsho uyakungqina oko ukuba ooThukela
ngooNozulu ikwangooMbangubo (Makuliwe 199758)
Kanti umntu othe wamchaza kakuhle wambulisa embonga kakuhle ngezibongo zakhe uJolobe
ibe nguGqirha uBokwe kwingabulazigcawu ekwincwadi kaJolobe yesibini ethi Umyezo Uthi
uJolobe unguNozulu uMpafane uThukela Kubonakele ukuba abantu abaninzi bebengamazi
isiduko sakhe uJolobe kuba ebesithi enkonzweni yakhe bonke abantu baziziduko zakhe Utshilo
umama obengumrhamente wenkonzo yakhe Kucacile ukuba uJolobe ebefuna abantu bazibone
bebalulekile kungabikho abangathi babhekeliswe kude Bekunqabile ukuba ubeve ababhali
bembulela bembonga ngeziduko zakhe njengoko enzile uSatyo yena othe unguMNywabe
URubusana yena ungumCirha ngokuchazwa kwakhe kwincwadi kaRubusana uZemkrsquoinkomo
Magwalandini (Rubusana 19062002) NakuJolobe kumele kube njalo
UMahlasela (19733) ubalula ukuba uJolobe uthe akugqiba izifundo zakhe zeBA kunye
nezoqeqesho lwakhe lobuNyawontle eFort Hare inkonzo yakhe iPresbytarian Church
yamthumela ukuba aye kuxelenga kwindawo yaseNatala
e-Escort Kulapho athe wawubona khona umlambo omkhulu iThukela watsho wakhumbula
imbali yemvelaphi yabantu bakowabo abangamaHlubi ababa ngabaphambukeli kwilizwe
lamaXhosa ngenxa yeemfazwe ezathi zazala iinkcithakalo neentsabo yabantu Izizwe zasuka
zavukelana nezinye izizwe
Le noveli Elundini loThukela inika isityhilelo esikhulu ekwazini ngombhali uJolobe Itsho
umfundi azi inkolo kaJolobe akhuliswe ngayo yenkcubeko yamaHlubi Idiza imbali yobuzwe
bukaJolobe phambi kokuba azalwe Imbali engookhokho bakhe neenkosi azalwa zizo Idiza
kwenembali yelizwe lasentla apho amaHlubi ashiye khona amagquba azo Idiza kwaneenkosi
zakowabo ezinkulu nezihlonitshiweyo ngabantu bakowabo ezikhoyo nakwizinqulo zawo Idiza
ilizwe leentaba ezisengamaphawu endawo yayimise khona imizi yookhokho bakhe-iintaba iBusi
iVungatyeni neLenjana kwanemilambo emikhulu apho ooyise-mkhulu bakhe kwanoomawo-
mkhulu bakhe babesikha besela khona amanzi ngengqayi zabo kwimilambo iThukela iMpafane
Olu lwazi lubalulekile ekuhlalutyweni koncwadi lukaJolobe kuba uthi umbhali weebhayografi
125
uClifford (1962) iimbali neziganeko ezathi zehla phambi kokuba umbhali azalwe zibaluleke
kakhulu xa kufunwa ukwaziwa ngobomi bombhali noncwadi lwakhe
36 Isihloko sencwadi yakhe sisinqulo sikaJolobe
Isihloko sale ncwadi kaJolobe sikhomba lee kwiintaba zoLundi apho kufunyanwa khona
umlambo iThukela Eli gama lale noveli kaJolobe Elundini loThukela lisusela kwezo ntaba
zoLundi nakumlambo iThukela (Scheub 196760) Ngokwenkcazo yezikweko ezihlekisayo
zikaHermanson (199511) uthi abantu bakhe benziwe izinto ezikhwakqisayo umzekelo izinto
ezingenamphefumlo Benziwe amanzi nemilambo emikhulu neyothusayo kanye njengesi
sihloko sale noveli esikhomba amaHlubi siwabalande ngezinqulo zabantu bakuloJolobe
ooThukela Esi sihloko sibakhombisa apho bathi badalelwa khona kwimihlaba ekuhamba
kunyalasa kuyo ngesidimakakazi esikhulu umlambo omkhulu iThukela Abantu bathe benziwa
imilambo ndash ooThukela
Le noveli uJolobe uyixonkxe kanye ngebali elisekwe kanye kwintlalo yabantu azalwa ngabo
amaHlubi Kwaye le ncwadi inomtsalane kubafundi kuba ekhankanye izinto abazaziyo nezinye
zazo ezikhoyo kwimbali zezinye izizwe eziNtsundu Kwaye esi simbo sikhuthazwa
sikwathandwa nguWa Thiongrsquoo (1981) Siyamkholisa kuba siquka namabali asemakhaya
kuncwadi lutsho lwenze umdla kumfundi Esi simbo sinika inkqubelaphambili kubhalo loncwadi
kuba sibonakalisa ubudlelwane phakathi kwabantu neemeko zobomi babo Kwakhona esi sithako
sezembali nobunzululwazi-mlando sikulungele ukuhlalutya incwadi eyinoveli sitsho
sidandalazisa ukusetyenziswa kolwimi nenkcubeko yama-Afrika ekwakheni ibali
37 Intsusa yenkcukumiseko
UJolobe exelenga e-Escort wathana gaga nomlambo iThukela owathi wamenza wathabatheka
watsho wathunakala akuwubona umlambo omdibanisa nezinqulo zamagama abizwa ngawo
Wachikumiseka wabhala wakhumbula nzulu ngeendawo kwaneziganeko zokwenzekayo
kookhokho bakhe Wabona ngeliso lengqondo kwaneendawo ababehlala kuzo ngaphambili
phaya kwaneemeko ezathi zabahlela ezinjengemfazwe Ibali lale noveli ke ngoko liyinzala
yokuchukumiseka kwakhe uJolobe ngeli lixa esebenza kummandla womlambo iThukela
Iingcinga zakhe neenkumbulo zakhe zatsho zaya endulo wakubona ngengqondo ukwaphuka
kwesidima samaHlubi ngenxa yeenzima zobumbacu Ngokubhala le noveli wayezama icebo
lokuvuselela amaHlubi angalibali ukuba angobani na Ukwadala intuthuzelo ebuseyisela
nesidima sawo novuyo lwawo Olu luvo lubonakaliswa kukuba le noveli uyibhale
ngochulumanco olukhulu Wayenza ibali lakhe eliquka nemvelo yamaHlubi ebandakanya
iinkosi zawo ubuntu bawo nenkcubeko yawo
126
38 Iimvakalelo zikaJolobe ezifihlakeleyo ezibonisa ukuxabisa amaHlubi
Ezinye iinjongo zikaJolobe zokubhala le noveli kukubonisa uvelwano nenceba Ungumfo
wovelwano nenceba ethanda ukuphakamisa isidima sabo bonke abantu abacinezelekileyo
nababonakala bebuthathaka NamaHlubi athe akwimeko enjalo ngesenzo semfecane eyathi
yabakhuthuza ubutyebi nesidima sawo ngenxa yohlaselo lwawo ngamaNgwane ngebhaqo
engalindelanga
Eli bali liyintuthuthuzelo nesomelezo kumaHlubi xa athi asuke omnye wabo kubo abhale izinto
ezintle ngawo Abhale ekhumbula nookhokho bawo elizweni lokuphambukela emva
kokubunzima athe abufumana Baphela bezimbacu kwilizwe lokuphambukela Bafumana
iinzima zokuphila kwilizwe elikude nalopho babevela khona Eli bali kule noveli libonakala
ngokuphandle linika amaHlubi isidima nethemba lokuvela komsobomvu ebomini bawo Lidala
kwanemvuselelo ebomini babo
Eli bali lithe latyhila isimo sikaJolobe sobumbolombili sokutshintsha isimo sosizi enze yena into
entsha neluvuyo kwisizwe samaHlubi kwanakwisizwe samaXhosa athe naso wabhala esandisa
uncwadi lwaso nenkcubeko yawo ngokwawo kuba ulwimi ekubhalwa ngalo lukwathwele
inkcubeko yesizwe solo lwimi kubhalwa ngalo
Kule noveli uJolobe usebenzise ubumbolombili bakhe Ubetha iintaka ezimbini ngelitye elinye
Ucacisa ngenkcubeko aphakamise nesidima samaHlubi Aphinde ngaxeshanye aphakamise
nesidima samaXhosa ngokuxabisa ulwimi lwawo kwanenkcubeko yawo Kakade ulwimi
ekubhalwa ngalo uncwadi luqulethe inkcubeko yabantu balo (Wa Thiongrsquoo 1981) Ngokubhala
kukaJolobe olu hlobo ubaphathela abafundi ulwazi olubanzi nanzulu ngamaHlubi namaBhele
kwanemida yawo yobuhlobo Yaye usombulule iimbambano ebezisoloko zikhona malunga
nembali yamaHlubi nobubani bawo ingawo namaBhele
Kule noveli umbhali uJolobe udize iimvakalelo zakhe zangaphakathi ezibonisa ukuwaxabisa
kwakhe amaHlubi ngokuthi abumbe ibali elimnandi ngawo Atsho kwelo bali enika ulwazi
ngeemfazwe nawamaqhawe amaHlubi Ukwanceda izizwe ezingawaziyo amaHlubi ngemvelaphi
yawo ngokuzinika iinkcukacha eziyinene Kubonakala ngoko ke ukuba wenza iinzame
zokuphakamisa isidima sawo amaHlubi kwanenkcubeko yawo ehamba nezinto ezisentliziyweni
yawo Kuloko enze umbulelo kuKumkani uHintsa othe wabuyisa isidima samaHlubi ngokuthi
abe ngumkhuseli wawo awanqomele awambese awanike nemihlaba ibe yeyawo Kutsho
kwacaca ukuba yiyo nale nto athe wasithanda isiXhosa nobuzwe baso[ugxininiso lwam]
Wazimisela ukubhala ngaso nasekubeni silulwimi lukamama wakhe uMamThembu intombi
yaseCala athi xa embonga ngentlonelo ldquoMThembukazi omhlerdquo
127
39 Ubudlelwane phakathi kwenoveli Elundini loThukela kunye noJolobe
Ukuphicotha uncwadi usebenzisa isithako sezembali nobunzululwazi-mlando kuluncedo Esi
sithako sinamandla okutyhila ubukho bobudlelwane phakathi kombhali noncwadi lwakhe
kangangokuba kuthi ngamanye amaxesha kubonakale ukuzalana phakathi kombhali kunye
nabalinganiswa abaqulunqileyo apho kuthi kufumaniseke aba balinganiswa bamele amalungu
osapho lwakhe okanye izizalwaena zakhe
Le noveli kaJolobe u-Elundini LoThukela ithe yagqwesa ukubonisa ubudlelwana obuliqela
phakathi kombhali uJolobe kunye nabantu besizwe sakhe amaHlubi Ubonisa ukubathanda
kwanokubaxabisa emoyeni wakhe kuba nabo bangabantu bakowabo kwanegazi lakhe Oku
kudizeka ngale ndlela
Zininzi izinto ezihlanganisa ubomi bakhe athe wabuphila kunye nobabantu bakhe obubuthumbu
bale noveli yakhe Kwaye kuyaqondakala ukuba iintsusa nenjongo yokubhala kukaJolobe le
ncwadi kukuba ubomi bakhe kunye nale ncwadi bunye Ibalasele ngembali yamaHlubi nokufika
kwawo kweli lizwe laseKoloni
Ubungqina bentombi kaJolobe bunamandla ekwaziseni ukuba uyise uRhanisi Jolobe ube
engumni na Kwincoko yakhe nomphandi ubalise ukuba uyise wabaxelela ukuba bona
bangamaHlubi bangooThukela ooMpafani UJolobe uchazwa lilungu lenkonzo yakhe umama
uKawa othe uMfundisi wabo uJolobe kwicawa yaseRhabe eNew Brighton babengasazi isiduko
sakhe Ube engathandi ukuphakamisa iziduko kuba ebesuka athi bonke abantu kwibandla lakhe
baziziduko zakhe Oku kubonakalisa ukuba uJolobe ube enobulumko kwinkqubo yenkonzo
yakhe bokufuna bonke abantu bazive bexabisekile kuye kungabikho abangathi basondezelwe
kufutshane abanye babhekeliswe kude ngenxa yocalucalulo oluthi ngamanye amaxesha lubekho
ngenxa yeziduko Abaziduko zithile bazibone bebukulwa ngabanye
Kanti kukhankanyiwe ukuba uGqirha Bokwe kwingabula-zigcawu yo-Umyezo incwadi
kaJolobe yemibongo nezibongo wambulisa embonga kakuhle ngezinqulo zakhe uJolobe esithi
Nozulu Mpafane Thukela Bekunqabile ukuba ubeve ababhali bembulela bembonga ngeziduko
zakhe uJolobe olu hlobo
310 UJolobe nobuthandazwe
UJolobe ngokubhala kwakhe le noveli udiza umoya wobuthandazwe okuye obuthe bamenza
wabhala ngabantu azalwa ngabo abangamaHlubi Unekhonkco nabo ngembali ulwimi lwabo
unqulo inkcubeko yawo kwanamabali amanandi athe wawava amalunga namaqhawe
kwanookhokho bakhe obawoomkhulu bakhe kwanezinto ezobuhlungu azathi zabahlela
128
ngexesha leemfazwe (Bennie 1935102) Zonke ezo zinto zithe zahlala zihleli emoyeni wakhe
nangona wabonakalisa ukulithanda ilizwe lakwaXhosa ilizwe lezizalwane zookhokho bakhe
ngoko kutsho kukakumkani uHintsa Kodwe igazi kule noveli liye lajiya kunamanzi UQangule
(1979121) uchaza ngobuthandazwe
Patriotism is derived from the Latin word ldquopatriardquo meaning onersquos native country hellip it
arouses many emotions feelings and sentiments such as loyalty to onersquos land of birth and
uncontrollable sense of attachment to onersquos country a sense of state of prepadness to
sacrifice and even die rendering duties to onersquos country
Lo moya wobuthandazwe umoya wokulilwela ilizwe lakhe umntu ukhankanywa apha ngentla
wabonakaliswa kubuthandazwe bukaMqhayi (1914) ngokuthi kwinoveli yakhe Ityala lamawele
aphakamisa isidima seenkosi zemvelo esiphezulu nolawulo lwazo kwanemigaqo ebalulekileyo
eyayilandelelwa kwiinkundla zazo zamatyala kanye nezingahlukanga kakhulu kwiinkundla
zamatyala ezithe zasetyenziswa ngabalawuli abamhlophe kweli lizwe ekufikeni kwazo Ezi
zimvo zingentla kubonakala ukuba isimo sobuthandazwe sihamba nokhalipho amaxesha
amaninzi Umzekelo uMqhayi ngobukroti wadulisa izenzo ezigwenxa zokungathembeki
kwabaphathi abaMhlophe abahambela kweli lizwe loMzantsi Afrika abanjengeTshawe
laseBritane nelimele ubukumkani baseBritane obathi mhla buqala ukuthatha ilizwe lamaXhosa
bathumela abefundisi Ngoku kwakhona kutyelelo leTshawe laseBritane kweli lizwe lityelela
lihamba nezihandiba zalo liphethe iBhayibhile nebranti bexhagwe ngamajoni axwaye imipu
(Mqhayi 194359)
Kwangokunjalo uJolobe uthe wanesimo esifana nesikaMqhayi sobuthandazwe kuba naye
kwimisebenzi yakhe yemibongo emalunga nezezopolitiko wayidulisa imikhwa yabantu
abaMhlophe yengcinezelo yabantu abahluphekileyo Wayigxeka kanobom impathombi eyenziwa
ngabaqeshi kubantu abaMnyama abasebenza ezifama nasemigodini Wabalilizwi elivuselela
umoya wethemba nokholo Watsho kumbongo wakhe ldquoEmboniselwenirdquo wathi iyeza
inkululeko ayikho kude (Opland noMtuze 1994116)
Le noveli ibonisa ubuthandazwe kwanokunyaniseka kumaHlubi ngokuthi uJolobe awabophe
ngale ncwadi ngezinto ezibuhlungu ezithe zawehlela Ubonakalisa ukuba imvelo yawo
ayilibalekanga iyakuhlala ikhunjulwa kwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana zawo ngenxa yokuba
asuka azibona eselizweni lokuphambukela engenandawo nazinkomo namasimi okulima ekubeni
babenento yonke bezizityebi befuyile bengaceli nto mntwini kodwa ngenxa yeemfazwe
nohlaselwano lwezizwe eNtla asuka adibana neemeko ezinzima ezinye zawo zabadala
ubuhlungu Kananjalo isenzo sakhe sokubhala le ncwadi sisenzo sokucacisela abantu abangaziyo
129
ngembali nemvelaphi yamaHlubi kwanenkcubeko yawo kwanokukhumbuza amaHlubi ukuba
basukaphi besuswe yintoni na
311 UJolobe uhambisana nezimvo zikaMqhayi kukhuselo lwezinto zemveli
Xa siphicotha le noveli sifumanisa ukuba uJolobe uhambisana nezimvo zikaMqhayi kukhuselo
lwezinto zemveli UMqhayi ngokucaphuka wabhala inoveli Ityala lamawele Ngokwenza oko
wayesazisa umzi oNtsundu ngokujongelwa phantsi kwenkcubeko nolawulo lweenkosi zizizwe
ezifikayo eziMhlophe kweli lizwe lemvelo yakhe Wazimisela ukulungisa le ndelelo Wabonisa
ukuba nazo iinkosi zamaXhosa okanye ezabantu abaNtsundu zazinabo nazo ubulumko
bokulawula izizwe zazo Zazikwazi ukusombulula kwiinkundla zamatyala iimbambano ezazithi
zibekho kwintlalo yabantu bazo Yiloo nto enza isaziso kule ncwadi esazisa ngeenjongo
zokubhalwa kwayo esithi
Kweli balana ndizama nokubonisa ukuba inkosi asinguyena mgqibi wezinto yedwa
njengoko izizwe ziba zona kunjalo kuthirdquo(Mqhayi 1914Ingabulazigcawu)
Apha uMqhayi kuyabonakala ukuba kwathi kwakho izigxeko ezivela kubalawuli abaMhlophe
ukuba ulawulo lweenkosi eziNtsundu ukuba bezingenacwangco kulawulo lwazo kwaye zinika
izigwebo ezingenabungqina Ngoko ke ngokubhala inoveli ITyala lamawele uphikisa izimvo
ezingenabunyani zabantu abacinga ukuba bazi gqitha ngolawulo lweenkosi ngokugqibeleleyo
ngaphezu kwabantu bemveli beli lizwe Uqhube wathi
Intetho nemikhwa yesiXhosa iya itshona ngokutshona ngenxa yeLizwi nokhanyo
olukhoyo oluze nezizwe zaseNtshonalanga oonyana bakaGogi noMagogi (1914
Intshayelelo kwi-ITyala Lamawele)
Ngale ntetho ingentla uMqhayi ukhusela ulawulo ulwimi uncwadi kwanenkcubeko yesizwe
samaXhosa Ikhwele likaMqhayi lobuthandazwe libonisa ubugorha bakhe ekukhuseleni ilifa
lesizwe samaXhosa kwakunye nelifa lezinye izizwe zemvelo zeli lizwe
Uluvo lukaMqhayi lungqinwa nanguKwetana (2000) othi uJolobe kanye kule noveli yakhe
Elundini loThukela naye uphikisa uluvo olunxaxhileyo lweenkokheli ezafika zisuka eNtshona
zahambisa izinto ezingezo nyani zokuba kwizizwe eziMnyana kwakungekho cwangco kulawulo
lweenkosi malunga nabantu ezibakhokeleyo Ukhankanya ukuba uJolobe yena ubhale
waziphikisa ezo ntetho ngendlela alibalisa ngayo ibali elingembali yamaHlubi
Akuthethayo uKwetana kuyinene kuba uJolobe uyibonisile indlela unkosi uDlomo athe
wasilawula ngayo isizwe samaHlubi ngoqilima nangocwangco esebenzela ukuba isizwe sime
130
siphumelele siphile Naye uJolobe kule noveli yakhe Elundini LoThukelo uxhasa uluvo
lukaMqhayi ngeli bali lakhe limnandi Kodwa enye into lingqina ukuba iinkosi zazisebenzisa
ubulumko bazo kulawulo lwabantu Inkosi uDlomo kule noveli uJolobe umenze wangumntu
ongqongqo nophakamisa imbeko intsebenziswano nokugcinwa koxolo ekuhlalisaneni
kwamaHlubi nezinye izizwe ezimeleni nazo kodwa ukuba ziyabahlasela uthe kubalulekile
ukuba uxolo ngamanye amaxesha lugcinwe ngokuba kusetyenziswe izigalo (197685)
Umbuzo ngulo Ingaba ukhona umntu ongenalunda ngobuzwe bakhe kwanemvelaphi yabazali
bakhe nookhokho bakhe UJolobe naye nangona ebhale ikakhulu esilwa ingcinezelo
ngeengcinezelo yezizwe eziMnyama ingakumbi isizwe samaXhosa kodwa ukubonisile
ukusixabisa kwakhe isizwe samaHlubi
Le noveli inika umdla iyimvuselelo yeenkumbulo ngeenkosi namaqhawe amaHlubi
(namaqhawe amaXhosa kanye njengokwenziwe nguKumkani uHintsa kulawulo lwakhe
ngobulumko nenceba) ayelawula isizwe sawo ngocwangco ngokhuseleko nobulumko ebonisa
inkcubeko nequka amasiko nezithethe zamaHlubi Le ncwadi ikwazoba kwenendlela ayeziphilisa
ezonwabisa ngayo kumaxesha akudala kulawulo lweenkosi
Le mvuselelelo yile yokuba uthathe iinkosi ebeziphila yena wazivusa wazenza ezihleliyo
ngokuthi azenze kule noveli abalinganiswa abanye babo babenamagama nezimo zabantu begazi
nenyama Aba balinganiswa ubenza bathethe benze intshukumo bahambe bazingele baphume
amaphulo balwe amadabi baxabane balwe kuvanwe kwenziwe imitshato ubukhosi bendiselane
kube ziziyolo neziyunguma Umzekelo wako konke oku uqalela kwimbali enikwe nguSoga
(193717) apho abalisa ngeenkosi nemvelo yamaHlubi kwanokuzalana kwawo namaBhele
Unike ingxelo enikwe nguMfundisi uMalgas kwiMvo (193717-18) kaJanyuwari 1917 esithi
UHlubi iBhele wendisela intombi yakhe kwinkosi yabaMbo kwase kuthiwa inzala yale
ntombi ngamaHlubi aphuma kuBhele inkosi yabaMbo ezala uLufelelwenja ozala
uSidwabasankomo ozala uSiqhanyana ozala uMowu ozala uMuhuhu ozala uMhlanga
ozala uMsi ozala uMzimkhulu ozala uMseko ozala uNdlovu ozala uMalunga ozala
uDlamini ozala Mthimkhulu ozala uNgcobo kwindlu enkulu ozala uRhadebe
kweyasekunene uNgcobo ozala uDlomo ozala uMashiyi uzala uNtsele yena ozala
uBhungane ozala uMthimkhulu lo wabulawa ngamaNgwane ukuze kuchithakalwe eNtla
UJolobe ubonisa iinkumbulo zakhe ngeembali zookhokho bakhe abafika kwilizwe likakumkani
uHintsa besuka eNatali ngenxa yeemfazwe zemfecane ezabenza iimbacu bathi bebenemihlambi
yeenkomo nemizi baphela bephuceka baziimbacu Umzekelo uthe kweli bali lakhe wazivusa
iinkosi ezinkulu zamaHlubi Wavuselela ubuzwe bamaHlubi wavusa unkosi uNgcobo nonkosi
uNtsele bazithabatha izikhundla zabo zolawulo kweli bali lakhe alenze ngokubonakalisa
ukuyivuyela into ayenzileyo yokubakhumbula nabo abantu azalwa ngabo kuba ubonakalisa
131
uthakazelelo kwanomdla omkhulu ekulibaliseni kwakhe nokuthe kwachukumisa nomfundi naye
wafumana uchulumanco
Kule ncwadi uthe wakhankanya kanye imvelaphi yeenkosi zamaHlubi kanye njengembali
eyinyani echazwe nguMfundisi uMalgas olihlubi loqobo Uphinde wandula wenza inkosi
yamaHlubi kweli xesha lale mbali yakhe yangunkosi umhlekazi uDlomo uyise wakhe yabe
inguNcobo UDlomo lo uthe wanonyana onguMashiyi othe wasweleka eshiya oonyana bakhe
abathathu kunye nomnye onguNtsele othe wavelela ukuba yinkokheli enobulumko nenobuntu
nekhalipha lemvelo negcwele yimbeko enkulu nentlonelo nengazibandeziyo xa kufuneka
ikhusele abacinezelweyo ukubadalela uxolo nesidima Le nkosana ithe ibingeyo yendlu enkulu
kodwa ngenxa yentlonelo nobukhalipha kwengqondo yaxatyiswa yathandwa sizizwe kwaphela
ibayiyo ephatha isizwe samaHlubi ngexesha lelimbali yamaHlubi ezotywe kule ncwadi Oku
mangalisayo nokuchulumancisayo kukuthi uNtsele lo azale unyana ogama linguBhungane kanye
ngokomnombo weenkosi zamaHlubi ochazwe apha ngentla ngokwengxele edizwe nguMfundisi
uMalgas Kanti uthe walivusa neqhawe lenkosi nethandazwe unkosi yamaHlubi unkosi
uMahlaphahlapha elalwa ngamini ithile likhusela isizwe lingena mkhosi mkhulu ungako kodwa
lwasebenzisa ubulumko nobukhalipha laphumelela ukuwohlula amaNgwane kaMatiwane aphela
ebabeleka abasicatyana abuyela umva agoduka (Gqoba kuBennie 1935104-107)
312 Ikhwele likaJolobe nekhwele likaMqhayi ekuphakanyisweni kweembalo zesiXhosa
UJolobe (194026) uphakamisa ukuba akukho nto imbi ekubeni umntu abenekhwele ngobuzwe
bakhe kwaye yinto entle leyo ukuba ikhwele lakhe alithi lizijongelise phantsi ezinye izizwe
Oku ukubhale ngala mazwi akhe athi
Akufuneki na kanene umntu azingce ngobuhlanga Akukho mntu ulichasileyo ikhwele elihle
Yonke into inomlinganiselo wayo kwizinto eziphathelele ebomini besizwe kulinganiswa ngalo
mlinganiselo ubalulekileyo wokuba kanene into leyo ilinganiswayo iyasakha na isizwe iyasichitha
kusini na Ukuba ikhwele lobuhlanga ldquolelisakhayo nelisibumbayordquo isizwe alichasiwe ngoko
ldquoezo zinto ezisekelezele ukuhlumisa nokubumba isizwerdquo esiNtsundu azichasiweKodwa
ubuhlanga obuphakanyiselwa ukudiliza isizwe namalinge amahle awenziwayo ukuba sihlume
simanyane sibe namandla masazi ukuba apho ke abulungile
USEK Mqhayi uhambisena nolu luvo lungentla lubekwa nguJolobe lokuba kubalulekile ukuba
abantu bazikokose izinto ezingumkhombandlela wobuzwe babo inkcubeko yabo kwanolwimi
lwabo Uthe walandela wawuthanda umbono kaRubusana (1906) wangenisa inoveli yakhe
iTyala lamawele (1914) apho wathi wabonisa umgangatho owawuphezulu kulawulo lwenkundla
zamaXhosa kwanenkcubeko yawo ngexesha lookhokho bakhe Uthe wabonisa ukuba
132
wawungohlukanga kwiinkundla zolawulo olufike nabamhlophe kweli lizwe Watsho nokuthi xa
ingaphakanyiswa inkcubeko nolwimi noncwadi lwesiXhosa amaXhosa aya kuphulukana nelifa
lawo eliyincubeko yawo
UTB Soga uthe wongeza kuncwadi nenkcubeko yamaXhosa naye eqhutywa lelo khwele
lobuthandazwe Wabhala Indyebo yamaXhosa (1937) Kanti yena uJohn Henderson Soga
wakrola ngesiNgesi efundisa izizwe kwangenkcubeko nobuzwe bamaXhosa kwincwadi yakhe
ethi ldquoThe AmaXhosa Life and Customs (1932) Lona eli thandazwe lingumbhali uRubusana
wabhala kwangale nkcubeko nembali yamaXhosa kwincwadi yakhe Zemkrsquoinkomo Magwala
Ndini (1906) Yena wakhethe ukwahluka kwabanye ababhali akavuma ukuyibhala ngesiNgesi
esenziwa likhwele Wafuna ukukhe abhalela abantu bakowabo incwadi yakhe ngesiXhosa kuba
enenkolo yokuba ingaguqulelwa esiNgesini
Enye yezinto eyabangela uRubusana abhale le ncwadi kukuba weva umfo omhlophe
kwingqungquthela yentlanganiso ethile ethetha ngokukhululekiyo umbiko ombi wokuba isizwe
esiNtsundu asinaluncwadi (Attwell noAttridge 2012326) Kanti naye uCouzens (1985) uthetha
into enjalo yokuba wachazelwa ukuba abantu abaNtsundu abanancwadi Wothuka ukubhaqa oko
kungamampunge
UJolobe naye ngenxa yobuthandazwe wagqiba ekuyibhaleni le noveli ngesiXhosa Wayefuna
ukubonisa ukuba kukho ukuzalana phakathi kwamaHlubi nanamaXhosa Wayekwadala
ubuhlobo phakathi kwamaHlubi namaXhosa Abantu abangamaXhosa bayivuyele le ncwadi
ngokutyeba kwayo Ibakhumbuza kwaneembali zawo Atsho aqaphela ukuba amasiko nezithethe
zamaHlubi namaXhosa ziyazalana zahluka phaya naphaya Kakade ibisoloko iyinjongo kaJolobe
ukwakha ubumbano phakathi kwabantu Ukuze isizwe simanyane sihlume singaphulukani nelifa
laso eliyinkcubeko ukuba iqulethe ulwimi lwaso noncwadi lwaso kwanembali yaso (Wa
Thiongrsquoo 198116) Ikhwele lothando lobuzwe naye uJolobe liye lamqhuba waqonda ukuba
makabhale inoveli Elundini LoThukela ukuze imbali nobuzwe nenkcubeko yesizwe azalwa siso
igcinakele ezincwadini ingaze ibe nakulityalwa ibeyinzuzo nakwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana
Ezi ncwadi ingakumbi ekaSoga (1937) zembali nenkcubeko yamaXhosa zikhankanywe apha
ngentla zinika inkcazelo ngezithethe namasiko aquka ezi zinto zilandelayo Unqulo
ukuhlonelwa kwabantu imbeko enkulu enkosini izithembu ukwenda kwenkosazana
ukulobolisa umtshato isiko lokwalusa amakhwenkwe imigidi ingoma ingwe ukubonga
iphulo iinyamakazi inamba ukubaluleka kweenkomo utshongo ukukha amanzi nabaseTyhini
ukutshaya kwanokugwada kunye nezinye izinto eziliqela
133
Le noveli kaJolobe njengokuba bekusekutshiwo apha ngentla isisisele solwazi ngamasiko
nezithethe zamaHlubi Isisipili esinika umfanekiso ocacileyo ngembali yawo indlela ayephila
ngayo ngexesha lolawulo lweenkosi mandulo kwanendlela ezazihlonelwe zixatyiswe ngayo
Ibonisa nezinto ebezithandwa nebezingathandwa Izinto ebezizintloni nehlazo bezingathandwa
sisizwe samaHlubi Kwizinto ebezithandwa enye yazo uJolobe asibonise yona lusongo
lwentsimbi ezintle apho intombi ixelelela umfana ukuba ldquoimthandilerdquo njengoko wenzayo
uNobusi ngomhla womsitho walwamkelo lukaNtsele nabanye abafana bebuya esuthwini
313 UJolobe uthando lwakhe lweenkosi zamaHlubi
UJolobe uthando lwakhe lweenkosi lumenze wenza into engaqhelekanga wazivusa iinkosi
zamaHlubi emangcwabeni kwibali lakhe le noveli Umzekelo unkosi uMthimkhulu
uMahlaphahlapha unkosi uDlomo kaNgcobo unkosi uNtsele kaMashiyi noBhungane ubenze
abalinganiswa Bayakhahlelwa Bathetha benze izinto ezidala umdla nezonwabisayo
neziphilisayo kubafundi bakhe
Olu phononongo ngamanye amaxesha lufumanise kukho ukuzalana phakathi kombhali kunye
nabalinganiswa abaqulunqileyo Akuphelelanga apho Kuye kwabhaqeka ukuba aba
balinganiswa bamele amalungu osapho okanye ezizalwana zakhe Le noveli kaJolobe Elundini
LoThukela iyagqwesa ekuboniseni ubudlelwana obuliqela phakathi kombhali uJolobe kunye
nabantu besizwe sakhe Umzekelo njengokuba sele kukhankanyiwe apha ngentla oku kudizeka
ngale ndlela
UJolobe wenze umlinganiswa wakhe oyintloko yangunkosi Dlomo Lo mlinganiswa umele
inkosi yesizwe sakhe engasekhoyo eyayiphila ilawula amaHlubi Yena wenza iinkumbulo ngayo
ngokuthi ayenze umlinganiswa okwanqulwa ngezithakazelo zeenkosi zamaHlubi Uphinda enze
uNtsele abengumlinganiswa ongumzukulwana wenkosi uDlomo Kanti nakwibali lenyani udala
iinkumbulo kwaneemfundiso zokuba kwazeka ukuba uNtsele wayeyinkosi eyayiphila
ingumzukulwana kankosi uDlomo Yena uyise kaNtsele inguMashiyi ebalini nangokwembali
yenyaniso yamaHlubi
Kwakhona uzoba lo mlinganiswa unguNtsele naye eyinkosi enkulu yamaHlubi UOpland
noMtuze bayangqina ukuba uNtsele wayeyinkosi enkulu yamaHlubi Batsho besithi
uMbhangubo noKhesa bafika emaHlubini besisizwe kusalawula uNtsele Yaza intombi yaba
bantu yendela kuBhungane Kwaza ngayo kwazalwa uMpangazitha kaJobe Bahambisa besithi
UNtsele kaMashiyi wazeka intombi yesizwe yamaNgwe kwaMazibuko waza ngayo
wazala uBhungane inkosi yodumo ethandwayo ngamaHlubi apha ekuhlaleni
134
kangangokuba abanye abantu bade bathiywa ngokuba bangooBhungane kucaca ukuba
kukhunjulwa yena ngabantu (199443)
UNtsele umnxibise isimo sakhe yena Jolobe gaqa kuba uNtsele ngumntu okhutheleyo umntu
ohambisanayo nembeko nentlonelo kwanomntu okhuthaza ubumbano Kwakhona ngumntu
okhathalayo nobonisa uvelwano nenceba kubantu abacinezelweyo kwanababuthathaka
abanjengabantu baseTyhini nekusoloko kulula ukuba bathi ngamanye amaxesha bafumane
ugonyamelo kumanye amadoda
Zininzi iindlela zobudlelwane eziphakathi koJolobe nale noveli ezithe zadizeka Zidizwe
sisithako sezembali nobunzululwazi-mlando USainte- Beuve kuSwanepoel (19904) waseFransi
uthi esi sithako sibonisa ubudlelwane obuliqela malunga nombhali ngokwezingongoma
zilandelayo umbhali kunye nosapho lwakhe uhlanga lwakhe iminyaka yakhe izinto ezithe
zenzeka phambi kokuzalwa kwakhe kwanezinto ezithe zenzeka emva kokuzalwa kwakhe
314 UJolobe nomlo wokulwa ukufa koncwadi lomlomo nezibongo nenkcubeko nolwimi lwemvelo
Kudliwanondlebe uScheub athe walenza kunye nombhali uMama efuna ukuqonda
ngenkqubelaphambili yoncwadi lwemvelo kwanezibongo uMama uphendule wathi
The tradition of iintsomi and izibongo is dying Irsquom sorry that we are losing all this great
treasurehellipBut today we donrsquot get anything except those that we get from the white
people And we donrsquot even get true izibongo that we used to get from old people Those
are fast disappearing and we have nothing in their placehellipThe reason that we lost them
is that we have no books written during that time Our people the majority of them are
westernized
Ngale ntetho ingentla uMama ukholelwa ukuba uncwadi lomlomo ukuquka izibongo luyafa
alusenamandla kule mihla ngokubona kwakheUJolobe (Scheub 196760) eluchasa olu luvo
lukaMama yena zisuka nje uthe
I do not think the oral tradition is dying Where there is still a set up of chiefs and loyalty to
appreciation of royal houses you will find the Imbongi royal poet shouting the praises of
his chiefhellip you will find the oral tradition alive in the courts of chiefs and in the rural homes
where a person likes to praise his own what he loves perhaps an ox of the home because it
is venerated because it is the oldest As long as the are chiefs and headmen yoursquoll still have
poets rising up to praise them You would not find as much oral tradition in such urban
areas as New Brighton as you would in rural areashellip the tradition of telling intsomi is dying
because it is not used
UJolobe (njengasentla) ubuye wongeza wathi
In some respects there is continuity between oral tradition and written literature The
material of the story is perhaps from the background of your people ndash and with that it is
with a change we have learned how to supply even plot Now that is a new thing with our
stories although it has a way of making it interestinghellip And yet I find that the greatness of
135
the story of the people is that you return to indigenous background more and more are to
the life of the people I have attempted that in Elundini laseThukelahellipI used something that
is historical and reconstructed it in order that it might be a continuous story Much of that is
still to be done - even Jordanrsquos book it used the background of court life with all its
problems at the sametime incidents that are traceable in the history of Mpondomise The
trend of development must be in that line ndash coming back to the life of the people This still
has to be exploited in urban areas it has to be exploited even in the country and in the past
history of the people
Ngokuqhutywa likhwele lobuthandazwe malunga nale ntetho ingentla yombhali uMama
obonakele engenamava kakhulu malunga noncwadi nezinto eziqhubekayo emaphandleni kuba
ekhulele yena ezidolophini kuphela uJolobe uphikise wakhankanya ukuba uncwadi lomlomo
alufanga kwaphela lusekho luyaphila alufanga kuba yena uye wanolwazi olubanzi kunoMama
kuba elubona luseqhubeka kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni ingakumbi kwiindawo ezineenkosi
Nalapha ezidophini kwakubakho inkosi uthe iye ibongwe kumatheko athile Kwakhona yena
ubone ukuba lunakho ukuvuselelwa kwaye yena kolwakhe uncwadi uyaluvuselela
315 Inkcubeko kuJolobe iyinxenye yobomi bakhe
UJolobe ngenxa yothando lwakhe lwenkcubeko ekhayeni lakhe kukho iingqayi ezintlobo-
ntlobo (Vuyorsquos Journal 2013) UJolobe akathanga ngenxa yokuba enguMfundisi wezeliZwi
ayibone inkcubeko yakhe ingeyiyo inxenye yobomi bakhe Inkcubeko yakhe uyibone iyinxenye
yobomi bakhe Inkcubeko yomnntu iqulethe ulwimi lomntu unqulo amasiko izithethe nezinye
izinto ezisetyenziswayo ezamkelekileyo zokuphila kwabantu Iquka neemfundiso kwenembeko
elindelekileyo kubo bonke abantu basekuhlaleni ukusukela komncincinane ukuya komkhulu
Enye injongo nombono obusemoyeni wakhe neminqweno yakhe athe wayiphumeza ngokubhala
le ncwadi kukuba efuna ukwandiswa koncwadi lwemveli oluphakamisa ngamandla inkcubeko
yabantu abaNtsundu Wakhetha ukubhala ngolwimi lwesiXhosa ukuluphakamisa kunye
nenkcubeko yesizwe samaXhosa nakhule sithethwa nanguMama wakhe umThembukazi okhulele
kwingingqi yaseCala kodwa noko kunjalo akazange awalibale amaHlubi nenkcubeko yawo Lo
mbhali kucace mpela ukuba uye wasithanda isiXhosa kuba kwizikolo ebefunda kuzo esakhula
bekufundiswa isiXhosa nangona kowabo isiHlubi besithethwa sikwalolunye ulwimi lwakhe
kuba eliHlubi Kwaye isiXhosa sakhe saxubana nesiHlubi Oku kwabonakala kwincwadi yakhe
yokuqala UZagula Isizathu sokufuna ukuphakamisa uncwadi lwesiXhosa sichazwe nguMama
apha ngentla xa athi amabali ebekho ikakhulu ngexesha lakhe lakudala ibe ingamabali esiNgesi
Kucacile ukuba le meko yadala ikhwele kuJolobe Wazimisela ukwenza umahluko axelise
umkhokeli wakhe uMqhayi ophakamise ulwimi lwemveli nenkcubeko yesizwe esiNtsundu
136
316 Ukubaluleka kolwimi lwesiHlubi nesiXhosa lukwayinxenye yenkcubeko yesiZulu nesiXhosa
Ngobunkcubabuchopho bakhe uJolobe udibanisa isiHlubi isiZulu kwakunye nesiXhosa kule
noveli kuba kuba ezilwimi zisetyenzisiwe Ngokwenza oku ufundisa ukuba izizwe ezibini
ngangaphezulu zingaphila kunye ngoxolo zihlonelane ngeenkcubeko neelwimi zazo kuba
inkcubeko yesizwe iyinxenye yobomi babantu baso kwaye uJolobe uluphakamisile uluvo lwakhe
oluthi ldquosingabendlu enye (194023)
Yiyo loo nto umbhali uWa Thiongrsquoo (198110-16) ecacisa ukuba ulwimi olusetyenziselwa
ukubhala uncwadi luyintambo ethwele inkcubeko yesizwe sabantu balo Uqhuba athi inkcubeko
ithi igqithiselwe okanye igcinwe ngamabali omlomo noncwadi kwaye inkcubeko iqulethe
iindidi ngeendidi zezinto ezenziwayo nezinconywayo kwanezinto ezingakhuthazwayo
kwanezikhuzwayo kwisizwe esithile
Inkcubeko yomntu iqulethe ubuyena bomntu apho athi akwazi ukuzazi nokuzahlula kwabanye
abantu Kwakhona uthe walubona ulwimi olusetyenziswa kuncwadi lungaqulethanga inkcubeko
nje yodwa ulubone luqulethe kwanembali kwanobudlelwane babantu nabanye abantu kungoko
umbhali uWa Thiongrsquoo achaze ukuba wathi wakhathazeka kwakucaca ukuba kwisikolo
esasilawulwa ngabasekumathanga amaNgesi ulwimi lwakhe noncwadi lwemvelo lwakhe
lwasuka lwajongelwa phantsi lwaza lwanqunyanyiswa ukuba luthethwe Oku kwalatha
ukungaxabiseki kwesizwe sakhe kuhlanga olwathe lwangenela ulawulo lwelizwe labo
Ngokudibanisa amagama esiHlubi namagama esiXhosa uJolobe ebe evala loo msantsa ingabi
ngathi akaluxabisanga ulwimi lwesiHlubi kuba ebhale uninzi loncwadi lwakhe kwanale noveli
yakhe ngesiXhosa Kwakhona esi simbo sikwadiza ubumbolombili bukaJolobe obusukela
kwigama lenkcubeko yakhe elithi Rhanisi Oku kufundisa ukuba umntu angaphila azisebenzise
neenkcubeko zeendawo ahlala kuzo kodwa angayijongeli phantsi eyeyakhe inkcubeko
nebubuntu bakhe ayixabise[ugxininiso lwam]
317 UJolobe uvuselela amabali emveli omlomo
UJolobe akakuvumanga ukuba amabali anjengeentsomi nezibongo ukuba ziyafa fi Ubonise
ukuba kubalulekile ukuba kubhalo olutsha zibhalwe zixutywe kumabali Kuba amabali asekwe
ngolo hlobo ayakusakha isizwe nobubani baso Akuthethayo uJolobe kuyinene Izinto
ezixatyisiweyo kwaNtu ezinjengokuziphatha kakuhle ubuntu intsebenziswano ubunye
ziqulathwe kumabali athi ancede izizukulwana ezitsha zitsho zazi ngezinto zakomawazo
ezinjengezafobe namaqhalo nezaci ezithwele imfundiso enkulu kwanezilumkiso Le ncwadi
yakhe Elundini LoThukela uyiqulunqele ukuphakamisa inkcubeko yabantu abaNtsundu
ingakumbi amaHlubi ukuze ihlale ikroliwe kuncwadi lwakhe ingabi nakufa Wenze kanye le nto
137
yenziwe nguSoga (1937) noSoga (1931) kwanoRubusana (1906) abathe babhala ukuba imbali
kwanenkcubeko yasizwe samaXhosa igcinakele ibhaliwe Ezi ndlela zokukhusela izinto zesizwe
noncwadi lwaso lugcinakele kwaye lupapashwe ziluncedo
318 Ukubaluleka kwamabali asemakhaya kwiindawo zabantu bawo
Ezi zinto zimbini isakhiwo nobuthumbu bale noveli Elundini LoThukela zakhelwe kwimbali
nenkcubeko yamaHlubi Kwimbaliso yale noveli ufake neembali ezinobunyani ezichaphazela
iziganeko ezathi zehla kwisizwe samaHlubi waza wanonga ngeendidi zenkcubeko yamaHlubi
Ubonisa nezigaba zokwenziwa kwamasiko kwanezithethe zawo Waliphotha ibali lakhe ngazo
zonke izinto ezenza umdla novuyo kwibali lakhe ukwenzela ukonwabisa isizwe kwaziwe ukuba
amaHlubi angabantu abanjani na besukaphi na Wazisile nangokudaleka kwanangokutshintsha
kwegama elithi aBambo lijike njani na ukuze isizwe kuthiwe ngamaHlubi nje UJolobe uthe
wadiza ukuba kwanokuba angoobanina ngokukhankanya uluhlu lokulandelelana kweenkosi
ezinkulu zazo ngokweminombo yazo
Bekukhankanyiwe ukuba uJolobe uthi kuphando lwakhe uye wafumanisa ukuba amabali athi
abenamandla xa equka amava abo ngobomi atsho anamathele ezingqondweni zabantu
angabinakucimeka lula (Jolobe kuScheub 196760) Kuchazwa kwanokuba athi atyebe zizinto
abazaziyo ezibakhayo ezinjengobuzwe nobuntu babo kwanezinto ezibachukumisayo nabathi
bafunde kuwo izinto ezinjengonkcubekoukuziphatha ukuhlalisana kakuhle kunye nanye abantu
Uqhuba athi la mabali avuselele ukwakhana kwabo intsebenziswano kwanomoya wovelwano
kwanobulumko Yiloo nto athi ifilosofi yobomi bohlanga nempucuko yesizwe ithi ihlwayelwe
kwakhona kwisizwe ngamabali aso ukuze siphinde sikhule siqhubele phambili
Olu luvo lukaJolobe luvakaliswa ngumbhali uWa Thiongrsquoo othi amabali esizwe anamandla
okusakha lusibumbe isizwe ngosetyenziso lolwimi lwemvelo noncwadi lwaso oluqulathe
inkcubeko yaso elilifa laso ukusuka kwiimbali zookhokho babo nakwiindawo abakhulele kuzo
UWa Thiongrsquoo (198110) uhambisa athi bathi bengabantwana beva amabali omlomo amnandi
abathe bawabaliselwa ngabantu abadala bakomawabo La mabali athe ahlala ngaphakathi kwabo
batsho bawathanda Bawabona la mabali enamandla okubomeleza ekulweni iingxaki abathi
badibane nazo kubomi babo bemihla ngemihla Uqhube wathi bathi balinganisa nezanga
zokulwa zamaqhawe akula mabali abathe bawabaliselwa Batsho balinganisa la maqhawe bazuza
olwabo uloyiso nokukwazi ukulwa ezabo iingxaki okanye iimfazwe zobomi ngokusebenzisa
ubulumko abathe babufumana kula mabali abaweva kumabali akomawabo
138
Okunye kuthe kwababonakala ukuba kweli bali lakhe uJolobe lithe ladala umdla kangangokuba
ubonakela echulumancile evuyile kakhulu naye ngokwakhe Ulivuyele kuba ufumene ithuba
lokukhe abhale ngezinto ezinxulumene nemvelo yabantu akowabo Umzekelo uthe wasebenzisa
nesigama esibonisa ithoni yovuyo nochulumnco kuba uthethe ngezinto azaziyo neziyimbali
yooyise bakhe Kwakhona le noveli yakhe yeyona ithe yagqwesa ngendlela athe wasebenzisa
ngayo indidi zezimbo zokubhala eziliqela waquka kwanesigama esityebileyo sesiXhosa nezafobe
ezidala uvuyo kwanokuhleka Kungumdla kumfundi akufundiswa ngokwakhiwa kobunye
besizwe kwanendlela esithe isizwe sakhiwe ngayo phantsi kwemigaqo yenkcubeko yaso
esayifumana kwasendalweni yokhokho baso Umbhali uWa Thiongo edandalazisa iimvakalelo
zakhe zokuchukumiseka ngamabali asuka kumabali akowabo uthe
I was born into a large peasant family Father four wives and about twenty - eight
children I also belonged as we all did in those days to wider extended family and to the
community as a whole
We spoke Gikuyu as we worked in the fields We spoke Gikuyu in and outside the home I
can vividly recall those evenings of story-telling around the fireside It was mostly grown-
ups telling the children but everyone was interested and involved We children would
re-tell the stories the following day to other children who worked in the fields picking the
pyrethrum flowers tea-leaves or coffie beans of our European and African landlords
The stories with mostly animals as the main characters were all told in Gikuyu Hare
being small weak but full of innovative wit and cunning was our hero We identified with
him as he struggled against brutes of prey like animals lions leapards hyena His
victories were our victories And we learnt that the apparently weak can outwit the
strong We followed animals in their struggle against hostile nature-drought rain sun
windhellipa confrontation often forcing them for forms of co-orperation
We were also interested in their struggles among themselves particularly between beast
and the victims of prey These twin struggles against nature and other animals reflected
real -life struggles in the human world
Not that we neglected stories with humans beings as main characters There were two
types of characters in such human-centred narrativesthe species of truly human beings
with qualities of courage kindness mercy hatred of evil concerned for others and man
-eat ndash man and two - mouthed species with qualities of greed and selfishness
individualism and hatred to what is good for the larger co-operative community Co-
operation as the ultimate good in a community was a constant (theme) It could unite
human-beings with animals agaist ogres and beasts of preyhellip
We therefore learnt to value of words for their meaning and nuances Language was not
a mere string of words It had suggestive power well beyond the immediate and lexical
meaning Our appreciation of the suggestive magical power of language was reinforced
by games we played with words through riddles proverbs transpositions of syllables
or through nonsensical but musical arranged words So we learnt the music of our
language on top of the content The language through images and sysmbols gave us a
view of the world but it had beauty of its own The language of our immediate and wider
community and the language of our work in the fields were one
139
And then when I went to school a colonial school and this harmony was broken The
language of my education was no longer the language of my culture (198110-11)
Okubhaliweyo ngentla apha nguWa Thiongrsquoo kwalatha ukubaluleka kwamabali asemakhaya
Amabali asemakhaya anexabiso kuba aqulathe ulwimi lwemveli lwabantu Uwabona
ekwaqulathe kwanenkcubeko yabo kwanendlela abazonwabisa ngayo nethi ibenze bazive
mnandi ngayo Akukhankanyileyo kuxhaswe nanguNelson Rholihlahla Mandela Uthe xa umntu
ethethe ngolwimi lwakhe sukuba ethethe emphefumlweni wakhe kwaye oko kumvisa kamnandi
Kule ncwadi uJolobe akangombalisi nje ukwayititshala efundisa iinyaniso ezinkulu
ezichukumisa umxhelo kwanamagolongxa engqondo atsho umntu aqiqe akothuswa nguJolobe
ngamagama amatsha nezikweko ezitsha ezothusayo nezivuselela umxhelo zidale uchulumanco
Kutsho kucace ukuba uJolobe linyange elinamava nobulumko kuba nanku edala izikweko
ezitsha zimtsho umfundi abe kwilizwe elitsha lamagama anqabileyo nanambithekayo Kukho
nezafobe ezichukumisa umxhelo zinentshukumo erhawuzelisa amakhwapha nezidala uhleko
nogigitheko olukhulu Oku kubonise ukuba uJolobe ngandlela zonke uluthandile waluxabisa
ulwimi lwesiXhosa waluphakamisa ngale noveli wade wavuselela ubhalo olutsha lwenoveli
yesiXhosa
3181 Inkolo kaJolobe namabali akhelwe emakhaya emveli
UJolobe ufuna ukuphakamisa uncwadi olwakhelwe kumabali akhelwe kuncwadi lwemveli
lwabantu balo nendawo yabo nenkcubeko yabo Unqwenela ukuba olubhalo luye kwizinga
eliphezulu eliyakuthi libe nomahluko Elo bali litsha libe likwayimbali yabantu njengoko enzile
kule noveli eyikwa yimbali engamaHlubi azalwa ngawo
Le noveli ufune ukuba ibe kwizinga eliphezulu ibange umdla kubantu nesizwe ebhalelwe sona
kanye njengendlela yombono kaWa Thiongrsquoo okhankanywe apha ngentla Naye uphakamisa
ukuba uncwadi inoveli kungakuhle ziqulathe namabali esizwe sawo kwaneeembali nenkcubeko
yesizwe sabantu sawo ukuze abafundi besizwe bangapheli besazi incwadi zaseNtshona kuphela
eziphakamisa ulwimi lwaseNtshona uncwadi kwanenkcubeko yamazwe aseNtshona
ezinjengoncwadi lwesiNgesi
UJolobe ubethelela elokuba amabali asekelwe kwintlalo yabantu athabatha indawo nomtsalane
kubafundi kwaye usithandile esi simbo asibone uWationgo sinamandla sinika umdla kumfundi
Esi simbo sinika inkqubelaphambili kubhalo loncwadi kuba sibonakalisa ubudlelwane phakathi
140
kwabantu neemeko zobomi babo Sikwabonisa ukubaluleka kwesi sithako sezembali
nobunzululwazi-mlando kwinkqubelaphambili yokusetyenziswa kolwimi noncwadi
nenkcubeko yama-Afrika
3182 Ixabiso lamabali asuka emakhaya
UJolobe uthe wazithethela ingqalelo izimvo zikaWa Thiongrsquoo malunga nokubalululeka kolwimi
nenkcubeko namabali asuka emakhaya Wazisebenzisa kanobomi ukonwabisa kwanokufeza
injongo yakhe yokuphuhlisa uncwadi lomlomo lungabhubhi Lo mbhali olithandazwe uWa
Thiongrsquoo (198116) iimbono zakhe zifana nezikaJolobe ngokumalunga nokuphuhliswa
kwamabali noncwadi lwesizwe kuba ukhankanya ukubaluleka kolwimi kumabali asekhaya
Language any language has a dual character it is both means of communication and a
carrier of culturehellip and has history of many nationalities (198113) To control a
peoplersquos culture is to control their tools of self ndash definition in relationship with others
Ngale nkcazelo ingentla lo mbhali ubonisa ukuba ukunyathelelwe phantsi kwenkcubeko yabantu
kukuqhobosha izixhobo zabo abathi bazichaze ngazo ukuba bangoobani na phakathi kwabanye
abantu
UWa Thiongrsquoo (198116) uphinde waqhuba wagxeka ukujongelwa phantsi kwenkcubeko yama-
Afrika ngexesha lokuphatha kwamakoloniyali elizweni lakhe wathi
The most important area of domination was the mental universe of the colonised the
control through culture their dances religions history geography education orature
and literature and conscious elevation of the language of the coloniser
Lo mbono ungentla wokulwa ukugqunyelelwa kwenkcubeko yabantu abaNtsundu naye uJolobe
uhambisana kakhulu nawo Uwubona ubalulekile Yiloo nto le ncwadi ikakhulu iphakamisa
inkcubeko yesizwe samaHlubi kwaneyesizwe samaXhosa athe wabhala ngolwimi lwawo
319 UJolobe ngamabali akhe ulungisa iinkolo ezingeyonyani
Uthi umbhali uMama amabali awayexhaphakile ngexesha labo yayingawesiNgesi UJolobe yena
ubona amabali ethu ingawona abalulekileyo kuthi kuba aphakamisa inkcubeko yethu Umzekelo
ukolusa umphumo imibongo imiculo imixhentso umlo wentonga iphulo ileqe iimfazwe
umtshato nokulobola Ngawona abalulekileyo
Ukulandwa kwamaHlubi nguSoga nomlo wosiba kaJolobe nemveliso yoElundini LoThukela
zizipili nobungqina bobuthandazwe bukaJolobe Kucaca mhlophe intlungu yakhe yaba yintlungu
awahlala enayo kodwa engayithethi Abantu babengamazi nokuba liHlubi Kungoko kule noveli
141
yakhe ezama ukucacisa iingxelo ezingentlanga ezenziwa ngumbhali uSoga kwimizamo yakhe
yokwazisa abantu ngamaHlubi UJolobe apha wenza into ethethwa nguNkosi Dlomo xa ecela
indlu enkulu kufanele ukuba ithi yakuhlaseleka indlu yasekunene iphakame inike uncedo wathi
kufuneka isandla sasekunene esihlaselwe ngameva sibangulwe sesinye isandla UJolobe wenza
loo nto apha ngezantsi ngendlela esitheleyo kodwa yena akathethi esidlangalaleni njengoSoga
Kubonakala ukuba wagqiba ekubeni aphendule okubhalwa nguSoga ngamaHlubi esithi
amaHlubi ngamaBhele kweyakhe incwadi yakhe Intlalo yamaXhosa (1937) UJolobe oliHlubi
ubonisa umahluko phakathi kwamaHlubi namaBhele kweyakhe imbali engamaHlubi awaziyo
nalilo loqobo Uzibeka izinto ngendlela eyinyaniso azazi ngayo Usebenzisa ubunkcuba-
buchopho bakhe akakhwaza esidlangalaleni nakumaphephandaba Wazibhala encwadini yakhe
eyinoveli izinto angangqinelaniyo ngazo noSoga Oku ngangqinelani wakubeka ngendlela
efihlakeleyo Akakuthi pahaha athethe ngqo ngako kubafundi benoveli yakhe UMacherey
(Moi198594) uyahlomla malunga nokubekwa kwezimvo ngolu hlobo
In the significant silences of a text in its gaps and silenceshellipIt is the silences which the
critic must must make lsquospeakrsquo The text is as if it was ideologically forbidden to say
certain things
Ngale ntetho uMacherey ukhuthaza ukuba ababhali mabazidize izinto ezifihlakeleyo eziluncedo
ekuqondweni kwento umbhali ayithethayo neza kuthi ibe lunedo olukhulu noluxabisekileyo
ekusonjululweni nasekulungisweni nasekunqandeni umzekelo ububi bungaqhubeli phambili
Kwaye oku kungadala ukuba isizwe singakheki nabantu abacinezelweyo bangakhululwa
kwingcinezelo yabo Bafe behleli kuba engaziwa unobangela
320 Amahla-ndinyuka kaJolobe okuzingela ukwazi isiXhosa
UMahlasela (19733) wazisa ukuba isiXhosa sikaJolobe siye sosuleleka asasulungeka ngenxa
yokukhulela kwakhe eMatatiele apho ikakhulu abantu balapho bathetha isiSusuthu nesiHlubi
Ezi lwimi zimbini zaba nefuthe elikhulu kwisiXhosa sikaJolobe Imeko yakhe yaba mandundu
xa eqala ukusebenza Wathunyelwa eMount Frere ukuba aye kusebenza khona IsiXhosa apha
sasithethwa sixubene nezinye iilwimi zezinye izizwe Wayefundisa kwisikolo esibizwe ngokuba
yiMabhobho apho isiXhosa ebesithethwa besingumxube wesiBhaca nesiXhosa kwanesiSwazi
Wayekwingingqi enengxubevange yeelwimi Wazibhaqa elilolo ngenxa yokuba engaluqhelanga
olu hlobo lolwimi lwesiXhosa
Wazama ukusilwa isithukuthezi ngokubhala inoveli ngolwimi lwesiXhosa elandela ingcebiso
zikaArch Bishop Mather utitshala wakhe owathi wambona ukuba unesiphiwo sokubalisa
142
kwanokugqwesa ekuchazeni umfanekiso wento abalisa ngayo Wasuka umsebenzi wakhe athe
wawubhala ngolwimi lwesiXhosa awabi ngosemgangathweni Wasuka uMqhayi wabonisa
inceba wabangula loo meva ukuze ibe nokupapashwa (Jolobe 19733) Olu velwano noncedo
lukaMqhayi lwamchulumancisa lwamqhubela phambili wangathi ngumntu obethwe
eluphondweni ukufuna ukwazi isiXhosa esisiso Wathi kamva wanikezela ileta kubaphathi
beMfundo yokuyishiya loo ngingqi yaseMout Frere kuba ingamhambiseli phambili kumaphupha
akhe okukwazi ukulubhala ulwimi lwesiXhosa olukumgangatho ophezulu Kwakhona naye
uJolobe uthe wachaza ukuba isiXhosa sakhe sathi saxubana nesiHlubi nangona engachazanga
ukuba uliHlubi Kodwa inyaniso ihlala ihleli kuba uyise omzalayo ube eliHlubi ngoko ke
bekuthethwa isiHlubi nesiXhosa kwikhaya akhulele kulo eliseCala emaXhoseni apho unina
wakhe onguMthembukazi wazalelwa khona
UJolobe uthe wagaleleka kwelakwaNgqika wafumana umsebenzi eNyarha kwisikolo esisefama
kummandla waseBhobhotyane nakwaMankazana Apho wafika abantu abangamaXhosa ale
ngingqi esithetha isiXhosa ngendlela ekhwankqisayo singaxutywanga nasiBhaca nasiHlubi
kwakunye nasiSuthu Umzekelo abantu bale ngingqi intsha afike kuyo uJolobe waye nokuthi
babethetha isiXhosa esinencasa Walangazelala ukuluthanda ulwimi lwesiXhosa kwanokuba
alusebenzise kanye njengoMqhayi othe wabonakalisa umoya wobukhuluwa kuye
kwanowobunkokheli UMqhayi wamkhuthaza uJolobe walandela emva kwakhe Ngoncedo
lukaMqhayi walufumana ulwazi lokusithetha kwanokusisebenzisa ngcono isiXhosa
Akaphelelanga apho waqhubela phambili efunana nolwazi oluthe chatha lokwazi isiXhosa
noncwadi lwaso Wathi wasongeza njengesifundo kwizifundo zakhe zesidanga kwimfundo
ephezulu kwiYunivesithi yaseFort Hare ngo1932 (Mahlasela 19733)
321 Iziqhamo zeehambo zikaJolobe zemfuna-lwazi lwakhe lwesiXhosa
Le noveli kaJolobe Elundini loThukela isisibonelo sokuluthanda ululwimi lwesiXhosa
ngendlela engenambaliso Ubhala ngentlalo yamaHlubi nemvelaphi yawo ngolwimi lwesiXhosa
esisulungekileyo Oluxube nenkcubeko yamaHlubi ebanga umdla yenze umfundi acinge abone
ukuba uJolobe uzame ukubetha iintaka ezimbini ngelitye elinye Wonwabisa amaHlubi aphinde
onwabise kwakunye nesizwe samaXhosa ngaxeshanye Ngoko ke sakujonga indlela athe
walusebenzisa ngayo ulwimi lwesiXhosa ngendlela ephakamileyo ngokusebenzisa izagwelo
zokuthetha kwanezafobe nezifanekisozwi ezidala imifanekisongqondweni ekuboniseni
izenzeko ezothusayo Kwangaxesha linye uphakamisa ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko
kwanokubaluleka kwayo Wenzela ukuba ukuphuhlisa ukubaluleka kwamabali esekhaya
akhelwe kwinkcubeko yabantu bayo abangama-Afrika emvelo
143
La mabali asekhaya aquka uncwadi lomlomo nenkcubeko Uwaxuba nesimbo esitsala umxhelo
esiyingxoxo (idayalogu) kwanesokubalisa athe uJolobe wasisebenzisa kanobom ukugcina
abafundi bedlamkile besemdleni bebona abalinganiswa ngeliso lengqondo bethethathethana
bebaleka betyhwatyhwa luloyiko Baphinde kwabona baqine izibindi balwe bazincame ekulweni
notshaba oludubaduba uxolo lwabo Baphinde kamva babonwe behleka bagigitheka bonwabile
Zonke ezi ntshukumo zenzekayo zihamba nengxoxo ziyidrama epheleleyo Kuba kwidrama
kufuneka izenzeko zibonwe ziqhubeka zisenziwa eqongeni zikhatshwa sisimbo sengoxo (Zulu
2008 14) Akukho mahluko ungako kwidrama eyakhiwe kwinoveli kuba abafundi bayazibona
iziganeko zisehla kwiqonga lengqondo Kanti ke nokuyithanda kwakhe inkcubeko nemvelo
yomntu oMnyama ngendlela ephumrsquo izandla kubonisa ubuthandazwe bakhe
Indlela abalisa ngayo umbhali uJolobe ukusebenzisa isiXhosa ngolwimi oluphezulu esonwabisa
isizwe ngokubanzi kubonisa inkokheli elugadileyo lungathi shwaka ulwimi lwemveli abhala
ngalo Umzekelo abanye abafundi abasuka eAngola beze kufunda eNMMU babalisa izinto
ezikhwankqisayo zokuba ulwimi lwabo lwemvelo aluthethwa kangako kwilizwe labo kwaye
nakumaziko emfundo alufundiswa Lunqongophele kanjalo uncwadi lolwimi lwabo lwenkolo
Isizathu soko senzeka mhla ilizwe labo lathi lathi lanqotyolotywa ngabantu baseYurophu
amakoloniyali abangamaPhuthukezi Kulawulo lwawo lwelizwe labo bagunyazisa ukuba
kusetyenziswa ulwimi lwawo lungaphakanyiswa olwemveli lwabaNtsundu baseAngola Ngaloo
ndlela bathi bazibulala iingcambu zobuzwe babo ulwimi lwabo kwakunye nenkcubeko yabo
Babulala kwanokuzingca kwabo ngelifa labo abashiywa nalo ngookhokho babo
Iziphumo zoko kukuba namhla ezikolweni nakwimfundo ephezulu ulwimi lwabo lwamveli
alufundiswa kwanoncwadi lwabo ngokunjalo kufundiwa uncwadi lwesiPhuthukezi ikakhulu
kanti nezinye izifundo zikwafundiswa ngesiPhuthukezi Le yintlungu yembali engenakulize
ilibaleke le yahlela esi sizwe sabantu abaNtsundu bemvelo yase-Angola UWa Thiongrsquoo
wangeza wacacisa ukuba ulwimi lwaseYurophu luphakamisa ulwimi lwelo lizwe laseYurophu
Luphakamisa nenkcubeko yalo imbali yaso kwanobuzwe babantu beso belo lizwe Le
yintlungu enkulu egqithe ukuqonda abathe abantu bemvelo bazibona bekuyo Baqhuba abathi
abafundi base-Angola isizwe sabo kule mihla siyazama ukulungisa izinto kodwa akululanga xa
ulwimi lungathethwa nokuthethwa nasemakhayeni abo ingakumbi kwiindawo zasezidolophini
Bathi ulwimi lwabo lwemvelo luthethwa ngabantu basemaphandleni abambalwa abakude lee
ezidolophini apho bahlala khona
Kungoko sinombulelo omkhulu kuMqhayi noJolobe ngokuthi bayinqande ingozi yokulahlekelwa
kwesizwe esiNtsundu kweli loMzantsi Afrika bubutyebi baso obukhulu nobulilifa laso UMqhayi
144
ulandelwe nguJolobe kumlo wakhe wokhusela ulwimi lwemveli lwesiXhosa Kulo mgudu
wakhe walandelwa ngamaZulu ooVilakazi nabeSuthu Nabo batsho baluphakamisa ubhalo
loncwadi lwabo ngolwimi lwemveli hayi kuphakanyiswe isiNgesi sodwa Ngobugagu bala
matshantliziyo uMqhayi noJolobe esizidla ngawo nabo bafundisa ubugagu abeSuthu namaZulu
(Attwell noAttridge 2012)
UJolobe igagu uzingele ngothando ukukwazi ukubhala ngolwimi oluphezulu olonwabisa
abafundi bakhe Kule noveli ubumbe iziganeko eziyolisayo ngolwimi lwesiXhosa esinesigama
esiyolisayo nesikhatshwa sisimbo sedrama esidala umdla nochulumanco Kwakhona kule noveli
ingxoxo zakhe azisebenzisayo zikwabonisa nokuguquka kwezimbo zabalinganiswa
okukhankanywa nguBakhthin ukuba kwibali lenoveli akusoloko kukho ilizwi elinye
njengakwincwadi ebhalwe nguSoga (1937) apho kuvakala ilizwi lakhe eligonyamela amanye
amazwi ade angabonakali okanye angavakali kuthuleke kuthi tu Kanti kule ibhalwe nguJolobe
inoveli akho amazwi amaninzi aphikisanayo ngemicabango Ngokucacileyo akho nakwabonisa
ukuluchasa ugonyamelo ngokuphakanyiswa kwezimvo zabanye abantu bexhamla inkululeko
yabo Olu chasano lwezimvo ludala ungquzulwano olubalulekileyo kakhulu ebalini Ludala
umdla Lutsalela umfundi enzulwini Lubanga abafundi baqhubele phambili balifunde ibali
baligqibe Olu bhalo luhle lukaJolobe lusisiqhamo sokulufunda alwazi ulwimi lwesiXhosa
alubhale ngezagwelo ezimnandi adandalazise ngokukodwa ezi ziganeko zilandelayo umlo
weentonga ukuhlaselwa kwabazingeli bamaHlubi ngugqoloma ukuqubisana kwabo nenyoka
enengcwangu imamba emnyama nohlaselo lwabo ngamarhancwa anomsindo aziingonyama
Kukho nesiganeko somlo wentonga Ususela kwingxabano ephakathi koNgwekazi noNtsele
UNgwekazi udelele uNobusi wamhlazisa kulutsha kuba esithi linqenerha elingakwazi kuthwala
ingqayi UNtsele wangenelela ethethelela uNobusi Le drama ihamba ihambe ngengxoxo
eshushu iye yakhokelela ekuphakanyisweni kwamakhwapha ebangwe nguNtsele othe
wakhalimela uNgwekazi umkhuluwa ukuba ohlukane nokundyukula uNobusi intombazanana
esakhulayo engekabi namandla nengakwaziyo kakuhle ukuthwala ingqayi
(a) Umlo wentonga
UJolobe uchaza ngobomi bobuntwana bakhe apha ngentla Waye engumalusi wakhulela kuqala
eCala Apho wayethi kunye namanye amakhwenkwe baqhube imihlambi yeenkomo
kwaneegusha bazikhaphele emadlelweni apho wayethi azive kamnandi onwabele ubomi
bobumalusi kuba babuneengenelo kuye alibone ilizwe elihle notyani obuluhlaza
kwaneentyatyambo ezihombise umhlaba Abuke kwaneentaba ezimgama Kanti kwaneemilambo
wayethanda ukuyibuka inomtsalane kakhulu esi dwadwalala sikhulu sinamandla sendalo
145
umlambo enjengeTsomo Uchaza kwanokuba babe namaxesha okuzonwabisa benze imidlalo
yokukhuphisana kusetyenziswa umlo wentonga abancinci befundiswa ngendiza ezomileyo
(Jolobe 197423) Uphinde wasichaza isimo sakhe kumbongo wakhe wenkolo othe
ldquoUmnqamlezordquo ukuba yena ukhule ezazi amandla akhe kwaye inkolo yobuKristu enemithetho
ethi makanikezele esinye isidlele ngesinye xa egezelwa ngumntu yayimnzimela gqitha Uchaze
ukuba yena ukhule ezazi ukuba unamandla kwaye engelilo igwala umzekelo uJolobe ubalise
ukuba wakhe wakhathazwa lelinye itshivela ldquoukusukele loo mini lahlala lilumkilerdquo kwaye yena
wayenentliziyo yezingwe (Jolobe 197137) Oko kukuthi engelogwala elikhalipha
elingazoyikiseliyo
Kanti nakule noveli utshilo ukuthi maxa wambi uxolo kuye kufuneke lulondolozwe ngezigalo
ukuluphuthuma (Jolobe 197685) Usetyenziso kwesigama izagwelo zokuthetha
kwanenkcubeko yesiHlubi ukuquka eyesiXhosa ukubonisa kumlo weentonga athe walukrola
ngale ngxoxo ehamba nenkcazo yombalisi ngokwengcingane kaBakhtin
Kungasemlanjeni UNgwekazi uthe watyhola unoBusi ngobunqenerha Waza watyhola noNtsele
ukuba ngubafazini kuba encedisa le ntombazanana UNtsele uchazwa nguJolobe ekhule yedwa
kunina wakhe othe akamqhelisela wamfundisa ukuba unyana wakhe angabinamsebenzi
awucalulayo akwazi nokuya kukha amanzi emlanjeni Ingxoxo iqale ngale ndlela
(Ukuzithethelela kukaNtsele ebhekisa kuNgwekazi kuboniswe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo) uthi
UNtsele Amanye amavila athi akunqena umsebenzi awuphephe ngokumana ewucalula esithi
kukho owamakhwenkwe kukho nowamantombazana (Jolobe 200823)
UNgwekazi Amanqenerha eentombi wona akho
UNtsele Yithi tu Ngwekazi kha uncokole izinto zamakhenkwe uyeke ezamantombazanardquo
UNgwekazi Utsho kubani
Waphendula UNtsele wathi Andazi wumbi ukhe wathethaUkuba ufuna ukuphakamisa
amakhwapha makungabikho apha phakathi komzi Masitshonele ese apha (Jolobe 200823-24)
UJolobe uchaza ukuba amakhwenkwe amaHlubi anento ebengayithandi Kunene inkwenkwe
ezenza umfazi (Jolobe 200824) UBakhtin (Abrams noHarpham 201286-87) uyahambisana
nesimbo sokubalisa sikaJolobe sokusetyenziswa kwesimbo sedrama kwinoveli yakhe
Ukhankanya ukuba kwinoveli ingxoxo ihamba nenkcazo yokwenzekayo Nalapha uJolobe wenze
loo nto iingxoxo zakhe kule noveli zikhatshwa yinkcazelo emfutshane Azifani ngqo
nakwincwadi elungiselelwe idrama yoqobo Kwakhona uBakhtin uthi kwingcingane yakhe
yedayalojizim kwinoveli uchaza ukuba iyakwazi ukudiza amazwi ogonyamelo nabonisa
ukuphathwa kakubi kwamaqela ajongelwe phantsi Nalapha kule noveli uJolobe naye
146
usebenzisa isimbo sikaBakhtin Usebenzise ingxoxo ngolwimi lwesiXhosa alwenze lwatsala
umdla ophezulu wabafundi nolubonisa umoya wongquzulwana lwezimvo
Isigama nezafobe nentshukumo athe umbhali uJolobe wayisebenzisa kulo mlo yephezulu
Inkcubeko izotyiwe ngale nkcazo ingentla kwesi siganeko uJolobe uzoba umlo weentonga
Ubonisa iintshukumo ezikhawulezileyo zokukhutshwa kweentonga nokugalela okubambisa
amazinyo Ekwadala ukonwabisa ngaxeshanye Umzekelo umbhali uchaze wathi
Ahlanganiseleni amakhwenkwe ngephanyazo ekhwaza esithi ldquoYizani kubukela
uNgwekazi ebetha inkwenkwe Weza selequle wagqiba uNgwekazi ezithe wambu
nangesithandelo sempithizelo yamakhwelo nemigqumo ngokungathi kukuza
kwesiphontsholobe Kusaqala nje wenza isivuthevuthe umfo kaMashiyi omkhulu
uNgwekazi kwacaca kuso sonke isikhwenkwe ukuba umnininiwa wakhe ukuba akemanga
kakuhle wagoqa uyakucholwa elutywamba
UNtsele waye kwazi kakuhle ukuhlanganisa zitsho kwasithukuthezi kwanga kudala Ukhe
wafikwa embanjeni uNtsele ngenxa yokuvula ithuba UNtsele uye walukhuthaza kuba
ebona ukuba luthande ukugxalathelana qha anqophe ngokuvala ngokuhlanganisa enze
uqilima
Ziye zatshintsha izinto akubona ukuba utshaba luyanxapha ngoku waqala ngoku
ukulukhetha iindawo aziqondileyo wada wamana eziphindaphinda Uzingise kanobomi
emana ukutsho ndaweninye kwada kwacaca nakwisihiba ukuba izinto zithambekile
Abakhwezeli batsho bathanda futhi ukulikhankanya igama likaNtsele UNgwekazi ngoku
wayesele eyindyidilili kube ngelo xesha athe wafikwa entanyeni kwaqala ngoku kwavela
igazi baqiniseka ukuba intshatsheli namhla iwileYabe le incinci kuxa ikhupha iimfihlo
zobuchule bokubethwa kweentonga kuba waba ngagalela watsho
Isigama esichongiweyo sesikumgangatho ophezulu Sibonisa sazoba imifanekisongqondweni
evuselela umxhelo kwaneemvakalelo zovuyo nosizi ngokwenjenje ldquoAhlanganiselana
amakhwenkwe ngephanyazo ekhwaza esithi ldquoYizani kubukela uNgwekazi ebetha inkwenkwerdquo
Kwesi sicatshulwa singentla imifanekisongqondweni yeliso ixutywa kunye nomfanekiso ndash
ngqondweni wendlebe wokuva amazwi abalinganiswa bencokola ngolwimi lwesiXhosa olubanga
imifanekiso ebangela uthando lolwimi noncwadi lwaso ngenxa yokuphuma izandla ngesakhono
esiphezulu sosetyenziso lolwimi kwakunye nenkcubeko
Kwakhona nakule ndlela abalisa ngayo umbhali uJolobe ngokwakhe usizobela umfanekiso-
otsala uchukumisa amadlu ngesakhono sakhe sokubalisa okwenzekayo xa uNgwekazi
wayeyingwe ukuvutha umsindo Usibonisa nendlela ekuqulwa ngayo ukulungiselela umlo
weentonga ngumntu onolwazi ekuwenzeni Uchaza sitsho sibone ngenene ngeliso
okwakusenzeka atsho nomfundi abeyinxenye yokwenzekayo ngenxa yosetyenziso lwesigama
esidala unxunguphalo nomdla Umzekelo usebenzisa isigama esithi ldquoWeza selequle wagqiba
uNgwekazirdquo ldquoezithe wambu nangesithandelo ldquosempithizelo yamakhwelo nemigqumordquo
147
UJolobe usebenzisa isifanekisozwi ukuqaqambisa ulwazi lokukwazi ukulwa kwanokuqula
Ukwabumbe umfanekiso webhanyabhanya ngesi sigama solwimi lwesiXhosa ngokuthetha
ngempithizelo nemigqumo yamakhwenkwe Oku kudala ihlombe lokuphakanyiswa
kwenkcubeko nendlela amakhwenkwe aye ezonwabisa ngayo kwintlalo yabantu abaNtsundu
Ukwazoba kwaneendlela zokululekana ekwakuthi kwenziwe zona ukudala intlonelwano kuliwe
umoya wendelo kumakhwenkwe ajongelwa phantsi ngamakhwenkwe agonyamela amanye
Ezinye izagwelo eziqaqambisa umfanekiso webhanyabhanya zezi ldquongokungathi kukuza
kwesiphontsholoberdquo ldquoKusaqala nje wenza isivuthevutherdquo Esi sagwelo sokuqala sisifaniso
esiqaqambisa ngokucacileyo okwenzekayo okutsala umdla womfundi anamathele kwincwadi
ayifundayo Esi sesibini sakhiwe kwisifanekisozwi yee vuthuvuthu Siyila
umfanekisongqondweni weliso umfundi ebona ukufika kwesaqhwithi esikhulu Umbhali
uchonge igama elikhulu elimbaxa eliyintshukumo elalatha ukudubadubeka koxolo ngophanyazo
oluza nezinto ezimbi ngokwenza amatshe okuqengqa ugoqo Yiloo nto umbhali esikhapha esi
senzo ngokuthildquoumfo kaMashiyi omkhulu uNgwekazi kwacaca kuso sonke isikhwenkwe ukuba
umnininiwa wakhe ukuba akemanga kakuhle wagoqa uyakucholwa elutywambardquo
(b) Isiganeko somlo wemamba nabazingeli
Imbali yemamba nabazingeli ibonakalisa usetyenziso lolwimi ukonwabisa abafundi
kwanokuphakanyiswa komgangatho wolwimi uJolobe alusebenzisa ekubhaleni le noveli
Ukwabonisa ukuba uyibhalele ukuba ibe kumgangatho nomoya ophezulu Lukwabonisa nomoya
wochulumanco lombhali UJolobe ubonakalisa ukonwaba kwakhe xa ebebhala eli bali
libandakanya imbali yakowabo kwakunye nobomi abaziyo athe wabuphila kwiindawo ezithile
njengesiganeko somlo wentonga esivuselela iinkumbulo zakhe esemncinane esalusa iinkomo
Ezinye izifanekisozwi zibanga unxunguphalo noloyiko oluphezulu ngeli lixa amadoda ejongwe
kukufa okuza nemamba irhamncwa elingenanceba Kule ncwadi uJolobe uye wagqwesa
kwisimbo sakhe sokubhala ngokusebenzisa izifanekisozwi ezithi ziyibonakalise gca indlela into
eyenzeka ngayo ngokukhawulezileyo Uzisebenzise zaphumelela zayiqaqambisa into
ayibalisayo satsho seva ngeendlebe imilozi yemikhwazo yemamba isenza izimbo zayo zohlaselo
lotshaba lwayo olungumntu Loo mini satsho sayibona ingca ende yedobo saziva iintetho
zamadoda ecebisana ngeendlela zokusaba Ezi ndidi zemifanekiso azizobileyo zenze imifanekiso
ekungelulanga ukuba abantu babenokuyilibala kwaye nento abachazele yona kweli bali lakhe
lenoveli bangahlala beyibalisela nezizukulwana zabo Kwanesiphiwo esiyolisayo sikaJolobe
148
sidala ihlombe Umzekelo lo mboniso ongathi ngumfanekiso webhanyabhanya nodala ihlombe
uwuchaza ngolu hlobo
Ngenye imini iqela elithile lalicanda edotyeni elinengca ende engangengqolowa
echumileyo Lathi xa liphakathi kukude phambili kukude ngasemva leva into engathi
likhwelo Athi amadoda akusinga-singa wathi umntu ldquoNantso imambardquo Umphathi
wephulo wathi makugotywe iintloko umntu achwechwe enze amatshe ukubaleka Yeka ke
ibe lugqatso amadoda ukusaba yasuka imamba yangathi ngumoya lo ukukhawuleza
seyingathi iyabhabha ukuza kubo Umsila se ungathi sisabhokhwe esi seyimana
ukuzibhijabhija izibuthe izisonge izijule phambili kucacile ukuba isemsindweni
ngamakhwelo eyabe isiza izikhuthaza ngawo edabini elo Ifike kuloo ndawo babe kuyo
yadlula ngezantsana yaza yathi yakuqonda ukuba seyingaphambili yayiphakamisa
intloko kwakhona yafuna ngamehlo Ithe yakuqonda ukuba bangasemva baye besinga lee
ngoku yajika yabaphuthuma seyingathi sisitshingitshane esinamandla ukucanda idobo
elo aye amadoda ebile ezizithukuthuku zinkcenkceza ngokungathi ngamanzi aphuma
embhobheni wamanzi ontunjaninzi kambe ke ubomi bobuphi umntu wathi edinwe
enjalo ukuba ithemba linye kukubalekaYadlula kufutshane kakhulu ngoku kwacaca
ngokumhlophe ukuba kukho eya kuphuma naye kube ngeli xesha athe umphathi wephulo
uNkebeza wamemeza ngezwi elikhulu wathi ldquoInguqu maHlubi masife sisilwa
njengomntu omnyerdquo Athi amadoda lawo ebethe saa ahlangana enza imbumba Ijike
kufuphi isenza imilozi ephithizelisayo yamila ngomsila phantsi yaza yathi ngephanyazo
yanga iyabiya ukubajikeleza abantu abo Yathi xa kanye ikulo maci (amacebo) wathi
umntu ldquoGalelardquo UNkebeza izingela elinamava wayitsho lsquonkuursquo emva kwentloko apha
ngegqudu elinzima wathi kanti uyosele
Esi sifanekisozwi lsquonkuursquo sibonisa amandla aso nomdla omkhulu Sithe savelisa ekubaliseni
amandla nendlela isiganeko esenzeka ngayo Sidale umdla omkhulu Satsho wanga umfundi
udibene nesimbo sedrama apho izinto zithethwa ziphinde zenziwe eqongeni abantu bebukele
Unjalo ke lo msebenzi kaJolobe Udala uvuyo kumaHlubi nakumaXhosa nakwisizwe esiNtsundu
siphela ngokuthi athi ngamabali akhe azisuse azibhekelisele kude lee iimbambano udano nosizi
Kodwa yena asuke adale uxolo imivuyo kwanokugigitheka kubantu bonke Esi siXhosa
sisetyenziswe kwezi ziganeko ezinongwe ngedrama kwakunye nesimbo sencoko sibe
sesiphezulu Sibe sesisulungekileyo nesihlwabisayo nesiLuncuthu maZangwa Siqulathe
inkcubeko yesizwe esiNtsundu ngokubanzi Kanjalo sixhobisa umzi kaNtu ngolwimi lwemvelo
ngokuba mnandi kwanokuba nencasa kwalo luphilisa ingakumbi lwakusetyenziswa ngumntu
oluthandayo noluphilileyo
UJolobe ngesi siganeko usinika umyalezo wenkuthazo kwabafuna ukuphumelela baqhubele
phambili balulwe notshaba njengale mamba irhamncwa lamathafa Ukwanika le mfundiso
ilandelayo yamandla nequlathe inkcubeko ekumbongo wakhe othi ldquoUmanyano ngamandlardquo
nobonisa ukuba xa abantu bemanyene benza izinto ezinkulu (193630)
(c) Iziganeko sokuqubisana kweengonyama eziqwengayo namadoda angabazingeli
149
UJolobe usixelela ngenye yamadoda ebone ingonyama yalumnkisa amanye (ldquoWathi umntu
Libhubesirdquo) Udlule ayichaze le ndibano yabazingeli neengonyama enjenje
Kwabakho othile othi malingabulawa wathi kanti utsho mva izikhali seziphakanyisiwe
Lafa ligragrama libubula Bahle baqaphela ukuba basemqolombeni weengonyama
Wawuthetha umhlola umntu watsho uNgwekazi ldquoNingahamba nonke Mna ndihleli apha
kuba besize kuzingela iingonyama saye sikuzo ngokurdquo Kwathi kusaxoxwa le ndawo
wavakala umgqumo owatsho kwabanda umchachazo Yayise ibonakala inkunzi isiza
iphala Umphathi weqela elo wathi makumiwe phakathi komlilo nomqolomba baphahle
isango lawohellip umoya waba bujika wasinga ngakwicala eyayivela ngakulo ingonyama
Yanduluka apho ke indaba kuba yathi yakuliva yakulisezela igazi lethole layo yafika sele
ilugcala-gcala umsindo neengcwangu Yathi nqumama ngaphaya komlilo isithe jaa
isingci izibhexesha amacala ngomsila kukho nokubetha ngawo phantsi apha itsho
ngesandi esingathi sisibhulo umgqumo wona sewungathi ziindudumo Kwathi kusenjalo
kwavakala ukububula okuthile ngasemva esangweni lomqolomba yababumkhulungwane
le nto Yathi yakuyiva le nto ingonyama yabetha yawudela umlilo kuba yabe ilelinye
ithole elo Yawutsho wamnye umtsi yaya kuthi gxididi phezu kwethole elifileyo yalijoja
Yagquma kwashukuma nomhlaba lowo babemi phezu kwawo amanye amadoda
ankwantya atyhwatyhwazela izitho zifana nemicinga yengca emanzi
Yaba seyibuthuma yaza yatsiba ngokotolo ukuza kubo koko ifike selwakhiwe uthango
lukaNgwekazi yaya kuthi folokohlo phezu kwemikhonto leyo eyatsho yangena enyameni
Kodwa imijubalazo yayo yathi yathanda ukududula wonke umntu owabe esendleleni yayo
idlikidla loo mikhonto eyabe injengeentsiba zencanda kuyo yathi kanti imazi seyibuyile
yaza yaziphosa phezu kwakhe (uNgwekazi) ngomgqumokazi owaba ngathi ngoweshumi
lonke lamarhamncwa abetha amadoda awayethe thwanga luhlaselo lwenkunzi afuna
amathuba okusaba Yakuba imwisile yamfuna ngamazinyo igquma ngalo lonke elo xesha
Wamemeza esithi mayibinzwe ngamanye amadoda lawo kodwa asuka agilana ukuphuma
emqolombeni kuba ngalo gama ayesele ebandezelwe kuwo apho Umemeze ebuza ukuba
ayamshiya na Uthe akutsho lazincama itshawe uNtsele lajika Labuya liphethe umkhonto
wodwa kuba amakhaka babephulukene nawo koluya hlaselo nodudumo lokuqala Inge
iyeva yamyeka uNgwekazi yajongana nolo tshaba lutsha Uhlangene nayo xa ijikayo
waza wayibinza watsho phakathi kwemikhono watsho wanyanisa naxa yamgila naye
waya kuwa Wanga akenziwanga nto umkhuluwa wakhe kuba wathi nje ukuba imnike
ithuba wancothula umkhonto kuleya yabe ijubalaza iqhawuka inkunzi wafunza kwimazi
150
leyo wayosela nayo emva komkhono amadoda ayedinwe ngokungathi ebabaleka ugqatso
(1959 197666-68)
Kwisiganeko sesithathu nalapha usebenzisa ibali elihamba nencoko efundisa ngelinye isiko
lamaHlubi lokuphuma iphulo lokuzingela iingonyama Nalapha uJolobe usebenzisa iindidi
zemifanekisongqondweni eyile
Eyokujoja- ldquoyakuliva yakulisezela igazi letholerdquo ldquoelifileyo yalijojardquo
Eyeliso- ldquoYayise ibonakala inkunzirdquo ldquosele ilugcala-gcala umsindo neengcwangurdquo
ldquoisithe jaa isingci izibhexesha amacala ngomsilardquo ldquoankwantya atyhwatyhwazelardquo
ldquoizitho zifana nemicinga yengca emanzirdquo ldquowancothula umkhontordquo
Ebonisa imitsi- ldquoinkunzi isiza iphalardquo ldquowamnye umtsi yaya kuthi gxididi phezurdquo ldquoyaza
yatsiba ngokotolordquo ldquoijubalaza iqhawuka inkunzirdquo
Eyokuva ingxolo nesandi- ldquoLafa ligragrama libubulardquo ldquowavakala umgqumordquo ldquongesandi
esingathi sisibhulordquo ldquoumgqumo wona sewungathi ziindudumordquo ldquokwavakala ukububula
okuthilerdquo ldquoyababumkhulungwane le ntordquo ldquoYagquma kwashukuma nomhlabardquo
ldquoyaziphosa phezu kwakhe (uNgwekazi) ngomgqumokazirdquo
Eyokuphatha nokubanda -ldquoowatsho kwabanda umchachazordquo no- ldquoyamfuna
ngamazinyordquo
Usebenzisa imifanekisongqondweni emininzi ukuzoba imfazwe phakathi kwabazingeli
neengonyama Le mifanekisongqondweni itsho kucace ukuba abazingeli aba ngamagokra
Amagama okubumba le mifanekisongqondweni uwachonge ngobuchule obukhulu ukuze adale
idrama enkulu nemilo ekhwankqiswayo phakathi kwabantu namarhamncwa awoyikekayo
Ukrole imifanekiso eneengonyama ezinengcwangu kwanezinomsindo ziphanjaniswa ikakhulu
kukubulawa kwethole lazo xa zona bezisayo kuzingela Nalapha uJolobe usebenzisa
izifanekisozwi (ldquoisithe ldquojaardquo ldquoisingcirdquo ldquofolokohlordquo) ezenza imibono emikhulu eyothusayo
nezandi nezenzo ngendlela edala amadlu
322 Uphuhliso kobhalo ngokutsha lwenoveli kulondolozo lwenkcubeko yesizwe
Le noveli ihlalutywayo equka nogxekoncomo lwayo yenza kanye le nto ichazwa kwesi
sihlokwana singentla apha Iyinoveli egqithisa umyalezo nemibono kaJolobe yokulondolozwa
kwenkcubeko igcinwe encwadini ngamabali anika umdla erhwebesha uthando loncwadi
kwanobuzwe babafundi abaNtsundu ngokubanzi ingakumbi abafundi abangamaXhosa kuba
ubhalele bona ikakhulu Ubhale ngesiXhosa esiphakamisa inkcubeko yabo Kule noveli ude
151
wasebenzisa iilwimi ezimbini isiHlubi kunye nesiXhosa eziqulethe iinkcubeko zazo Kwakhona
le noveli kaJolobe Elundini LoThukela ilandela ikhondo nesikhokelo sikaWa Thiongrsquoo ozimvo
zakhe ngolwimi noncwadi lwalo zikhankanywe ngentla apha
Injongo neminqweno yakhe athe wayiphumelelisa ngamandla kukufundisa ngenkcubeko
yamaHlubi kwanokuyigcina equka amasiko nolwimi nezithethe zingabhangi akusithela Kule
noveli ugxile kulamsolotya alandelayo enkcubeko
Ukwalusa amakhwenkwe umphumo ukubonga imibongo yabantwana imiculo imixhentso
umlo weentonga iphulo imfazwe umtshato nelobola yenkosazana ngawona abalulekileyo
Amaphulo ebesenziwa ngamadoda odwa (Jolobe 200878) Akayishiyi indaba yokuziphatha
kakuhle ngokwamkelekileyo entlalweni yabantu abaNtsundu Imbeko yinxenye yenkcubeko
yabo Umzekelo ukubulisa ngembeko omnye umntu nokuba akumazi Kanti kwabanye abantu
abaMhlophe ikhangeleka ingaziwa into yokubuliswa komntu adibana naye endleleni bengamazi
UJolobe ufundisa wabonisa indlela iphulo elalisenziwa ngalo kwanokuba iinyamazana
zazizingelwa zibulawe njani na Umzekelo zazindululwa zisukelwe zibalekele ezintabeni
ziphele zingakwazi ukunyuka iintaba zibulawe lula ngamabhunguza ngentonga xa zizama
ukuhla Kanti amahlosi neengonyama bezizingelwa zona kuba kufunwa ukwambesa indlu
yenkosi ngezikhumba zazo Kanti neenyoka beziye zibulawe zisiwe komkhulu USoga yena
kwinkcubeko yamaXhosa uthi umfo othe wabulala inyoka ezinqabileyo ezinjengemamba
ebisiwa komkhulu iqinise inkosi nomzi wayo Lo mfo bekuthi yakufa inkosi naye abulawe ukuze
agcine inkosi Kanti noonyana bakhe bokuqala nabo bebegcinwa babulawe kwakufa inkosi
Igqirha lolugxa bekuhanjwa nalo ukuze kubotshwe kuphiliswe abenzakeleyo kuhlaselo
lamarhamncwa asendle Bekuhanjwa nabafazi kwaneembiza kuphekwe ikhuthu (inyama
ebandayo) namazimba Abafazi babenceda ngokukha amanzi Bekusakhiwa namaphempe ukuze
kubekho iindawo zokulala ehlathini Singatsho ukuba ngale ncwadi umfundi ufumana imfumba
emyoli yolwazi olutyebileyo oluchulumincisayo noluvula iingqondo azi ngezinto ezichaphazela
inkcubeko yabantu abaNtsundu UJolobe uzenza ezi mfundiso ngobunkcubabuchopho
323 UJolobe nebali lakhe ngamaHlubi likwayimbali yamaHlubi
Imbali yenkcithakalo yamaHlubi ibhalwe yapapashwa nguSoga (19376-7) ngoncedo
lukaMalgas Wabhala wanika le ngxelo ilandelayo
Inkcithakalo yabaMbohellipEyonambangi yokuchithakala kwezizwe kukufa okanye
ukubhadwa kukaMthimkhulu ngamaNgwane UMthimkhulu inkosi yabaMbo unyana
wendlu enkulu kaBhungane wesuka namaphakathi akhe wathabatha uhambo phakathi
kwesizwe sisikhulu kanjalo nje Sikwalithemba sezinye izizwe intaba imiwe ngamaHlubi
eyokuqala kuseBusi eyesibini eKhuphe eyesithathu kuseVungatyeni eyesine
152
kuseNdimeni ize imilambo ibe liThangeni ibe liLenjana athabatha amantla oThukela
kunye neMpafana Uthe kanti sele esemdeni wesizwe samaNgwane Eva amaNgwane
ukuba ukwalapha uMthimkhulu othuka Inkosi yamaNgwane eyayilawula ngelo xesha
inguMatiwane unyana kamaSumpa Asuka amthabatha njengentlola amaNgwane
uMthimkhulu amhlasela bekungabangakho ngxabano ngaphambili ngaphandle
kokusunduzana kobukhosi nje kodwa Uyothuka uMthimkhulu umzi akuwo selrsquourhawulwe
ngamaNgwane ngobusuku Yenzakala ke inkosi kolo hlaselo Afa kakhulu namaphakathi
athi naseleyo azindlazi kwakho kuzo iintathambana eziyokubika kuTshaka
kaSenzangakhona
Esi sicatshulwa sisentla apha siyinxenye yembali yamaHlubi Ibalulekile kolu phando
olusebenzisa kuphicotho lwaso isithako sezembali nobunzululwazi-mlando esiphonononga
unxulumelwano lombhali noncwadi lwakhe Sikwadiza neemeko zezopolitiko zamaxesha abe
ephila kuwo umbhali Ukuhlalutywa kwale noveli kusincedise ekuvezeni isimo iminqweno
neembono zombhali wayo onguJJR Jolobe
324 UJolobe nenkcazo yemvelo yegama lamaHlubi
UMalgas (Soga 1937) usichazela ngokudaleka kwegama ldquoHlubirdquo Uthi uBhele wendisela
intombi yakhe kwinkosi yabaMbo ezala uLufelelwenja ozala uSidwabasenkomo ozala
usiQhanyana ozala uMowu ozala uMuhuhu ozala uMhlanga ozala uMsi ozala uMzimkhulu
ozala uMaseko ozala uNdlovu uMalunga ozala uDlamini ozala uMthimkhulu ozala uNgcobo
kwindli enkulu azale uRhadebe kweyasekunene uNgcobo ozala uDlomo ozala uMashiyi ozala
uNtsele ozala uBhungane ozala uMthimkhulu lo wabulawa ngamaNgwane ukuze
kuchithakalwe nje (Soga 19376 Jolobe 197616)
Uhambisa athi kwakucaca ukuba uNkosi Ngcobo wendlu enkulu akanamandla okuvelisa imbewu
kwathiwa ngemvume yakhe neyesizwe makaveliselwe abantwana ngumninawa wakhe wendlu
yasekunene ogama lakhe linguRhadebe Kuye kwazalwa unkosi uDlomo ongundlu-nkulu othe
yena wazala uMashiyi (uDlomo ngulo uJolobe amsebenzisa kweli bali njengenkosi yamaHlubi
awakhokelayo)
UJolobe yena kweyakhe inkcazo ngokudaleka kwegama u ldquoamaHlubirdquo uqhuba athi abantwana
abazalwa phantsi kukaRhadebe bazibiza ngokuba ngoolamaHlubi kuba bezibiza ngegama
likanina wawo Asuka onke amaHlubi alandela indlu enkulu athi nawo angamaHlubi Ngale
mbali yamaHlubi kwanebali lakhe uJolobe ucacisa ebonakalisa ukuba amaBhele athe azalana
ngokwakhiwa ubuhlobo ngokwendiselwa kwentombi yawo uLamaHlubi kunkosi Ncobo inkosi
yabaMbo ajike kamva
153
Kanti nangengxelo eyinene oko kukuthi eyinyaniso iyangqina ukuba ubuhlobo buthe benzeka
phakathi kwamaBhele namaHlubi ngenxa yokwendisela intombi yawo uLamaHlubi kwinkosi
yaBambo (193717-18)
UJolobe uthe waphinda wayitywina waqinisela into yokuba amaBhele la ayingawo amaHlubi
Ukungqina oku ngesiganeko apho amaBhele athi ala ukunceda amaHlubi Umzekelo kwibali
lakhe uJolobe umbalisi ukhankanya ukuhlaselwa kwamaHlubi ngamaNgwane Kweli dabi
amanani omkhosi wamaHlubi aba nganeno kunenyambalala yomkhosi wamaNgwane Ebalini
lenoveli Elundini LoThukela ubalisa athi unkosi uDlomo undlu-nkulu wathi kungalindelwanga
wafikelwa ngumbiko okhawulezileyo wokuba enze uncedo axhase indlu yasekunene yamaHlubi
ephantsi konkosi uMahlaphahlapha kuba ihlaselwa ngelo xesha ngamaNgwane Amanye
amabutho kaMahlaphahlapha athi alwa ekhusela isizwe sawo kumkhosi kaMatiwane
wamaNgwane Ekuthe ngenxa yokududulana kwamabutho umkhosi wamaHlubi wona wafika
ngasemideni yamaBhele UJolobe uthi athi amaHlubi endlu yasekunene ebenethemba lokuba
amaBhele la ebenokuthi abancedisa asuka wona abatshikelela abagxotha oku komntu egxotha
umshologu Unkosi Dlomo wendlu enkulu yamaHlubi wathumelise umkhosi wakhe ukhokelwa
nguMphathi-mkhosi uNtlabane ehamba namabutho angabafana abatsha abasandulukubuya
entabeni apho athe enziwa amadoda anikwa neemfundiso novavanyo lokukhusela isizwe sawo
kutshaba ngokwenkcubeko yamaHlubi Wagaleleka umkhosi wendlu enkulu wadibana
namabutho endlu yasekunene kwaliwa adudulwa amaNgwane eswantsuliswa aleqwa Azibeleka
iinyawo agoduka ahluthwa ixhoba lamawaka eenkomo abe ehamba ezirhwaphiliza ezizweni abe
ehamba ezihlasela AmaBhele wona ala ukwenza ubuntu kubamelwane babo abangamaHlubi
bathi bawohlwaya ngokuswela ukubonisa inceba bawathimbela neenkomo eziliqela
Le nkcazo yeli bali likaJolobe ihambelana nembali eyinyani enikwe nguWilliam Gqoba othe
wabalisa ngobunyani besiganeko esehlela amaHlubi Uchaza ukuba umaHlubi ngenene
ahlaselwa ngamaNgwane aze athi ngokusunduzana afika emideni yamaBhele AmaBhele asuka
afane neentshaba kumaHlubi kuba athi axhoba ejonge inzuzo yobutyebi angayifumanayo
kumaxhoba awileyo angamaHlubi (Bennie 1935107) Kwakhona uRubusana kwincwadi yakhe
naye uyangqina ukuba amaHlubi ayemelene namaZizi namaBhele ngakumlambo uThukela
(Rubusana 1906 noSatyo 2006)
Ngoko ke le ngxelo yombalisi uJolobe ibonisa ngokuphandle ukuba amaBhele ibe
ingengomaHlubi qha ibe izizihlobo zamaHlubi ngokwendiselana iyayiphika intetho kaSoga ethi
amaHlubi manye kunye namaBhele
154
325 Ubunkokeli bukaJolobe ludiza isimo sakhe nembali yabomi bakhe
Ubunkcubabuchopho obenziwe ngumbhali uJolobe bobuphume izandla Ubonisa ukuba ngosiba
lwakhe uyakwazi ukulungisa iimbambano Ubonisa ukusebenzisa ingqondo yakhe Ukwabonisa
kwangosiba lwakhe iimfazwe ziyakwazi ukuliwa kukhuselwa uxolo nesidima somntu kubekho
nokuhlonelana UJolobe ukwazile ukubonisa kule noveli ukuba uxolo ukuhlonelana nokhuselo
lwesidima siyinxenye yenkcubeko yakwaNtu Yincutshe ekwakheni amabalana akwinoveli
aneziganeko ezibonisa oku Zonke ezi zinto zithi nca enye kwenye ngokwanelisayo
nangokuyolisayo Oku kudala le noveli ibe kumgangatho ophezulu Isisixhobo esinexabiso
nesingaluncedo kuphando malunga nokubhalwa kweencwadi ngodidi olutsha kwaye isimbo
sikaJolobe singaluncedo olunokusetyenziswa nakuhlalutyo lwezinye iilwimi zezinye izizwe
Ukongeza le noveli ikwabonisa isimo sobunkokeli bukaJolobe obu bufana nqwa nobenkosi
ekhathalayo ngabantu besizwe sayo kanye njengokwenziwa ngunkosi uMthimkhulu owathi
wabona kubalulekile ukuba aphume aye kuvelela izizwana zakhe ezifana nezimvu angumalusi
wazo nakhathalayo ngazo kanti naye uJolobe ubonisa uvelwano ngezinto ezabahleleyo waqonda
ukuba makenze into ngako oko (Jolobe 19366) Ngesi senzo uJolobe sokubonisa ukubalwelwa
kwanosiphakamisa isidima sabantu bakowabo kwalatha inkokeli ekhathalayo Esi simo sithe
samenza walibhongo nasekhayeni lakhe nakubantu azalwa nabo oodade bakhe Olu thando
lwakhe lwabonakala ngakumbi akungabikho Umzekelo olu luvo lukhankanywa yintombi
kaJolobe uVuyo Ubalise ukuba omnye woodadeboyise zange afune ukukholwa akuva ukuba
undulukile ubhuti wakhe kuba ebengumkhuseli wabo amaxesha amaninzi enguye
kwanomncedi wabo kwiimeko zobomi Ubalise ukuba udadeboyise lowo wathi wamlandela
ngokukhawuleza naye wanduluka
Indlela yophando yokwenza olu phononongo ibe yeyekhwalitheyithivi echazwa nguDenzin
noLincoln (2008) Le methodi ivumela ikhuthaze olu phando ukuba lungaquka nosetyenziso
lwamabalana kwaneziganeko ezithile okanye imbali Zonke ezi zinto zibalulekile kolu
phononogo kwaye ziluncedo ekutolikweni kwentsingiselo yento ethethwa ngumbhali
woluncwadi okanye yomyalezo awugqithisa ebantwini Kungeso sizathu uluvo lwaba babhali
bangentla apha lubonakela luluncedo ekucacisweni kwanasekuqondweni kwento ethethwa
nguJolobe umbhali kule noveli yakhe Uluvo lwabo lusisixhobo esisebenzisekayo nesilixabiso
Lukhokelela kwimpumelelo yophononongo lolu phando kuncwadi lukaJolobo nobudlelwane
balo kubomi bakhe Lukwamkela nogxekoncomo lwezinye iincwadi ezibhalwe ngegalelo
likaJolobe esizweni kwanobomi bakhe ebebuphila Kwakho olu ngxekoncomo lubandakanya
noncwadi lukaJolobe lukhuthaza usetyenziso lwamabalana ukucacisa uluvo lombhali lube
nokuqondakala gca
155
326 UJolobe uncwadi lwakhe luyinto enye naye
UJolobe kumbongo wakhe Imfecane ubonisa usizi lwenzima namahla-ndinyuka amaHlubi
Ubonisa uvelwano kuwo UliHlubi naye Uzoba usizi olunzima lodwa olwehlela amaHlubi Ude
athi intlungu ababekuyo yadala akwabiko kuhleka nangoma emilonyeni yabo Ngoku pha kule
noveli yakhe udala imifanekiso yokuhleka uvuyo oluphezulu oludala impiliso kuba apha
ekuhlaleni kukho inkolo yokuba ukuhleka kudala impilo kumntu abesoloko esentlungwini
Uncwadi lukaJolobe ludiza ubomi bakhe neemeko ezithe zagquba ngokunxulumene
nobudlelwane nakhe nabantu bakowano amaHlubi Afikelwa ziintlupheko kwanokuthotywa
kwesidima sawo Ngoku ngale ncwadi uyawavuselela amaHlubi ephakamisa nesidima sawo Le
noveli kaJolobe ibonisa ukubaxabisa kwakhe ookhokho bakhe ubuzwe bakhe imbali
nenkcubeko yamaHlubi phakathi kwezinye izizwe
Kwakhona ngale ncwadi ucacisela abantu abangazi nto ngembali yamaHlubi kunye neenkosi
zawo Yaye ibali lale ncwadi linabo nobunyaniso kwindawo ezithile Umzekelo uJolobe udulisa
ukungangqinelani kwakhe nezinto ezibhalwe ngesizwe samaHlubi kwincwadi kaSoga ldquoIntlalo
kaXhosardquo (19373-5) apho ezinye zazo ezithe zabonisa ungquzulwano lwezimvo kunye noJolobe
kuba eliHlubi
327 U-Elundini LoThukela udiza isimo sovuyo sombhali uJolobe
Eli bali uJolobe kuyabonakela kakuhle ukuba walonwabela ukulibhala kwakhe eli bali lakhe
Naye ukhe wazivuyisa wazivisa kamnandi Ulibhale ngomoya wakhe wonke nangovuyo
nochulumanco Oku kubonakalisa ukuba wenza into ebekukudala efuna ukuyenza Walixuba
nokuhleka okukhulu kwanangeziganeko ezibonisa uchasaniso nezidale unxunguphalo
oluphezulu ezihamba nemisindo nosizi kwezinye iindawo Waphinda wanazo iziganeko
ezonwabisayo ezibangale ukuba amadoda abalekele ukuzophula izinqe Umzekelo kuhlaselo
lwabazingeli zizilo zasendle
Le incwadi yakhe ikakhulu isisimbo somoya wovuyo ukusuka ekuqaleni ukuya ekupheleni
iluchulumamanco Uyibhale ngokungathi uthildquoNgoku ndiliHlubi ndithetha endikwaziyo
nendikuve kumanyange akowethurdquo Ubonakalisa ukuyazi ngokumangalisayo inkcubeko nembali
yamaHlubi Umntu angatsho ngokuthandabuzekiyo ukuthildquoUhili uphumile ezingcongelwenirdquo
Le ntetho isetyenziswa ngamaXhosa xa ekwekwa ukuba into ebe ifihlakele okanye ingaziwa
kakuhle namhla nje iyaziwa
156
Kwakhona iye yathandeka kakhulu le ndlela yophando Ibonisa unxulumano olukhoyo phakathi
kobomi bukaJolobe noncwadi lwakhe Idulisa
iinzulu zemfihlelo kubomi bakhe kwanamaxesha abalinganiswa abaphila ngawo Kwaye itsalela
umphandi enzulwini (Bopape 2006149) atsho afumene ulwazi olutsha oluluncedo ekuqondweni
kolu phononongo nasekuphakamiseni
umgangatho wophando Ibanga ukuba umphandi abe nemibuzo efuna iimpendulo Umzekelo
umphandi amane ezibuza imibuzo kutheni ethetha ngolu hlobo nje uJolobe Ngenxa yoko
aphande ngamandla ukuzama ukufumana ezi mpendulo
Le ntetho ingentla iyaxhaswa nanguSwanepoel (19895) Ukhankanya ukuba ukuhla kwempilo
kaSMMofokeng umbhali webali ledrama likaSenkantana kwabonakela ukuba kuchaphazela
isimbo sokubhala kwakhe kuba sabonakalisa umoya wosizi nokudakumba okwathi
kwaqhagamshelane nempilo yobulwelwe bakhe
Kwakhona imibuzo ithi kamva iphenduleke ngokuthi umphandi ajonge ubomi bombhali aphinde
ajonge uncwadi lwakhe ngokubanzi aphele ebona ukuba umbhali usisipili soncwadi lwakhe
kwanoncwadi olu alubhalileyo lukwasisipili esidiza ubomi bakhe iimvakalelo zakhe umzekelo
umoya wakhe wovuyo ophezulu Ude abengathi umphandi uyaliva ilizwi lakhe lovuyo livakala
ezindlebeni Olu luvo luthe lwabonakala amaxesha amaninzi kule ncwadi yakhe Elundini
LoThukela ingakumbi apho abalisa ngeziganeko zabukroti Uzibalisa ngamandla aphezulu
obugcisa kude kubonakale ukuba umbhali naye ukuwo lo mlo ngenkqu
Kwakhona oku ukudiza ngezenzo zakhe eziliqela ngexesha abe ephila kulo UJolobe ebelikroti
elasinda kancinane ekuvalelweni ngaphaya kwezitshixo ngenxa yeentetho zakhe zobuthandazwe
egxeka ingcinezelo yorhulumente wabalawuli abaMhlophe beli lizwe Babephethe kakubi ama-
Afrika omgquba abe naye engomnye wabo
Kwakhona esi sithako sidulisa isimo sikaJolobe esidizwe luncwadi lwakhe ukuba umbhali ube
elikroti ngokwakhe engelilo igwala Kubonakala ukuba wafuza amaqhawe akowabo oonkosi
uMahlaphahlapha (Bennie 1935103-105) Oku kudiza imfuza yabantu bakowabo bemvela
azalwa ngabo kuba kumbongo wakhe Ikholwa kwi Ilitha (Jolobe 197136) udize ukuba
ungumntu owaziyo amandla akhe emlweni AmaXhosa ubunyani besi saci ayabungqina gqina
ukuba athi ldquoUmntu yinkosi ukuzazirdquo Oku kunagaquka ubugcisa abaziyo kumlo weentonga
(Jolobe 2008)
UJolobe kule noveli udizeka ukuwathanda kwakhe amaHlubi azalwa ngawo Olu thando
lwamenza abhale umbongo Imfecane (Jolobe 19749) Kuwo uyawateketisa athi ldquoamaHlubi
157
amahlerdquo Oku kubonakalisa uthando nosizi oluphezulu kwintshutshiso awathi ayifumana
Ubonakalisa ngawo lombongo uvelwano olunzulu xa amaHlubi ayebandezeleka ngokunzima
kumaxesha ookhokho bakhe besukelwa ngamaNgwane ade awuwela umlambo wakowabo
iThukela engathandanga
Uwenze lo mbongo wasisikhumbuzo semvelo yakhe kwanokuba ayesuka phi na nathe kuwo
wazoba kwanobuhlungu obubangwa ziimfazwe eziphuca abantu ubutyebi babo zidala
uphazamiseko engqondweni nasemphefumlweni Kanti naye uFanon (1986) wayiqaphela indlela
abafazi namadoda abathi bahlungiseke okanye bangxwelerheke kakubi ngayo ziimeko zemilo
kwiindawo ababehlala kuzo kwanokulahlekelwa kwabo yimizi yabo kwanobutyebi babo Oku
kwenza ubomi bube nzima kubo babe zizisulu zokuphatheka kakubi kubantu abangenavelwano
kuba bahlala besemaxhaleni okungaphatheki kakuhle kukuswela kwanokuhluthwa uxolo
lwangaphambili
Kanti abanye xa befika kwezinye iindawo becela usizo lokhuseleko bathi bamkelwe ngabanye
abantu abanenceba Kodwa kuba abantu bengafani abanye kuthi kubenzima ukwenza Ubuntu
yiloo nto ukumkani uHintsa wagunyazisa ukuba benziwe Ubuntu kumaHlubi Kanti naye
uMalgas kwincwadi kaSoga uthe wakungqina okuthethwe nguJolobe ngokuchaza ukuba
ikumkani yathi yakhupha umyalelo kumaXhosa ukuba awamkele amaHlubi azizizalwane zawo
Naye ngokwakhe uHintsa wawambesa Wayalela ukuba banqonyelwe iinkomo (Soga 193710)
328 Umlo wokhuselo loncwadi nenkcubeko
UMqhayi (1914) unefuthe lobudlelwane kubomi bukaJolobe kumhlobo wakhe UMqhayi ubhale
ngokuphakanyiswa kwenkcubeko noncwadi lwesiXhosa alubona lusifa lucinezelwa kukufika
kweelwimi ezintsha ezivela eYurophu Oku kuqaphela kukaMqhayi kwamqhubela ekubhaleni
inoveli yakhe ethi Ityala Lamawele ekhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko yamaXhosa ihlale
ilondolozekile kuncwadi olubhalwayo Wabe uMqhayi ngale noveli ekwazama ukwandisa
uncwadi lwesiNtu ekwakubonakala ukuba luyanqongophala ngenxa yokonganyelwa lifuthe
lolwimi lwesiNgesi Iimfundi eziNtsundu zazithe phithi lulo
Naye uJolobe ngokubhala le noveli uhamba ekhondweni likaMqhayi lokuphakamisa imbali
inkcubeko ulwimi kwanoncwadi lwemvelo lomntu oMnyama eMzantsi Afrika Ebebangwa
ngumoya wobuthandazwe obumatwa nesimo sobomi bakhe sokuba ngunogada Kwakhona
uJolobe uphinda athi akubona ukuba ababhali ooMqhayi (1914) ooRubusana (1906) nooJ H
Soga (1932) noTBSoga (1937) balenzile olwabo uncwadi lokulondoloza inkcubeko
yamaXhosa wazinika ukukhalipha ngokuthi angene kwelo phulo naye wavelisa le ncwadi iyile
noveli Elundini LoThukela
158
Yena wenza into entsha eyinoveli enomahluko Wenze ibali lakhe laquka imbali yamaHlubi
Walenza labufana noncwadi lababhali ooSoga bona ababhale ngembali nenkcubeko yamaXhosa
Kodwa eyakhe incwadi wayenza yaba yencomekayo yagqwesa lee kuncwadi lwesiXhosa kuba
uthe yena kwibali lakhe wadibanisa inkcubeko nembali yamaHlubi wayifaka kumabalana
awahlukehlukeneyo akha ngawo le noveli Wawanonga ngezafobe ezincamisileyo nezinika
imifanekisongqondweni engakwaziyo ukulibaleka lula ngendlela ethe yayolisa
La mabalana akhe anika imiyalezo emikhulu neenyaniso ezingenakuphikwa ukufundisa oku
Umzekelo uJolobe uthetha inyaniso enobulumko xa esithi ldquoisandla sokunene esihlatywe
ngameva sibangulwa sesinyerdquo (2008 197685) Le nyaniso umntu angathi ayitolike ngeendlela
ngeendlela kwaye ikwabonisa ubunye bamaHlubi obufana nentambo edibanisa iintsapho
kwanobudlelwane bamanye amaHlubi nabanye ezizweni zawo Ngoko ke le ntetho iyimfundiso
eyakha isizwe siqhubele empumelelweni Kwakhona le mfundiso yinkuthazo yobunye athe
umbhali uJolobe wabuphakamisa nakwimibongo yakhe ekhuthaza intsebenziswano
kwanokuxabiseka komntu kuba umntu ngumntu ngabanye Le mfundiso uJolobe oliHlubi
wayifumana kubazali bakhe
329 Uchongo lwezafobe eziphezulu ezingaqhelekanga neemfundiso ezinkulu
Le noveli Elundini LoThukela ikakhulu umbhali wayo uJolobe uyenze yaphakamisa kakhulu
ukubaluleka kokusetyenziswa kolwimi lwenkobe nenkcubeko yesiNtu Ekuyakheni kwakhe
usebenzisa izimbo zokubhala eziqela ezidala umdla wokusetyenzisa kolwimi lwesiXhosa
ngendlela ephumrsquoizandla Ziyakhwankqisa kumfundi osithandayo isiXhosa kuba uzisebenzise
ngendlela ephezulu Usebenzisa iindidi ngeendidi zezafobe kwaneentlobontlobo zamabalana
ayolisayo ahlungisayo oyikisayo afundisayo nanika ulwazi
UJolobe uyiphakamisile inkolo yakhe yentsebenziswano ekumbongo ldquoUmanyano ngamandlardquo
(1974193629) uyiphindile kwangentetho yakhe ebuqhalo ethi isandla esihlatywe ngameva
sibangulwa sesinye isandla (Jolobe 200885) kule noveli uyifundisa ngamandla
intsebenziswano
Yona le noveli ayiyonoveli nje engephi Igcwele bubuqheleqhele bezimbo zokubhala eziliqela
eziqaqambisa iintsingiselo zemixholwana ngemixholwana Mxholwana ngamnye uchaza
ucaciswe ngolwimi oluthile lwezafobe ezifanele wona ngokweqondo eliphezulu lokucinga
okuxhobisa umntu ngobulumko Ikwanguvimba weembali zabantu abaNtsundu Ineendladla
ezigcine amasiko nezithethe nezagwelo zokuthetha eziphumrsquo izandla
159
330 UJolobe nothando lwakhe lwenkcubeko
Apha ngezantsi kuza kuthi kuxovulwe indlela uJolobe ayithanda ngayo inkcubeko Sakubonisa
ukuba kule ncwadi yakhe ayibhalileyo ukuba ubomi bakhe bokuthanda inkcubeko obuthe
bamatwa kunye noncwadi lwakhe alubhalileyo
Kule ncwadi yakhe Elundini LoThukela ubonakalisa ngendlela eyothusayo nemangalisayo
ukuba kuthe kanti ungumntu oyithandayo inkcubeko Olu luvo lukhankanywa nayintombi yakhe
ebonisa ukuba emzini wakhe kukho iingqayi ezintle ezizintlobo ngeentlobo ezenziwe ngoluthi
ngelitye kwanezenziwe ngodongwe olutshisiweyo umphandi uyakungqina oko Kwaye
bezihonjiswe ngemikrolo emihle nekudidi oluphezulu Kubonakala ukuba zazimkhumbuza
ngemvelo yakhe yookhokho bakhe kunye namabali ookhokho bakhe Umzekelo kumbongo
wakhe ldquoUcamngco ngengqayirdquo kwincwadi Ilitha (197119) uJolobe ubalisa ngezigaba apho
iingqayi zaziye zitshiswe ukuze zomelele zikwazi ukusebenziseka Ude wakhankanya
kwanokuba abafazi kudala babesikha amanzi ngeengqayi bezisebenzisa ukuphelisa unxano
lwamadoda amakhulu Kule noveli uJolobe ukubonisile oku kwisigaba apho uNtsele anceda
uNobusi akwazi ukuthwala ingqayi yakhe yamanzi
Oku kuthanda kukaJolobe inkcubeko kungqinwa naziindidi zeengqayi ezintle emzini wakhe oku
kutyhila ukuhlangana kobomi bakhe benyaniso kwanoncwadi lwakhe
Ngoko ke injongo yolu phando iyaphumeleliswa ngokutyhilwa bubungqina obufumaneka
kwingxelo engobomi bukaJolobe benyaniso Bubonisa ubudlelwene obukhoyo phakathi kobomi
bukaJolobe noncwadi lwakhe Mnye noncwadi lwakhe alubhalileyo Uncwadi lwakhe
lukwaziinkumbulo zakhe kwanezinto athe wazithanda nakwinkcubeko yakhe waza wazikrola
phakathi kuncwadi lwakhe Olu phando xa kunjalo luphumelele ekuboniseni ukufunyanwa
kolwazi oluluncedo ekubhalweni kwebhayografi yakhe
331 Usetyenziso lolwimi oluphezulu kumaleqe nakwisiko lomshwamo
Le noveli uJolobe uyikrole ngomoya ophezulu nochukumisa iingcinga nomxhelo womfundi
Uyibhale ngesiXhosa esisiso ecacisa kwanezinto ezibalulekileyo kwintlalo yamaHlubi
Sihonjiswe ngolwimi olutyebe ngemifanekisontelekelelo yokuva ingxolokazi enkulu yovuyo
neentswahla yeentsini kulandele ukuhalalisa kwanokuduma kwebandla lamadoda abukeleyo
Lulwimi olumtsho umfundi abe nomdla kwinkcubeko yabantu abaNtsundu
Esinye isigama sibonisa intshukumo enkulu nendanduluko nokuyiyizela kwabafazi ngamandla
okubangwa luvuyo olukhulu abanalo kuba befuna ukubona ukuba yeyiphi eya kuphuma
phambili inkabi yenkomo Kwinkcubeko yakhe uJolobe isiko lokushwama lalikhatshwa
160
lukhuphiswano lweenkomo zamaleqe Zonke ezi zinto ezingenkcubeko yamaHlubi uzichaza
ngesimbo sakhe esiphezulu sokubalisa ebhalela abasisizwe samaHlubi kwanamaXhosa
ngenjongo zokuyolisa
Kolu bhalo lwakhe uxhobisa abafundi nangeemfundiso ezakhayo Ukwamfundisa nangendlela
yokuphila kwamaHlubi kusetyenziso lwamasiko awo kwanezithethe zawo Uzibalisa
ngokonwabisayo neembali zemihla yamandulo Kwisiko lokushwama kwisigaba sesithathu salo
uchaza ngeenkomo zamaleqe UJolobe ngenene uluzobile uvuyo Apho umntu abona
ldquougxudululu lweenkomo ezizimbalekirdquo zikukhuphisana ngokuya kufika kuqala komkhulu
Usebenzisa isigama esitsala iingqondo ange umfundi ulubona ngamehlo enyama olo gxudululu
Kuzobeke engqondweni yakhe umfanekiso ongenakulibaleka Uzoba ukwenza ngokwemincili
kwababukeli ngezikhuzo nezagwelo zokuthetha ezidiza uvuyo olukhulu lwabantu ababonakala
bengathi bangenwe lugezo olu Lo mbhali uwunonga umsebenzi wakhe ongesi siganeko
ngezikhuzo ezidala ihlombe nezafobe nangezifanekisozwi nemifanekisongqondweni emikhulu
engenakuze akhohlwe umfundi ukuyikhumbula Mve kuJolobe (2008166) xa esithi
Amakhwenkwe ayesele ethe ntshwee esangweni lobuhlanti phaye kuvakala amagama
ldquoLixhaka lakowethu eliyardquo Wambi ayesithi ldquoYinkabi elunga yakomkhulu leya
uHobhosherdquo Le nto yanga yibhola ephuma kwizandla ngezandla emdlalweni
wombhoxohelliple nto yayidala ihlombe elingaka yayi kukuza kweenkomo zamaleqe Zasuka
kumgama oziimayile ezintandathu zibaleka ugqatso lokuya ekhaya komkhulu Ngoku
zazisele ziwela ezibukweni Abantu bema ngeenyawo babonga abanye bephikisana
nabanye ngeyona iyakuma kuqala enkundleni Watshayelela umfazi akayeka Kwathi xa
zinyukayo ezimbini zasoloko zikunye zibambene ilunga lempohlolo lakomkhulu
uHobhoshe nexhaka lakwaNkunkushe uMpila egama linguDungule ixhaka elibomvu
Abantu bahlulelana kubini abanye besithi ldquoHobhoshe Hobhosherdquo abanye besithi
ldquoDungule Dungulerdquo Hayi ke yaba yenye ke naleyo yokungena kwezo nkabi ekhaya
phofu uHobhoshe wema kuqala enkundleni (kwiinkomo ezizinkabi ezingamakhulu
amabini) Laduma ibandla lihalalisa zabonga iimbongi kwayeyezela abafazirdquo Apha
uchaze ngokucacileyo ngenkcubeko yemvelo yakhe
UJolobe entla apha uzoba ukuma kwezinto xa kusenziwa ileqe Ulizoba ngesigama esona
siphezulu sesiXhosa esinencesa esiluNcuthu maZangwa nesiquke izagwelo zokuthetha
ezizindidi ngeendidi ezinamandla okuqaqambisa intsingiselo nokuvuselela imizwa (Jafta
198633) Kwaye kwakwesi sigama kuqukwe izikhuzo imikhwazo iingxoxo zokuxambulisana
kuphikiswana amagama achulumancisayo adala ivuso umzekelo athi ldquoLaduma ibandlardquo
ldquowayiyizela umfazi akayeka zahalalisa iimbongirdquo Nesinye isigama esibalulekileyo uJolobe
usisebenzisile ukutsala umfundi ahlale ethe qwa ebambekile eqhubeka ukufunda le noveli
Imfanekiso ngenene yeliso kwanentshukumo idaliwe zizilo ezibalekayo nangamakhwenkwe
adlokovayo Abafazi abatshayelelayo ngeetyali zawo bezirhuqa phantsi kwanokuphakama
161
kwamadoda eduma nawo yimincili esalathalatha kwezi nkunzi ezibongabonga Oku kudala
iinkumbulo ezintle nezimnandi nakwisizwe sakwaNtu ngokuqinisekileyo Kanti inokuba nabo
abafana babekho ababetha amakhwelo bevityozisa bebonga ezi nkabi sebe phethe neminqayi
kokungathi bengaqhuba bacule neengoma ldquooosomagwazardquo babethane nangeentonga kube luyolo
ngamatshamba abangwa yimincili nemivuyo ngokuphumelela kugqatso lweenkomo
zakomawazo Konke oku kudala ulonwabo olungasokuze lulibaleke lula engqondweni yomfundi
ngosetyenziso lwesimbo esiphezulu sobaliso sentetho esisiXhosa esidala ayibone into
yokubaluleka kwenkcubeka equka indlela yokuhlala esizweni atsho naye osuleleke asithande
Nawo la mabali awenzileyo uJolobe amdale iinkumbulo ezimnandi Uthe wenza into entsha
yokufundisa kwanokwazisa ngenkcubeko yesizwe sakowabo kule ncwadi yakhe Ngesi simbo
sokubalisa uJolobe uphakamisa izinto zemveli nezibongo zakwaNtu Umzekelo uJolobe
ukhankanya ukuba kwabakho abantu abathi benza izibongo bebonga iinkunzi zakomawabo
bambi beyiyizela abafazi abayeka besiva iimbongi ukubonga kwazo zihalalisa Ngenene
uziqhushekile ezi zinto zemveli eziquka inkcubeko kule ncwadi yakhe Oku kungqina ukuba
yena akayiboni inkcubeko noncwadi lwemvelo lomlomo lusifa Nangoku yena apha usuke
ngokweengcamango zakhe ezimsebenzelelayo waluqhusheka kule noveli yakhe kanye ebukula
uluvo olungentla lokuba izinto zemveli eziquka izibongo ziyaphelelwa
Kwakhona nakwisiganeko esikwalapha ebalini lakhe kwitheko lokwamkelwa kwamakhwenkwe
abe esesuthwini umlinganiswa wakhe ophambambili uNtsele umenze wabonga uyisemkhulu
wakhe unkosi uDlomo phambi kwezinye iinkosi ezazihambele Nasemtshatweni kankosi
uNtsele kubekho iimbongi ezithe zambonga uNkosi uDlomo isilo sohlanga kwakunye nonkosi
uNtsele ngodlwabevu lwezibongo
332 UJolobe njengotitshala ufundisa ngenkcubeko yamaHlubi ubonisa ukuba ngumntu gqibi
UJolobe kule noveli ingakumbi kwesi sigaba ufundisa ngezinto ezibalulekileyo kwintlalo
nangenkcubeko kumaHlubi Uyidize ngale nkcazo ilandelayo
(a) Isiko lokuhlonela nokubaluleka kwalo kumaHlubi
Uthi eyona nto eyayixatyisiwe yinkosi yamaHlubi uDlomo ngumntu ohlonelayo Ngokwenkolo
yayo ukuthobela kuhambelana nokuhlonela isiko okusekeka phantsi kokufunda ukuthobela
(Jolobe 200812) UJolobe ukhankanya ukuba kwingqeqesho kankosi uDlomo
Ukuzalwa tanci okanye ukuzalwa kakhulu kwakungathethi nto kangako Kwakunjalo
nasesizweni siphela Sasisitsho ukuthi asinakho ukubeka umntu ongqondo iphambeneyo
nanini na ngenxa yokuba engumntwana wegazi okanye ngenxa yokuzalwa
162
tancihellipPhambili phaya uphawu oluphambili kumlawuli yayibubukhalipha ukukrota
ezimfazweni Inkokheli yayizibalula ngezo ndawo Igwala lalingazelwe nto
Lalingafumane lilandelwe (200819)
Kuyavuyisa ukuva okuthethwa nguJolobe ukuba ikroti kumaHlubi lalide lidalwe ngabom kuba
lingazokukwazi ukonwaba phakathi kwamadoda angamakroti UJolobe naye kubomi athe
wabuphila ubonisa isimo sobukroti Umzekelo uthe walwela umama wenkosikazi yakhe ukuba
ashiyeke yedwa engenamkhuseli abe yena nenkosikazi yakhe beyokusetyenziswa ezindaweni
ezisemagqagaleni ezikude naye Kuchazwa ukuba wathi wawala umyalelo wenkonzo
omgunyazise oko Kwakhona uthe wakhusela abantu amaxesha amaninzi ekubulaweni
nasekuvalelweni entolongweni ngurhulumente wocalucalulo Ngoko okuthethwa kule noveli
kuyinyaniso ukuba igwala kumaHlubi lalingabukwa tu kulindelwe izenzo zobuqhawe kumadoda
amaHlubi
UJolobe ubonisa ukubaluleka kwembeko kwiinkosi nakumaphakathi azo kwanokuba nayo
inkosi kubalulekile ukuba ibe yenembeko kubantu bayo UJolobe ubonisa ukuba unkosi uDlomo
waye naye eyinkosi enembeko enentlonelo nabe inika isidima kubantu bayo abayibusayo naxa
ibabulisa ibulise kakuhle ngembeko iphinde ifune nokwazi ngeyabo impilo kuqala
nokuphatheka kwabo Ngale mizekelo yembeko ekule noveli uJolobe ufundisa kubantu beli
xesha abangaziyo ukuba inkosi ibikhahlelwa njani na ibuliswa njani na kuthethwa njani na
nayo
(b) Isiko lokushwama (ngexesha lokulawula kukankosi uNtsele itheko lakhe lokuqala
elibalulekileyo labaseKwindla)
UJolobe ufundisa ngesiko lokushwama ngendlela edala umdla kwanokhwanqiso xa eyichaza
ukubaluleka kwalo kwanokuxabiseka kwalo esizweni samaHlubi Kubonakela kwanakwizizwe
zaseNtla ukubaluleka kweli siko lokushwama Umzekelo umfo wakwaNdlovu waseZimbabwe
owayesenza izifundo zophando kwizifundo zobugqirha kwiYunivesithi iStellenbosch wachaza
ngembali yelizwe ahlala kulo Ubalise ukuba ukumkani uMzilikazi walwa namaphakathi akhe
kuba ethe aliqhuba isiko lokushwama engekho yena nkosi yawo Ukhankanya ukuba athi abona
isivuno sivuthiwe emasimini kwaye inkosi ingabuyi eluhambeni lwayo Baliqhuba eli siko
Inkosi yafika kanye emva kwalo yabohlwaya kakhulu abaphinda balibone ilanga Esi senzo
sibonisa ngamandla ukuba mandulo eli siko lalixabisekile nakwezinye iindawo kanye
njengakwisizwe samaHlubi Ukuqhutywa kweli siko kwakuhamba nomgidi wokungcanyulwa
kolibo komkhulu ngamabutho okulwa Liquka izigaba ngezigaba zokwenziwa kwalo Umzekelo
ukubulawa kwenkunzi yenkomo ngezandla kuhamba neli siko yaye kuyothusa
163
Kwesi siganeko uJolobe ubonisa intlonti enkulu eyayisenziwa kwinkunzi yenkomo xa
kwakufuneka ibulawe ngezandla Ingathi uJolobe ngekhe wathi xhungu akazibalisa izinto
eziyintlonti nezimanyungunyezi ezenziwa kule nkabi yenkomo kuba enguMfundisi Kodwa oku
kubonisa isibindi kwanokukhalipha kukaJolobe nobukhali bakhe ekugqaleni izinto zenkcubeko
namasiko esiNtu
Kwakhona esi senzo sibonisa ukuba uJolobe ube engumntu gqibi Izinto ezintle nezimbi
nezothusayo kuncwadi alubhalileyo ubone ukuba mazidizwe zaziwe njengoko zinjalo kuba
zalatha indlela akhule ngayo kwanendawo nesizwe akhuliswe phantsi kwaso esinamasiko
angamasikizi Ubalisa ukuba kwakhethwa inkunzi yenkomo eyayibabazwa ngoburhalarhume
nangeengcwangu neyathi yangeniswa ebuhlanti Uthi
Yangena iphunguphunguza ifuna undikho ngokungathi iyaqonda ize ebandezini
lokupheliswa kobomi bayo Watsho kwakanye umhlekazi wathi ldquoNantso ke mabandla
asekhaya khanibonise ukuba ningaluthini na utshabardquo UNtlabane walatha abafana
abatsha amahlosi wathi lelawo namhlanje ldquoagibiseleka kuyo amadoda elo butho
engaphethe zikhali ehamba nje ngezandla ngokwesiko laloo ndima yetheko yathi
ithimbisa ayiwela amadoda amanye ayibamba amanye ayibamba ngeempondo wambi
ayibamba ngamanqina Yaba lidabi elingelincinane elo Ayipheqa intamo ibhonga
ngokoyikekayo bezama ukuyicima ingabikho Bambi bayivala amathatha ngentende
zezandla bayifuthanisela Ekugqibelani ngamaci amaninzi anjalo bada bayoyisa
bayibulala bengakhange basebenzisa zikhali nantambo Yahlinzwa ke yaza inyama
yatyiwa ngamakhwenkwe nezinja Akukho mntu uyindoda wayeyitya inyama yenkunzi
yetheko lokushwama (20081976165)
Ngeli siko uJolobe ukwabonisa ukuba kwizizwe eziNtsundu yayinganqabanga intlonti eyenziwa
ngokungenamlinganiselo kubantu nakwizilo naziinkosi ezilawulayo
(c) Isithethe sokubulisa kumaHlubi sihamba nokuhlonelwa kwenkosi mandulo (20086-7)
USoga uchaza ukuba inkosi bezingayifuni indelelo eza kuzo Eluntwini bekusenziwa ingqeqesho
malunga nokukhahlelwa kwenkosi kwanokubuliswa nokuthetha nayo Ibisisithethe ukuba
zihlonitshwe ngokukhahlelwa Yiyo loo nto uHintsa wathi maziphume ziyeke ukuzimela iinkosi
zamaHlubi ukuze zikhahlelwe kakuhle kuba aziyikubulawa UHintsa wazamkela mhla zafika
zisabele kumhlaba wakhe ngexesha lemfecane (Soga 1937)
Izibongo nezinqulo zeenkosi zamaHlubi zenziwa nasemfazweni UJolobe ubalisa kwincwadi
yakhe ngokubaluleka kweziduko nezinqulo zamaHlubi Xa kusemfazweni amaHlubi ebethi xa
164
esilwa ngemikhonto namakhaka amemeze nezinqulo zeenkosi zawo Esi senzo sibonakalisa
ukuba bebezihlupheza ngamaqhawe awo awabandulelayo
ldquoA Dlomo Ncobo Mthimkhulu Dlamini Malungardquo UDlanga yindlela le akhahlele ngayo
inkosi yakhe unkosi uDlomo xa ebezekunika ingxelo yomsebenzi amyalele ukuba awenze
Ubhala athi uJolobe ldquokuvakele isibuliso kude kufuphi Abalindi phaya bamise izikhali
amakhaka ahlokoma umphathi wabo wamabutho wavakalisa esithi ldquoZaziserdquo NdinguDlanga
umphakathi ndize kumhlekazi ngemicimbi yesizwe ldquo uvakele esitsho Lowo wabe ememeza
Wayinikwa indlela waya ngasenqugwaleni Uphindile watsho ngomtyangampo ukubulisa kwade
kwavela uNtlabane iphakathi elikhulu kwanomphathi mkhosi wesizwe samaHlubi wathi
makangene wafika wachopha ngasemnyango ngasekhohlo uJolobe ukwasebenzisa isimbo
sedrama etsala umdla esazisa ukubuliswa kwenkosi kumaHlubi Kuboniswe ngolu hlobo
UDlomo ldquoSakubona Dlanga (utshilo umhlekazi eqondele phantsi)
UDlanga ldquoYebo Baba sakubona mhlekazi wena kaNcobo kaMthimkhulurdquo
UDlomo ldquoInjani impilo Dlangardquo
UDlanga ldquoHayi Baba sisekho mhlekazi Unjani umntwanrsquoenkosirdquo
UDlomoldquo Sikho Dlanga Aqhuba njani amakhwenkwe Dlangardquo
UDlangaldquoHayi Baba aqhuba kakuhle onke mhlekazihellip
Le yindlela yokubulisa kwephakathi Likhwaza liyinqule inkosi yalo xa lisondela endlwini
yenkosi Libonakalisa ukuhlonela kwayo inkosi yalo kwakunye namabutho ayigadileyo Nayo
ngokwayo inkosi yamaHlubi ithe yabonisa intlonelo kwiphakathi yalinika imbeko yalo yabonisa
ukuba inkokeli ifanele iphile ibe sisibonelo esihle abantwini bayo ibeyintlonipho ihlonele
nabancinane kuyo Ngokuqinisekileyo esi simo sidala nokuthandwa kwayo Esi simbo senkokeli
enentlonelo sibaliswe nguVuyo intombi kaJololobe ngoyise Ubethi xa ehamba esitalatweni
abulise nakwigquba lamakhwenkwe adlula kulo lidlala amadayisi nakubantu adibana nabo
endleleni ngembeko enkulu kwaye ube ethandwa ngabantu kuba la makhwenkwe ebethi
awameme aye enkonzweni yakhe Ayalele ukuba makaphiwe ukutya Kwakhona ubalise ukuba
yena uyise ebengakhethi ebethi xa kusweleke kwala makhwenkwe ebengahambi nkonzo
awangcwabe awenzele isidima sawo nembeko yawo Uchaze ukuba ebengawabukuli ngelithi
akahambi nkonzo Esi simo samtsho wathandwa waxatyiswa uyise Nabo abanye abantu ngoku
bathanda ukumbiza uJolobe ngokuba ngu ldquoDaddyrdquo ekuhlaleni kwilokishi yaseNew Bright
eBhayi
UJolobe ukhankanye ukuba amatshawe obukhosi bukankosi uDlomo athunywa eMangweni
Afika apho enxanwe kakhulu Afuna imithonjana aze abhaqa umthombo apho kwakusele kukho
iintombi ezazikhelelela ingqayi zazo Kwafuneka benze ekusesikweni bazibulise ngendlela
efanelekileyo yabafana bamaHlubi Akhwaza ldquoOloyi Oloyirdquo Atsho amatshawe ukuhamba
165
ngomgca njengesithethe sendlela sokubulisa iintombi Athi akugqiba acela amanzi awaphiwa
Zathi xa zihamba iintombi abafana abangamatshawe bavala indlela benza udonga ukuba iintombi
zikhethe ezimthandayo umfo Intombi uNobusi yakhetha uNtsele wabe uNtsele engasakhumbuli
ukuba ngulaa Nobusi waye qhele ukumnceda amthwalisa ingqayi yamanzi esemncinci Ngoku
uNobuso ukhulile kodwa yena usalukhumbule uncedo lukaNtsele nangona uNtsele engasamazi
yena Yiloo nto intetho yamaXhosa ilumkisa isithi ldquoUnyawo alunampumlordquo
Kwakhona uJolobe kwakule noveli ubonisa uNgwekwazi edumbrsquointloko ngulaa Nobusi waye
emphethe kakubi esemncinci engumntwana UJolobe uyafundisa ukuba unkosi Dlomo wafundisa
ukuba umntu ongenantlonelo nembeko akasokuze akheke ebomini (Jolobe 200818) Le ntetho
yenye yezimvo ezingaphakathi kuJolobe kuba kukhankanywe apha ngentla ukuba ubede abulise
namakhwenkwe la adlala amadayisi esitalatweni engawajongeli phantsi Kukhankanywe ukuba
wayeye awangcwabe akubhubha engawabhebhethi athi abengahambi eCaweni yakhe Kanti
nangemihla emikhulu wayeye awameme ayaleze kwanokuba inkonzo yakhe ingabayeki
bahambe belambile bengaphiwanga kutya Le indlela yesimo sikaJolobe ibonisa indlela yesiko
lamaHlubi eliphakamisa imbeko ephezulu kubantu ekuhlaleni kanti nakowabo umama wakhe
wabafundisa kwaloo mbeko (193679-83) Kungenxa yoku uJolobe athe wababulela kakhulu
bobabini abazali bakhe ngokuba bemfundisile baza bamqeqesha
(d) Ukubaluleka kwesiko lokwaluka kumaHlubi
UJolobe uyibhale le ncwadi yakhe kanye engumfundisi wecawe Usixelele nangokubaluleka
kwesiko lolwaluko kumaHlubi kumaxesha akudala nakwixesha lakhe Kwangokunjalo uJolobe
usafundisa ukuba kumaHlubi ukuba isiko lokwaluka libalulekille kwinkcubeko yawo
nangexesha awaye ephila kulo Ngoko ke ngale ncwadi uyawakhumbuza amaHlubi ngamasiko
abalulekileyo wawo
UJolobe ukhusela isiko Ubonisa gca kule ncwadi yakhe ukuba ulwaluko olu lufana nesikolo
semfundo yesizwe apho abafana abatsha baphekwa khona ukuze bazi ngobuni babo nemvelaphi
yesizwe sabo kuba ngomso ngabo abaza kuba ziinkokeli neenkosi Ngokucacileyo inkosi
engawaziyo umnombo wayo nobuzwe bayo ingaba yehlazekileyo ngenene Yiyo le nto ebhala le
mbali wenziwa luthando lwakhe lobutishala Nalapha ngale noveli ukwafundisa ngamasiko
akowabo ukuba naye ungubani kwanobuzwe bakhe Bubo ke obu asiphakela bona kule ncwadi
yakhe
Yiloo nto naye uMqhayi wathi walimela isiko lokwaluko lendlela yakowabo yasemaXhoseni
kanye njengokuba uJolobe esenza apha kule ncwadi yakhe UMqhayi wala ukuba avumele
166
abaphathi becawa yakhe ukuba beme endleleni yakhe angayi kwisikolo sokwaluka Kungokuba
wabona ililungelo lakhe nesiko lakhe ukuba akwenze oko Kwaye wabona uza kuphulukana
nelifa lakhe eliyinkcubeko yakhe awayishiyelwa ngookhokho bakhe noomakhulu noobawo
bakhe abakhulu Isiko lakowabo lokwaluka walibona libalulekile ekumenzeni indoda phakathi
kwamadoda akowabo Oko kukuthi ngokukaJolobe abe yingonyama nomkhuseli wesizwe sakhe
kumarhamncwa aqwengayo Wabona ukuba akazokukwazi ukusiphakamisa asincede asilwele
isizwe sakowabo kwanenkcubeko yaso ukuba uthe wazichaselisa kude kuso (Gerard 197156)
[ugxininiso lwam] Wade waxolela ukusikwa ecaweni nasesikolweni esasiphantsi kwecawe
nangona waye eyilangazelela imfundo nje
Yiloo nto uJololobe ngentla apha indoda yingonyama yona ifa iqwengwa kuba nayo iqwenga
NoMqhayi waxolela ukusikwa ecaweni ukuze abumele ubudoda bakhe ndash obuthetha ukuba lijoni
kwanokuba ngumkhuseli wesizwe sakhe asithandayo esingamaXhosa
Ngale ndlela wafundisa iCawe ukuba akho amasiko alungileyo kwinkcubeko yamaXhosa
angachaswanga sisiBhalo nabubuKristu Umzekelo isithethe samaXhosa sokwenza ubuntu
kwanovelwano ebantwini nesaphakanyiswayo ziinkosi zamaXhosa ezingooHintsa nooKhwane
zizinto ezinconywa nasisiBhalo esi Ngoko iimbono zikaJolobe noMqhayi oku kukuthi umoya
olungileyo umoya ongacinezeli abanye abantu nophakamisa uxolo inkqubelaphambili uthando
lwabantu kwanelizwe labo ezo zinto xa zizonke zizukisa uThixo kwaye zibonisa unqulo
olululo Kuyabonakala ukuba yiyo nale nto iziphathamandla zathi zabona kamva ukuba
mazimbuyisele uMqhayi esikolweni aqhubeke nobomi bakhe bokuthanda imfundo ukuthanda
inkolo yakhe yobuKristu nothanda lwakhe lukaThixo kwanothando lwakhe lelizwe lakhe kuba
edalwe walithandazwe eliphilele ukulwela liphakamisa impumelelo yabantu balo hayi
ingcinezelo yabo
Utshilo naye umfundisi uJolobe (194089) ku-Amavo akhe wathi isiko elakhayo neliqhubelisa
phambili intlalo entle yesizwe maliphakanyiswe kodwa amasiko athi akhokelele kwimbubho
nokuphazamiseka koxolo namasiko ajongela phantsi isidima noxolo lwabanye abantu anjalo
makalahlwe afe fi kuba ayatshabalalisa akakhi
Umzekelo umntu akakwazi ukuyilahla imvelo yakhe kwanokuba uzalwa ngoobani na phi na
Kwangeli bali naye uJolobe ubonisa ukuba xa ungumKristu kwanokuba nguMfundisi akuthethi
ukuba zilahle izinto ezilungileyo nezikwayimpilo nezakhayo kwaneziphakamisa umoya
ldquowobunturdquo Yiloo nto uJolobe engumlomo womlinganiswa wakhe ophambili uNtsele nathe
wamzoba wamnika isimo sakhe yena Jolobe UNtsele uphile ngokwenene isimo sikaJolobe
esiquka isimo sothando nokuhlonela iinkosi zemveli Oku kutyhilwe nakukuvuselela kwakhe
167
izibongo zomthonyama kule noveli yakhe Umbumbe uNtsele wakwayimbongi njengaye
wamenza wayibonga inkosi yasizwe samaHlubi yakowabo uDlomo
Wayilandelisa ngeminombo yeenkosi zakowabo Wayibonga eyidibanisa kwanemilambo
yelizwe lakowabo nokudale ukuba ngezo zibongo uhlahlambe wonke umzi wamaHlubi
ume ngeenyawo ngomhla womphumo wamakrwala angamatshawe Waxakaniseka
Wagcwala lihlombe
UJolobe uqhuba athi
Waduma umzi wahlokoma akuqala ngokubonga intaba iBusi ephahle ummandla
wamaHlubi wagqithele kwimilambo emikhulu iThukela eseza amaHlubi Walanda
neminombo yeenkosi ezibalulekileyo kumaHlubi Waza wenza umtyatyadulo
wayikhahlela ikumkani ngezi ldquobongordquo zamaHlubi (Wathi)
Bayethe Somabandla kukhahlela amaHlosi
Sifunzele kumxhelo wobukroti siphile
Jelo lamanyange ngqayi yokusesikweni
Mbumbi wezizwekazi themba leziBhushwana
Mthombo-mde wabo oNcobo lukhozi oluntsiba
Lugogo lomthakathi kade bedendebula
Nkunzi ebala lihle lithe tyaba emhlana
Bayethe Somabandla kukhahlelrsquoamaHlosi (200836)
Umbhali uJolobe naye ubonakala ethabathekile Uvuyo lwakhe luzotywe kwisigama sakhe
esinamandla sothando oludize ukuzonwabela kwakhe izinto abalisa ngazo ezimnika
uchulumanco lutyhilwa yindlela athe waluzoba ngayo uvuyo akulo oludale imifanekiso
emikhulu yeliso kumfundi xa eqhubeka ebalisa esithi
Waya kuhlala phantsi (uNtsele) labe selrsquoimi ngeenyawo lonke ibandla Amadoda
amakhulu selemana ukunqwala njengokuba wayemana ukuwisa ngezikhali ekupheleni
kwamabinza entetho Wathi ekuyekeni kwakhe abantu banga bangenwe lugezo
Bahlahlamba batsho ldquongohlwahlwane olude lwesaqhwaberdquo ngenxa yokunandipheka
kocengcelezo lwakhe ezintliziyweni zabantu
Umbhali uchaze ukuba unina (kaNtsele) umaMbambo waba ngathi ukwelinye ilizwe kugcwala
kukuvuya
168
Olu vuyo lungaka luviwe ngulo mama ngenxa yonyana wakhe owenza izinto ezintle kwisizwe
sakhe lukhumbuza amazwi kaJolobe kumbongo wakhe ldquoUNoSuthurdquo ongumama kaTiyo Soga
apho uJolobe akhankanya ukuba lo mama wenza okuhle ngengqeqesho yakhe entle
yokumkhulisa kwakhe uTiyo nowathi kamva waphumelela wasiphakamisa isizwe samaXhosa
kwimfundo nakubomi benkolo yakhe yobuKristu Wade wangumfundisi wokuqala kwisizwe
samaXhosa Ubhale le nkuthazo kubazalikazi xa bebonke besizwe wathi
Okrakraza usana ubopha imbeleko Udumo lonyana ludumo lomzalikazi wakherdquo
(Jolobe 197110)
Olu luvo lungentla lokuba oonyana neentombi ezithi zenze izinto ezintle esizweni sazo zithi
ziphakamise abazalikazi babo kuba naye uJolobe ezithetha nje ezi nyani ziinyani zamava akhe
kuba naye uthe wamvuyisa unina wamzela nodumo ngothando lwakhe nangengqeqesho yakhe
nangokumfundisa kwakhe ngexesha esaphila Umzekelo uJolobe uthe incwadi yakhe yokuqala
UZagula (1923) wabhala isinikezelo sayo ebulelela unina noyise Ubone kubalulekile ukuba
nabo baziwe ekupapashweni kwayo Ngaloo ndlela batsho nabo bafumana ukwaziwa ngaphezulu
abazali bakhe Bazuza nesidima esikhulu nokuhlonelwa ngabantu ngemveliso yabo entle
evuyisa bona kwanesizwe ngokubanzi Kodwa le noveli yesibini ibonisa ukukhula okukhulu
kukaJolobe Ungumakhwekhwetha ogqwesileyo wombhali onamava kubhalo lwenoveli
nololuncwadi lwesiXhosa ngokubanzi Nale yakhe inoveli (inovela) yokuqala UZagula
ilibhongo kuncwadi lwesizwe samaXhosa nakumzi oNtsundu ngokubanzi
Ngale ncwadi Elundini LoThukela kutyhileka isiseko sendlela uJolobe akhuliswe ngayo
kowabo nethe yamenza wazibona ngayo izinto kwiihambo zakhe zobomi Kubonakala ukuba
uthe makazibeke phantsi izimvo zakhe ayibhale le ndlela yoqeqesho lwakhe afundise nolutsha
olusakhulayo ngoku enethuba lokuyenza loo nto Uthe makalushiye namava obomi axhasa
intetho kaNtsele apha ngentla ebonise ukubaluleka kwembeko okanye intlonelo Oku uthe
wakwenza ngokubhala lo mbongo wakhe ulandelayo ufundisa ngembeko osihloko sawo sithi
Imbeko
Kuhlonela uluntu luphela
Kuzithoba komkhulu ngokuzalwa
Kukuzindila emehlweni abantu
Ungahleki intrsquoengaziwa mntu
Kubulisa ngembeko omaziyo
Ongabakhwazrsquoongabaziyo
Nokunceda oxakekileyo
Kumamela xa kuthethewa nawe
Kukuphendula xa kubuzwa kuwe
kukungxengxeza kambe wakona
169
Ngezimnandi ungabi namona
Kukucenga xa ufuna into
Kubulela xa unikwa izinto
Bubuso obuhle naxa uthunywayo
Nantso ke imbeko koyifunayo (195723)
UJolobe uphumelele kule noveli yakhe ukuphakamisa inkcubeko ulwimi imbali zomlomo
izibongo kwanemigcobo yawo amabali amaqhawe esizwe sakhe samaHlubi kumaphulo
okuzingela kwanasezimfazweni Umzekelo kukhuphiswano lweenkomo zamaleqe ukwenze oku
ukuphakamisa ukuxabiseka kolwimi lwemvelo nenkcubeko yesizwe efumaneka kuncwadi
lwaso nekuthi kulo ngamanye amaxesha kufumaneke kwaneembali neminombo yabantu
bakwaNtu UJolobe uboniso ukuba uncwadi lwakhe ingakumbi le noveli yakhe ikwalilifa labantu
abaNtsundu nekuzotywe kuyo ubuntu babo abashiyela lona Ikwaqulathe nembali nolwazi
abalushiyelwa ngookhokho babo kwasekubunjweni kwezizwe
333 UJolobe ukhuthaza iinguqu nobhalo loncwadi olutsha
UJolobe kudliwanondlebe lwakhe kunye noScheub ngo-1967 uye wamcacisela uScheub
ngokubaluleka kwamabali Uthe enza umdla kakhulu kuncwadi lemveli Uqhube wathi
ngamabali aphuma ebantwini nakwinkcubeko yabo athi achukumise abantu bangabinako
ukuwalibala kuba achaphazela kwanobomi babo Uluvo lwakhe luvakala kakuhle ngala mazwi
akhe xa esithi
The oral tradition is not dying There is continuity between oral tradition and written
Xhosa literature The material of the story is still perhaps from the background of your
people ndash and yet with a change we have learned how to supply even a plot Now that it is
a new thing which was not the main thing with our storieshellip but now you have to
manufacture a plot in which you are learning from another culture And yet I find that the
greatness of the story of the people is that you return to the indigenous background more
and more are true to the life of the people I have attempted that in Elundini
laseThukelahellip I have used something which is historical and reconstructed it in order
that it might be a continuous story Much of this is still to be done (Scheub 196760)
Ezi zimvo ziphakanyiswa nguJolobe apha ngentla zingqina isimo sakhe esinconyiweyo
ngababhali ooKerr sokuba ungumntu osoloko ethanda ukudala izinto ezintsha eziphakamisa
isizwe Khona ngoku intetho yakhe apha ngentla ibonisa akuba ungumvuseleli nomnikibomi
weembalo zomlomo zemveli ukuba zivuswe Uzamana nokuba zifumane amandla
zinkcenkceshelwe zingafi nakwezinye iindidi zoluncwadi olubhalwayo Ngolu bhalo lwakhe
lutsha unika inkuthazo nakwabanye ababhali abaya kuthi balandele ekhondweni lakhe
kuphuhlisolobhalo loncwadi lweelwimi zesiNtu
Oku ukubonisa ngokwakhe kule noveli yakhe ngokuthi athi iimbali zomlomo azive
ngoobawomkhulu bakhe kwaneembali zamaqhawe namakroti esizwe azididiyele azibumbe zibe
170
yinto ebumbeneyo etyebileyo yemveliso entle Uvuselela iimbali amabali kwanenkcubeko
yesizwe ngendlela entsha efundisayo iphembelela ngokutsha uthando lobuntu babantu nemvelo
yabo nakwimihla esikuyo
Kwakhona esi simbo sitsha athe wasisebenzisa siphakamisa izinga loncwadi lwesiNtu nemvelo
yabantu nenkcubeko yabo kuba ziyahlangana UJolobe wenza kanye le nto yenziwe kuncwadi
lwesiNgesi olubhalwe nguShakespeare kwincwadi Macbeth Apho kuthi kuqalwe kuchazwe
isimo sentlalo sendawo ezehla kuyo izenzeko kumazwe aseNtshona Oku kuthetha ukuthi aba
babhali baphakamisa amabali aseNtshona nenkcubeko yakhona Malunga nalo mba ungentla
uWathiongrsquoo uthe wakunyhasha ngamandla ukungaxatyiswa koncwadi nolwimi lwemveli
kwanenkcubeko yalo ngamanye ama-Afrika nawabona enganankathalo ngenkqubelaphambili
nokuphuhliswa kwanokwakhiwa kwesizwe siqhubele phambili ngankalo zonke Olu luvo
luxhaswe nguMqhayi noJolobe noSinxo noYalimanisi noonoMgqwetho itshantliziyo
elingqinwa Opland (20071) Bona aba bakhetha ukuphakamisa ulwimi lwemveli isiXhosa
batsho bahluphezeka kwanooWallet Vilakazi abathe baqalisa ukuphakamisa isiZulu nooMfolo
nabo baqalisa ukuphakamisa isiSuthu ngenxa yombiko owenziwa nguMqhayi wokuba
makulunyukelwe ukubhanga kweelwimi zemvelo nenkcubeko yazo (Masilela kuAttridge
noAttwell 2012 330)
Kanti naye uWa Thiyongrsquoo ithandazwe lomAfrika ulwele ukuphakanyiswa kweelwimi sase-
Afrika kanye njengoMqhayi noJolobe Wathi wangena kwiingxoxo ezishushu ekhalazela
ukungaxabiseki kweelwimi zabantu abaNtsundu kwanoncwadi lwazo apha eAfrika kuba kwathi
ngokuhamba kwamaxesha umntu omnyama akakhuthazwa ukuba ayixabisa inkcubeko yakhe
ngenxa yokufika kwamaKoloniyali nefuthe logunyaziso lweelwimi zawo kwizizwe zaseAfrika
Lo mbhali uqhuba athi amaKoloniyali agunyazisa uncwadi olubhalwe ngolwimi lwabo
oluqulethe nenkcubeko yabo ukuba lufundwe ngabantu abaMnyama ezikolweni kulawulo lwabo
Umzekelo kwafundiswa uncwadi looShakespeare nooGoethe nooBalzaz nooTolstoy
nooGorky nooBrecht nooSholokov kunye noncwadi looDickens Lonke olu hlobo loncwadi
luqulethe inkcubeko nembali yamazwe aseYurophu apho amaKoloniyali ayevela khona Ngoku
umntwana womntu oMnyama kwafuneka axabise inkcubeko yobantu abaMhlophe yemvelo yabo
kuneyakhe (Wa Thiongrsquoo ku-Olaniyan noQuayson 2007295) Isikhalazo sikaWa Thiongrsquoo
siyavakala nakule mihla yedemokhrasi Umzekelo nakwezi mini sikuzo kwamanye amakhaya
nakwezinye iintsapho zabantu abaNtsundu ekuhlaleni kanti nakwamanye amaziko emfundo
akakuboni tu ukuxabiseka kolwimi lwemveli noncwadi lwaso Lujongelwa phantsi ulwimi
noncwadi lwemveli Kuphakanyiswe iilwimi noncwadi lwezizwe zaseNtshona nenkcubeko yazo
Ezemveli iilwimi azibonwa kuxabiseka nangabantu aba bazo kwaye oku akuthandeki kudala
171
iintloni kuba amaNgesi wona anentetho ayiphakamisayo ethi ldquoCharity begins at homerdquo Le
ntetho iyinyaniso ithi ldquoQala uxabise izinto ezintle zakowenurdquo Kuba izenzo ezinje zifana
nokuba umntu omnyama ajongele phantsi ibala lakhe elimnyama adalwa enalo Kungcono xa
zonke iilwimi zixatyiswe ngomlinganiselo omnye ngokulinganayo
334 Ukugqwesa kosetyenziso lwesimbo sedrama
UJolobe kule noveli usisebenzisile isixhobo sokubumba itekisi yedrama esiyincoko
yabalinganiswa okanye yabadlali Esi simbo sisixhobo sokubhala idrama sidala incasa kubaliso
lwebali UNyembezi (1958157) ubalula ukuba uJolobe ube elusebenzisa ulwimi lwesiXhosa
atsho kuvokotheke esebenzisa nabalinganiswa bakhe batsho ngeentetho ezidala umntu
alonwabele ulwimi lwesiXhosa kwanendlela ekuchazwa ngayo izinto Ngesi simbo sedrama
asisebenzise ngamandla kule noveli umbhali uJolobe uchukumisa umdla womfundi akonwabele
ukufunda le noveli Kanti nesigama athe wasichonga ngokukodwa amaxesha amaninzi kwesi
simbo sedrama sithi siwuvuselele umxhelo wabafundi bale noveli UWa Thiongrsquoo naye uthe
wakuphakamisa ukuxabiseka kobuncwane bokusetyenziswa kweelwimi namagama ngobugcisa
obuvuselela iingqondo zabafundi kuncwadi lwemveli
We therefore learnt the value of words for their meaning and nuances Language was not a
mere string of words It had suggestive power well beyond the immediate and lexical
meaning We played with words through riddles proverbs transpositions of syllables or
through nonsensical but musical arranged words So we learnt the music of our language on
top of the content The language through images and symbols gave us a view of the world
(198116)
Kwakhona apha ngentla lo mbhali uWa Thiongrsquoo ukhankanya amandla okubaluleke kwesigama
esisetyenziswa kulwimi lwemvelo nakuncwadi lwalo ukuba lunamamdla amakhulu ekugqithiseni
imiyalezo kwanenkcubeko yesizwe Kanti lukwadala noyolo lokuziva izandi zemagama
ezibeleke iindidi ngeendidi zeentsingiselo ezidala kwaneengoma ezimnandi endlebeni
zakubekwa ngobugcisa
Kwakhona uJolobe ubonisa ngokuthe gca ukuba abantu ekubhalwe ngolwimi lwabo
baxabisekile Kwaye nesidima sabo siyaphakamiseka Umzekelo kule noveli abafundi bafumana
isiHlubi esiqulethe inkcubeko yamaHlubi nolwimi olusetyenziswa ngabantu bakowabo Uphinde
wasebenzisa nolwimi lwesiXhosa nalo oluqulethe luphakamisa kwa inkcubeko yamaXhosa
apho athe wazalwa khona eNdwe waphinda wangumalusi wemfuyo eCala Obu bubulumko
bokuzisebenzisa zombini ezi lwimi kubonisa ingqondo yakhe ephaphileyo yesimo esimbaxa
ekuyolisweni kwabafundi ngandlela zonke kuncwadi lwakhe alubhalayo
172
Okunye okukhwankqisayo uJolobe usebenzisa amagama esiHlubi ebalisa ngembali yamaHlubi
kodwa ayibhala ngesiXhosa Oku luphawu olubonisa ubunkcubabuchopho bukaJolobe Ngale
ndlela ubonisa ukuba ezi zizwe ziyazalana UJolobe ngale ndlela uphembelela ubunye
noxolelwaniso Olu luvo lukwaphakanyiswe nguWa Thiongrsquoo (198116) ochazwe ngentla apha
noxhasa ukubaluleka koncwadi nolwimi nenkcubeko Ukhankanya ukuba ulwimi luyakwazi
ukubonisa umahluko phakathi kwezizwe kodwa luphinde lubonakalise neendawo apho
lubonakalisa ukuzalana kwazo uthi
Language carries culture and culture is carried particularly through orature and
literature carries the entire body of values by which we come to perceive ourselves and
our place in the worldhellip How people perceive themselves affects how they look in their
culture at their politics and their social production of wealth and their entire
relationship with nature and other beings
Esi sicatshulwa sibonisa ngokubaphandle ukuba ulwimi lunendima enkulu ekuphileni kwabantu
elizweni Luqulethe inkcubeko yesizwe kwaye lenkcubeko ithi ihanjiselwe phambili ngamabali
omlomo kwanoncwadi Zonke ezi zinto ziqulathe izinto ezibalulelekileyo kwisimo kwanentlalo
elindelekileyo neyamkelekileyo kwisizwe eso nethi isincede kwanathi bantu ukuba sizazi ukuba
singoobani na kwanokuba sizingce ngeendawo zethu zemvelaphi yethu kwanobuntu bethu
phakathi kwezinye izizwe Oluvo lukaWa Thiongrsquoo luhambisana nezizathu zokuba uMqhayi
noJolobe balilwela ilungelo lokuba uncwadi lwesiXhosa luxatyiswe luqhutyeliswe phambili
(Masilela kuAttwell noAttridge 2012 328)
UWa Thiongrsquoo (198116) uchaza ngokubaluleka kolwimi nenkcubeko yabantu bemvelo yabo
equkwa kumabali abo amabali abantu aquke imvelo yabo nethi ibanike amandla okuphila
kwanokulwa iimiqobo yemihla ngemihla ethi ibavalele ngamanye amaxesha kwindlela yabo
esinga empumelelweni Kwintetho yakhe noScheub uJolobe uthi wenze loo nto Usebenzise esi
simbo kule noveli yakhe Elundini LoThukela Sibanga umdla sitsale neengqondo zabafundi
Kwakhona sidala amabali amakhulu kuba asuka kwimvelaphi yabo Ude akhankanye nebali
likaJordan (1940) ukuba nalo linayo indawo enjalo yokwakhelwa kumabali endawo abantu
abasuka kuyo Apha kuElundini LoThukela wenze kanye eso simbo ephuhlisa inoveli yakhe
kangangokuba ude wongeza ezinye izinto ezintsha ebezingafane zenziwe kwinoveli Wenzela
nokunika igazi elitsha kubhalo lwenoveli kwanokukhusela ukuduka koncwadi lwemveli
Ukongeza uJolobe ukwakhankanye ukuba kukho ingenelo kwanefuthe elitsha lobudlelwane
phakathi koncwadi lomlomo lwemveli kunye noncwadi olubhaliweyo Uqhube wathi umbhali
uyakwazi ukuluvuselela alunike ubomi uncwadi lomlomo lwemveli ngokuthi aluqhusheke
kwalapha kwibali lakhe litsho lifumane ubomi (Scheub 196760)
173
Indlela kaJolobe yokuquka izinto ezintsha kubhalo lwale noveli yakhe kukwahambisana
kwanesimo sakhe sobumbolombili ngokudalwa Akakwazi ukuhlala ejongene nento enye
usoloko engumntu ongqondo yakhe inemibuzo utshilo uGqirha Kerr othe wakhankanywa apha
ngentla Ngoko ke isimo sakhe sendalo sokuba ngungqondongqondo nemfunalwazi simbangele
ukuba abengumphandi ogqwesileyo nombhaqi wolwazi olutsha noluthe lwaphakamisa izinga
lobhalo loncwadi lwesizwe sabantu abaNtsundu ingakumbi kumzi kaXhosa nolwimi lwawo
Ukutsala umdla kwisimbo sakhe esitsha sokubhala inoveli nathe wasiphuhlisa ngokuxuba
ngamandla isimbo sedrama kwinoveli ngokuqinisekileyo abantu abayaziyo inkcubeko
yamaHlubi ngokubanzi bathe baziva bechulumancile kakhulu kuba beve lo mbhali ethetha
ngezinto zakomawabo abazaziyo kwaye zibachukumisa kanye njengokwenziwe nguJordan
(1940) nothethe ngamasiko kwanezinto zesizwe saseMpondomiseni nezaziwa kakhulu ngawo
Ngale ndlela uthe wawenza aziva kamnandi onwaba ngamandla Olu luvo luxhaseka kumazwi
kaRolihlahla Mandela owathetha wathi xa umntu ethethe naye ngolwimi lwemvelo oko kukuthi
equka nenkcubeko namasiko akhe loo mntu uthetha ngentetho eya entliziyweni yakhe
UJolobe ngokucacileyo ngale noveli ubone ukuba naye makawakhumbule amaHlubi
kwanolwimi lwawo kwanenkcubeko yawo equlethe iphakamisa isidima sawo kule ncwadi
yakhe uElundini LoThukela esihloko sayo siquka isinqulo sawo esingu ldquoThukelardquo Singanaba
ngalomba senjenje Isimbo sokusebenzisa kwakhe incoko yabalinganiswa okanye yabadlali
bedrama sidlala indima enkulu ekwazisweni kwabanntu ngobukhulu benkosi yamaHlubi
kwanokubaluleka kwenkcubeko kumaHlubi nequka isiko lokwaluka kuwo Oku ukwazise
ngomlomo womlinganiswa wakhe uDlanga olikhankatha labakhwetha abangabazukulwana
benkosi uDlomo Eli phakathi libulise inkosi yalo ngembekokazi enkulu ngolwimi lwemvelo
yamaHlubi laqhubeka lamazisa ngezinto ezibalulekileyo kubomi bentlalo yamaHlubi Kulo
mzekelo wale ngxoxo likhahlele labulisa lanika ingxelo lathi
UDlanga A Dlomo Ncobo Mthimkhulu Dlamini Malunga
UDlomo Sakubona Dlangahellip
UDlanga Yebo Baba sakubona mhlekazihellip(2008 19766)
Kanti nakwincoko kankosi Dlomo kunye nesanuse sakomkhulu umbhali uJolobe uphinda
asebenzise amagama esiHlubi apho inkosi ifuna ukwazi kwisanuse ukuba indoda le iyintoni na
UDlikiza unike ingxelo yokuba indoda le iyintoni na ngokwamanyange ndash inkcazo yakhe iqulethe
amagama esiHlubi Zulu ndash apho achaza ukuba indoda yingonyama ibhubesi Oku ukuchaza
ngala mazwi
UDlikiza unika impendulo kwinkosi yakhe uDlomo uthi ldquoBabardquo asazi ldquoluthordquo thina
kodwa amanyange wona kambe athi indoda yingonyana ldquoibhubesirdquo mhlekazi
ikwayingcongolo kumlambo iThukela (20089)
174
Esi senzo sobhalo lukaJolobe singqina ubulumko bobunkcubabuchopho bendlela akrole ngayo le
ncwadi elibali-mbali Kanti nombono wakhe wokusebenzisa isimbo sedrama kwingxoxo yakhe
kwezi lwimi zombini kutsala ingqondo yomfundi ikuqonde ukubaluleka kolwimi lwesizwe
nenkcubeko yaso Lo mbhali walatha kwanokuba zombini ezi ilwimi apha kule noveli zilixabiso
elikhulu kubantu bazo Zibuyisela isidima sabantu ebantwini baso Ziphakamisa
kwanokuxabiseka kwabo kwaneembali zabo Zikwakhulisa ubuthandazwe ngaphakathi emoyeni
wabo Zibakhumbuza ukuba bazalwa ngoobani na besuka phi na
335 Amagama kumaHlubi azizinqulo aziziduko
Le noveli iyimfundiso ngokuba ibonisa ukuba iziduko ezi zakheka njani kwanezinqulo
kumaHlubi Lo mba sakuqala siwuqwalasele ngokuma kweenkosi zamaHlubi kuba izinqulo
zawo zinento eninzi yokwenza neenkosi zawo Umzekelo isinqulo sawo esithi Bhungane
sisukela kwinkosi yawo enguBhungane UBhungane ozalwa nguNtsele Kwalo Bhungane wazala
uMthimkhulu inkosi enkulu eyalawula ngobulumko neyayithandwa ngamaHlubi Inkcithakalo
yamaHlubi yaqala ngexesha lokulawula kwayo ngokuthi ibulawe ngamaNgwane
Okuthethwa entla apha kuyadibana nathe uJolobe wakubhala Nalapha kule noveli yakhe uNtsele
unike unyana wakhe igama elinguBhungane Oku kutyhila ukuba amagama eenkosi ajike abe
ziziduko emva kokufa kwenkosi Oku kudala ukuba umntu atsho acinge ngokutsha akubhaqa
ukudalwa kwenkcubeko yabantu abaNtsundu Ukujika kwegama lenkosi libe sisiduko asinto
yenzeka kuphela kumaHlubi nakwezinye izizwe ezintsundu iyenzeka KumaXhosa kwakukho
inkosi egama layo linguTshawe (Soga 1937) Kodwa kwaphela kusithiwa abantu awathi
wabakhokela babizwa ngokuba ngooTshawe Kanti nalapha kumaHlubi kule noveli
umlinganiswa uDlanga iphakathi likaDlomo lithi xa limkhahle unkosi Dlomo lithi Dlomo
Ncobo Mthimkhulu Dlamini Malunga Amagama athe uDlanga wawalandelisa emva kwelika
Dlomo ngawezinyanya zamaHlubi Ngokunxulumene negama uBhungane nezinqulo zakhe
uRubusana (190637) uchaza ukuba ufumene izinqulo zamaHlubi kumagama eenkosi zawo
Akuthethayo kungqinwe yile mizekelo yezi zinqulo zilandelayo
UBhungane Ntsele inkosi yamaHlubi
NguBhungane wamakhulukhulu
NguSothondoshe indlu undlubo zamilrsquoedlweni
Yintlabathi yiNdi noThukela
UOpland (199886) uyalungqina uluvo lokuba iziduko ziyadaleka ngamagama abantu kanti
ngokunjalo nangamagama eendawo Uqhuba athi ldquoumntu sisiduko sakherdquo Oku kudala umbuzo
othi kanti abantu aba bawazuza njani amagama abo xa amagama aphinda abe ziziduko Ukuzama
ukuphendula lo mbuzo sakwenjenje U-Opland ukhankanya ukuba uJH Soga (1932) wazisa
175
ukuba amagama abantu amaxesha amaninzi bawafumana kubazali babo neemeko zeziganeko
ezithile kwanezinto ezithile zendalo ziba yintsusa yamagama abantu yaye amagama abo
ayakwazi ukuchaza nezimo zabo UOpland ukwavakalisa ukuba abantwana amagama abo
akwabonisa inkcubeko yabo ekuhlaleni kanti akwabonisa nenkangeleko yokumila kwabo
Olu luvo lokuba iziduko zasemaHlubini zisuka kumagama eenkosi ezabandulelayo lubonisa
ukuba amagama azo ahlale ehleli ebakhumbuza ngobukho bezi nkosi ngokungathi ziphakathi
kwabo Kwakhona amagama amaHlubi asuka kumagama emilambo emikhulu iThukela
neMpafane Oku kungqina ukuba amaHlubi athi awulandela umbono owabonwa nguJHSoga
(1932) wothiyo lwabantu ngemilambo kwaye le yeminye yeminqweno yabazali babo
UOpland uthi isizwe sizihombisa ngokuthetha izibongo zaso Kwakhona uthi kumaXhosa
amagama ezibongo zabantu aquka amagama amadoda abafazi abantwana ookhokho kwakunye
namagama eenkosi (199890) Uqhuba athi kanti namagama ookhokho beso sizwe nawoodade
babo athi afumaneke kwizibongo Namagama eendawo nawo abakho kwezo zibongo
Okuthethwa nguOpland kubonakala kuyinyaniso kuba kuxhaswa nanguJolobe ngenkqu kuba
isiduko nezinqulo zakhe nguThukela noMpofane kwaye la ngamagama emilambo emikhulu
nebalulekileyo kumaHlubi AmaHlubi akuzibiza ngezi zinqulo atsho acinge ngale milambo apho
ookhokho bawo babesela khona amanzi kunye neenkomo zabo Atsho acinge apho izizwe
zamaHlubi zaziphila khona mandulo kwaye amanyange amaHlubi asafumaneka khona
kwimimandla yoThukela unanamhla oku (199886)
Iziduko namagama amaHlubi asetyenzisiwe nguJolobe kubalinganiswa abakule noveli Elundini
LoThukela Oku kubonisa ubunyani bebali likaJolobe Kanti uMfu WG Rubusana (1906) no-
Opland noMtuze (199442-43) bachaza ukuba amaKhesa ooMbangubo bazalwa nguVilwana
Bakhankanye ukuba babengabemi phakathi koMpafane noThukela Baxabana bodwa
ngamabango Bafika emaHlubini kusalawula uNtsele Yaza intombi yabo uMakhambehlala
kaSiwezi yendela kuBhungane ngayo uzele uMpangazitha kaJobe Iziduko zala maHlubi
zibongeka ngolu hlobo
NgabakwaKhesa
Ngabakwakhungwa ngogongolo
Entla neMpafane neThukela
Abacwengrsquoinga ngudade boNkosi
Bacwenga bandrsquoukususela
AbaNgunrsquoabahle bakwaNoZulu
BakwamThathambi ngeliphezulu
Lona ladlrsquoumntu alabekwa mlandu
Amachumanrsquoamahle
Eza amacocobela njengokwindla
176
Labutshelezi njengelitye lomfula (Opland noMtuze 199443)
Kwesi sicatshulwa imbongi ityatyadula ngeziduko zakuloJolobe Kule noveli yakhe
uyazivakalisa iziduko nezinqulo zakowabo kodwa ukhethe ukubalisa ngendlela efihlakeleyo
evakalisa ngembali yesizwe sabantu aphuma esinqeni sabo amaHlubi Kwaye akwenzileyo
kuyancomeka kuba namhla abafundi nesizwe usishiyele ilifa lolwazi olulixabiso elikhulu
noluthe lwanika ingcaciso lwakhanyisela ngemvelaphi kaJolobe neyookhokho bakhe
kwanamabali obo kwanembali yabo
Olu phando ludiza ulwazi oludala umdla kule noveli Lulwazi olube lungacacanga kodwa luthe
lwenziwa lwacaca ngobugcisa bokucinga obunamandla bukaJolobe obonisa ubunkcubabucho-
pho ekukroleni kwakhe le ncwadi yakhe
336 Ubukhuluwa bukaJolobe buhamba kwanobuthandazwe
ldquoUbukhulu kukukhusela omncinci nobuthathaka Inkulu engayenziyo loo nto ayifanelwe
bubukhulurdquo (Jolobe 200896) La mazwi athethwe ngumlinganiswa oyintloko uNtsele
Uwathethe ebonisa ukuba bekulilungelo labo bona ndlunkulu ukukhusela indlu yasekunene
yakuhlaselwa lutshaba olungamaNgwane Naye uJolobe ngale ncwadi enye yeenjongo zayo
kukuba imbali yamaHlubi nenkcubeko yawo nayo ibe ikroliwe kwiimbalo zakhe ingabi nako
ukuduka Kwakhona enye injongo yakhe kukuthuthuzela amaHlubi nawo akhe ahleke
agigitheke enyunjazwa ngamabali akomawabo awaziyo anamandla Ezinye zeenjongo zakhe
kukuvuselela amaHlubi awanike ithemba kwiimeko ezinzima zobomi athe adibana nazo aye
engazange azi ukuba angaze abe kuzo Ngale ndlela ubonisa uvelwano nawo kuwo
UJolobe ebengumntu ongathandi ukuzigwagwisa kwanokuphakamisa ubuhlanga ngokwesimo
sakhe Ebengasiphakamisi isiduko sakhe ngaphezu kwezinye Elinye lamarhamente enkonzweni
yakhe libalise lathi uMfundisi uJolobe ebesithi bonke abantu enkonzweni yakhe baziziduko
zakhe engafuni kubekho abantu ababhekiselwa kude ngenxa yobuhlanga Kule ndawo
luyangqineka uluvo lomrhamente wakhe kuba ebeyimela into abe eyithethile kumavo akhe xa
esithi ldquosingabantu abanyerdquo (Jolobe 194023) Kule noveli yakhe ingembali yamaHlubi nalapha
akazivezanga ukuba yena uliHlubi Kodwa uyavakala ukuba uthetha ngezinto ezidibene nobomi
bakhe nqo Indlela nomoya abalisa ngawo wochulumanco nolonwabo lwakhe luvakele kwatsho
kwabonakala ngokuphandle ukuba uhili uphumile ezingcongolweni kuba uJolobe uvakala ngathi
uthi ldquoNgoku ndithethe ngezasekhaya apha izinto Ndingqina endikwaziyo nendikuvileyordquo
Nangona ebengathandi ukuphakamisa ubuhlanga nje uJolobe kodwa ubenenkolo ethi ayiyonto
imbi into yokuzazi imvelaphi yakhe umntu Kubonakala ukuba ubone ukuba ikhwele elinjalo
177
lokuyazi imbali yakhe umntu litsho limhlupheze Umzekelo utsho aphakame nokuba ebe
namadolo agevezelayo butsho busabe ubugwala atsho azibone naye enjengegorha kuba
ekhumbula amagorha eenkosi namaqhawe akowabo awathi alwa awisa imithi emikhulu
ngamaxesha emfazwe nohlaselo omeleza nabatyhafileyo babe nethemba baphila ekubeni
bebelinyaziwe kanye njengokwenzeka kumaHlubi ngexesha lentsabo
Ikhwele lobukhuluwa lithe lamongamela njengokuthethwe ngentla apha Naye ubone ukuba
enze isenzo sokumbambazela kwanokuvuselela amaHlubi angatyhafi ngenxa yeenkxwaleko
zobomi athe adibana nazo ezibuhlungu ezabahlela ngebhaqo Ngoko ke uthe wabona
kubalulekile ukuba aphakamise abantu bakowabo abathe bacudiselwa ziimeko zobomi abanike
ithemba naye ngokwakhe akhe azivise kamnandi abalise ngezakowabo izinto ezimchukumisayo
zimphilisa Emva kwethuba naye uJolobe ubone kubalulekile ukuba naye azivise mnandi
nakumoya wakhe
Ukungqina le nyaniso uthe eli bali lencwadi yakhe uElundini loThukela walibhala ngomdla
omkhulu Lidala uvuyo nokuhleka kanti zikho kwaneendawo ezidala intshukumo enkulu
kwiziganeko ezithile ezidalo uloyiko umingimingi nonxunguphalo olukhulu Eli bali liyile nto
kuthiwa sisiyolisi senene
Le noveli imfumbathisa umntu ngolwazi olwakha ingqondo umzimba kwanomphefumlo Kanti
ngaxeshanye iyamtyebisa umfundi ngembali yamaHlubi atsho azi ngokuzalana kwezizwe
Umzekelo amaHlubi amaXhosa namaZulu aphuma sinqeni sinye ngokokutsho kukaJolobe
noSoga ngokwenkcazo enikwe ngentla apha Eli bali libonisa kwanemvelo yakhe
kwanomnombo weenkosi aphuma kuzo uMthimkhulu uMashiyi noNcobo kwanookhokho
bakhe Likwaqulethe imbali yamaqhawe amaHlubi
Ngoko ke uJolobe kule noveli uphumelela ukubonisa ubukhuluwa ngokuthi nawo amaHlubi
awamele awaphakamise angabi nantloni ngawo Nawo uwashiye ewenzele imbali emnandi
ebhalwe nguye uqobo kanye njengokuba ooJordan nooSoga nooRubusana nooMqhayi benzile
babhala imbali eziphakamisa imbali nenkcubeko yesizwe samaXhosa
337 UJolobe nesimo sobukroti sokulungisa izinto zomzi oNtsundu
Isimo sokhalipho sidulisiwe yile noveli yakhe uJolobe ngokuthi ayimele into efuna ukulungiswa
Angayiyeki iqhubekele phambili ukuze izizukulwana ziphele zisiba nolwazi olungeyonyaniso
UJolobe namhla uyilungisile into yokuba amaHlubi ngamaHlubi akangomaBhele kwaye
amaBhele ngamaBhele kodwa kukho ukuzalana ngenxa yokwendiselana
178
UKerr (1958169) naye wongeza olwakhe uluvo wachaza ukuba uJolobe ube engumntu osoloko
enengqondo enemibuzo ezama ukuphendula izinto ezizisa izisombululo Kwakhona ube
engumnntu osoloko efuna iindlela ezintsha zokudala iinguqu eziphuhlisa inkqubelaphambili
nasekuhlaleni hayi kuncwadi nje qha lodwa Kwakhona obu bukhalipha bakhe bungqinwe
nanguNyembezi (1958158) xa esithi
Jolobe has shown himself to be a brave man a man who was not afraid to stick his neck out
for fear of criticism a man who was not afraid of experimentinghellip In Rev Jolobe we have a
man who is obviously fully convinced of the great might of a the pen in the task of uplifting
his own people
UNyembezi udiza ngokuphandle ukuba uJolobe uphile impilo yobukroti Oku kuxhaswa
nakukuba kwathi kwabonakala nakuyise mhla kuzalwa uRhanisi Jolobe wabona ukuba kuzelwe
ldquounogada wohlangardquo nomlweli walo Yena uJolobe ubone iluxanduva lwakhe ukulwela intlalo
engcono yoxolo kubantu bonke kwanedala inkqubelaphambili yabantu besizwe esiNtsundu Ube
yindoda enobulumko Akabalibalanga nabantu azalwa ngabo ubakhumbule njengokuba
oluphononongo lubhaqe oko kule noveli yakhe
338 UJolobe nesimbo esitsha sebali
UMqhayi wenze umsebenzi omhle kwinoveli yakhe Ityala lamawele Usebenzisa izimbo ezenza
umdla Njenge zixhobo zokuyila le noveli usebenzisa iingxoxo ezitsala umdla zikho
kwanezibongo zembongi yakomkhulu akazishiyanga nezafobe ezidala imifanekiso emikhulu
etsala umdla womfundi Kanti naye uJordan kweyakhe inoveli INgqumbo Yeminyanya
uyasisebenzisa isimbo seengxoxo ezidala uchulumanco Zicacisa ngomdla into ethethwa
ngumbhali Waphinda walenza ibali lakhe laquka iindawo ezaziwa ngabantu namasiko abo Oku
kusenze isigoci sakhe sokubhala sincomeke kakhulu
Yena uJolobe uye wathi chatha Uye wantshatshela ngokuthi ayenze inoveli yakhe ibe ntsha ibe
yindibanisela yemixholo ngemixholo namabali ngamabali kodwa konke oku kwabunjwa
kwayincwadi enye Watsho wagqwesa ngesakhono sakhe sokuyila inoveli yobhalo olutsha
Uyenze yalibali kwanembali yamaHlubi enzulu nengqinekayo engentlalo yendawo eyinyani
Yindawo apho amaHlubi awaye akhe ahlala kuyo Usebenzise isimo sendawo sentlalo
nesexesha ngendlela efanelekileyo Watsho ngesakhiwo sebali elikholelekayo Nanamhla oku
intsalela yamaHlubi yakhe imizi yawo kummandla apho kusame khona iintaba ezinjengeBuzi
kunye nemilambo enjengeThukela yelizwe lookhokho bakhe ababeseza khona imihlambi
yeenkomo zabo
179
UJolobe uqwela nangokuthi iinkosi ezinjengoonkosi uDlomo zawo amaHlubi ezaziwayo
ezinkulu zivuswe emangcwabeni zenziwe abanye babalinganiswa kwibali bakhe Uzenze
zahamba hamba phakathi kwabantu Uvuse nooNtsele ooMahlaphahlapha nooBhungane Kanti
nezinye inkosi zithe zakhankanywa ziyinxenye yebali Umzekelo unkosi uMashiyi nonkosi
uMthimkhulu bayakhankanywa kwanendima yabo abayidlalayo ebalini lakhe uJolobe
Ngaphezulu koko usebenzisa amasiko aphezulu amaHlubi okuphuma kwamakhwenkwe
namatheko nokwamkelwa kwawo kuzizipho nemivuyo Zonke ezi zinto ziyabaliswa ngolwimi
oluphezulu oluqulethe izafobe nemifanekiso ekunzima ukuba ingalibaleka kangengendlela
ekhwankqisa ngayo
UJolobe kubonakela kule noveli yakhe ukuba uwakhuphe onke amaci akhe esimbo sakhe
sokubalisa agqwesa ngaso Wayikrola inoveli yakhe ukuze ibe libhongo lesizwe esiNtsundu
Umbono wakhe ibe kukuba ibe lilifa lezizukulwana ngezizukulwana naxa yena sele sithele
zifumane ukonwatyiswa yiyo Kwakhona uthe wazizoba ngokukhwankqisayo iziganeko
ezahlukeneyo ngovuyo olukhulu waxuba kwanoloyiko olukhulu kwiindawo ezithile edala iindidi
ngeendidi zovakalelo ukonwabisa abafundi bakhe ingakumbi kwiinkomo zamaleqe
nakwiziganeko sokusukelwa kwabazingeli bamaHlubi lirhamncwa elingenanceba imamba
emnyama kwanesiganeko sesiko lamaHlubi lokubulala kwenkunzi enkulu yenkomo ngamadoda
ngezandla kuphela kungekho zikhali ngendlela enenkohlakalo kungekho lusizi
Umfundi angathi azibuze imibuzo ngamanye amaxesha ukuba umfundisi weliZwi leNkosi wathi
wakwazi njani ukulibukela isiko elimasikizi lokubulawa kwenkunzi yenkomo ngokumasikizi
kangaka intlontwa La ngamava esimo sakhe sokuhlala ezingela ulwazi olunzulu ngento
azakubhala ngayo Umzekelo yiyo nale nto wathi wagqwesa ngombongo wakhe othi
ldquoUkwenziwa komkhonzirdquo kuba uthi wazibonela ngawakhe amehlo indlela inkabi yenkomo
eqheliswa ngayo idyokhwe kabuhlungu kungaboniswa lusizi nanceba
Olu luvo lungqinwa nguKerr noNyembezi abathi uJolobe waye elikhalipha ethanda ukuzama
izinto ezintsha nezenza umdla neziphuhlisa ulwimi noncwadi lwesiXhosa (Nyembezi1958158)
Kanti uKerr yena uncome umkhwa kaJolobe wokuba ngumntu osoloko esendleleni yokufuna
ulwazi Oku kwalatha ukuba uJolobe ube eyimfuni yolwazi lokuphucula umgagangatho
woncwadi lwakhe njengokuba enze njalo kule noveli yakhe Elundini Lothukela UKerr
(1958169) ulwazi lwakhe ngoJolobe kwanesimo sakhe sokunxanelwa izinga eliphezulu
lokuphuculwa kwembalo zakhe ulubeka ngala mazwi akhe alandelayo wathi
IsiXhosa as a literary medium is a young language and those who employ its words and
speech forms in work or play must still be experimenters discovering new modes of
180
expression which will best match the speaker the subject and the audience Though still in
his prime Mr Jolobe has been publishing work in a variety of forms in his own language for
thirty-five yearshellip ldquoSuch a variety of literary efforthellip not only demonstrated a remarkable
degree of mental energy but is a strong testimony to a versatile and questioning mind
Okuthethwa nguKerr ngentla apha kudiza isizathu sokuba kube kunokuthiwa inoveli kaJolobe
Elundini LoThukela izigqwesile ezinye iinoveli ezikhankanywe apha ngentla Isizathu soko
siduliswe nguGqirha Kerr ngokuthi lo mbhali ebethi ehleli nje kanti ukwintlanganiso nesiqu
sakhe ezamazamana neendlela zokuvelisa ulwazi olutsha aveze iindlela ezintsha zolwazi
kwakunye nemixholo engakhange ibe ithe yavelelwa ngabanye ababhali ngendlela yena athe
wayivelela ngokuchukumisayo UJubase (ANS (S) 226) Ukuxhasa le nyaniso ingentla upapashe
olu ncomo lulandelayo ngomsebenzi omhle wosiba lobhalo lwakhe
Jolobe is a successful author The elegance of style and depth of imagination coupled
with a wide vocabulary are amongst his outstanding attributes
Uncomo lukaJubase luyaxhaseka kakhulu kuba lubhekiselele kumsebenzi omhle oligalelo
likaJolobe kubhalo loncwadi lwesiXhosa Lubonakala kule noveli yakhe athe wayakha
yakwizinga eliphezulu nangokuyinonga ngendibanisela yemixholo neentlobo ngeentlobo
zeentetho neengxoxo ezithe zangqinelana noluvo lwengcingane kaBakhtin okhankanyiweyo kulo
mqulu Ngokwale ngcingane le noveli isisonwabiso esinomahluko kuba apha kuyo iqulatha
iintlobo ngeentlobo zoncwadi kwanezinto ezidiza ubudlelwane babantu nabanye abantu izimo
zabo kwanendlela yentlalo yabo ekuhlaleni
Kwakho le noveli kaJolobe ibonisa ubunyaniso bengcingane kaBakhtin (Abrams noHarpham
2012) ethi inoveli iyakwazi ukubonisa iindidi ngeendidi zamazwi akuthetha-thethwano oluquka
nezinto zenkcubeko yabantu Oku kudala umdal kumfundi atsho ayonwabele inoveli
Ngoko ke le noveli kaJolobe ayisiso isonwabisa nje kodwa kuphela ililifa eliqulethe inkcubeko
kwanembali yamaHlubi kanye njengokukhankanywe nguWa Thiongrsquoo apha ngentla malunga
nokubaluleka koluncwadi olubandakanya amabali asemakhaya Ubalula ukuba loo mabali
angolwimi lwabo bantu aqulatha inkcubeko yabo intlalo yabo imbali yabo kwanamabali abathe
bawabaliselwa ngabantu abadala bakomawabo Ngendlela abhale ngayo uJolobe abantu bathi
kumabali akhe bafumane ubulumko Bafumane amandla okumelana neenzima zobomi
kwaneengxaki ezikhangeleka zinokubongamela Bazuza amandla kuwo amabali asemakhaya
aquka namabali ezilwanyana ezisoloko zijongene nokubulawa ngamarhamcwa amakhulu
Kwakhona uWa Thiongrsquoo apha ngentla uphakamisa ukuba uncwadi olwakhelwe kumabali
181
asekhaya luyakwazi ukuquka iindawo nesimo sentlalo apho abantu namabali abo athe akhiwa
kuyo nequka namabali omlomo nokubaluleka kwawo nolwimi nenkcubeko yabo ithi ihlangane
kumabali asemakhaya ibe yinto enye
Ngoko ke uJolobe ngale noveli yakhe ubone ukuba naye makakhe awabhalele nawo amaHlubi
awakhumbuze ngezinto zakomawabo namabali akomawabo abawaziyo nezinto abazaziyo
ezibanyumbazayo zibahlekise Ufune ukubakhumbuza ukuba azi ukuba angoobani na
kwanokuxabiseka kwawo nemvelaphi yawo eyimbali yabo equka kwanenkcubeko yabo nelilifa
labo ukuze ingaze iduke Ude wenzela nabantu abangawaziyo amaHlubi ukuba azi namhla
kakuhle ngawo UJolobe wenze kanye njengokwenziwe nguRubusana kwincwadi yakhe ethi
Zemkrsquoinkomo Magwalandini Kuyo ubhale imbali yamaXhosa nenkcubeko yawo
kwanangeenkosi zawo ezinkulu evuselela umzi kaPhalo Naye uJolobe uhambe ngqo
ekhondweni lakhe Nawo amaHlubi waba nento athe wawenzela yona Yiyo loo nto incwadi
yakhe esihloko sayo sisithi Elundini loThukela wayibhalayo nje Kakade kwayena kuqala
nguThukela
Le noveli kaJolobe inje ngokuba kuchaziwe ngumbhali uWa Thiongo ngasentla apha Ibali lakhe
linamandla lakhelwe kwisimo sentlalo sendawo sabantu bakowabo abakhulela kuyo Abantu
bathi babubone ukuxabiseka kwamabali abhalwa ngababhali abalumkileyo nabanovelwano
ngeenzima abantu abathi bazifumane kwiinkalo zobomi kuba amabali abo athi akwazi
ukubaphakamisa abomeleze abanike kwanokuxabiseka kuba abhalwa ngabantu abazaziyo
neendlela zabo zokuphila Amabali anjalo athetha entliziyweni yabo ingakumbi
kwakusetyenziswa ulwimi nezafobe nezagwelo zokuthetha zenkcubeko yabo
UJolobe wenze kanye loo nto wasebenzisa ubunkcubabuchopho bakhe Wabhala ibali
eliyikwayintuthuzelo kumaHlubi athe afumana ukungxwelerheka ezimfazweni nokungaqondwa
kakuhle aphuceka kwanesidima sawo esi ngenxa yendlala kwanokungaziwa kakuhle ukuba
angoobani na bevelaphi na UJolobe kule ncwadi ubetha iintaka ezimbini ngelitye elinye ebonisa
ubungxangxaka besimo serhanisi Wathuthuzela wawavuselela wawahlekisa amaHlubi
waphinda wawonwabisa nawo umzi kaXhosa ngebali eliyindibanisela yemixholwana eyolisayo
nethe yedala ubumnandi beli bali elikwayimbali yamaHlubi nathe walibhala nangesiXhosa edala
ubumbano
Ngoko ke akukho bani unakho amkhalazela uJolobe athi wenze umkhethe Uwenzele okuhle
ngesisazathu esihle amaHlubi kuba ingabantu azalwa ngabo Ulandele isithethe samaHlubi
esiphakamisa ukubaluleka kobukhuluwa Kule noveli ubonisa ubukhuluwa nobuntu
ngokuvelana kwakhe nawo ewomeleza Nawo amaXhosa uphinde wawenzela okuhle
182
waphakamisa uncwadi lwemveli lwesiXhosa oluzise udumo kwakwisizwe samaXhosa abhale
ngolwimi lwawo nolukwaqulethe inkcubeko yawo nawo ngokwawo
UJolobe unegalelo elikhulu kakhulu kubhalo loncwadi lwesiXhosa Elinye laloo magalelo
kukusebenzisa izimbo ezintsha eziliqela zokuphuhlisa ubhalo lwenoveli olutsha Olu bhalo
ulunonga lube nencasa ngandlela zonke Uzame ukuvelela imixholwana ngemixholwana
engezinto ezahlukeneyo esenzela ukuhla amahlongwane lo mxholo umkhulu Umzekelo iimbali
eziquka amaqhawe abazingeli nohlaselo lwabo ngamarhamncwa asendle umlo wamaHlubi
kunye namaNgwane awayedelela amaHlubi nokoyiswa kwawo uthando ileqe imilo yeentonga
umshwamo ulwaluko nokunye okukhwankqisayo kuchukumise nomxhelo Konke oku uJolobe
ukwenzela ukonwabisa abafundi boncwadi lwakhe ukusuka kumaHlubi ukuya kumaXhosa
kwanesizwe esiNtsundu ngokubanzi kuba uye wasebenzisa neelwimi eziliqela isiHlubi isiZulu
nesiXhosa
339 Iinjongo ezifihlakelayo zikaSoga kubhalo lwencwadi yakhe
UJolobe naye usebenzisa eyakhe incwadi ukubopha amaHlubi ekungxolisweni kwawo nguSoga
esidlangalaleni abantu bonke besiva ngokuba betyholwa ngentswelombulelo kuba amanye awo
akhalazela ukungaphatheki kwawo kwezinye iziphaluka athi afikela kuzo ekwamkelweni kwawo
ngukumkani uHintsa owagunyazisa ukuba aphathwe kakuhle anqonyelwe neenkomo aboniswe
ubuntu
USoga uthi kwakucaca ukuba amanye amaHlubi anezikhalazo zokungaphatheki kakuhle abika
kwanokuba anikwa imithinto kwaneenyama zeentamo zeenkomo (Soga 193798) Utsho
ewakhumbuza amaHlubi ephela ukuba afika apha eKoloni engenayo ldquonenkukurdquo Wakhankanya
ukuba akakuchasi ukuba akhonziswa Kuba azifunela imisebenzi yokwalusa impahla
yamaXhosa abangabasengi Ngolo hlobo lokukhonziswa ayethi afumane intlawulo
ngemisebenzi yawo aze ahlume Kwakhona yabe ldquoibilisiko lengqeqesho ethile kumaXhosardquo
ukuba onke amahlwempu ngaphandle komkhethe ngezo mini abizwe ngokuba zizixhwitha-
ntamo ngokokutsho kukaSoga Kwaye ukhankanya ukuba indoda engenankomo yayingazelwe
nto Yayiqeqeshwa ngale ndlela ukuze isebenze ibe neenkomo zayo ngamaxesha awayephila
kuwo (Soga 1937100) Watsho walikhupha phandle ilizwi litsolile ukuba amaHlubi athe
abonakalisa ukungabi nambulelo (Soga 193754)
Ingxaki kumbhali uSoga akuvakali kule ncwadi yakhe ukuba wazinika uxanduva lokuba
waphuma waya ekuhlaleni wenza udliwanondlebe nabahlali aqonde ngokungathandabuzekiyo
into eyinyaniso ngengeyonyaniso Kusenokwenzeka ukuba zikho iindawo apho amaHlubi
angazange aphathwe ngovelwano kuzo kuba abantu abafani abanye abakuphiwanga ukubonisa
183
ubuntu kwabanye Umzekelo nalapha eMzantsi Afrika bakho abantu abasuka kumazwe
angaphandle abakhalazele ukuphathwa kakubi kakhulu ngabahlali baseMzantsi Afrika USoga
wathethelela umzi wakowabo ngobuntu bawo wakhombisa ukuba amanye amaHlubi wona
akazange emke aye eNgqushwa Oko kubonise ukuba wona lawo ngenene aye onwabile ukuhlala
kwimimandla kaHintsa Ngale ndlela oku kukhombisa ukuba aye ephethwe kakuhle Kwaye
amanye aphela esiba luncedo ebukhosini angamaphakathi eenkosi zamaXhosa (Rubusana 1906
Rubusana noSatyo 2002208)
USoga waphinda wapapasha ukuba amaHlubi afika engenanto kodwa anduluka sele enamawaka
amabini nangaphezulu eenkomo awathi ezinye azizuza ngokunqonyelwa ngokomyalelo
kakumkani uHintsa owakhuthaza isizwe samaXhosa ekwenzeni ubulungisa ngokubonisa ubuntu
kumaHlubi USoga uthi amanye amaHlubi ldquoazikrwiphilizardquo nezo nkomo zenqoma aye
ezibolekiwe oko kukuthi adibanisa nezamaXhosa emka nazo ukuya eNgqushwa kwisiza sawo
esitsha (1937100)
Kodwa umntu naye angabona ukuba yabakho inyaniso yokungeneliseki kwamanye amaHlubi
Idizwa kukusuka amanye ayokuzihlalela kweminye imimandla enjengaseNgqushwa Kwakhona
isikhalazo sikaSoga siquka kwa inkcubeko yakhe yesizwe samaXhosa Kwincwadi yakhe
uchaza ukuba ibisisithethe samaXhosa ukuba izinja ezingamachule ekubambeni iinyamakazi
beziye zinikwe ubisi ekuthiwa ngumthinto zide ziphothulelwe kwaye abanye abafazana babeye
babethwe ngamadoda abo akungazivubiseli izinja zokuzingela Kuyaqondakala namhla ukuba
umntu ofikayo xa engaziqondi kakuhle ezinye izinto ezenziwa kwezinye izizwe uye abhidwe
yinkqubo nentlalo yabantu bendawo entsha kuba uSoga uthi amanye amaHlubi afuna nemithinto
le kweminye imizi eyayibekelwa izinja
Imbali ngamaHlubi ibalulekile ukuba ikhankanywe kolu phando kuba ugxekoncomo olu kulo
mqulu luquka nembali echaphazela nobomi bombhali kunye noncwadi alubhalileyo Lunika
ulwazi oluphangaleleyo noluxabisekileyo olukhanyisela abantu bayazi inyaniso ngembali equka
ubomi bukaJolobe kwanembali yeziganeko neembambano eziquka ubomi bakhe phambi kokuba
uJolobe azalwe Ababhali abakhankanywe ngentla apha abatshatsheleyo xa kubhalwa ngobomi
bomntu bathi iimbali ezinje ngezi zingentla zibalulekile ekwazini nzulu nangookhokho bomntu
azalwa ngabo
Ngenxa yeemeko ezafunyanwa ngamaHlubi nokuphatheka kakuhle kwanokungaphatheki
kakuhle kwawo siyabonakala namhla isizathu sokuba uJolobe uphakamisa ubumbano xa esithi
ldquoSingabendlu enyerdquo (Jolobe 194023) Siyabonakala kwakhona kwanesizathu sokuba
184
aphakamise ngamandla inceba novelwano kubantu abacudiswa ngabanye abantu Isizathu sokuba
agxigxinise kwezo zinto kungokuba zakha ubuntu
UJolobe unolwazi lokwazi ukuba kunjani na ukungaphatheki kakuhle ingakumbi xa umntu
engenanto Amava obomi amakha waba nobulumko bokwazi ngobudlelwane babantu nabanye
abantu Siyaqondakala namhla isizathu esamenza wafunda ukucela indawo kwimizi yamaHlubi
ngexesha awaye ngutitshala kwindawo ezikude zasemaXhoseni ezisemaphandleni Kunokuba
waye elumkele ukungaphatheki kakuhle okanye wayesoyikisela ukwenza izinto ezingathi
zibaphazamise abanye abantu abangamaXhosa abe yena engekazazi
UNeethling (2000209) uchaza ukuba amanye amagama athi anikwe abantu aye abonise
ukungaxabiseki kwabo okanye ukucalulwa okuthile Umzekelo igama elithi ldquoBanturdquo
lalisetyenziswa ngurhulumente wocalucalulo xa wayecinezela abantu abaNtsundu Eli gama
lalisayamanisa umntu oNtsundu nabona bantu bakumgangatho ophantsi kweli lizwe kwanabantu
abangafanelwanga kukuhlala ldquokumadlelo aluhlazardquo awabonwa efanele abantu abaMhlophe bona
bodwa (Gerard 197189) Kungoko uJolobe wathi waluchasa ucalucalulo lwabantu kuncwadi
lwakhe nakubomi bakhe ngenxa yobuhlanga ngesini kwanangebala Yena walwela isidima
esinye esifanelekileyo kubantu bonke Waphakamisa intlonelwano yabantu
kwanokuphakanyiswa kwembeko nobuntu kwimpilo yabantu emakhaya kwanasekuhlaleni
340 Ukuphetha
UJolobe kubomi bakhe nakuncwadi lwakhe amaxesha amaninzi ubonisa ukuba nombulelo
ngenceba abantu bakowabo abayenzelwa sisizwe samaXhosa kuba naku wathi wasithanda
isiXhosa wafungela kwanokusazi Ubhale noncwadi lwakhe oluphakamileyo kanye njengale
noveli Ngaloo ndlela uphakamise esi sizwe singamaXhosa esamkela amaHlubi akowabo
ngezishushu izandla Wasenza sikhulu sahlonitshwa ezizweni ngoncwadi lwaso olutyebileyo
Kungqine noNjingalwazi Nyembezi okhankanywe ngentla apha owadanduluka wathi ldquoMfundisi
usenzele lukhulu isizwe sakoweni samaXhosa ngokuphakamisa ulwimi lwawo waluphakamisa
uncwadi lwasordquo(1958158)
UJolobe ekuqaleni kwesi sahluko uphakamisa ukubaluleka koncwadi Kule ncwadi yakhe
yenoveli uye wayimele into ayikhankanyileyo kwinkcazo yakhe ngokubaluleka koncwadi
ukuquka alubhalileyo Uthe ngoncwadi (ngamabali ethu) sithi sidize ukudana kwethu
nobuhlungu nosizi lwethu Ukhankanye ukuba ngamabali sithi sidize uloyiko lwethu
kwanemisindo yethu kwizinto ezingasiphathi kakuhle Uphinda athi kwangamabali ethu sithi
sibonise ukuvuya kwethu kwanendlela yethu yokuphila esizikhethela yona UJolobe ukhe wathi
ukuba asiwabhali amabali ethu ngubani ozakusibhalela akukho mntu uza kusuka eTshayina azo
185
kusibhalela amabali ethu Kwaye akukho sizwe singaze sibhalele esinye isizwe amabali aso
UJolobe uthethe wenza Wayakhela inoveli yakhe kumabali asemakhaya amalunga nendlela
yokuphila kwamaHlubi Kwakhona ngaxeshanye lo mbhali ubonise indlela amaHlubi aye ephila
ngayo nasaphila ngayo kwezinye iindawo kule mihla sikuyo Umzekelo amaHlubi
asakhankanywa ngokuthanda ukuzingela ngokutsho kukaJolobe (1940140) nakule mihla Eli
bali limdale umdla omkhulu uJolobe naye ngokwakhe Limnike amandla okubhala le noveli
ngochulumanco olukhulu kuba ubhala ngobuzwe bakhe kwanendlela yokuphila kookhokho
bakhe mandulo Oku kumdale ivuso lokubhala watsho ngenoveli egqwesileyo
Akuthethileyo kuyinene kuba kule noveli uthe wawaphakamisa ngamandla amabali asemakhaya
Ubonakela eluvuyela uqambo lwakhe Uvuyo lokubhala kwakhe ludiza umoya oziimpumphuma
zovuyo olungaphakathi Uyavakala umoya wakhe uphezulu Ingathi uyibhale kukudala
elangazelela ithuba lokuzibeka phantsi ingcamango zakhe ebezigcwele kumoya wakhe
Le ncwadi ilufezo lweminqweno yakhe Iyenye yeencwadi awakhe wazonwabela ukuzibhala
Kwaye ngale noveli ebezonwabisa naye yena siqu nangona ebesonwabisa nabafundi boncwadi
lwakhe nje Ebesonwabisa nesizwe azalwa siso samaHlubi Njengomntu ombaxa ngokwegama
nangesimo sakhe ebe esonwabisa kwanomzi kaXhosa kuba uzalwa ngumXhosakazi unina
Naye uzazi ekwangumXhosa Yiyo loo nto wahamba ehamba ewela imilambo neentaba elambele
ukwazi isiXhosa esiluNcuthu-maZangwa Wancedwa nanguMqhayi ldquoumkhuluwardquo wakhe
nomkhokeli wakhe kubhalo lwesiXhosa noncwadi lwaso kwanenkcubeko yaso Waphela ebhala
isiXhosa esinamasi antubululu anengqaka emnandi
186
ISAHLUKO 4
IITHIYORI NEZITHAKO EZISETYENZISWE KWIMIBONGO
41 Intshayelelo
Kwesi sisahluko kuyakuthi kwenziwe ugxekoncomo lwemibongo ebhalwe nguJolobe Kulo kuya
kuthelekiswa le mibongo nobomi bakhe ngokuthi siphande ngobukho bobudlelwane phakathi
kobomi bakhe nemibongo le Kuya kusetyenziswa isithako sezembali nobunzululwazi- mlando
Injongo ephambili kukuzama ukufumana ulwazi oluluncedo ekubhalweni kwembali yomlando
kaJolobe UJolobe yimbunguzulu yombali ekufanelekileyo ibe nebhayografi yayo epheleleyo
Mininzi imibongo ebhalwe yimbongi yosiba enguJolobe ngoko kunganzima ukuyiphonononga
yonke Nomthamo wolu phando awunako ukumelana nomsebenzi ongako ukuba mkhulu
Kuyakuthi ngoko kuqwalaselwe imibongo echongiweyo kwenziwe ugxekoncomo kwezi ndidi
zilandelayo zemibongo emalunga nemiba yezezopolitiko eyenkolo engovelwano lwamaqhawe
aziinkosi kwisizwe esiNtsundu eyendalo neyeenkumbulo zikaJolobe Yonke le mibongo
iyakuthi ijongwe ukuba inabudlelwane buni nobomi bukaJolobe nakwigalelo lakhe ekuhlaleni
Kuya kuxavathwa nale miba ilandelayo ubunkcubabuchopho bukaJolobe obuthe bababazwa
ekubhalweni koncwadi lwakhe nenxaxheba yakhe ekuphakanyisweni kwenkcubeko yesizwe
esiNtsundu Ezingxoxweni kuya kuphendulwa umbuzo wokuba uJolobe uhlangana njani
nokuzibandakanya kwakhe nemiba yezezopolitiko akugqiba ukuba ngumfundisi-liZwi
42Uluvo lukaJolobe nokubaluleka koncwadi
USchueb (196763) uzame ukuqonda kuJolobe ukuba uncwadi olubhalwe ngolwimi lwesiNtu
lukwizinga elingakanani naxa kuthelekiswa nolunye ubhalo loncwadi olubhalwe zezinye
iintlanga okanye amazwe aseNtshona UJolobe uye wayichasa ngokuphandle into yokujongelwa
phantsi koncwadi lwama-Afrika Uphendule wathi
There is no difference between aesthetics of the West and the aesthetic of Africa when you
think that the end of all literature is to enrich the life of the community and of the people
And that enrichment will go back to the philosophy of the people It either laughs at
something that is undesired or it brings into relief the good elements of the philosophy which
is involved in the life of the people That is why I say it goes back to what is common with all
people that they love to enhance which is good and beautiful and perhaps to try and
decrease hellip what is bad and what is ridiculous hellipthe implication of these writings that they
will perhaps discover mines of information because even a line of poetry will open up new
vistas if itrsquos studied properly
Le ntetho ingentla ithethwa nguJolobe ityhila ukubaluleka koncwadi athe walubhala Umzekelo
umhleli wephephandaba laseNatala owathi wachukumiseka umxhelo wakhe nomoya wakhe
187
wakhuthazeka ngemibongo awathi wayibhala uJolobe ngo1952 Waphela ememeza ukuba
uJolobe ungomnye okungathiwa ldquoungumbhali wesizwerdquo kuba iimbalo zakhe kubonakala ukuba
ziyawuphilisa ziwomeleza wonke umzi oNtsundu wama-Afrika Ngenxa yeso sizathu
kuyakufuneka zifundwe ngamaZulu kwanabeSuthu kanjalo UJolobe unike le mpendulo yakhe
emalunga nenkcukumiseko yakhe ekubhalweni kwemibongo yakhe (Jolobe 197091)
43 Ukubaluleka kophononongo oluquka imbali nobomi bombhali
Kukhe kwakhankanywa ukuba olu phando luzakusebenzisa isithako sezembali nobunzululwazi
mlando esibandakanya ugxekoncomo lomsebenzi kaJolobe ekayukuthi kulo kuboniswe
uqhagamshwelano lwakhe nomsebenzi wakhe
USwanepoel (19984) ukhankanya ukuba uncwadi ludiza ubunjani bombhali lukwasisipili
esidiza inkangeleko yombhali iingcinga zakhe kwanesimo sakhe Ngamanye amagama
lukwayinxenye yombhali Lukwadandalazisa ubomi namaxesha umbhali aphile ngawo Ngoko
ke uSwanepoel uhambisana nolu phando lwethu luphonononga ubudlelwane phakathi kombhali
onguJolobe noncwadi lwakhe Kwangale ndlela yophando kuthi kube nako ukubandakanyeka
kweenkcukacha ngombhali malunga nosapho lwakhe nokuba ungumni na engowaluphi na
uhlanga maxa wambi kuthi kudizeke nexesha leminyaka yakhe yokubhala kwakhe uncwadi
lwakhe Ngaphezu koko ithi idize nexesha lakudala ababephila ngalo ookhokho bombhali
kwanentsukuphi yabo
Obu bungqina bukaSwanepoel buxhaswa sisenzo esenziwa nguHenry James owathi waqhusheka
umlilo kuzo zonke iinkcukacha ezinokwenza kwazeke ngaye Wazitshabalalisela ukuba kungaze
kubekho mbali ngobomi bakhe Nokuba ubani angazama ukuyibhala angafumani zinkcukacha
zibhaliweyo ngaye nokuba lonzame ingaze yenziwe nangubani na Kodwa iinkcuba-buchopho
ooLeon Edel amatshantliziyo neengcali zoncwadi zathi zatsalwa ziincwadi ezabalaselayo
ezibhalwe ngu Henry James Bathi baziphendlaphendla ngobunono Kuphando lwakhe uEdel
waphela evelisa imibhumbutho yeencwadi ezingebhayografi kaHenry James (kuQuinn
200437) USwanepoel wongeza kuQuinn ngelithi kubalulekile ukuba uqhagamshelwano
lomsebenzi kwakunye nembali engobomi bombhali luthi xa luphandwa kubandakanywe
kwakunye nesimo sentlalo samaxesha awaye phila kuwo (19985)
USwanepoel uqhuba athi kanti neenkcukacha ezinokufunyanwa nakwezinye iincwadi
zingaluncedo ekuboniseni isigaba sexesha leminyaka ebephila kuso kwaye nemifanekiso
ingalulutho ekwazini amava akhe obudala ekubhalweni koncwadi lwakhe Uchaze ukuba kuninzi
okungafumaneka kuncwadi lombhali umzekelo izinto ebeziqhubeka ekuhlaleni ewayezichasa
kwanezo zaziwuvuyisa umoya Olu lwazi lushukuxwe ngentla apha lubonisa ngokuphandle
188
ukubaluleka kwalo ngobomi bomntu ekuphandwa ngaye kuba lungadala ukhwankqiso luze
kwaneenkcukacha ezintsha eziyakuthi umsebenzi womphandi ziwubeke kwinqanaba
eliphakamileyoIsizathu soko kukuba kungatsho kwaziwe iziganeko ezingonobangela
beenkcukumiseko zokubhalwa koncwadi ngumbhali Kwaye ezi nkcukacha zintsha zingalulwazi
olutsha olungahle lumphilise nomfundi woncwadi lwakhe umbhali lowo Atsho nomfundi
afumane amava avela kubomi bombhali akwazi ukumelana nemiqobo umbhali awayoyisayo
aphethe esenza nangaphezulu kunaye kuba ezuze imvuselelo kumbhali afunde uncwadi lwakhe
Olu hlobo lophononongo siluphetheyo ngoku alukho lula kuba umphamdi kufuneka aphande
nzulu ngobomi bombhali ukuze abe nolwazi oluphangeleleyo ukuphumelelisa iinjongo zakhe
Kunqabile kakhulu ukubona umsebenzi apho ababhali benza ugxekoncomo lomsebenzi
wombhali nabathi bagxile ekuboniseni umsebenzi wombhali uyinto enye nobomi athe
wabuphila Umphandi kolu phononongo uzakugxila kule ndawo abanye bathe abafikelela kuyo
Kambe abanye bazama bafanisa phaya naphaya bambi baqikelela kakuhle kwindawana ezithile
(Kwetana 2000 Sirayi 1985) noxa nje babonise ukungaqiniseki bengathiza
Umzekelo uSirayi (1985) xa ejonga umbongo ongomalusi kaJolobe uthi usenokuba uJolobe
wayengumalusi [ugxininiso lwam] abe yena uJolobe eyicacise gca into yokuba ukhulele
emaphandleni kwaye eCala wayesalusa impahla namanye amakhwenkwe kwaye ukuhlala
kwabo ezindle kwamenza wawonwabela umsebenzi wokuba ngumalusi kuba wafumana ulwazi
ngendalo nangempilo yasendle iintaka izityalo (ingcambu kwaneziqhamo neentyatyambo
zasendle) bezingela nezilwanyana Ngoko ke umbongo awubhalileyo uJolobe usisongezelelo
sembali yobomi bakhe Ukwayimveliso yolwazi awathi walufumana engumalusi kunye namanye
amakhwenkwe apho edlelweni apho bebadlala nemilo yeentonga abancinci bezingela iimpuku
neentaka (Scheub 196758) Ukungqina okuthethwe apha ngentla umphandi ubhaqe ukuba
uJolobe ude wachaza ngokuphandle ngobomi bakhe athe wabunambitha ebuntwaneni bakhe
kunye namanye amakhwenkwe
USwanepoel uthi uqhagamshelwano lombhali neemeko zentlalo athe waphila phantsi kwazo
zibalulekile Zikwadala intsusa okanye izinto ezibangele ukuba abhale ngombongo kuqukwe
nexesha lokuphila kwakhe Olu luvo luquka kwaneenkumbulo zombhali Umzekelo umbhali
uJolobe apha wathi ezinye iinkumbulo ngobomi basemaphandleni zathi zanamathela zagcinwa
kwiindladla zolwazi engqondweni yakhe zaza zayimbangi yokuba aqambe imibongo ngazo
njengembongo Imimoya Kwakhona uJolobe kwiphepha lo-Ukwazisa kwincwadi yakhe
UMyezo (1936) wazise abafundi bomzi oNtsundu uphela ingakumbi umzi kaXhosa ukuba
bangene kumyezo wemibongo yakhe Udize ukuba kumyezo wakhe kukho iziqhamo ezimnandi
189
ngokuyolisayo kwaye imibongo yakhe uye wayiciciyela ngamandla ukonwabisa umzi oNtsundu
athe makawenzele izinto ezimnandi njengezinye iimbongi ezenze oko zisenzela abantu
bakomawazo Ubhale wathi
Mzi wakowethu nantso incwadi ndiyibeka ezandleni zenu Igama layo kuthiwa Umyezo
Niyazi ukuba umyezo yindawo apho kukho imithi yeziqhamo zeentlobo ngeentlobo abathi
abantu bekhaya bangene futhi kuyo ukuqhawula amaqakamba kumthi nakulowa
Le ncwadi ke ngumyezo weengoma ezigama limbi kuthiwa zizibongo Ndiyiyaleza kumzi
kaNtu ngokubanzi nakwindlu kaXhosa ngokukodwa kubanumzana besizwe
nakumakhosikazi andilekileyo kumanene namanenekazi kwiimfundi ezidlulileyo
nakwiimfundi eziphele kweyesiXhosa imfundo nakumlisela nomthinjana ndithi nanko
umyezo Khaningene nihamba-hambe kuwo Mhlawumbi umntu angachola nto
inandiphekayo angathi ayithande isiqendwana mhlawumbi ingcinga nenkumbulo
evuselela ezamhla mnene okanye evula ucango olutsha
Bendingebi ndiyifezile injongo yeli nqaku ukuba bendingathi ndipheze ndingenzanga zwi
lombulelo kuMnu W G Bennie obesakuba yingangalala yabaHloli bemfundo
yabaMnyama aba kwiPhondo laseKapa ngoncedo lwakhe kwiindawo eziphathelele
kubhalo olutsha lwesiXhosa nakubaMnumzana iNcutshe uCM Doke MA DLitt
noJD Rheina Jones MA ngokuvuma ukuba le ncwadi ibe koluhlu lweencwadi
ezikhethiweyo ezishicilelwe kwisishicilelo seUniversity ezibizwa ngegama elithi The
Bantu Treasury (Indyebo kaNtu) kokubhaliweyo Kwaba bathandekayo bathandi beAfrika
nosapho lwayo ndithi ldquoNangomso
JJR J
New Brighton
Port Elizabeth
NgeyoMqungu 1936
Kukho le ingcingane ekuthiwa yithiyori yolwamkelo (Reception theory) efana nethiyori
yolwamkelo lomfundi (Reader-Response Theory) Le ngcingane ibabazwa nguHans Robert Jaus
imalunga nendlela abafundi abalubona ngayo uncwadi oluthile olubhalwe ngumbhali
ngesigabaxesha (period) UJaus usebenzisa isibiza ekuthiwa sisikhawulo sezilindelo (horizon of
expectations)xa ebhekiselela kwiseti yemigaqo okanye imiqangiyelo athi umfundi ayisebenzise
ekuphicotheni iitekisi zezoncwadiOku kuthethe ukuba ngesigaba esithile sexesha lezembali
abafundi baye baluphendle iitekisi zezoncwadi bekhokelwa yile migaqo okanye yile migqalisela
ibekiweyo Oku kuthethe ukuba itekisi ethile yezezoncwadi ayikuhlala inentsingiselo enye
okokoko Kungoko kubalulekile ukwazi ukuba abafundi abafunda iitekisi zezoncwadi ezithile
zombhali othile bazibona njani na ngexesha elithile lezezembali (Abrams noHarpham
2012336)
Ngenxa yolu luvo lungentla oluthe lweza nolunye ukhanyiso singatsho ngokupheleleyo ukuba
aba babhali bangentla basenze safuna ukwazi ukuba bona abafundi boncwadi lwemibongo
kaJolobe nabahlobo bakhe bayibona ngesiphi isikhawulo sezelindeleko imibongo yakhe ekwi
190
ncwadi Umyezo ngexeshasigaba lezezembali ababephila ngalo Ukufezekisa lo mnqweno wethu
sakuqwalasela intetho kaWG Bennie kwingabulazigcawu yale ncwadi xa esithi
Ukuze siqhubele phambili isizwe kufuneka sibeneenkokheli ezilumkileyo micimbini yonke
ngokukodwa ke kwizinto eziphathelelene nokuqabuka kweengqondo nokwakheka
kwezimilo zabantu abasiso Kwizizwe ngazinye ezithe zada zaphucuka iingqondo
nezimvo zabantu zaphenjelelwa zacokiswa ikakhulu zizibongo nemihobe yeembongi
ezabonga izenzo ezintle zabonga neenganga zakowazo zavakalisa nezona zimvo
zityhulu neziphakamileyo zivuselelayo nezilifaneleyo ixesha elo lazo NakwaXhosa
apha kwaye kungekho nto inamandla okubachukumisa abantu kunamandla ezibongo
zeembongi ibitsho kulile namadoda nobefudula eligwala angabi sabukhathalele ubomi
bakhe
Ngoko ke kuluvuyo kum ukuba ndiyigabulele izigcawu le mbongi ivela kwelakwaXhosa
kule minyaka iphelileyo yaza yanenzela nina sizwe sikaXhosahellip Abangenayo kulo myezo
boxhamla iziqhamo ngeziqhamohellip elowo wotya azithandayo
Wofumana umntu kule ncwadi imihobe esingethe izinto eziphakamileyo zonqulo
nezesizwe eyovusa ingqondo imcingise umntu oyifundayo Umfo obotshwe
ngamakhamandela obuhlelo ucukuceza unqulo lwabamnqula uThixo ngendlela yabo
eyahlukileyo kweyakhe wofanelwa ngumbono wokuwela kwamahlelo emLanjeni
Asikuko nokuba kuyinto elungileyo ukuba imbongi isibonise ubuhle nokufaneleka
kwezinto ezithi mhlawumbi zideleke kuthi thina bantu balibele kukujonga phantsi
saxelesa indoda eyazinikelayo ekuwunguleni ldquoimicinga neentsasa nothuli lomgangathordquo
enDlwini yomTyhileli ingaboni ukuba kukho isithsaba ngentla kwentloko yayo
esinikwayo
Ngokwenjenje kwakhe umFundisi lo wethu wenze esiXhoseni apha into eyenziwe
ngooWordsworth kwelamaNgesi nanguBurns kwelamaSkotshi nangabanye into
yokuhombisa imicinjana yasekhaya yasendle eyemihla le ngokuyambathisa ingubo
yokufaneleka nothando Wandisa ubuntu novelwano phakathi kwabantu Elandela
emkhondweni weNkosi Yethu eyazukisa umhlolokazi olihlwempu nomalusi wezimvu
nabantwana neentaka neenyibiba zasentilini
Ndiyayiyaleza kakhulu le ncwadana ndisithi zithengeleni ukuze nimane nizihlwabisa
ngokuyiphinda-phinda nangaphezu koko nikhuthaze umbhali wayo ldquoNingadinwa
nangomso banumzana
WG Bennie
Ezi zimvo zivakaliswe apha ngentla nguBennie malunga nesihobe sikaJolobe esiku-Umyezo
zisinika uhlobo lwesikhawulo lwezilindeleko sexesha lezembali awaye ephila kulo
Kwakulindeleke isigogci sembongi yosiba siqulathe oku kulandelayo izimvo ezityhulu
neziphakamileyoimicimbi yonqulo nedla isizweizimvo zobulumkouzukiso lwendalo nokutyala
ezintliziyweni zabafundi isimo esihle sobunkokheli eyiyo enobuntu enovelwano nenothando
Ezi ngongoma zidweliswe apha aziphakamisayo uBennie zisitsho isihobe sikaJolobe sibe
kumgangatho ophezulu Yaye ngawo lomqulu uJolobe ubonakalise ukubaxabisa kwakhe abantu
bomzi wabantetho isisiXhosa kuba ekhethe ukubhala uncwadi lwakhe ngolwimi lwesiXhosa
191
kuba naye ebenako ukubhala ngezinye iilwimi zasemzini axelise uHIE Dhlomo
kwanooChinua Achebe nooSenghor ekuchazwa ukuba bangabantu abamnyama abazalelwe
eAfrika abathi bakhetha ukubhala uncwadi lwabo ngeelwimi zaseNtshona (Wa Thiongrsquoo 1981)
AsingoWG Bennie kuphela obona uJolobe engumbhali okumgangatho ophezulu UNyembezi
(1958158) wathetha wathi kuJolobe
Mfundisi you have done much for your people and for your language
La mazwi uNyembezi wawabhekisa kuJolobe kwitheko lukumbulela ngokubhala kumgangatho
ophezulu iindidi ngeendidi zoncwadi zolwimi lwakhe lwenkobe eluphakamisa UNyembezi
wamphakamisa uJolobe phambi kwezihlwele kwanababhali abaNtsundu esithi igalelo lakhe
kubhalo loncwadi lwesiXhosa libe leliphumeleleyo kumzi oNtsundu ngokubanzi
Ngoko ke ezi ntetho zemibulelo zinikwe nguBennie nanguNyembezi zibonisa ngokumhlophe
ukuba umzi oNtsundu wavuyiswa nawo wonwatyiswa waphinda waphakanyiswa phakathi
kwezinye izizwe kweli lizwe loMzantsi Afrika ngoncwadi lwakhe uJolobe ukuquka
kwanokuphakanyiswa komzi weAfrika uphela Ngegalelo lakhe kuncwadi lwemveli uJolobe
uthe waluphakamisa uphondo kwanodumo lwe-Afrika xa abanye ababhali abaNtsundu bathi
bakhetha ukuphakamisa kuphela iilwimi zaseYurophu Ngokuphakamisa ezi lwimi baphakamisa
iinkcubeko zezizwe ezithetha ezi lwimi (Wa Thiongrsquoo 198116) Ubhalo loncwadi lwemveli
kwanokuphakanyiswa kwalo nguJolobe kubonisa ukuphendulwa komthandazo ongumhobe
wesizwe weli lizwe owaqanjwa nguBen Sontonga
Siwubona umzi wasemaXhoseni ungobabalweyo ngesi senzo sikaJolobe sokubhala ngolwimi
lweenkobe esebenzisa isakhono sakhe esiphezulu sokubhala egqithisela eluntwini imiyalezo
ephilileyo ngemibongo yakhe UJolobe ukwabonakalise ekubhaleni kwakhe ukulilandela igama
lakhe elinguRhanisi Ligama lentaka eliphila ubomi obundidi-mbini emhlabeni nasemanzini
liphumelele kunjalo nje Ngoko ke naye uJolobe uthe wazazi ukuba yena ukwanguye umXhosa
ekwalilo kwaneHlubi Ngele ndlela ube sisilumko esifune ukuphila ubomi obubanzi
ekusikhonzeni isizwe esiNtsundu Le ndlela aphile ngayo imenze wangophumelelayo macala
onke
44 Uhlalutyo lwemibongo yezezopolitiko
Imibongo yezezopolitiko kaJolobe iquka Ukwenziwa komkhonzi okwincwadi kaJolobe
(Umyezo 1974111) Kanti Opland noMtuze (1994115) kwincwadi yabo bathe bayinika
192
imibongo kaJolobe yezezopolitiko isihloko esithi ldquoUJJR Jolobe Inkululeko (1952)rdquo Baqhube
basazisa isizwe babhala bathi
Ngaphandle kwencwadi yakhe edumileyo ethi Umyezo (1936) uJames James Ranisi
Jolobe (1902-1976) wayekhe wabhala le mibongo mithathu eyathi yapapashwa
kwiphepha-ndaba Umteteli nakwelithi Umthunywa ngowe-1952 Umbongo wokuqala
othi Abakhululi besizwe usikhumbuza izimvo zakhe ezifihlakeleyo Kuyabonakala ukuba
imbongi le yagqiba ekubeni izandlale ngendlela esithileyo izimvo zayo nakulo umbongo
naxa ingxam yale mibongo inye Le mibongwana ijoliswe kwimeko yezopolitiko kweli
lizwe
Lo mbongo neminye elandelayo ungqinelene nesimo uJolobe awasifunda kumama wakhe
umamThembu owayengahambisani nokucalucalulwa kwabantu kwanokucinezelwa kwabo
ngenxa yomgangatho isini kwakunye nebala labo Waye engumama onobuntu novelwano
kubantu abacinezelekileyo Akufumanisa ukuba kukho abantu abasengxakini ebephakama
alishiye ikhaya lakhe aye ekuhlaleni aye kubanceda Ngokuqinisekileyo wayengumnikithemba
nentsika kubantu besithili sakhe Le nyaniso ibhalwa nguJolobe ngala mazwi athi ngomama
wakhe
Imandlalo enencwina
Yayilixilongo kuwe
Ikubizelrsquoenkonzweni
Yayibanzi intliziyo yakho
Ingakhethe didi (ugxininiso lwam)
UFreud kuRyan (20073) uthi Significant experiences from childhood remain filed away in the
mind and exert an influence in our thoughts and behaviour as adults
Uluvo olungentla lukaFreud lubonakala nqo kubomi bukaJolobe kuba ekukhuleni kwakhe naye
uthe wahamba ekhondweni labazali bakhe ngesimo Wathabatha isimo sabazali bakhe
ingakumbi esikamama wakhe Wasilandela kakhulu ebudaleni bakhe Umzekelo uJolobe yena
uye wagqithisa kunina ekulweni ingcinezelo yabantu Uhambe walilizwi labacinezelweyo naye
nangezenzo nasekupapasheni izenzo zenkohlakalo ngesixhobo esiluncwadi lwakhe Umzekelo
ude waguqulela esiXhoseni incwadi Imigodi kaSolomoni apho inkosi yabantu abaNtsundu
uThwala wathi wanenkohlakalo kwanomsindo ogqithisileyo kangangokuba kude kwabalulwa
ukubulala nabantu aba bayo kanye njengebali likakumkani uTshaka (Haggard 1963190)
Ngokutolikela le ncwadi esiXhoseni wayefundisa elumkisa ukungalungi kokuba abantu
abaNtsundu bacinezele abantu babo kwanezizalwane zabo kuba le nkosi nayo yathi
ekugqibeleni yabulawa Ngemibongo yakhe yezezopolitiko uphinde nalapha wakwiphulo
lokulwa ingcinezelo yabantu abaMnyama becinezelwa ngurhulumente wabantu abaMhlophe
193
ofike wacalucalula wacinezela abantu abaNtsundu kweli lizwe ngexesha lokuphila kukaJolobe
(Opland noPeter Mtuze 1994 116-117)
441Ukwenziwa komkhonzi
ldquoUkwenziwa komkhonzirdquo (1974111) uJolobe uwubhale lo mbongo ukunika intuthuzelo
kwanokuchasa ingcinezelo yabantu abaNtsundu Uwubhale ngenxa yokundululwa ziimeko
zezopolitiko ezazigquba phantsi korhulumente wocalucalulo ngexesha awaye phila kulo
Abasebenzi ingakumbi basezifama nasemigodini babephethwe kakubi betyatyulwa kabuhlungu
bengenakukhalaza ngempathombi Umntu ochasa umbuso worhulumente omhlophe wayeye
afumane intshutshiso enkulu okanye abulawe njengokwenzeka kuSteve Biko (Mangcu
2012262) Bambi babevalelwe emjiva okanye baphoswe esiQithini iRoben Island Uyakucacisa
oku uMandela kwincwadi eyinxenye yeencwadi azibhalileyo (Mandela 2010xiii)
UWarren noBrooks (1965269) bathi iimbongi zisebenzisa ulwimi olunamandla noluthi
luzamazamise iimvakalelo zabantu ngenxa yesigama esichukumisayo Nakulo mbongo uJolobe
wenza inkatyana yenkomo yalumelo lwendoda esentsha ephilileyo efumana utshutshumbiso
kumqeshi wayo Iqheliswa ukuba ithobele impatho yomphathi wayo obonakalise ukungabikho
kwenceba kuye Ngenxa yamava akhe uJolobe okuhlala emaphandleni uthe wazibona iindlela
zoqheliso lweenkatyana ukuba zitsale amakhuba zilime iintsimi emaphandleni apho ebehlala
khona esakhula
Ekuchazeni kwakhe ngempathombi eyenziwa kwinkatyana yenkomo ubonakele ethetha ngento
ayaziyo kunene nawathi wayibona waza wavakalisa ulwazi lwakhe olungenantandabuzo lwento
athetha ngayo Ngokuqinisekileyo kuyabonakala ukuba wayekhe azibone nendlela ezazithi
ziphathwe ngayo ngabaninizo beziqeqeshela ukuba zenze imisebenzi enzima Yiyo le nto
asabenzisa isivumelanisi sentloko u-ndi esimkrwelileyo ngaphantsi amaxesha amaninzi kulo
mbongo Uwuvula ngala mazwi akwisitanza sokuqala
Andisenakuzibuza ukuba ndisithi kunjani na
Ukukhanywa yintambo yedyokhwe emqaleni
Kuba ndizibonele kwinkabi yomqokozo
Ubumfama bamehlo busukile ndagqala
Kuba ndikubonile ukwenziwa komkhonzi
Kwinkatyana yedyokhwe
UJolobe uzobe inkatyana emnyama yenkomo njengesikweko nakwanjengomelo lomfana
ofumana intshutshiso kungekho mlamleli UDobyns (1996138) wongeze wathi xa isikweko
sisetyenziswa njengesikweko nakunye njengomelo sithi sibenamandla amakhulu ukutsala umdla
194
wabafundi kwanokutsala iingqondo zabantu bacinge nzulu ngentsingiselo yokuthethwa
ngumbhali Oku kuyinene kuba uJolobe ukuzoba kwakhe inkatyana yenkomo emnyama kudala
umdla Kuchukumisa ingqondo yomntu atsho abenengxoxo engqondweni yakhe ukuba kutheni
engazobanga ebomvu nje okanye enebala elimdaka okanye emhlophe nje kodwa wanqopha
wazoba enebala elimnyama
Intsingiselo yalatha ngqo ukuba uJolobe walathe imeko yokungcikivwa komntu oMnyama nqo
hayi owelinye ibala Okuthethwa yimbongi kungumyalezo ovusa abantu abaMnyama bazi
ngeemeko zephulo lokucinezelwa komntu oMnyama nangabaqeshi bencedisa umbuso
wocalucalulo ophakanyiswa ngurhulumente
Imbongi isebenzise iintlobo ngeentlobo zemifanekiso-ngqondweni eyeliso eyentshukumo
neyendlebe Ngayo izoba usizi lwemeko ekwakuyiyo Ikwazoba iimvakalelo zosizi ezitsalela
umfundi enzulwini yokucinga atsho awubone umfanekiso wentlungu eyenzeka kumsebenzi
Ngesigama athe uJolobe wasikhetha ngokukodwa uzoba intshutshiso ekwiqondo eliphezulu Lo
mfanekiso wentlungu yokutshutshiswa komntu oMnyama ubonisa ungcikivo olukwiqondo
eliphezulu kule miqolo ilandelayo
Umqolo-19 Irhintyelwe ngeentambo zayidla entloko
Umqolo- 40 Ime bhuxe kukudinwa kungekho luvelwano
Umqolo-31Yajubalaza izama ukuqhawula
Umqolo-36 Ibe ngasadalala yalunywa emsileni
Umqolo-20 Yangxoliswa yakhatywa (Injongo kukuba ithwale idyokhwe)
Umqolo-32 Yabethwa ngeziniya
Umqolo 41 Kunyenyiswe kancinci ukuba iphefumle
Umqolo-42 Kwabuya kwaqiniswa ibulawa umoya
Umqolo-40 Yasitsho esikrakra isililo ibhonga
Umqolo 33 koko kuthiwe ldquoBethardquo
Ingxolo yamazwi neyesikhalo ithe yavakala kolu ngcikivo ayinakunyamezeleka
UJolobe uchaza ukuba yabe isempilweni kuba uthi ldquoyabrsquoigudile izalelwe inkululekordquo
(kwisitanza 2 umqolo 1) Oko kukuthi ibiphilile isempilweni ikhululekile isiya apho ithanda
khona Ngoku ibanjiwe lihluthiwe ilungelo layo lenkululeko Iphila intlalo yongcungcutheko
irhintyelwe ngeentambo
195
Yonke le mifanekiso-ngqondweni isentla apha iyayiphuhlisa intsingiselo yalo mbongo Kwaye
umelo lwenkatyana yedyokhwe luphumelele ekuwuphakamiseni lo mbongo ube kwizinga
eliphezulu lobugcisa bokubhala Kwaye imifanekiso-ngqondweni ayichongileyo uJolobe ibhenca
inkohlakalo ethe yenziwa kubantu abaMnyama
UJolobe ngexesha lakhe waluchasa ngokuphandle ucalucalulo nengcinezelo yabantuWanefuthe
ebantwini batsho bathabatheka bachukumiseka ziintshukumo zakhe zezezopolitiko Umzekelo
umhleli wephephandaba ldquoInkundlardquo wambulela uJolobe ngokubhala lo mbongo Wathi iimbono
zakhe azibhalayo ziyakha kwaye zonke izizwe eziNtsundu amaZulu nabeSuthu banyanzelekile
ukuba bazifunde iimbalo zakhe (Jolobe 197050) Nabanye babhala bembonga bevuya kukubona
ubukroti bukaJolobe ethethelela abantu abaMnyama Kakade le mbongi yabonakala iwazi
umsebenzi wobizo lwayo Imbongi ngumsebenzi wayo lowo ukuba idize izinto ezingalunganga
Ingukhala kwaneliso lomzi ivelana neentlungu kwaneencinwa zesizwe sayo Ngokubika
esizweni ulwamvila lotshaba le mbongi ibonakele ngenene ililo iliso lesizwe (Qangule 1970
kwingabula-zigcawu) Kanjalo ngalo mbongo uJolobe uyathuthuzela ekwabonisa ukuba unabo
abacinezelweyo Uyabazisa ukuba abalityelwanga Ngoko ke ungumniki-themba Kanti
ukwanguye nomkhuseli wabacinezelweyo
UJolobe ngumfundisi kwenzeka njani ukuba angene kwidabi lwenkululeko alwe ingcinezelo
Njengomfundisi ufunzele ukuyiphila inkolo yakhe yobuKristu ethi ldquoThanda ummelwane wakho
njengoko uzithandardquo (Jolobe 1971) nakumbongo ldquoIsililo sikandlebenderdquo nakwisiBhalo -
UYohane umvangeli isahluko16) Eli lizwi limenze wangumfundisi ozabalazele inkululeko
yomntu omnyama ngamazwi nangezenzo Ube ligorha lomfundisi ongumzabalazi okhaliphileyo
Uye walandela amagorha anjengeenkosi neenkokheli ooKhwane abathi babonisa ukhalipho
novelwano kubantu abacinezelwayo ngabasemagunyeni
Wathi wabafihla abantu abebephawulelwe ukubulawa baphoswe emaweni ngenxa yokutyholwa
ngobugqwirha (Jolobe 197135) UJolobe umbone uKhwane eyinkokheli kwanendoda yoqobo
eyafana nengcongolo kumlambo iThukela kuba wathi wabonisa uvelwano nothando
kwanokubaxabisa abantu besizwe sakhe Kanti noSekhome wesizwe sabeSuthu ube yinkokheli
ebonise kwa esi simo sikaKhwane esikhankanywe nguJolobe sendoda elikroti kodwa iphinde ibe
nobuntu ibonakalise uvelwano kubantu bayo xa bebehlaselwa lirhamncwa ingonyama Yena
wathi waligwiba kubo (Jolobe 197114)
Naye uJolobe uhambe ekhondweni lezi zithwalandwe wabonisa ukuyithiya ingcinezelo Wasuka
waligwiba kubantu baseBhayi apho ebehlala khona indawo abhale ngayo kwincwadi yakhe
yedrama Wababona bezizisulu sokutshutshiswa babulawe kuba besilwela inkululeko yomntu
196
omnyama Wabonisa uvelwano ngokuyalela ukuba isakhiwo esidala esingasetyenziswayo
senkonzo yakhe singatshixwa sihlale sivuliwe Ngokuqinisekileyo weyelungiselela abantu
bakowabo abachasa umbuso wocalucalulo ngexesha lakhe Aba balweli benkululeko basuka
bazimbacu elizweni labo lokuzalwa Baphatheka kabuhlungu begqogqwa kumakhaya abo
ngobusuku nangentseni kanye njengoko kwenzeka kuWinnie Madikizela Mandela ngo1961
owathi watshutshiswa ngokuthi avalelelwe endlwini angabinakuhamba ngenkululeko aye apho
athanda khona (Mandela 199425)
Kanti kwenzeka ngokunjalo nakuNelson Mandela namaqabane akhe omzabalazo awathi achasa
umbuso wocalucalulo lwabantu eMzantsi Afrika nawathi agwetyelwa ubomi nge-12 June 1964
avalelwa esiqithini kwabhadakazi eRobben Island (Hadland 200712) Bambi abantu babesuka
baduke njengooThabo Mbeki nabanye abazabalazi Baqhwesha balishiya eli lizwe bazabalaza
bengaphandle lee kwalo
Kubonakala ngokuthe gca ukuba lo mbongo ldquoUkwenziwa komkhonzIrdquo uJolobe wawubhala
ebonisa ukuba ume kunye nabo babandezelekileyo Ngalo mbongo unika amazwi enkuthazo
nethemba wade komnye umbongo wakhe ldquoOsemboniselwenirdquo waprofetha wathi inkululeko
ikufuphi ldquoisifingo sidlule sekumbovurdquo UBreytenbach (Olaniyan noQuayson 2007166) uthi
abantu bathi bafumane amandla ngeembalo ezibhalwa ngababhali abavelana nabo
kangangokuba ude athi bathi ababhali aba babe ngumnxeba wobomi kubo Bathi ngoko
balangazelele ukuva ukuba iinkokheli ezingababhali zithini na ngeemeko zezopolitiko
kwanengcinezelo yabantu abahluphekayo nabatshutshiswayo
UJolobe ichaziwe (apha ngentla) into yokuba ubebebhala ngezinto ezithe zachukumisa umoya
wakhe Ngokucacileyo ubalise ngamava akhe angezinto awazalama ngeliso lenyama
okwenzekayo njengoko wayeyibona elalini inkatyana yenkomo xa yayiqheliswa ukutsala
idyokhwe ukuze iqhele imisebenzi enzima ngokutsala imithwalo ilime namasimi imncede
ekumngeniseleni ingeniso nobutyebi umphathi wayo kwaye inkatyana eyalayo ingeniswa
kwiintlungu ezingaphaya kwembaliso Ubonise ukuba kukwanjalo nokwenzeka kumntu owalayo
ukuthobela umbuso wocalucalulo kwixesha lakhe Kanye njengokutshutshiwa kukaWinnie
Madikizela Mandela nokubulawa kabuhlungu kwamaqhawe esizwe ooMxenge nooRuth First
(Mandela 199425 Hadland 200712)
Imbongi ifune ukomeleza amagorha nabalweli benkululeko yomntu oMnyama ngexesha
lengcinezelo yabantu abaNtsundu Yayiqinisekile inkululeko yona bayakuyizuza ngomso
kwaye imixokelelwano egcwele igazi labanye babo ebatyabulayo iyakuba yimbali Iyakuba
197
yimiboniso kwiimiyuziyamu Ihlale njengemiqondiso yonyameko nokunganikezeli kwabo
kwimibono yabo emihle
Kwakhona ngalo mbongo imbongi ichukumisa iingcinga kwaneemvakalelo zosizi ebantwini
ukuba babe nombono weenzima zamagorha omzabalazo nezabanye abantu abathi babanjwa beva
ungcungcuthekiso kabuhlungu benganekuzilwela Le meko yayinzima kakhulu ebomini babantu
nakwisizwe Yayisonzakalisa emoyeni nasengqondweni kuba abantu abatshutshiswayo
babeswela abakhuthazi nabomelezi ngamanye amaxesha Oku kuthetha kungqinwa nguNelson
Mandela kwenye yeentetho zakhe apha eMzantsi Afrika Uthi babesomelezwa nanguBrenda
Fassie ngeengoma zakhe awaye ezicula ekhuthaza inkululeko yamaqhawe omzabalazo ngeli
xesha wayevalelwe esiQithini
442Umbongo wezezopolitiko ldquoOsemboniselwenirdquo
Kulo mbongo ldquoOsemboniselwenirdquo (Opland noMtuze 1994116) uJolobe uphumelele
ekuluzobeni usizi lomntu ocinezelwayo ngabachasi benkululeko yomntu oMnyama Usizi
lubhalwe kulo mfo kwiindawo zonke zomzimba wakhe nakwindawo le atshutshiselwa kuyo
Imbongi yenzela ukuba umfundi azibone izenzo zenkohlakalo ezazisenziwa kumajoni
omzabalazo awayethi abanjwe atshutshiswe okanye abulawe kabuhlungu UJolobe uzoba lo
mbono wenkohlakalo ngesigama esinamandla sosizi esitsho umfundi agcwale lusizi ngokunga le
nkohlakalo yenziwa ngoku phambi kwakhe
Ubona umfo obotshwe inyawo nezandla uthungwe umlomo watywinwa ngeseloteyipu umfo
umzimba ugcwele yimivumba uligazi yimityabuko ulithonti nenyididi kukubila nobumdaka Lo
mbono ulusizi utsho sibuqonde ubunyaniso obupheleleyo bokuba ngenxa yentshutshiso yabantu
abaNtsundu iinyembezi kuJolobe zazisuka zizihlele ezidleleni angabi nakuzibamba (Vuyorsquos
Journal 2013) Zazibonakalisa ukuvelana kwakhe nentlungu awathi wayibona ngeliso lenyama
okanye awathi wayibaliselwa ngabantu ababekhe batshutshiswa kabubuhlungu ezintolongweni
ngumbuso wocalucalulo lwabantu abaMnyama kwilizwe labo
Ngamaxesha oo-1952 zazizininzi izenzo zogwayimbo lwabantu abaNtsundu ababelelwa
inkululeko (Opland noMtuze199419) Bambi babephoswa eziseleni bambi bagwetyelwe
intambo NooMandela kwityala lakhe nabahlobo bakhe ekwathiwa bangcatshe umbuso
wocalucalulo basinda cebetshu entanjeni UMandela wayenxunguphele kakhulu kuba ecinga
ukuba yena nabahlobo bakhe babeza kugwetyelwa intambo kodwa bagwetyelwa ukuba
batshutshumbiseke esiQithini ubomi babo bonke (Hadland 200712)
198
Umfanekiso ozotywe nguJolobe kulo mbongo uqhiphula umbilini Isigama esiphezulu akrole
ngaso udandetheko lo umfo olibanjwa otshutshiswayo sisigama esizoba intlungu kuphela Lo
ngumfanekiso wentlungu enkulu ingakumbi ekuqaleni kwalo mbongo Lo mfo umchaza
njengenzwana ezolileyo nangona isekungcuncuthekisweni nje nangona ithe yakumila kumbi
ngenxa yemizila yegazi lokutyatyulwa nangokubotshwa izandla okugqithisileyo ngokokude
ibotshwe nomlomo lo wembala Kubonakala ukuba abatshutshisi benzela ukuba angaviwa mntu
nokuba lo mfo angakwazi ukukhwaza acela uncedo ahlale yedwa kweso sisele simnyama
awaphoswa kuso Kuthathwe kwada kwathathwa kwanelungelo lakhe lokuthetha akhwaze
abantu Kodwa into asele nayo nathe wazixelele yona kukuba azole kwimeko akuyo ajonge
ngaphaya kwayo enethemba analo lokuhamba kwakhe asinge enkululwekweni apho kungekho
mntu onokuze ambophe ngamatyathanga Kwakhona ngoxolo analo ubonakalisa ukuba yona
inkululeko iyakufika kamsinya kunjalo nje
UAbrams (1999 182) uthi ababhali bemibongo basebenzisa isigama esidala imifanekiso etsala
umdla nethi idale iindidi zovakalelo ebantwini Le mifanekiso ithi ihombise umbongo wombhali
Ikwahamba nezikweko ezidiza intsingiselo epheleleyo yombongo wakhe Umzekelo imbongi
imzobe lo mfo wangumfanekiso wentlungu ehambisa umzimba UParini (2005 23) uthi
imifanekiso ibanga imizwa yovakelelo yaye ikwanceda ekuqondweni kombongo Kwakhona uthi
ikwadiza kanjalo neengcinga ezingaphakathi zombhali UJolobe uphumelele kulo mbongo
ukuzaziseni izizwe ngokubanzi entama inkohlakalo eyenziwa kumabanjwa ezezopolitiko
kumbuso wocalucalulo lwabantu abaMnyama eMzantsi Afrika
Isishwankathelo sombongo
UJolobe kulo mbongo ubonakala ethetha ngelinye lamaqhawe okanye ijoni ekucaca ukuba lathi
lazinikezela ekulweni inkululeko yomntu oMnyama weli lizwe Isizathu sokuba sitsho kukuba
inkcazelo enikwe lo mfo nguJolobe ifana nqwa nenikwa indlela amaqhawe omzabalazo ayethi
aphathwe ngayo kakubi entolongweni Umzekelo uBantu Biko owathi wangcikivwa
kabuhlungu esilwela inkululeko yabantu abaMnyama wala kwaphela ukunikezela kuba
wayeqinisekile inkululeko le ayitshutshiselwayo iyakufika (Mangcu 2012262) NoJolobe
wayenale ngqondo ikuBiko oliqhawe elasweleka lisakhonxiwe likwimeko embi kakhulu
evalelwe yedwa esiseleni Kanye njengoko kunjalo kwimeko kaBiko uJolobe usichazela kulo
mbongo wakhe ngomfo obotshwe izandla wade wathungwa nomlomo Ngokuqinisekileyo lo
mfo njengoBiko waba nokholo lokuba inkululeko iyakufika nangelakhe igalelo lokuzinikela
kwakhe ekulibangeni ilizwe lakowabo kumbuso wocalucalulo ukuze abantwana bakhe nesizwe
sakhe siphela siyizuze siyixhamle inkululeko kamva nangeyakhe imigudu
199
Kwisigaba sokuqala salo mbongo imbongi inika umfanekiso weqhawe nejoni elilwela inkululeko
yalo elingavunyelwayo nokuba lithethe ngayo UJolobe umbumbe lo mfo ngezichazi ezidala
unxunguphalo zitsala umfundi aqhubele phambili ukuwufunda umbongo (Abrams noHarpham
2012 169) Olu sizi lwalo mfo luboniswa luzobe intlaninge yemifanekisongqondweni ebangwe
ngala magama alandelayo akrwelwe ngaphantsi awachonge ngokukodwa ukusibonisa athe
wakubona ngeliso lakhe lomoya
Umfo othe cwaka othungwe umlomo izandla zibotshiwe ombonakalo yoyikekayo
ozolileyo ojonge kwikamva ovuyo lwaluvangwe nosizi ldquouxolo luxutywe ngentlungurdquo
La magama ayila umbono wosizi sitsho sikhumbule ingoma ethi ldquoInyembezi
zingayimthombo namhla kodwa uvuyo luqinisekile ukufika kusasardquo Kwibali
leBhayibhile kwincwadi Isityhilelo umpostile uYohane ekwisiqithi sePatimo
waboniswa imibono yezinto eziya kuthi zenzeke ngokwenkolo yobuKristu Nalapha
kungqineka oso sehlo sathi samehlela naye uJolobe kuba kulo mbongo wakhe ubhale
wathi ldquoNdabonardquo kwisitanza sokuqala Ngoko ke ubhale ngombono owathi
wawuboniswa ngokucace gca ngale nzwana yomfo Le ndlela owavezwa ngayo lo
mbono yakwenza kwalula kuye ukwabelana ngawo nabantu bomzi oNtsundu Obu
bungqina balo mbono wakhe ububeka ngohlobo olwenza umntu acingisise xa uJolobe
ewuvula umbongo ngelithi ldquoNdabonardquo kwesi sitanza silandelayo
1Ndabona umfo ezolile
2Ondele kumwonyo wekamva
3Ethe cwaka ethungwrsquoumlomo
4Izandla zibotshwe ngobhedu
5 Imbonakalo isoyikeka
6Uvuyo luvangwe nosizi
7Uxolo luxutywe nontlungu
8Idini elithozamileyo
9Ukuvulrsquoamatyrsquoentliziyo
10Ukuhluphezrsquootyhafileyo
Isigama krwelwe ngaphantsi sidiza intshutshiso ephezulu sidala umfanekiso wosizi Umzekelo
kumqolo 3 uJolobe uthetha ngomfo othe ldquocwakardquo no-ldquoethungwe umlomordquo Umfundi
unokuzibuza umbuzo othi umfo othungwe umlomo uzakuthethe njani UJolobe umbhali
usebenzisa igama u-ldquocwakardquo kwakunye nebinzana u-ldquoethungwrsquoumlomordquo antsingiselo ibufana
Olu lugxininiso oluphuhlisa ukuba lo mfo usembandezelweni Ukwilizwe leentshutshiso apho
aswele nenkululeko le yokuthetha
Kumqolo-4 ldquoIzandla zibotshwe ngobhedurdquo- Ubhedu lumelo lokunqaba kosindiso Lo mfo
usemakhamandeleni obukhoboka Akawaxhamli amalungelo obuntu bakhe awatywinwayo
200
kumQulu wamaLungelo oluntu (Bill of Rights) ziziZwe ezimaNyaneyo ngowe1948 UMzantsi
Afrika walandula ukuzimanya nalo mQulu usenzela ukuba ngokomthetho waseMzantsi Afrika
kungabikho solotya liwunyanzela ukuba uhlonele amalungelo abantu abaMnyama Noxa kunjalo
abantu abaMnyama babefuna ukukhululwa okanye ukusindiswa kwingcinezelo eyaqulunqwa
yavunywa ngumthetho waseMzantsi Afrika
Kwisigaba sesibini ldquosikubonardquo kumqolo we-11 nowe-12 imbongi iye yatshintsha ukubhala
yathi
11 Ndabona ethunzini ngasemva
12 Kumi impuluswa yenzwana
Ngoku uJolobe imifanekiso-ngqondweni yenkohlakalo nosizi uyiyekile Umfo obethe mpatsha
mphatsha olusu elusizi ephuma igazi emanxeba esentlungwini umveza emhle ngokuthi ldquoKumi
impuluswa yenzwanardquo Uyekile ukuthwaliswa idyokhwe yentshutshiso Ube engumfo othe
cwaka onomvandedwa onzima ethungwe umlomo Izinto ngoku ziguqukile Lo mfo uJolobe
umbonisa ngoku efumene ubomi obutsha Wonwabile uncumile akukho loyiko namaxhala
iinyembezi zosulwe Umlomo obe uthungiwe uvuliwe Ebengenalungelo lakuthetha achase
ingcinezelo akuyo Ngoku uxhamla onke amalungelo aphakanyiswa ngumQulu wamalungelo
Ilizwe likhululekile Uzuze uloyiso ekugqibeleni Kuloo mlomo kumpompoza namazwi ovuyo
Nembongi iyangenelela kuvuyo loloyiso lwenzwana Nayo iyakhwaza ngochulumnco
nangendanduluko yoloyiso ithi
20Intyantyambo yenkululeko
21Inkcenkceshelwe ngomgudu
22Ngegazi nangokubandezelwa
23Kwabanjengawe gorhandinirdquo (Opland noMtuze 1994117)
Esi sicatshulwa silapha ngasentla salatha ukuba uJolobe ube ebhala imibongo ukuzithuthuzela
naye nakwintlungu awayeyiva engonwabanga ngokubulawa kwabantu nolutsha lwesizwe
esiNtsundu ngenxa yokulwelwa inkuleko yesizwe sabo Ngoko ke uJolobe ngalo mbongo
uwenzile umsebenzi wakhe wokuba ngukhala wabalilizwi labacinezelweyo abathi benziwa
abanalizwi ngexesha lakhe Abantu abasezintolongweni uJolobe ubabonakalisile
bengananzwanga Basuka babangabangaziwayo kuba kufunwa balityalwe Ukungqina olu luvo
uMandela (19943) ubhale wathi
Prison robs you of your freedom it attempts to take away your identityhellip as a freedom
fighter and as a man one must fight against the prisonrsquos attempt to rob one of these
qualities
201
Ngoko nale ngxelo ingentla apha kaMandela ibonisa ukuba abantu abasezintolongweni kufuneka
baboniswe ukuba abalityelwanga UJolobe naye wabonisa inkxaso kumajoni enkululeko yomntu
oMnyama ezintolongweni Wabonisa ukuba baya kuhlala bekhunjulwa ngumzi we-Afrika
ngexesha lamathunzi obomi awaye ephila kuwo ngexesha localucalulo lomntu oMnyama
Kumbongo ldquoongomlindirdquo olandelayo uJolobe uza nokutshintsha kwezinto Utyhila izinto
Usebenzisa incoko esisixhobo sokubumba idrama Wenjenje ukubhala
Ndeva ilizwi lisithi
(Umbanjwa) ldquoMlindi kuxa liphi na Ebusukurdquo wakhwaza
(Umlindi) Isifingo sidlule
Ngumsobomvu Ukuza
Kwemini sekumbovu
Umyalelo uyenziwa
Ungekho kuyalindwa
IyathambrsquoiAfrika
Ithemba lengomso
Luqeqesho Kuyasardquo
Le ngxoxo yaba babini umbanjwa nomlindi ityhila iimfihlelo Yingxoxo ephakathi kombanjwa
nomlindi obekelwe ukuba agcine umbanjwa Imbongi ibonisa isakhono sayo ekukwazini
ukubhala ngokuthi axube nesimbo sencoko ukutsala umdla wabamfundi bakhe ngeenjongo
zokuba bayiqonde intsingiselo yento athetha ngayo kwanomyalezo awugqithisayo ebantwini
abaNtsundu abhalele bona ikakhulu Apha kule ncoko imbongi idiza iingcinga zayo
ezingaphakathi Kwakhona imbongi yenza umsebenzi wayo wokomeleza isizwe sibe nokholo
kwimpumelelo yemibono yaso
UJolobe (194063) ubhale kwilivo lakhe Inkokeli wathi
Inkokheli ekhathalayo ngabantu bayo nasisizwe sayo ithi iphakame izame ngandlela
zonke ukusomeleza isizwe sayo nabantu bayo ngexesha lobunzima babe nokholo lokufika
empumelelweni yabo
UJolobe njengembongi ekwayinkokheli kwesi sicatshulwa sibhalwe ngesiXhosa sisentla
ubonakalisa ukuba ngesigabaxesha owayephila ngaso kwakubakho amaxesha athile
entolongweni umlindi angenwe ngumoya wombanjwa naye alangazelele ukufika kwenkululeko
Oku kungqinwa sisicatshulwa esisentla apha umbanjwa abuza kumlindi ixesha kuba kubonakala
ukuba ukuba ukumwonyo wesisele esimnyama Noko kunjalo unge angalazi ixesha lemini ukuba
kusebusuku na okanye kusemini na
202
Umlindi uphendula ngalo moya usembanjweni noxa esazi ukuba umbanjwa ubanjelwe ntoni na
Wenzela ukuba umbanjwa azi ukuba naye mlindi unemibono kwaneembono ezinye kunye
nombanjwa Obu budlelwane bubangele ukuba asuke ngoko umlindi angoyiki ukudiza
iimvakelelo zakhe zovuyo ekudala naye ezilindile Usuka umlindi waqhubeka waloqa wamxelele
ngeendaba zethemba elikhulu ukuchulumancisa umbanjwa amgadileyo uthildquoIAfrika iyathamba
ithemba lengomsordquo Ngale ndlela umbhali uJolobe uvakalisa iingcinga nemibono yakhe
ngendlela ethile eyakha imibono yovuyo yokubona kukho uguqulelo lwezinto elizweni ngenxa
yokuliwa kokucinezelwa nokucalucalulwa komntu oMnyama owaye ephethwe ngokwekhoboka
Ufanele ukuvuya kuba yena ube engomnye wabo abaNtsundu ababephathwe njengemakhoboka
elizweni labo Le mpatho yayingamonwabisanga imgqiba umxhelo Oku wabhala ngako nakwi-
zincoko zakhe esithi kubuhlungu ukuba umntu aphile impilo yobukhoboka elizweni lakhe
angabinamalungelo okuya apho athanda ukuya khona anikwe imiqathango yemithetho
eqhobosha amalungelo akhe okuzilawula kwakhe nempilo yakhe (1940 52-53)
Ngalo mbongo uvakalisa imibono yeminqweno yakhe eyalatha ukuvuyele kwakhe ukubona
amanye amazwe abantu abaMnyama abe phantsi kwengcinezelo yamakoliniyali nawo
ephumelela ekuyilweleni inkululeko yawo bayifumana Kungoko athi i-Afrika iyathamba Olu
lolunye uphawu lokuba kulo mbongo ubona kungekudala uMzantsi Afrika uyithi xibilili ingubo
enzima yengcinezelo
Ukuxhasa olu luvo lungentla lokuba abalindi abathile babethi nabo babe moyamnye
nabazabalazeli benkululeko yomntu oMnyama Umzekelo kwingxelo eyathi yenziwa
nguRolihlahla Mandela evalelwe entolongweni wenza ibali elifana neli lichazwa nguJolobe kulo
mbongo UMandela uchaza ukuba bathi bevalelwe belele esiseleni ebusuku kwavakala umntu
ekhwaza engaphandle ebetha engomba ifestileni akahoya Kodwa wathi wakukhwaza igama
lakhe uNelson waphakama waya kuye kanti ngomnye wabalindi Kodwa lo yena
wayengoweBala Wayeqeshwe ngumbuso wocalucalucalo ukuba agade yena Rolihlahla
nabahlobo bakhe awaye ebanjwe nabo Waqhubeka wamazisa ngokwehlele inkosikazi yakhe
uWinnie othe waxabana walwa nomagosa ocalucalulo kuba bathi bafudusa umyeni wakhe bamsa
kwenye intolongo bengamxelelanga ukuba bamsa phi na kwaye oko kwamenza waphula
nemithetho awaye egwetyelwe yona naye kuqala
Lo mlindi akugqiba uncokola noMandela wamnika ukutya owayemphathele kona yayizonkana
ezifakwe izinongo ezimnandana zilungiswe kakuhle kamnandi kunye necuba awathi yena
walinika abahlobo bakhe kuba wathi akatshayi (Mandela 1994 17-18) Nalapha kulo mbongo
uJolobe udiza isenzo esikwanjalo Ubonisa ukuba amaqhawe angamathandazwe athe agqitha
203
ezinzimeni ngamanye amaxesha afumana inceba kubalindi abanovelwano Ukuba akunjalo
inceba ithi ibe kude ixele ithamsanqa afumane impathombi eqatseleyo macala onke Kwakhona
uJolobe ukwabonisa imizamo enzima athi amaqhawe enkululeko agqithe kuyo
Amazwi awakrole kulo mbongo athi ldquoIsifingordquo ldquokuyasardquo ldquongumso bomvurdquo abonakalisa ukuba
uJolobe ngokungathandabuzekiyo wayeqinisekile inkululeko izakufika kwaye uyibona
ingenakubuyela umva Wayesenza kanye njengokuba ikhuthaza inkolo kaMarx Ibeka elubala
ukuba abacinezelwa mabaphakame bawubhukuqe umbuso wabacinezeli NoJolobe wayesenza
loo mvuselelo ngokubhengeza izenzo zentlondi kumabanjwa omzabalazo asezintolongweni
nasekuhlaleni Esenza njalo nje ube engumntu ofundileyo ombaxa ngesimo nangokuphila
kwakhe (Kerr 1958157) Wasebenzisa amandla osiba lwakhe nolwazi awathi walufumana
kwizifundo zakhe zezopolitiko zaze zaxubana nezenkolo ukuchasa ingcinezelo yomntu
oMnyama Zonke ezi zifundo ziyabonakala kuncwadi lwakhe Zaba zizixhobo zokumnika ulwazi
olubanzi lokulwela impatho engcono yesizwe esiNtsundu Ngale mibongo yakhe yezezopolitiko
ukwafundisa uthando novelwano kubantu abacinezelweyo nabasezintolongweni ngenxa yezenzo
zokulwela intlalo engcono yabantu babo
443 Imbumba umbongo wezezopolitiko nobudlelwane bawo nobomi bukaJolobe
Kulo mbongo Imbumba uJolobe ukhangeleka okungathi uthildquoMayihle eyehlayo inyuke
enyukayo namhlardquo Ingathi wayesele efunge wamunca iintupha esithi ldquoMandithethe ngoku
ndinexesha ndiwugqithise umyalezo wam wothando nomsebenzi omhle kulutsha kuba ingomso
ayisililo elamrdquo Imbangi yokuba sitsho kukuqaphela ukuba kulo mbongo uJolobe uthetha
phandle engakhwelanga cingweni Ngokwemeko yexesha awayephila kulo ngawo lo mbongo
wayebeka ubomi bakhe esichengeni Indlela awubhale ngayo yayinokumenza avalelwe
entolongweni Wathetha ngqo ukuze kuve nosinkatshelayo isiXhosa esi ukuba uthini na
Kulo mbongo umoya wakhe uvuyiswa kukuphuma komkhosi wolutsha usinga edabini uthabatha
indawo yalo esizweni Kakade ngumsebenzi walo ukukhusela ilizwe lookhokho balo neenkosi
zalo Lulandela emkhondweni weenkosi ezinkulu zakwaNtu ezifana noHintsa owalwela eli lizwe
ekhusela abantu bakhe Ekugqibeleni wabanjwa wanqunyulwa intloko ngamaNgesi aya nayo
eNgilane Noxa kunjalo uvuyo lona lukho kuba phaya eMbhangcolo sisekho isikhumbuzo seli
thandazwe esakhiwa ukukhumbula ubomi bakhe nemisebenzi yakhe yobukhalipha nobuqhawe
Lo mbongo yeminye yemibongo engokuzabalaza kukaJolobe eyabangela ukuba abekwe elisweni
elibukhali ngabakwantsasana Ngenye imini kwafika izithunywa zombuso wocalucalulo
ezingamapolisa awodwa (special branch) Zamfikela esenkonzweni eshumayela Zangena
204
zingxamile ziphethe iincwadana neentsiba zokubhala Zifike zahlala phantsi zamamela
ngobunono zijonge ukuba yintoni na le azakuthi ayithethe echasa umbuso wocalucalulo
UVuyo enaba ngeli bali ubalise ukuba uyise waqhuba yena washumayela wangathi akakhange
ababone Watsho ngeyona ntshumayelo ichulumancisayo washumayela loo mini kwamdaka
iisali Baphela abo becuphi bezivala iincwadana ababeziphethe Bamamela udlwabevu
lwentshumayelo elabatsho babonakalisa ebusweni babo uchulumanco olusezintliziyweni zabo
kwanokuvuselelwa komoya wabo baphela behlaziyekile ldquobazalwa ngokutshardquo bahamba xa iza
kuphuma icawe bangathi bebelibele nokuba bebezokwenza ntoni na kakade (Vuyorsquos Journal
2013)
UJolobe ngalo mini wabonakalisa ubugokra Zange othuswe bubukho babo becuphi
Ebengabuthandi ubugwala Wade wabhala wathi kowabo kumaHlubi igwala belingathandwa tu
kangangokuba umlisela wakowabo wawuzikhuthaza ngokuthi kungcono umntu afele edabini
kunokokuba acinywe amahlo elukhukweni kuba ngokwenza oko igama lakhe liyakukhunjulwa
kumaqhawe esizwe athe asilwela asikhusela Ingxam yoku uyiva kulo mbongo ulandelayo
1Umlisela we-Afrika
2Umthinjana wesizwe
3Ulibo olumkhitha
4Abantwana bothuthu
5Balibanga ngezenzo
6 Ilizwe lokuzalwa
7Ookhala beli duli
8Amadela konwaba
9Afikelwa ngumbono
10Wenkululeko yomntu
11Kanye ngexesha lethu [ ugxiniso lwam]
Kulo mbongo ukhuphe iinzulu zembilini zovakelelo lwakhe ngokwenza inkuthazo kumlisela
nomthinjana wolutsha lwama-Afrika uJolobe awubona ufana nomkhontomkhonto wesizwe
amajoni esizwe Uyaluvuselela lusinge edabini Lulwele luthimbe inkululeko yelizwe lalo Ude
kumqolo-3 ancome nebala lwalo elimnyama esithi ldquoUlibo olumkhithardquo[ugxininiso lwam]
Uvakalisa ukuba lulutsha olunebala elihle elimnyama olungamadela-kufa Uyaluvuselela
elubonisa ngokuphandle ukuba inkululeko le ilibango lalo lokuzalwa kwilizwe lookhokho balo
Kumqolo-11 uJolobe xa esithildquoKanye ngexesha lethurdquoukuchaza ngokuthe gca engankwalambisi
ukuba kolu lutsha abhekisa kulo uyazibandakanyaYiloo nto kumbongo
Osemboniselwenikumqolo wesine esithi ldquoNgumsobomvurdquo alekele kowesibhozo ngelithi
ldquoIyathambrsquo iAfrikardquo Ubhala ekhuthaza ulutsha kumbongoImbumba ukuba lulwele inkululeko
205
abe yena eyiva inimba yokuzalwa kwayo Uyimbongi eyimboni ebhala igcobile inovuyo
isenziwa kuko okuhle akubonayo kusiza kusondela
Esi siprofetho sokukhululeka komzi oNtsundu kungekudala ungena nzulu kuso kule miqolo
ilandelayo
Okwalanywe lulutsha
Akusayi kucima
Ngumlilo ethanjeni
Ophemba intliziyo
Ivuthe ngeAfrika
UJolobe kulo mbongo ubona inkululeko (Okwalanywe lulutsha) isiza nokuba kumnyama entla
(Akusayi kucima) kuba imikhosi ngemikhosi yamajoni okulwa alulutsha ayisayi kubuya mva
iqalile nje (Ngumlilo ethanjeni) Iyakumatsha iqhubele phambili ukulibanga ilizwe lalo
(Ophemba intliziyo-Ivuthe ngeAfrika) Urhulumente wocalucalulo lwabantu abaMnyama
akanakuze abe nako ukulunqanda ulutsha luqalile nje Luyakulwa loyise luyiphakamisele
phezulu ibhanile yoloyiso
Kwesi sicatshulwa sisentla apha sibona uJolobe oyimbongi eyimboni ekwalijoni nekhalipha
lemfazwe elifuze amakhalipha eenkosi zemvelo zakowabo ooMahlaphahlapha nabaphathi-
mikhosi abangooNtlabane abenze abalinganiswa kwinoveli Elundini loThukela
UJolobe naye uliqhawe lembongi elazimisele ukuyilwa ingcinezelo ngosiba lwayo Kolo
mbongo ubehlaba umkhosi evuselela ukuliwa kocalucalulo ngenxa yebala Amagwala ebexolele
ukwamkela ukucinezelwa ngenxa yokuba nentaka uwangxolisile Amadoda abe enentandabuzo
akabanga nakusinda ngenxa yamandla entetho yale mbongi Apha utsho ngengoma yokomeleza
umkhosi ophuma usiya emfazweni Lo mbongo wafana negwatyu Intlabamkhosi nobukhalipha
yindlela akhuliswe ngayo kwinkcubeko yakowabo ngemfundiso ethi ldquoIndoda libhubesi lona
lifa liqwengardquo (20089) Le ntetho iye yamhlupheza uJolobe ebomini bakhe Wayiqonda ukuba
iyinyaniso kuba ngokwenkolo yamaHlubi indoda ingumkhuseli wosapho lwayo nesizwe sayo
kwaye iyabongwa indoda efele dabini lude usapho lwayo luphiwe neenkomo kwaye indoda
eligwala kumaHlubi ilihlazo elingafunwa nokubonwa (Jolobe 200819761695-96)
NakumaXhosa kunjalo Nankuya uMqhayi kumbongo wakhe ldquoUMendirdquo (Mqhayi 1943 Jolobe
197481) ebonga amadoda awathi azinikela edabini aphuma aya emfazweni ayakukhusela
ilizwe lawo i-Afrika
Kanti noJolobe kuGerard (197174) ulungqinele uluvo lukaMqhayi umhlobo wakhe Naye
uJolobe uthe wawabonga loo madelakufa kumbongo wakhe othi ldquoUkuwa kwamagorha eMantla
206
eAfrikardquo (Jolobe 197481-85) Ukhankanya ukuba ukuphuma kwendoda isiyakulwa imela
isizwe sayo sisigaba esikhulu eso esinika udumo kubomi bobudoda (Jolobe 197481) UJolobe
kumavo awabhalileyo inkolo yakhe uyicacisile gca ukholelwa ekubeni umntu akazalelwanga
usapho lwakhe lodwa kuphela uzalelwe nokuba abeluncedo nakwisizwe sakhe naso siphiliswe
ngaye (194083) Uthethe watsho waquka kwanabadungudelisayo beluva ubizo Ubangxolisile
Wabanika isiprofetho esisiyalo nesilumkiso Wabazisa ukuba abasayi kuze bonwabe bebona
isizwe sabo sitshabalala ngenxa yokuba besinyathela isazela kwanokuxhasa kwabo ucalucalulo
Ngeso sizathu ukhuthaze amadoda aphethwe yingevane nafuna ukuba ngoodukrsquoengceni ngenxa
yokulawulwa yintandabuzo ukuba nawo aqine eme ayilwele inkululeko yomzi oNtsundu
Uwafunze edabini wenjenje
Ungawakha umkhanyo
Umxhelo wokugweba
Sohlala isizungu
SikaJona umthunywa
Owafulathela ubizo
UJolobe uyawabonga amadodana aphumayo wanga uwabona ngeliso lenyama ematsha ejonge
edabini Uyawanqula ewabulela ewabonga ngamazwi othando esithi
Kulindelwe izenzo
Kubathandi besizwe
Huntshu Mafa-nankosi
Huntshu Mbumba yoLutsha
Ngenene ubhalile uJolobe apha Ngokwenkcubeko nentetho evakalayo emaXhoseni kungathiwa
uwasusile amaphepha lo mbongo uvusa nehlombe kumfundi olithandazwe Ukuba wayethe
wawenza phambi kwezihlwelwe zabantu ekhomba la madodana aphuma umkhosi abafazi
ngebabengabanga nakuzibamba ngebakhala abanye baqhwaba izandla bambi bayiyizela
behlahlamba bephosa namabhayi phantsi luvuyo bengakwazi ukuzibamba (Jolobe 200836)
Ngokuqinisekileyo wathi wakupapashwa kumaphephandaba Umthunywa noUmthetheli
amatshantliziyo omzabalazo angumthinjana nomlisela weAfrika akuwufunda atsho afumana
amandla nokuzithemba kuba uJolobe ebaxelele ngokucacileyo ukuba benza okusesikweni
ngokukhusela nangokulilwela ilizwe labo nenkululeko yabo kanti nawo amadolo agevezelayo
atsho aqiniswa ngamazwi okhalipho lukaJolobe Apha kuzaliseka intetho ethi ldquointsimbi ilolwa
yenye intsimbirdquo
UJolobe ithandazwe nekroti ebenako ukudala amanye amakroti ngelizwi lakhe Nokumkani
uSolomoni uthi ilizwi linamandla okudala (Nelson 2003) Nalapha kulo mbongo uJolobe wenza
207
kakuhle uthetha njengekhankatha lolutsha Ngokwenza oko wabeka nobakhe ubomi bakhe
esichengeni Wayenokutshutshiswa agwetyelwe ukungcatsha umbuso phantsi kwemithetho
yorhulumente wocalucalulo
Ukubhala ngesiXhosa kube sesinye isixhobo asisebenzise kunene ukulwa ingcinezelo yomntu
oMnyama kuba asingabo bonke abantu abalwaziyo ulwimi lwesiXhosa Ube nokukwazi
ukulusebenzisa olu lwimi ekupapasheni iintlondi zombuso wocalucalulo Namaphephandaba la
Umthetheli neMvo zabantsundu uwasebenzisile Ngoko ke ngolu lwimi ulumkise wafundisa
umzi oNtsundu ngezinto eziyingozi nezibalulekileyo kuwo Yena abone kufanele ukuba uzazi
ngexesha abe ephila kulo Esenza oku ufune ukuba nabo babebenekhwele lobuzwe Utshilo
nakwincwadi yakhe Amavo ukuba yinto entle ukuba umntu abenekhwele kwanokuzidla
ngobuzwe bakhe nangelizwe lakhe kodwa oko kungenzelwa ekujongeleni phantsi ezinye izizwe
okanye abanye abantu (194026)
Singabuya sibalule elokuba uJolobe ubeyimbongi elikroti nelithandazwe kwanomlweli
wenkululeko yomntu oNtsundu Ezi zimo azimenzanga waphuma kubizo lwakhe lokuba
ngumfundisi weliZwi Zonke izipho zakhe zamsebenzela Kulo mbongo wakhe usebenzise
ubungqondi nobulumko bakhe ngendlela ehambisana nengcingane kaOrr ebizwa ngokuba
yintsebenziswanotekisi (intertextuality) esiyichazileyo sayicacisa kwisahluko sokuqala salo
mqulu Umzekelo wayo kulo mbongo kukuthi uJolobe azekelise ngomfo uJona oseBhayibhileni
xa esithi
Sohlala isizungu
SikaJona umthunywa
Owafulathela ubizo
UJona wathunywa nguThixo ukuba aye kuthetha nabantu abaza kubhujiswa ngenxa yokungeva
nokreqa kwabo kuMdali wabo Yena wala wabaleka akuqiqa ngentlalo yobubi obabusenzeka
eNineva waza wafumana isohlwayo esikhulu awathi akabinako ukusilibala wade wabhala ngaso
Kungoko ke esi sicatshulwa siyitsho itshintshe ithoni yombongo ithande ukuba
yeyomfundisilizwi oyala abantu ukuba bathathe indlela yobulumko Yena uJolobe uyenza le nto
ekwiqonga lezezopolitiko noxa ebonga nje Ngale thoni yobufundisi ungxolisa abantu abala
ukulilwela ilizwe labo kuba bebonisa intandabuzo njengoJona ukuba abasokuze bonwabe Xa
esenjenje uJolobe uvelisa ubumbolombili bakhe kuba kuye ubufundisi bebungumtya nethunga
nokuba ngumlweli wenkululeko yabantu abaNtsundu
Elokugqiba le mibongo yenkululeko ikhankanywe apha ngentla ithe yaba zizixhobo negalelo
likaJolobe lokulwela inkululeko yakhe neyesizwe sakhe esiNtsundu Kwakhona le mibongo
yakhe iphumelele ekudandalaziseni iimeko zentlalo zamathunzi obomi alusizi entshutshiso
208
kumbuso wokucalula abantu abaMnyama Amathunzi okuphathwa kakubi kwabantu
abaMnyama emisebenzini efana neyokuphangela ezifama nasemigodini kumbongo Ukwenziwa
komkhonzi Kanti nakumbongo womfo othungwe umlomo nohluthwe ilungelo lakhe lenkululeko
lokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo nelokuya apho afuna ukuyakhona
UJolobe ngumfuziselo womfundisi Ngumfundisi wokholo oluhamba nezenzo zemisebenzi
emihle Usifundile isiBhalo wathathela kuye izenzo zobukroti ezikumabali aso Usithandile
wasamkela isimo sikaDavide sobuqhawe nobuthandazwe Wabulala uGoliyathi ekhupha isizwe
sakhe kwingcinezelo yamaFilistiya Wasithabatha nesikaMosisi sokukhulula amaSirayeli
ebukhobokeni kwisandla sikaFaro eJiphethe Naye uJolobe wabangumzabalazi okhulula abantu
abaMnyama njengoko kuchaziwe kwacaciswa entla apha Ebe liqhawe negorha elingenadyudyu
Wafunda nokuzibetha iintonga ngexesha engumalusi njengoDavide emaphandleni Kwaye
uzichaze ngokwakhe ukuba waye enamandla Ukhankanya ukuba umfo othile wamcaphukisa
emazi ukuba unamandla walucela uxolo babuya baxolelana (Jolobe 197131) amaXhosa athi
nawo ldquoUmntu yinkosi ukuzazirdquo
Lo mbongo usentla apha ngokwawo uthe wabubonakalisa ubudlelwane phakathi koncwadi
lukaJolobe nobomi bakhe Ludulisa iimvakalelo zakhe iingcinga zakhe neminqweno yakhe
ngesizwe sakowabo asinqwenelela inkqubelaphambili nempumelelo Kuloko ngexesha ebephila
ngalo lengcinezelo ebeyibukula engafuni isizwe sakhe siyamkele kuba ibisenzelwa babe sisizwe
esisidodo esingehambeli ndawo Kungenxa yezi zizathu zingentla athe wabubeka ubomi bakhe
naye esichengeni walilwela ilizwe loMzantsi Afrika naye apha ngalo mbongo kuba
wayenokuvalelwa ngezi mbono zakhe azazise ngokuthe gca zichase umbuso wocalucalulo
obulawula ngexesha lakhe
Xasi siqukumbela singalubethelela uluvo lokuba isithako sezembali nobunzululwazi mlando xa
sisetyenziswa kwimethodi ekhwalitheyithivi siluncedo olukhulu ekuboniseni ubukho
bukaJolobe kuncwadi lwakhe alubhalileyo Uphicotho loncwadi lukaJolobe kule mihlathi isentla
lube yimpumelelo ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwesi sithako kule methodi Lutsho yacaca
intsingiselo ekwiimbalo zikaJolobe ebezixovulwa kulo mhlathi
45 Imibongo engenkolo nobudlelwane bayo nobomi bukaJolobe
Le mibongo kaJolobe ilandelayo ingenkolo yakhe yobuKristu Idiza kwanobudlelwane bakhe
noThixo wakhe Noko kunjalo kodwa ithe yaquka ikakhulu kwaneemeko zezopolitiko zoMzantsi
209
Afrika omdala Kule mibongo uye wabhala nemithandazo yakhe ebonakalisa ukukhathazeka
ecela amandla kaThixo angenelele alwele umntu oMnyama kubabandezeli bakhe ukuze
inkululeko yakhe ikhawuleze ifike Eminye imibongo yeneemfundiso zokuphelisa
ucalucalulwano ngokobuhlelo bamaKrestu Yena waphilelela ukukhuthaza umanyano okanye
ubumbano nokuphakanyiswa kwesidima sabantu ngokufanayo
451 Akukho hlelo apho
Lo mbongo ldquoAkukho hlelo aphordquo (197464 usesinye sezixhobo zakhe sokulwa umoya
wocalucalulwano olugquba phakathi kwamabandla obuKrestu Ukhuza enqanda lo moya kwesi
sicatshulwa silandelayo
Nanko kugaleleka owoMkhosi (umtu) woSindiso
Nayrsquo enxibe ezimnyama
Eqhoboshe ibhatyi yakhe
Yayakuthi ga entanyeni
Ethwele umnqwazi
Obungathi yikepusi
Ebeleke igubrsquoemhlana
Watsho ewela emsingeni
Othe wakhulula intambo
Lemkrsquoigubu lehlrsquoumlambo
Nawrsquoumoya wawuthatha
Loo mnqwazana Akubanga
thuba lide naloo bhatyi
Yakhululeka yathi shwakahellip
Akubangakho
Nasithunywa sambuzayo
Ngaloo mnqwazi naloo bhatyi
Nangegubu elo lakhe (197464)
UJolobe ubonisa iiyantluko zangaphandle eziphathekayo phakathi kwamabandla athi amakholwa
acalucalulane ngazo noxa enqula iNkosi enye Ezi zinto zezi umqwazi (umqolo wesihlanu-
noweshumi elinesibini) ikepusi (umqolo wesithandathu)ibhatyi (umqolo wesithathuoweshumi
elinesithathu noweshumi elinesixhenxe) negubu (umqolo wesixhenxeweshumiweshumi
elinesithathu nowamashumi amabini anesine) Ezi zinto azingenisi mntu ezulwini Azibuzwa
nokubuzwa ezulwini xa umntu efika apho (imiqolo ye-18 nowe-19) Azinanto yokwenza
nobungcwele bomntu Izambatho neminqamlezo abantu abathi bayijingise ayibalulekanga
kangako Okubalulekileyo sisimo esifanelekileyo sokuba ngumzekelo wokuzama ukulinganisa
iNkosi abayilandelayo benyanisile Makungacalucalulwani ngamakholwa ngenxa yeendlela
abathi bayikhonze okanye bayinqule ngayo iNkosi yabo Kwakhona kulo mbongo ubonisa ukuba
bonke abantu baxabisekile bayafana phambi kwayo Lo mcabango wakhe wawungqina kuba
ngexesha lomhlalaphantsi wakhe ehlala eMthatha
210
Ngaphambili kwesi sifundo sophando kukhe kwakhankanywa ukuba ngenye imini uJolobe waba
nothando lokuba ayokuba nobudlelwane namanye amaKristu Waza waya kwinkonzo iBaptizi
ekufutshane nomzi wakhe kuba eyakhe inkonzo ikude apho Akazange aziphakamisa wangena
kwelo bandla wayo kuhlala emva Basuka abaphathi belo hlelo bavuya kakhulu bakuhanjelwa
ngumntu ongaka ukuba mkhulu onguJolobe bazibona besikelelekile
Esi senzo sihambisana nalo mbongo Akukho hlelo apho kuba uJolobe wathi wazibona eyinto
enye nabo eBaptizi kuba aba bazalwana bebenqula le Nkosi naye ayithandayo nayikhonzayo
Kanti akuphelelanga apho uJolobe uye umsebenzi wakhe womngcwabo wenzelwa ecaweni
enkulu eMthatha ekuthiwa yi-Anglican Cathedral Church akabe ebiza inkonzo yakhe athe
wayikhokela iminyaka ngeminyaka Onke amaKristu athi ahlangana apho kunye nala wenkonzo
abe engumkhokeli wayo apha eBhayi (Vuyorsquos Journal 2013) Esi senzo senziwa nguJolobe naxa
engasekhoyo nje sithe sawuzukisa lo mbongo ngendlela ephezulu kuba uthe wakuphila athe
wakubhala kanye ebomini bakhe benene wakungqina nasebantwini ukuba ngenene ldquoAkukho
hlelo aphordquo
Kwakhona isiganeko esikhulu esathi samehlela uJolobe ebutsheni bakhe sabutshintsha ubomi
bakhe Saba kukushiywa nguLennox umkhuluwa wakhe owaye emthanda Naye waye
engumfundisi kwanotitshala ULennox wemka nomlambo xa wayesiya kufeza idinga lokuya
kushumayela ngaphesheya kwawo Wazama ukuwela umlambo kanti namhla akawuqondanga
ukuba uzalise kakhulu Kwatyhileka engqondweni kaJJRJolobe ukuba umlambo ufana nesango
lokuya kungena kubomi obungunaphakade ngokwenkolo yobuKristu
Ngoko ke kucaca ukuba wawabona amaza omlambo enamandla ebonakala efana nezikhephe
ezithi zimnceda umntu awelele ngaphaya komlambo Nawo ke amaza omlambo kwangokunjalo
athe angabakhaphi babantu kulo mbongo bayakufika kumzi omkhulu-ibhotwe elikhulu leNkosi
yeenkosi apho zifika khona zisulwe khona iinyembezi namaxhala abantu abebenawo Athi
shwaka kanye njengokwenzeka kulo mbongo Umzekelo abantu babonwe ngaphesheya
komlambo emva kokuba umsinga ubawelisile Babonwa sebevuya beyinto enye ebumbeneyo
kungekho zingxaki namithwalo ababebesinda-sindeka yiyo ngexesha bebesaphila emhlabeni
ngokwenkolo yobuKristu ekrolwe yazotywa nguJolobe ngosiba lwakhe kulo mbongo othi
ldquoAkukho hlelo aphordquo
Esi sityhilelo singentla apha uJolobe usibonise wasizoba ngokuyolisayo ngokusebenzisa isimbo
sedrama etsala umdla womfundi ngamandla kuwo wonke lo mbongo Esi simo sakhe sokubhala
usiqaqambise ngesigama esiqulathe iingcinga ezinzulu zikaJolobe malunga nobuKrestu ezimi
olu hlobo umlambo uwubonise wayindawo apho abantu bafika bakhulule khona uze umlambo
211
ngamanzi awo uthi ubancede ubahlambe bacoceke bahlaziyeke babebatsha Kwakhona lo
mlambo kulo mbongo wenza okothusayo kumakholwa angena kuwo Uthatha izambatho
namagubu neminqamlezo azilahle kude Emva koko umwelise umntu aye ngaphesheya apho
kulinganwayo khona
UJolobe kulo mbongo usibonisa nenkolo yakhe yokuba lukhona uvuko labafileyo kwanokuba
abafi abafe bekholelwa kwiNkosi ayikhonzayo ukholelwa ukuba baya kuvuka Oku
kusikhumnbuza mhla unina walishiya eli UJolobe wathetha naye engasekho kweli gada esithi
uzakuhlangana nonyana wakhe othe ldquowagonwardquo kumlambo iTswirika Nalapha uJolobe uthetha
ngothando Uthe iliza lamgona Iliza walimntwisa walinika isidima somntu onothando Ukugona
sisenzo sothando oko kukuthi ube ngothandiweyo Lamkhulula idyasi zakhe ukuze angene
angasindwa kobu bomi butsha angena kubo Ngoko yiyo loo nto apha kulo mbongo wakhe
bonke abantu abaphethe iimfumba zamatikiti ecawa amaculo iminqamlezo iikepusi iintambo
amagubu needyasi zisuka ezo zinto zilahlwe kude kuba kufuneka bangeniswe becocekile
beziinzwakazi neenzwana ezikhululekileyo ezingenazibophelelo ezingapheliyo
UVuyo naye uyibalisile imbali engotatomkhulu wakhe owaye engumkhuluwa kayise uJolobe
owathi wonganyelwa ngumsinga ezama ukuwela esiya ngaphesheya komlambo ukuya kufeza
idinga nenkonzo ngaphesheya komlambo Yaba yimini yokugqityeliswa kwakhe esaphila
lusapho lwakhe Abantu baqondiswa yidyasi yakhe bakuyibona idada phezu kwamanzi
omlambo Le mbali ingqinwa nanguBen Mahlasela (19733)
UFreud kuRyan (2007) kwingcingane yakhe uthi abantu banengqondo eleleyo apho zigcinwa
khona izinto ezithe zenzeka ezibuchukumisileyo ubomi babo ngamanya amaxesha zibadale
ubuhlungu Ezi zinto ziselugcinweni zithi kamva zenziwe zibe njengamaphupha Le ngcingane
yenza sikutolike okwamehlelayo uJolobe ukuba inokuba kamva kweza kwakhona kuye
njengamaphupha Indlela awasweleka ngayo umkhuluwa wakhe yahlala ihleli waza wamana
ezithuthuzela ngemizekelo emininzi ekhoyo kwisiBhalo nakumaculo amaKristu ethethe ngokuba
umntu xa esiya kubomi obungumnaphakade uthi awele umlambo Ngoko ke kuye umlambo lo
ukwaluphawu okanye isimboli yesango okanye ucango lokuwelela ngaphaya kobu bomi kobo
obunganaphakade
Esi sehlo kubonakala ukuba sahlala simchukumisa siphila emoyeni wakhe Wahlala ecamngca
ngaso efuna intsingiselo yaso kuba umfo wabo naye waye engumfundisi ongumKristu njengaye
Wathi wakusifumana isityhilelo wawufumana umqondiso weziganeko zabantu ngabantu abawela
umlambo bexhabashile kodwa ingxaki yabo xa bebonke babekhathazekile benemibuzo yokuba
212
bangawela njani na besindwa yimithwalo nje UJolobe kucaca ukuba wathi waneliswa
sisityhilelo semibono ephupheni wacaciselwa nakwingqiqo yangqondo yakhe
Waqonda ukuba makabhalele umzi oNtsundu nawo uzuze kwisityhilelo asifundileyo ukuba
izinto zonqulo nengxabano zakungafani kwamahlelo kwanokujongelana phantsi nokucalu-
calulana kwamakholwa ngenxa yeyantlukwano kunqulo lweNkosi enye akubalulekanga
okubalulekileyo yintlonelwane nothando nokwazi ukuba ldquobangabantu abanyerdquo Kufuneka bonke
belandele umzekelo weNkosi yawo onke amaKristu UJolobe uqonde ukuba makawacacisele
amaKristu ukuba kwikomkhulu eliphezulu akufunwa bunewunewu nazinto ezingaluncedo
ukungena kwibhotwe leZulu leNkosi uYesu Okubalulekileyo kukuba bambathe ubulungisa
beNkosi uYesu
Kulo mbongo isigama asichongileyo uJolobe sinamandla atsalayo Enza umntu awufunde lo
mbonbo ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kolwimi loqobo olunambithekayo nalunonge ngolwimi
lwezafobe nezagwelo zokuthetha ezivakala kamnandi endlebeni yomfundi Umzekelo
imifanekiso-ngqondweni yeliso eliqela kulo mbongo idala ukuhleka ngendlela uJolobe awuzobe
ngawo umfanekiso womntu oqhoboshe ibhatyi obeleke igubu onxibe umnqwazi Zonke ezi
zinto zibonisa uburharha bombhali nokonwabisa Imifanekiso ndash ntelekelelo yentshukumo nayo
nayo idala isiyolisi Idale isimbo sedrama apho izinto zibonwayo ngeliso ziqhubeka zisenzeka
Nayo yongeza uvuyo kulo mbongo Umzekelo kanti ukumka kwegubu namanzi kwanekepusi
nako kutsale umdla womfundi nokuhleka okubonisa uburharha bombhali uJolobe
Lo mbongo wale mbongi uyeminye yemibongo ethe yagqwesa phakathi kwathe wayibhala
Ubaluleke kakhulu nakwimibongo engenkolo yobuKristu kwaye ngawo uJolobe uthe wazitsala
iingcinga zabantu bale nkolo zatsho zacinga kaninizi Zafumana iimfundiso ezinkulu
nezityhilelo athe waxwayiswa ngazo abantu uMfundisi nembongi uJolobe
Kwakhona ngalo mbongo uthe wadiliza iindonga ebezithe zinzi phakathi kwamabandla
namanye naphakathi kwabazalwane nabanye abazalwane kuba naye ngokwakhe
nasekuhambeni kwakhe emhlabeni washiya eyiphilile imfundiso yesityhilelo awasityhilelwayo
Kuhle ukuyithetha into yokuba uJolobe unduluke eyifundisile indlela eyiyo neyenene Uthe
ngokukhalimela ucalucululo emabandleni kwatsho kwabakho ukuhlonelana kwamabandla
nakoomabonakude kwiinkqubo zooRebecca Malophe kuba amaKristu ayasebenzisana
nakwimiculo Akukho kujongelana phantsi ngazambatho nazinkqubo zokunqula Namhlanje
kubonakala uMzantsi Afrika omtsha wamakholwa azamayo ukuphila inkolo enye yobuKristu
apho kubonakala intlonelwano nenkuthazo nobunye bamabandla ngenxa yegalelo likaJolobe
ekuphuhlisweni ngokutsha kwenkolo yobuKristu ngokubonisa kwakhe indlela ekufanele ukuba
213
ahambe ngayo apha ekuhlaleni Kungoko nabanina angabona ukuba likhulu igalelo likaJolobe
nakwiinkalo zobuKristu kwanjengokuba lilikhulu igalelo lakhe kwezezopolitiko
kwanezemfundo Le mbongi yenze umsebenzi omhle wokuba ngukhala wesizwe esiNtsundu
ngokusikhokelela empumelelweni yoqobo singalambathi nganto kwezasekuhlaleni
nasekutyetyisweni kwezasemphefumlweni
452 Ikholwa
UJolobe uwubhale lombongo ukubonisa ukuba kwakungelulanga ukusabela ubizo lwakhe lokuba
nguNyawo-ntle Uchaza ubunzima bokuthwala umnqamlezo kufuneka unyamezele usenziwa
izinto ezibuhlungu ngabanye abantu ezinjengendelelo ngamanye amaxesha athi umntu ezama
ukuhamba indlela yobuKristu afumane ukulingwa nokunyeliswa ade umntu abeyinto
yokuhlekisa kude kufuneke anikele nangesinye isidlele akubethwa kwesinye Konke oku
kuthethe ukuba kufuneka ubani anyamezele iintshutshiso eziyinxenye yemigomo namaxethuka
obomi bakhe Into eyayibonakala inzima kuJolobe Kumbongo ldquoIkholwardquo (Jolobe 197137)
uthetha ngobu bunzima esenjenje ukwenza
Ndakha ndayekela ndoniwe litshivela
Ukusuka loo mini lahlala lilumkile
Lizithiba ngohloni liwazi amandla am
Sekhe ndasukelana kwiinkundla zakowethu
Sibambene nothile bavutha ubutshaba
Ukususela loo mini sathetha ngobuhlobo
Elowo ethembisa ukuncama okuthile
Yadaleka imvano ngokubethwa buhlungu
Kwesi sicatshulwa uJolobe ubika iimbilini zakhe njengekholwa Uzoba iinzima azifumana kule
hambo yenkolo yobuKristu Isigama nezafobe azisebenzisayo sibanga umdla sichukumisa
neengcinga Woniwa litshivela kodwa akaphindezela (umqolo wokuqala) ebonisa ubuKrestu
obunothando olungenampindezelo Wathi noko ezazi ukuba unamandla okuloyisa wasuka
wayekela kuba ngokwenkolo yobuKrestu wayesithi uyavavanywa Ubona indlela yokuphila
ngobuKrestu inzima kufuneka umntu athembele kuThixo kuphele hayi ukuthembela kwawakhe
amandla kuphela
UJolobe ubonakalisa apha ukuzazi isiphiwo sakhe kwanesimo sendalo yakhe ukusukela
ebutsheni bakhe umzekelo ebetha iintonga kubonakala ukuba kwakungekho mntu umelana
naye Kodwa waloyisa utshaba ngokubonisa uthando (Ukususela loo mini sathetha ngobuhlobo)
Waphetha esoyisa ngokunikezela esinye isidlele (Yadaleka imvano ngokubethwa buhlungu) Oku
kubonise ukuba akululanga ukuyigcina imithetho elishumi ngawakho amandla Kufuneka ucele
214
iNkosi ikuncede ukwazi ukunyuka amaqhina ale ndlela ngamandla ayo kuba yena ngawakhe
amandla akanako ukukwazi tu ukulingena iZulu Isizathu esinye esiyingxaki kukuba akakwazi
ukumelena nomntu ofika angabonisi mbeko umzekelo umntu onesigezo okanye odelelayo kuba
yena uyakwazi ukuzilwela akakwazi ngoko ukumelane nomthetho omxelela ukuba makavume
umntu ambethe esidleleni amyeke angenzi nto ngaloo nto inzima loo nto kuye Kwakhona
akanako ukukwazi ukuyeka abantu baxhaphaze usapho lwakhe kuba yimfanelo yakhe ukuba
abengumkhuseli walo
UJolobe apha uthetha inyaniso kuba akakwazanga ukungabalweli abantu besizwe sakhe
esiNtsundu sixhatshazwe kabuhlungu nangurhulumente wabaMhlophe wocalucalulo ngexesha
abe ephila kulo wenze into ngalo nto Wabalwela wanika inkxaso kwimibutho elwela inkululeko
yomntu omnyama
Ngalo mbongo uJolobe athe waphalaza izikhwazilima zakhe neengxaki zakhe kwindlela yenkolo
yobuKristu Uthe womeleza namanye amakholwa ukuba anganikezeli ayilahle inkolo yawo
ngenxa yezilingo ezithi zime endleleni zizama ukubakhupha endleleni yabo nakwinkolo yabo
abathe bazikhethela yona ngokunokwabo nelilungelo labo kwihambo yabo yobomi babo
Ukhuthaza ukuba bazame nokuba kunzima bathi chu bangululahli ukholo lwabo nethemba labo
bacele amandla eNkosini njengokuba naye wenza njalo wacela amandla oncedo lwayo
453 Makubekho ukukhanya
Kulo mbongo ldquoMakubekho ukukhanyardquo (197430) imbongi ibone ukuba izisebenzise zonke
izixhobo zayo zokulwa impathombi nokucinezelwa kwabantu abaMnyama Ngoku iqonde ukuba
makhe isebenzise isikrweqe esingumthandazo icele koPhezukonke emnqulayo UJolobe
wakhuliswa ngomthandazo ngabazali bakhe Waphela ewazi amandla omthandazo nokusebenza
kwawo ukuwisa iindonga neentaba eziziyimiqobo kubomi babantu Olu luvo luxhaswa
nguJolobe kumbongo wakhe othi ldquoGquma barhwaqela indlovu enomxhakardquo (1936) apho
adandalazisa iziganeko eziliqela apho iNkosi yakhe ayichaza njengenawo ldquoonkerdquo amandla
Ucalucalulo lwabantu abaMnyama walilwa ngemithandazo noxa nje wayesebenzisa usiba
lwakhe KuThixo ucele amandla angaphezu kwawabantu Ucele noncedo lukaSomandla
aphakame awukhulule umzi oNtsundu iAfrika iphela Ngamandla aKhe oyise ingcinezelo
yoburhulumente wocalucalulo lwenkohlakalo UJolobe ube elikholwa elikholelwa ukuba
undonakele kufuneka uliwe ngandlela zonke nomthandazo uqhubeka ungayekwa (1940116)
kuba engawathandabuzi amandla akhoyo kuwo
215
Kulo mbongo unika indanduluko ethildquoMakubekho ukukhanyardquo Uqhuba ekhalimelaldquo isithoko-
thokordquo sobumnyama Moya oyiNgcwele asifunqule siduduleke siyokuwela kude ukuze kuvele
ilizwe elitsha nalapha eMzantsi Afrika
Ubonakala uJolobe ekruqukile bubumnyama obucinezelayo Ngoku ubhenela nakumandla
angaphaya kwawabantu Ukholelwa kumandla anamandla angaphezu kwawabantu Oku
ukukrola ngolu hlobo
1Sithokothokondinrsquoesibumnyama
Oko wawuneke loo maphiko akho
Kumanzi enzonzobilrsquoenjalo
Babungabonwarsquoubuhle bezwe ncam
2 Wada ezinzulwini uMoya wafukama
Waza wathrsquouYise ldquoMakubekhrsquoukukhanyardquo
Isikhuselo sakrazuka apho
Le ndalrsquointle yaphandla amehlo
3 Nakubumnyamrsquoobugubungelayo
Njengokubrsquoilizwe mgama lihambela
UkubrsquouMoya ngokufukamileyo
4 Nakuwe Mninikwazi kwakholeka
Ukuba ukukhanya makubekho
Akuyi kutyhileka mazwe matsha na[ugxininiso lwam]
UJolobe usebenzisa isigama nolwimi lwezafobe ezichukumisa iimvakalelo zosizi Usebenzisa
nomelo olutsala umdla womfundi Luchukumisa ingqondo yomfundi atsho acinge ukuba
imbongi izama ukuthini na ngezi simboli okanye olu melo olunamandla Umzekelo
isithokothoko silumelo lobubi nenkohlakalo (Heese noLawton 1988 Pretorious 1989) ehamba
neendidi ngeendidi zempathombi yabantu abaNtsundu ezenziwa ngurhulumente wocalucalulo
Kanti ldquoukukhanyardquo kulumelo lwethemba inkqubelaphambili inkululeko novuyo
kwanempumelelo Ezi zafobe zinamandla zichukumisa imizwa neemvakelelo zovelwano nosizi
eyayiluva imbongi ingonwabanga kukungaphetheki kakuhle kwanabantu bakowayo isizwe
esiMnyama
Elokugqiba uJolobe uthe wangukhala ldquononogadardquo wabacinezelekileyo akahlala athi tu
angenzinto ngalo nto Nalaphe kulo mbongo ulwa ngenye indlela ldquouyathandazardquo uthandazela
isizwe kwanaye ukuze ukwazi nokubanika ithemba abantu omeleza nokholo lwabo Ngale ndlela
uzame kwanokuba banganikezeli bayikhalale iNkosi ngenxa yokubandezeleka kwabo kuba
ibingumsebenzi wakhe ukuzomeleza iigusha zakhe Kuyezeka ukuba kulindelekile ukuba
umalusi weegusha njengokuba waye enguye eseyinkwenkwana ezonzakeleyo nezibuthathaka
216
azame ukuzibopha kuba ezithanda iigusha anikwa ilungelo lokuzinanakelela Nalapha kulo
mbongo uJolobe ubonisa ukuba uyazikhathelalela abonise ukuba uyabathandazela ethandazela
nesizwe esiNtsundu ukuba ukukhankanya okuyinkululeko kufike kuvele inguqulelo ezintle
kwanamazwe amatsha enomgaqo siseko omtsha ophakamisa isidima esilinganayo sabantu bonke
kanje njengokwenzekileyo kurhulumente omtsha womtsha woMzantsi kule mihla sikuyo
Intombi kaJolobe uVuyo ithi uyise wayengathandazi nje waye ethetha noThixo Oko kukuthi
waye esazana naye enobudlelwane naye Kungoko imithandazo yakhe yokholo esekelwe
kumandla eNkosi yakhe yaphendulwa ngokugqithisileyo Kwaye isizukulwana sakhe kunye
nomzi oNtsundu ngokubanzi uxhamla iimpendulo zemithandazo yakhe kunye namanye
amakholwa awaye ethandaza ngexesha lakhe UJolobe waye ekholelwa bubukho bukaThixo
oyiphendulayo imithandazo xa abantu becela bezingisile bemthemba Waziva izingqi
zokugaleleka kwayo inkululeko ngo1976 ngelixa logwayimbo lwabafundi eMzantsi Afrika
uwonke uzanyazanyiswa Wabaxelela abantu eselukhukweni lokufa ixesha lokunduluka kwakhe
emhlabeni wathi sele lifikile yaye nenkululeko akusekudala ifike
UBurns (akukho nyaka wopapasho) imbongi yamaSkotshi kwimibongo yayo iyibhalalile
imithandazo yayo Ithe yabhala neengoma ibhalela yona kunye nesizwe sakowayo amaSkotshi
Kanti naye uJolobe kulo mbongo uthe wacela iNkosi ivelele i-Afrika izise ukukhanya
baphakamiseke abantu bayo Lo mbongo ufana nomhobe wesizwe saseMzantsi Afrika u ldquoNkosi
sikelelrsquoiAfrikardquo okwangumthandazo othandazela ukuba uThixo ashenxise konke okubi eMzantsi
Afrika usale usikelelekile
454 Isililo sikaNdlebende
Lo mbongo ldquoIsililo sikaNdlebenderdquo (197471) ungenkolo yobuKristu uphinde ube
ngowezezopolitiko Kwezezopolitiko ulwa ukucalulwa kwabantu kwanokucinezelwa kwabo
ngabasemagunyeni nabakulawulo lwelizwe
Imbongi uDon Lee kuWatts (198991-92) uchaza ukuba imibongo le nayo inenxaxheba enkulu
ekulweni iimeko zengcinezelo nangona ingasebenzisi zirhuluwa namikhono yekati nje kanti
nayo inawo amandla aphembelela inkululeko yabacinezelweyo kwanabathinjiweyo Uqhuba athi
imibongo kumaxesha athile ityhilela abafundi okanye abantu ngokubanzi ngongquzulwano
neziganeko ezakhe zabakho kubomi nentlalo yabantu besizwe Ezo zimvo zinje zimalunga
neemeko zezopolitiko Kwakhona uDon Lee imibongo uyibona inako kwanokunika iinkumbulo
ngeenkosi okanye nangamaqhawe esizwe awathi azibalula kumadabi okanye ezimfazweni
Umzekelo uJolobe ukhumbule ubulungisa bephakathi uKhwane owaye ephantsi kwenkosi
eyayibaculula ibabulale ngamandla abantu ababethi banukwe ngobugqwirha esizweni sayo Yaza
217
yawunikela lo msebenzi kuKhwane ukuba ababulale bangabikho emhlabeni Ngokusikwa
yinceba lona eli phakathi lenza indlela yokubafihla emehlweni engqumbo yenkosi Baza kamva
basuka aba bantu balusizo olukhulu esizweni siphela Babangumkhosi owabanamandla ngexesha
lemfazwe (Jolobe 1971)
Kwakhona ukuxhasa uluvo lwakhe uDon Lee uhambisa athi imibongo inako ukusetyenziswa
njengezixhobo zovukelombuso kuba ngayo umbhali uthetha ngeemvakalelo zakhe
ezimhlungisayo kwaye le mibongo ithi ibe namandla amakhulu avuselelayo ahlala ehleli
ezingqondweni zabantu Kanti kwale mibongo inako nokukhuthaza abantu baqhubeke
bayilwelwe ingcinezelo yabo
UWatts (1989 160) uthi uSerote usoloko eyichaphazela intlalo embi ebebehleli ngayo abantu
belokishi yase-Alexander kuncwadi lwakhe Kulapho ikakhulu wakhulela khona kanjalo
kwiminye yemibongo yakhe ude akhankanye agxigxinise kwindlela ethoba ngayo isidima imeko
yentlalo yale lokishi nakubomi babo Ubhale imibongo echaza ngengcinezelo yabantu nolutsha
lwase-Alexander eRawutini apho abantu abaMnyama badudulelwa khona batsho bahlupheka
abahambela ndawo Okuthethwa nguSerote apha kufana nqwa nokucaciswa nguJolobe
ngekamva elimfiliba labantu ingakumbi lolutsha oluMnyama lwelokishi yaseBhayi
ayikhankanye kwincwadi yakhe idrama Amathunzi Obomi ngenxa yokucinezelwa ngumbuso
wabaMhlophe ngexesha lakhe
Imbongi uJolobe nqwa nembongi uSerote kumbongo ldquoIsililo sikaNdlebenderdquo (193666)
ukhuthaza abantu abaMnyama ukuba bangayiphumelelisi imizamo yokwenziwa inxenye
yezixhobo ezisetyenziswayo ekucinezeleni abanye abantu ingakumbi abantu abaMnyama
abalibala labo Uzibona izenzo ezinjalo zikhuthaza esibi sona isikhalo sentlungu esifana nqwa
nesikhalo esibi sikaNdlebende UJolobe uthi ucinga ukuba esi silo uNdlebende sathi senziwa
buhlungu kakhulu yimpathombi kwixesha elithile ebomini
Uphinda akhuthaze abantu ukuba bakhuthale bafunde basebenze nangezandla zabo bayilwe
ingcinezelo yabo baziphakamise kodwa bathembele nakumandla oMdali kwaye bamthande
bazi ukuba unako ukubanceda abalwise nakumadabi abathi bajongane nawo mihla le angaphezu
kwawabo UJolobe ugqithisa la mazwi enkuthazo esizweni ngexesha lengcinezelo Wawakrola
ngobugcisa obuphakamileyo obuchukumisa umxhelo wathi
Phakamisrsquoingalo yakho Afrika
Khangela phezulu nyana kaNtu
Intliziyo yakho mayinabe
Kukhrsquoeyenye na inkululeko
ThandrsquouMdali wakho nomelwane
218
Zondelelrsquo imfundo usebenze
Ngamhlrsquouthile wovuna isiqhamo
Unganako na ukuthulula
Ungakhange uthe eselweni
Umntu oza nolutho kuni apha
Ngothi ldquoSebenzani ndinincederdquo
Lowo uthi ldquoNalu uncedo ese aphardquo
Uthi ldquoNdincede ndisithele aphardquo -
Intlanti zamadoda ziphelile
Ngokhotha-bexathula abanjalo (197479)
Ubudlelwane phakathi kwalo mbongo nombhali uJolobe buya bonakala Indlela athetha ngayo
kuvakala ngokumhlophe ukuba kuthetha umntu onguMfundisi wobuKristu nowenza
intshumayelo emi epulpitini efundisa elumkisa ibandla ngezinto ezenza abantu babe zizidodo
bangahambeli phambili nesizwe ngokunjalo ngenxa yokuzibandakanya kwizinto eziyingozi
ezidala usizi Kwakhona ukhomba kwanezinto ezintle ezizizenzo zobuntu eziqhubelisa phambili
abantu nesizwe
Imfundiso yembongi yevuselelayo Ubonise ukuba uyinkokheli enobulumko eyakha isizwe
sama-Afrika ukuba sithandane sincedisane sihlonelane kuba ngaloo ndlela siyakuba sifezile
ukuwugcina umthetho omkhulu nomyalelo weNkosi othi ldquoThanda ummelwane wakho
njengokuba uzithandardquo Lo mthetho ukhuthaza Ubuntu
455 Indlovrsquo enomxhaka
kulo mbongo ldquoIndlovrsquoenomxhakardquo (1936 197463) ubetha enjenje
UGquma-barhwaqele iNdlovu enomxhaka
Ulitye lenyengane umandla makhulu
Bhubesi lakwaYuda gquma bankwantye
UloMoya uphumla kumaza olwandle
Ulochithrsquoubumnyama kuvelrsquoukukhanya
Ugquma-barhwaqele iNdlovrsquoenomxhaka
Imbongi kwesi sicatshulwa igcobile ilizwi layo liphezulu kakhulu Oku kudizwa
nayindanduluko enkulu ecacise ukuba ukonwabele oku kwazisa ngobukhulu beTshawe iNkosi
uYesu Wenza kanye laa nto yenziwa ziimbongi xa zibonga iinkosi zilandelisa neminombo
yazo kwaneziganeko kwiimbali zazo Ezi mbongi zithi zibabaze kwanezango zobukroti
zeenkosi ezimfazweni ezazizela nodumo nokoyikwa kwanokuhlonelwa okukhulu
Le mbongi uJolobe njengoMfundisi-Lizwi ozifundileyo iziBhalo iyawazi umnombo weNkosi
yayo Ibonisa ekukwazini ukubonga iNkosi uYesu Kristu imlanda umnombo wayo
ngempumelelo Imbonga njengenkosi yothuthu Isebenzisa izixhobo zesigoci sokubonga
219
kwembongi yomthonyama Ikwagxininisa ibabaza ubukhulu bale Nkosi ngezafobe ezibonisa
ubunganga bayo endalweni obushiya ingqondo yomntu
Le mbongi ilibonga iQhawe lamaqhawe ngokuchulumancisayo Ibonga amandla alo okudala
ihlabathi ngelizwi kuvele ukukhanya bugqotse ubumnyama Litshawe eloyikwa nabubumnyama
Kungoko lixabiseke ngokugqithiseleyo UJolobe ngokwenza enjenje ulinika umfaneleko walo
eliwufanelelyo Uyalihombisa iqhawe ngezilo ezikhulu nezikhankanywa ngamandla
kwinkcubeko yakwaNtu izilo ezinkulu ezinjengeengonyama neendlovu nezihlonelwayo
zisoyikwa kwizizwe eziNtsundu kanti nasezizweni jikelele
UJolobe ngale ndlela yokubonga iNkosi yakhe ubonisa ukuba yena ngumntu omnye nenkcubeko
yesizwe sakhe nemvelo yakhe esuka kuNtu ngoko akazokutshintsha abe yenye into angeyiyo
Yona inkolo yakhe yobuKristu imi ikwaquka amava akhe obomi kwanezezemfundo
Akayichasanga inkcubeko uyibona iyinxenye yobomi bomntu nendlela aphile ngayo nathe
wakhuliswa ngayo Kodwa yena ulumkisa akhuthaze ukuba abantu bawashiye amasiko
angakhiyo asibuyisela umva isizwe namanye awo abangela imbubho nezigulo kwanokusolwa
kwabantu ngezinto zokuthakatha bade abanye abantu baphathwe kakubi babulawe kabuhlungu
Ukhuthaza abantu baqhubeke namasiko asakhayo isizwe nasiqhubelisa phambili siphumelele
Ngoko ke kuJolobe inkcubeko yabaMnyama iyinxenye yobubutyebi babo
Lo mfanekiso weli qhawe liyiNkosi libongwa ngendanduluko enkulu ukhatshwa
yimifanekisongqondweni yeliso ekhwankqisayo echukumisa neemvakalelo zovuyo Inika umntu
ulwazi olutsha nathe uJolobe walifumana ngokutyhilelwa nguThixo
Izafobe zezikweko zokutyhilela umfundi olu tyhilelo imbongi inalo ngeNkosi yayo
zisikhumbuza izafobe ezihlekisayo zikaHermanson (199511) apho abantu bajikwa babezizinto
ezinomphefumlo kwanezingenamphefumlo Umzekelo apha iNkosi yakhe uJolobe uyizobe
yazizilo ezinkulu iingonyama neendlovu ezinomphefumlo ndash okuzoba ukuba iNkosi yakhe
inamandlakazi amakhulu ngokwezilo ezoyikwayo nezihlonitshiweyo yiyo yonke indalo ezindle
nangabantu bonke emhlabeni nangenxa yobungozi bazo zakubanomsindo okanye xa zithe
zacunukiswa Kwakhona ukwayibonisa iyimibane Abuye ayizobe ililitye into engenamphefumlo
(Hermanson 1995)-isikweko apha esibonisa umntu enokomelela nokungagungqi kwamandla
kwakhe
Ezi zikweko zihombisa ziqaqambisa lo mbongo ziqulethe nentsingiselo kwanomyalezo
wembongi Utsho ucace gca kuqondakale ngokupheleleyo ebantwini ukuba le mbongi iqhayisa
ngobungangamsha nokongama kweli Qhawe neTshawe kwindalo iphela nekwilizwe liphela
220
ngokwenkolo yakhe Kubhaqeke ukuba uJolobe (197471) lo mbongo uwukrole wasisikweko nje
xa uwonke ngesigama esikhwankqisayo nesisodwa Le nyaniso idizeka kwesi sigama singe
zantsi xa athi
Ulothetha ngelizwi kuvele kuvele indalo
Ulophatha ngesandla kuvele ubomi
Ulonika indyebo abuye ahlwempuze
Ulomthandi womthetho ohlwaye umkreqi
UDuma- barhwaqele iNdlovrsquoinomxhaka
Kwesi sitanza singentla ubonisa ubukhulu obungenambaliso beli Tshawe ngezafobe nje zodwa
Ukhankanya ukuba lithi lakuthetha kungaphindi kuthethe mntu kuba isuka nendalo ilulame
ithobele imiyalelo enikwa lilo Obu bunganga bunje busikhumbuza ngeemini apho abafundi
bakaYesu bambona ehamba phezu kolwandle kodwa akatshona kuba amaza olwandle
ayemlulamela avuma ukuba abe lukhuko okanye imethi ebomvu yalo ahambe phezu kwawo
amnike imbeko
UJolobe ukwasikhumbuza ngesiganeko samhla uthile iTshawe uYesu lalisenqanaweni liphumle
lilele Kwasuka ngesiquphe kwavuka isaqhwithi sesivondoviya somoya elwandle sazamana
nokuba inqanawa ifune ukuzika Ngokoyika ukufa abafundi bavuse eli Tshawe uYesu bathi
kulo ldquoakukhathali sisifa njerdquo Wasuka uYesu wawukhalimela umoya onamandla wathi kuwo
ldquoYithi tu cwakardquo Ngoko nangoko kuthiwa umoya wazola kwabakho noxolo olukhulu Abafundi
bakhwankqiswa kanobomi ukuba babehamba noYesu onamandla angaka nohlonelwa nayindalo
Ngokwenkcazo kaJolobe kulo mbongo ucacisa ukuba indalo yonke kanti nabantu ngokunjalo
abakwazi ukungaqubudi xa ebayelela Umzekelo abafundi bakhe bathi babulaleka iintsuku
ngeentsuku beloba iintlanzi bengabambisi nto Kodwa lathi lakufika iTshawe uYesu kubo
labayelela ukuba bakhwelelisele enzulwini Bathobela Yasuka iminatha yabo yafuna
ukuqhaqheka ngenxa yeentlobo ngeentlobo zeentlanzi abazibambayo
Lo mqondiso ungentla ngokukaJolobe ungqina ngobunganga bukaYesu Yaye nendalo le
iyaqubuda kuye kude kube ngonaphakade Kuba iTshawe lakoyisa uqobo lokufa njengoko
igunya lolawulo linikwe lona ezulwini nasemhlabeni Walibonakalisa eli gunya nangokuvusa
uLazaro entsuku zintathu ebhubhile esengcwabeni Wabuya wadla ubomi uLazaro Yiloo nto
imbongi uJolobe icacise kwamhlophe ngobungangamsha namandla eTshawe eliyiNkosi
ayikhonze ngexesha abe ephila ngalo Uyayizukisa kulo mbongo Uyambesa ngesigama sezafobe
ezixandileyo nezintsokothileyo Utsho ngesiXhosa esikumgangatho ophezulu esinezagwelo
zokubonga ezisetyenziswa ziimbongi zomthonyama
221
UJolobe uwunika lo mbongo isingqisho esihamba ngamanyathelo esihobe somthonyama
Ufikelela kwesi singqisho ngempinda esemiqolweni ethi ldquoGquma barhwaqele indlovu
enomxhakardquo Le mpinda-mqolo inika lo mbongo ubungoma nobunye benjongo yawo
ekukudumisa uYesu Kristu iNkosi yakhe Yindumiso yobukhulu namandla eli Tshawe alibona
lingoyiswa nto neliphakamisa ubomi babantu ekuhlaleni nasebugxwayibeni ide ithathe iintsizi
zabantu ibanike imivuyo
Ukuphetha le mbongi inguMfundisi uJolobe kulo mbongo wayo ifundisa abantu ngamandla eli
Tshawe Umzekelo ibakhumbuza ukuba yonke indalo kwasekudalweni kwehlabathi yamamela
imiyalezo yamandla eliZwi layo ngoko ke ngokwenkolo yayo akukho zinto ingaxakwa zizo
ezisebomini babantu nobesizwe jikelele
46 Imibongo engamaqhawe kwimbali yakwaNtu
UJolobe uye wakhuthazeka wachukumiseka ziimbali zabantu abaNtsundu kwanezamaqhawe
eenkosi ezikhaliphileyo nezilumkileyo Iinkosi ezifana noHintsa noKhwane noKhama
wabeTswana Ezi Nkosi ngamaqhawe Zazibaxabisile zibakhusela abantu bazo Naye uJolobe
wafunda iindlela zazo wazilinganisa Wabonakalisa ukuzingca kwakhe ngazo ngokuthi azibonge
Kungoko kule mibongo ingezantsi abonga ancome ubuhle bazo bangaphakathi nobuhle bengqiqo
yazo Zabonisa ukuba zizizifundiswa zemfundo ephezulu zingayanga ezikolweni zemfundo
esekelwe kwizikhokelo zaseNtshona Zizizifundiswa zemfundo yemveli
461 Imfecane ndashumbongo ongeqhawe uHintsa
Lo mbongo-mbaliso ungesenzo sobuqhawe esenziwa ngukumkani uHintsaUJolobe uwuvula
ngale miqolo
Malibongwe iTshawe ukuzenza igwiba
Akananza bumbacu akoyika vukelo
UJolobe ubonisa ukumthanda nokumxabisa kakhulu uKumkani uHintsa ngobulumko
nangobugokra bakhe nangovelwano awathi walwenzela isizwe sakowabo amaHlubi xa esithi
Malibongwe iTshawe ukuzenza igwibardquo UHintsa akazange awavuyelele amaHlubi
njengamaBhele awathi kuhlaselwa amaHlubi ngamaNgwane aza wona asuka awahesha
ewabhebhetha amaHlubi awaye ekhokelwe ngunkosi uMahlaphahlapha nangona aye
engabamelwane bawo asuka wona axhoba elungiselala ukuzuza amaxhoba anokuthi awe
edabini Ezi nkcukacha sizibonibisile kwisahluko esingentla xa besisenza ugxekoncomo
lwenoveli kaJolobe Elundini loThukela
UHintsa la maHlubi ayehlaselwa eleqwa ngamaNgwane wasuka wawamkela kwilizwe lakhe
lamaXhosa Yiloo nto uJolobe athi uHintsa ldquoAkananza bumbacu akoyika vukelordquo
222
Njengembongi wenza lo mbongo ldquoImfecanerdquo ube lilitye lesikhumbuzo ngeli qhawe uHintsa
angaze alitywalwe zizizwe zamaXhosa namaHlubi nazizizwe eziNtsundu ngokubanzi ngobuntu
owabenzela amaHlubi esengxakini Wabonisa ubuthandazwe njengoKhwane
Heke Kuhle ukuba uJolobe aphakamise ubulumko benkosi neenkokheli zabantu abaNtsundu
(hayi ezaseNtshona kuphela) abonise ukuba nazo iinkosi mandulo kumaXhosa njengoHintsa lo
zazinobulumko ngokungathi zaziyile esikolweni semfundo ephakamileyo kuba zazinobulumko
nobunkcuba-buchopho bemveli ezibuphiwe nguMdali bokukwazi ukulawula izizwe ngesidima
nangembeko kwanokukwazi kuhlonela abantu zibonisa uvelwano nakwezinye izizwe
ngokubanzi ezimelene nazo Kwaye isekho inkolo yokuba zisekho nanamhla ngokuqinisekileyo
ezinye zinkosi neenkokheli ezisenobulumko obunjalo bokuxabisa abantu bazo ngokubaphatha
ngesidima esihle nangondileko hayi ngokuxabisa amanani abantu kuphela (194030) Kungoko
uJolobe ewuvule lombongo Imfecane ngamazwi okubulela uHintsa ngobuntu awabubonisa
kumaHlubi ngelixa lenkcithakalo yezizwe ezisuka eNtla zikhutshwa neengcambu kwiindawo
ezazahlala zakhile kuzo ngokuhlaselwa zizizwe ezazinoburhalarhume ezazihamba zithimba
iinkomo nobutyebi bezizwana ezincinane Ezo zizwana zaba zimbacu kunye namaHlubi
ngamaZizi namaBhele zala ukuba phantsi kwamaNgwane zakhetha ukubhacela ndaweni zimbi
siyichutyelwa le mbali evunywa nazizifundo zezembali nguJolobe kwinoveli yakhe Elundini
LoThukela Le ntsabo uphinda uJolobe ayicukushe kumbongo Imfecane enjenje
Yindimbane yentsabo amadoda nosapho
Iimbacu amafaca iinkomo sezathinjwa
Ngasemva kusisisi izixeko luvundu
Kumkhondo wemfecane kusele amagquba
Yinkungu engqondweni limpampam ngaphambili
Ngezi ziqwengana zamagama zithi ldquo limpampam ngambilirdquo ldquoYinkungu engqondwenirdquo imbongi
izoba umfanekiso wokuphelelwa lithemba kwabantu ingakumbi xa behluthelwe konke
ababenako nezindlu zabo ziluvundu nje kuphela Beva ubuhlungu nodandatheko olukhulu
kukuba bathi njengemini enye bazibona bengamahlwempu neembacu kwabhadakazi apho
kungekho nceba Esi sehlo senzeka kumaHlubi siyelelene nqwa nesenzeka kubukhosi
bamaXhosa wona azibona engenayo nale yokusenga inkomo ngenxa yombono kaNongqawuse
ngokuchazwa kwanguJolobe kumbongo iNgqawule (197440)
Ngale ndlela uJolobe udizela abafundi ukuba lukho ulwazi oluninzi abafundi abanokuthi
balubhaqe okanye baluvumbulule ukuba banganomdla kuncwadi alubhalileyo noncwadi
nakuncwadi olulolunye Bangafumana ubulumko nokhanyiselo ezingqondweni zabo bacacelwe
223
ukuba imbongi okanye umbhali uthini na kwaye intsingiselo yakubhalileyo ibhekisele entweni
na (Scheub 1967 62)
UJolobe kulo mbongo Imfecane uphumelele ukuyicacisa imeko yeenzima amaHlubi
ayejongene nazo Kodwa amaHlubi enethemba lokuphila ala ukuba phantsi kwabacinezeli
bawo amaNgwane Olu luvo lungentla lungqinwa nguJolobe kuElundini loThukela apho
aphakamisa ukuzixabisa kwamaHlubi xa esithi amaHlubi akazange abe zizicaka zayo nayiphina
inkosi (2008)
Le mbali uyipheleke ngale mifanekiso ekulo mbongo etsala umdla nebanga iimvakalelo zosizi
nezibambisa amazinyo kuba imbongi ichaza ukuba amaHlubi kwakulindeleke ukuba abe
nokuhlaselwa zizilo zasendle ngeli xesha beleqwa ngasemva ziintshaba zawo Le meko uyichaze
wathi
Yaba nenzimrsquoindlela ldquokufohlwardquo koozindada
Bawela imisinga yamanzrsquoanamagama
ldquoBahlafuna iintsizirdquo ldquoisonka seenyembezirdquo
Ukuhlafuna ldquoisonka seenyembezirdquo kuthetha ukuba iimbacu zazilala zivuke zikhwiniswa yindlala
ziphinde zivuke isesesayizolo Le ndlala uye ayizobe cacileyo
Baphelelwa lutshongo bafunzela kudaka
Zajacekrsquoizambatho banxibrsquoingca yasendle
Ukufihla ubuze ngomhla wembandezelo
Babindeka bakucinga ngendyebo yangaseNtla
Baphela bebhenela ekuzihluthiseni ngodaka emva kokuhlafuna iintsizi isonka seenyembezi
(ldquoBaphelelwa lutshongo bafunzela kudakardquo) ngokwenziwa ziintshaba ngabom Kakade abantu
xa bengenaqhinga limbi elililo baphela besitya izinto ezingatyiwayo ngabantu kuba befuna
ukulibona ilanga nangomso Oku kubonisa ukunyamezela amaHlubi ayenako nokomelela
Zajaceka zaphela neempahla zabo zezikhumba baphela bezambathisa ngengca
(ldquoZajacekrsquoizambatho banxibrsquoingca yasendlerdquo) bezama ukufihla ubuze babo ngelixa
lembandezelo iintliziyo zibuhlungu imivuyo yeendyebo beyishiye kwelaseNtla Oku kungqinwa
nguJolobe xa esithi ldquoakubangakho ngoma emlonyeni wabo ngezo minirdquo Zaabuya iingoma
zemivuyo yelaseNtla akufumana ukhuseleko kuHintsa ldquoOmaphiko abanzirdquookufihla iindwayirdquo
Olu sindiso lwenceba lukaHintsa kumaHlubi uJolobe unaba ngalo ngosiba esithi
Omaphiko abanzirdquo okufihla iindwayi
Akananza bumbacu akoyika vukelo
Waluphatha ngofefe ngemini yophanziso
Uhlanga lwasemzini kumasango akowabo
224
Ngesi sikweko sikrweliweyo uJolobe uzoba uNkosi uHintsa ngobungangamsha bamandla
nobulumko obukhulu Isimo sakhe senceba nemfesana awavathiswa ngeso ngoseNyangweni
nguMdali imbongi ikhomba ukuba abantu bawabona amandla kwanobukho boMdali Batsho
bakholelwa ukuba waye esetyenziswa nguMdali uKumkani uHintsa ukuba abe sisandla sakhe
senceba Ngokuthi ldquoOmaphiko abanzirdquo kukwabonakalisa ukunyuselwa kwewonga likaKumkani
uHintsa kuba esi sisafobe esiye sinikwe inkcazelo yenceba ebanzi yoMdali equka ukhuseleko
olufumaneka phantsi kwamaphiko akhe Kwaye olu luvo lufumaneka nakwindumiso-91
kaDavide (Nelson 2003)
UJolobe ulibulele ithamsanqa awathi amaHlubi alifumana kunye nezinwe izizwe phantsi
kobuntu bukakumkani uHintsa kuba wathi wayalela ukuba isizwe sakhe sibaphe ukutya
banqonyelwa neenkomo kwenziwe ubuhlobo kunye nabantu abangekude kwigazi labo Wayalela
kwanokuba baphathwe ngobuntu ngokwesiko lamaXhosa
Isenzo esenzeka kumaHlubi sibufana nesenzeka kwisizwe samaXhosa kuba nawo akhe
agaxeleka kwiinzima ezinkulu mini aqubisana nendlala enkulu eyabangwa ngamaphupha
kaNongqawuse Kwale mbongi ikubalisile okwehlela nesi sizwe kwakulusizi Isizwe sithwaxwa
yindlala engenanceba Uninzi lwancama lwawashiya amakhaya kwanemizi yawo lwasebela
kubantu ababehlala emideni yabo Apho nawo anikwa iinkinkqa zokutya ukugxotha iphango
UJolobe uchaza kwanokuba nakumaXhosa kwakukubi kuba amathambo abantu bawo abafela
endleleni ayemhlophe qhwa emimangweni ingawaboyisakala ukuhamba imigama emide ukuya
kufuna uncedo Esibalisa esi sihelegu uthi sasisibi kangangokuba kwasweleka kwanomngcwabi
wokungcwaba abafi kuyintsabo nje umntu esindisa isiqu sakhe (Jolobe 197154)
Imbongi inika imfundiso enzulu kulo mbongo ldquoIMfecanerdquo nalo uthi ldquoINgqawulerdquo Le mibongo
mibini isenza sikwazi ukuthelekisa okubi okwehlela amaHlubi namaXhosa Zozibini ezizihelegu
zifundisa ukuba into embi ithi ihle ngamanye amaxesha emntwini engayilindelanga apha
ebomini kodwa okubalulekileyo kukuba abantu baphakame banganikezeli kuba imini azifani
nabo baya kuhleka ngomso Bangathi baphinde bavuyiswe ngokuncedwa ngabanye abantu
abangahlekisiyo ngezehlo ezibuhlungu zabanye Olu luvo luthi abo babonisa ubuntu kwabanye
mabaqhubeke nokubonisa uvelwano bangadinwa kuba nabo ngexesha labo lobunzima bangahle
bancedwe ngabaya bantu babebanike uncedo Kuloko iintetho zobulumko zamaXhosa zingqina
zisithi ldquoIsandla sihlamba esinyerdquo ldquoInxeba lenye indoda alihlekwardquo Ezi ntetho zobulumko
zakwaXhosa zibalulekile zilumkisa zixwayisa abantu ngolwazi nangokwakhana
225
462 Ubugora bomoya (Iqhawe uKhwane)
Le mbali ikulo mbongo Ubugora bomoya (Jolobe 197135) ingesenzo sobuqhawe
bukaKhwane Yimbali yobuthandazwe eyinyani eyathi yenzeka Yiloo nto uJolobe
njengembongi wenza lo mbongo waba lilitye lesikhumbuzo ngeli qhawe ukuze lingaze
lilitywalwe sisizwe samaXhosa nasisizwe esiNtsundu ngokubanzi Yena kuqala uJolobe ulijoni
neqhawe elililweleyo ilizwe lakowabo macala onke Ngoko eli qhawe uKhwane lelinye
lamaqhawe neenkokheli zesizwe ezathi zabukhuthaza ubukroti bakaJolobe waze naye wahamba
ngobukroti ekhondweni lazo esakha isizwe Kungoko uJolobe naye kubalulekile ukuba kubhalwe
imbali engobomi bakhe ukuze ibe sisikhumbuzo Kwaziwe ukuba ubomi bakhe wabunikela
njengedini ekuphakanyisweni kwesizwe sakowabo esiNtsundu
UJolobe naye wathi wasindisa abantu abaMnyama engebabebulewe ngexesha lombuso nenkolo
yobuKristu athe wazama ukuyiphila ethi ldquoThanda ummelwano wakho njengokuba uzithandardquo
Naye wabonisa uvelwano nangokukhumbula amaqhawe eeNkosi ooKumkani uHintsa kunye
noKhwane basindisa abantu ebengababefile uJolobe wathi wabonisa uvelwano nesibindi
zokujamelana nokufa kusinde amawaka abantu kusindiswe nosizi lwezizalwane
engezazilahlekelwe zizihlobo
UJolobe wafundisa ngalo mbongo kwaye usafundisa isizwe esiNtsundu nezizwe zonke zoMzi-
oNtsundu ama-Afrika nanamhla oku ukuba indoda le iyintoni na Imbongi ibonisa ukuba
umsebezi wendoda kwisizwe ngokubanzi nakusapho lwayo kukuba ibe ngukhalo nomkhuseli
walo kwanesizwe Ude athi uJolobe ldquokufanele ukuba ikhusele nababuthathaka abantu
kwanabacinezelweyo ukuze isizwe singabhangi sife ikhona indoda (19769) Lo mbongo
kaJolobe ngumbono owaphilwa nguMzilikazi owayisebenzela ukumkani uTshaka emthimbela
amawakawaka eenkomo kodwa eli qhawe lakhumbula ukuba liyakufa lisisicaka lisebenzela enye
ikumkani emcinezelayo Lakhumbula ukuba uyise walo naye waye eyinkosi Laqonda ukuba
abantu balo bayakuba ngamakhoboka unaphakade ukuba akabameli abakhulule Wenza
umcabango omhle wovelwano ngabantu bakowabo kanye njengoKhwane Layiqhawula intambo
yobukhoboka Laqhawula Laphumelela Labumisa ubukhosi bukayise
UKhwane iphakathi lenkosi Tshiwo elathi labonisa ukuba lithandazwe nelibonise ukufikelwa
lukhanyiso nempucuko lagqitha inkosi yalo eyayisa bopheleleke ebumnyameni benkolo
kwanamasiko anobungozi azizibulala-sizwe Kuba inkosi yamana ibulale abantu bayo Abantu
bayo abathi banukwa ngoosiyazi ngobugqwirha yasuka yona yaxabisa umntu yaxabisa
imiphefumlo neentsapho ezingena mkhuseli UKhwane wamana ebafihla waxola ukubeka ubomi
bakhe esichengeni kuba wayesenokuntanywa ngabanye abantu abulawe kodwa yena wamemela
226
ingqiqo yakhe waphulaphula isazela sakhe wenza okuhle Olu luvo nguJolobe uyalungqina
ngamazwi obunkcubabuchopho bakhe nawabonise ubunyange bakhe esizweni kwanobulumko
kumbongo Ingqawule (197148-49) xa athi
Ungqino lwempazamo
Ligqibrsquoothingazayo
Afulathelrsquoingqiqo
Ngelize
Lugqale kathathu
Wandule ukulwenza
Ilizwi lasenyangweni
Engqina ngala mazwi angasentla apha uJolobe ufundisa ukuba kubalulekile ukumamela isazela
esithetha ngaphakathi kuwe sisalatha inyaniso ekwenziweni okulungileyo kunokoyika abantu
nabasemagunyeni kunye nentandabuzo kuze kusale kubhubha abantu abamsulwa
Izithako nezafobe zohlalutyo ezisetyenziswe kolu gxekoncomo lwalo mbongo kaJolobe zitsala
ingqondo zabafundi zabaxwayisa ngolwazi olwakhayo kwanoluyolisayo
UmkhwazoldquoLimkile limkile limkilerdquo sisandi sempinda kwizitanza zalo mbongo Sisandi
sengoma yemivuyo esiwenze waphakama lo mbongo wadala uchulumanco Salatha ukugoduswa
ngovuyo kwenduna enkulu yesizwe ukuba iye kuphumla ngoxolo UJolobe ubhala athi
ldquongelalibulele lona lasindisardquo Ngeso senzo sihle iphakathi uKhwane wathi wenyuselwa
ngesenzo wabayinkosi yamaGqunukhwebe kwaChungwa kwaKama kuba aba bantu
wabasindisayo bajika bangumkhosi onamandla owathi weyisa iintshaba ezazihlasela unkosi
uTshiwo Basuka bambusa bacela ukuba abe yinkosi yabo
Kumqolo-35 uJolobe umkrole uKhwane ngesikweko esinamandla wathi yi ldquoyidayimami
ukubengezelardquo oku UJolobe umbone ejike walilitye elinqabilayo nelinexabiso ngokwenkcazo
yezikweko zikaHermanson (1995112) apho wabona abantu bejika ngamanye amaxesha babe
zizinto ezinomphefumlo kanti ngamanye amaxesha bajikwe babezizinto ezingena mphefumlo
Ngoko ke noJolobe umbone uKhwane esaya kuba nomzimba ongafiyo oyakuhlala uhleli
ubengezela uxelisa idayimani ngenxa yokuqaqamba kwezenzo zakhe ezichaze ubukhulu bakhe
Kwakhona ngesi sikweko ubonisa kwanokuba uKhwane uyakuhlala ekhunjulwa ezintliziyweni
zama-Afrika kuba yena wathi wafumana ukhanyiso njengoKhwane noJolobe lokulwa
ingcinezelo nevela kubantu abamnyama ngamanye amaxesha nenjengokuba ichazwe nanguSoga
(1937124) apha ngezantsi
Umqolo-2 ldquoElaqhawula intambo yesikordquo Ucacisa ukuba abantu babebanjwe ngamakhamandela
okungazi oku kukhalinyelwe nguJolobe kwinoveli yakhe uZagula apho akhalimele ukutyholwa
227
kwabantu ngokuthakatha baze emva koko babulawe kakubi ngokuhlaselwa Oku kusenzeka
nakule mihla yempucuko nangona uKhwane naye wathi walikhalimela eli siko awalibona
linentlonti kangangokuba uSoga wabalisa wathi lalifana necekwa nabani na enokuba
seqashisweni lokunukwa ngomso ingakumbi ukuba uthe wangophumelelayo kanye
njengoGubevu induna yaseluSuthu nayo eyathi yanukwa ngokuthakatha kuba inemihlambi
emikhulu yeenkomo Yasuka yalishiya elokuzalwa layo yayakuzimela kude lee nenkosi yalo
Umqolo-4ldquoLithobelrsquoisazelardquo ubonisa ukuba uKhwane ngenxa yesazela sobuntu uthe wakhetha
ukuguqa kuso asithobele kunokuthobela inkosi yakhe eqhubeka ibulala abantu besizwe sakhe
Yena uKhwane ethobele esi sazela wabasindisa ngokubafihla kude lee ebusweni benkosi
UJolobe umbone uKhwane eli litye idayimani Lilitye elinqabileyo exabisekileyo elomeleleyo
nelinqwenelekayo nelifunwayo kwizizwe ezininzi Oku kuthetha ukuba uKhwane ube sisipho
kwisizwe sakwaXhosa Ube eyinkokheli ngenene kuba ebenazo zonke iimpawu zenkokheli
echazwa nguJolobe kwinoveli yakhe u-Elundini loThukela ngokwesithethe samaHlubi UJolobe
kule noveli uthetha ngomlomo kaDlikiza uthi indoda eyinkokheli kufuneka ibe yingonyama ibe
yingcongolo kuba inkokheli kwesi sizwe kufanele ukuba ibe neempawu ezalatha obu bunkokheli
buchazwa ngokobuHlubi
Isafobe esithi uKhwane yindwalutho yombuso wenceba simfanele Siqaqambisa iinjongo
zikaJolobe zokuphakamisa ukuxabisana ukuhlonelana nokuvelana kwabantu Siye kwakhona
saphumelela ukuqaqambiseni ubuhle nobunzwana bukaKhwane athe wamfanisa nedayimane
ebengezelayo ilitye elomeleleyo elingaphelelwayo kwaye lilixabiso elizingelwayo elizweni kuba
libubutyebi kubantu balo
Kwakhona uJolobe uphumelele kwanokubonisa isimo uKhwane abenaso ubulumko
kwanobuntu novelwano Kanye ebe yingcongolo kumlambo uThukela uKhwane ngokokubunjwa
kwakhe uJolobe embongweni ngezenzo zakhe ezintle kwanobukhalipha bakhe ukuze angaze
alityalwe
UKumkani uHintsa nonkosi uKhwane nonkosi uKhama yimizekelo yeenkokheli ebonakalisa
ukuba inkokheli kufanelekile nakanjani na ifunyanwe ineempawu ezinjengezi zilandelayo
ibelikroti ibe nobulumko ibaxabise abantu bayo ixolele kwanokubafela ngamanye amaxesha
Naye uKhwane wayenokubulawa yinkosi xa wayenokubhaqwa ukuba wayesaphula umyalelo
wayo
Lo mbongo ubugokra bomoya ufana nqwa nombongo ongenkosi uSekhome kaKhama iqhawe
labeSuthu Nalo lathi lazincama ngenxa yokuxhalatyiswa kwabantu bakowabo yingonyama
228
eyamana ifika ekuhlaleni iqwenge iinkomo zabo Nalo eli kroti neqhawe lazincama lancama
obalo ubomi laxhoba lemka lodwa ngobusuku lagagana nayo Kwaqubisana ibhubesi elingumfo
wom-Afrika kunye nebhubesi elisisilo Yalwa ngobukhalipha loo nzwana yabuya ithwele ufele
lwaloo ngonyama Wabonisa isizwe sakowabo ukuboyisela kwabo batsho baphile ubomi
obungcono bayifumana inkululeko yabo
UJolobe uthe wawathanda amakhalipha eenkokheli neenkosi kuba naye kuye liyabonakala igazi
lobukhosi Naye ude waxelisa unkosi uMthimkhulu owathi wahlaselwa wabhubha esemsebenzini
wokuya kuvelela ukuba izizwana zakhe ezingamaHlubi ziphila njani na UJolobe iinkosi
ezinovelwano nezibaxabisileyo abantu bazo uye wazithanda kakhulu Uthe wazilandela izenzo
zazo ezintle UJolobe kanye njengoKhwane noSekhone wenze loo nto wasindisa abantu
bakowabo ebeka nobakhe ubomi esichengeni baza ekugqibeleni bayifumana inkulukeko ethe
yalidini lomnikelo wakhe elibonisa uthando lwakhe nabantu bakowabo abaNtsundu ngokubanzi
Obu bunkokheli uJolobe uthethile ngabo ku- Amavo kwisincoko esithi ldquoInkokelirdquo (194063
Kweli livo uJolobe ufundise ukuba inkokheli ithi ukuze ithandwe ngabantu bayo ibonakalise
ukubakhusela kwanokubalwela kwanokubaxabisa kwanokubaphakamisa Uqhuba athi inkokheli
ayifuni kulungelwa yona yodwa kodwa ixhinela nasekulungelweni kwabantu bayo ibabonise
nendlela ezingenza ubomi babo bubengcono baqhuqheke baphakame Le ke impilo uye uJolobe
wayiphila ebomini bakhe Yiloo nto kuchazizwe apha ngentla ukuba uJolobe mnye kunye
noncwadi lakhe alubhalileyo kuba lusisipili sobomi athe wabuphila Naye njengoKhwane
uJolobe uphile intlalo yokukhonza isizwe sakhe bade wanyuselwa wabankosi ngabaa bantu
awabasindisa ekufeni Kungoko ethetha apha ngento ayaziyo yokuba inkokheli ifanele ibe njani
na
UJolobe uzithandile ngokungazenzisiyo iinkosi ezingamathandazwe nezinobulumko nokhalipha
kanye njengoMqhayi nowathi wamthabatha njengomkhuluwa wakhe kwanomzekelo wenkokheli
nathe wathanda ukuba njengayo wajonga kuyo wafunda kuyo isimo sayo sokukhalipho wabuka
nokuthanda kwayo inkcubeko kwanesizwe sayo nembali yaso Nale inguKhwane inkokheli
ubulumko bayo bubonakalise umntu ochubekileyo oqeqeshekileyo nomntu onemfundo ephezulu
noxa kungavakali ukuba zazikho izikolo zemfuziselo yaseNtshona ngexesha layo Kodwa
uJolobe wayithanda ngaphezulu kuba yabonisa isimo sokumxabisa kwanomthanda usoMandla
kanye njengoMqhayi kuba isazela sayo esingaphakathi sasiphilile ingasinyathelanga
Kwakhona esi sikweko uJolobe amnike sona uKhwane ldquoidayimani ukubengezelardquo sisikweko
esineentsingiselo ezininzi ezinzulu kumntu ocingisisayo ukuba kuthiwe yintoni na nguJolobe
ngaphambili kwincwadi yakhe u-Elundini loThukela Ngoku apha ubonisa ukuba ukuba kukho
229
namadoda asuka ldquoabezidayimanirdquo ukubengezela ngezenzo zobulungisa Kuba zibuxabisile
ubomi babantu ngokubanzi ingakumbi abasekucuthekeni okukhulu nabaphantsi kokuphile
nokufa Iidayimane ngamatye athandwa njalo ngabantu kuba umsebenzi wawo kukuthanda
ukubengezela edala uvuyo oku kweenkwenkwezi Kwaye neenkwenkwezi ezi ziyathandwa
zishiyana ngokubengezela kwanangobukhulu bazo Naye uKhwane wabonwa nguJolobe eyiloo
nkwenkwezi ebengezele ukugqitha ezinye ngenxa yobulungisa bakhe Ngoko ke lo ngumbongo
ubalisa ngembali nobomi bukaKhwane uvuselele isizwe ukuba angaze alityalwe ngezenzo zakhe
ezintle Lo ngumbulelo wakhe kubantu abahambe phambi kwakhe abangumzekelo ekwakhiweni
kwesimo sakhe sokuba afunde kubo ukuba liqhawe kwanenkokheli elikhalipha nekhathalayo
ekusikhonzeni isizwe sayo
Elokuphetha kulo mbongo uJolobe onguMfundisi weliZwi Umzekelo kulo mbongo ubonise
uKhwane enze kanye into ebhalwe esiBhalweni kwiMizekeliso kaSolomoni (Isahluko 24
ivesi11) apho kubhalwe kwathiwa ldquoHlangula abasiwa ekufeni nabajingxela besiwa
ekubulaweni khawubanqanderdquo
Nalapha kulo mbongo uJolobe ubonisa ukuba indoda ingumkhuseli wobomi kwanenyaniso
yobuzwe besizwe sayo kuba iye ngamanye amaxesha inyanzeleke ibonise izenzo zobukroti
ibeke nobayo ubomi esichengeni kuba izama ukusindisa imiphefumlo yabantu bayo kwanobomi
bababuthathaka abangakwazi ukuzikhusela Naye njengebhubesi waphakama wavikela abantu
kanye njengokuba uKhwane noSekhome benzile
UJolobe isimo sakhe kwanomsebenzi wakhe ekuhlaleni uyabonakala kuba ubeyititshala
eneemfundiso kwanenkokeli enobulumko Ngoko ke lo mbongo uphumelele ukubonisa
ubudlelwane bawo nobomi bukaJolobe kuba intsusa yokubhalwa kwawo isukela
kukuchukunyiswa kwakhe bubukroti benkosi uKhwane Isimo sakhe sibe sisimo senkokeli
ethandiweyo nguJolobe nathe naye walandela intliziyo entle yayo
47 UJolobe nemibongo engeenkumbulo zakhe zobuntwana nemibongo yabantwana
UJolobe ukhankanya ukuba yena waye eyithanda indalo ekukhuleni kwakhe emaphandleni
eCala-indalo enjengamadlelo amahle aluhlaza iityatyambo kwaneentaka Indalo entle
yayimvuyisa Kwaye wayethi xa ekhaphela imihlambi yenkomo neegusha ehamba namanye
amakhwenkwe akuthakazelele ukubona imilambo emikhulu neyathi yamdala uqambo novuyo
enjengomlambo iTsomo Ukhankanye kwanokuba wayeye akuthande kwanokubukela iintaba
zikhangeleka mgama zintle
230
Ezi nkumbulo zibe zizinto ezizezinye ezithe zasisiseko sokuyithanda kwanokuyibuka kwakhe
indalo emgqongileyo waza wabhala imibongo ngayo Kungoko siyakuthi sijonge ubudlelwane
bukaJolobe noncwadi lwakhe oluquka imibongo engeenkumbulo zakhe zobuntwana nemibongo
yobuntwana Kaloku uJafta uthi kwisihobe umbhali ukhupha iimbilini zakhe nolwimi lomxhelo
kwaye imibongo ikwasisihobe esikwafana neengoma ezibhalwe ngenxa yokuchukumiseka
kweengqondo yombhali nethe yaqhubela ekubeni iingcinga zakhe azibhale (Jafta 19961)
USirayi (19858) ubalisa ukuba uyise kaJolobe waye engumfama weemfuyo kowabo
kwakulinywa namasimi UJolobe izinto ezazithi zitsale iliso lakhe kwanomdla wakhe esakhula
zizo ezathi zamenza abhale ngazo (Scheub 196758) Umzekelo lo mbongo ungezantsi
ngumbongo weenkumbulo zakhe engumalusi ubomi obuthe wabhala ngabo
471 Umalusi
Kulo mbongo ldquoUmalusirdquo (19363) uJolobe ubalisa ukuba ngumalusi yenye yezinto abezithanda
ebutsheni bakhe Ude athi ubomi bokubangumalusi bumanandi baziwa kakuhle ngabakhe baba
ngabelusi Kulo mbongo imbongi ikwisimo esiphezulu sovuyo kuba ibalisa ngomsebenzi
ibiwuthanda Itsho isixelele ngezinto ebezithi ziyonwabise izinto ezazimonwabisa nawathi
wazifunda kubomi bokuba ngumalusi zezi
Ukufunda ngobomi bezityalo umzekelo ezinjengeentyatyambo imithi yeziqhamo
kwaneendidi zeengcambu
Ukukwazi ukuxonkxa iinkomo namahashe neenkweli zawo ngodongwe namaphupha abo
bokunqwenela ukuba neyabo imfuyo
Ukukwazi ukuthiyela iimpuku kwanentaka bakwazi nokuba nezi zakhono zilandelayo
ukuchana intaka ibhabha ngesagweba emoyeni
Ukukwazi ukufunisa iinkomo ezidukileyo edlelweni ngokusebenzisa uphungu-phungu
Ukukwazi ukwenza iminqwazi ngemisingizana ukukwazi ukubetha iintonga
kukhuphiswano lwemilo kudlalwa
Ukukwazi ukufumana iziphungo zomalusi uJolobe azibiza ngokuba zizapholo
Ukuzazi iindidi ngeendidi zeengcambu zemithi kwanendlela yokuzingela-
Ukwazi nangokubonisela indlu yentaka nolwazi lokucula iingoma zomalusi
UJolobe kulo mbongo wenza kanye laa nto wayithetha kuScheub esithi uncwadi lomlomo
oluquka inkcubeko yesiXhosa alufi Yena usebenzisa ubuchule bakhe aludibanise kuncwadi
lwakhe Oko kukuthi yena ulinika umphefumlo omtsha ukuze inkcubeko yesiXhosa ihlale
inambithwa sisizwe sivuselelwa sigcotyiswa ngezinto ezililifa lazo Injongo yakhe ephezulu
231
yembongi uJolobe kukugada ukuba iinkcubeko neelwimi ezifikayo kumaxesha amatsha
zingalusingeli phantsi uncwadi lwemveli kwanenkcubeko yalo
Khona ngoku apha kulo mbongo inkcubeko idlala abantwana kwangoku njalo nembali
neengoma zolutsha olwaluzonwabisa ngazo emadlelweni kungeka yiwa ezidolophini ngabanye
ababhali abanjengoMama othe yena wakhulela edolophini kwaye wanembono yokuba uncwadi
lomlomo lwesiNtu luyafa noluquka inkcubeko yalo Lo mbongo udala ihlombe novuyo
Kumfundi usisele solwazi Uvula ingqondo yabafundi ibe banzi bazi nangobuzwe obu babo
Imboni eyimbongi yosiba uRhanisi Jolobe ibafundisa ukuba bazidle ngeembali eziyincamisa
zootatomkhulu noomakhulu babo Ufuna bangazi kuphela ngeembali zamaFrentshi zamaNgesi
zamaDatshi namaPhuthukezi nezamaBhulu bengazi nto ngezabo Kulo mbongo ldquoUmalusirdquo
uJolobe ukwaxwayisa nabafundi bazi ngokubaluleke komalusi nemisebenzi yakhe nokubaluka
kwakhe ekukhuseleni nasekujongeni imfuyo ebihlala ibubona butyebi babantu abaNtsundu Kule
migcana ilandelayo usinika umfanekiso wezinye iingoma ababezicula ebuntwaneni besalusa
Hee luweyo ziphina iinjova
Phungu-phungu ziphi iinkomo
Kwesi sicatshulwa siva ingxolo yezandi ebisenziwa ngooJolobe ebuntwaneni besalusa Isinika
imifanekisongqondweni yokuva iingoma zokuzingela iimpuku nokufunisa ngeenkomo
ezilahlekileyo Zonke ezi zandi zibonisa uvuyo nomoya wembongi kwaye ziqaqambisa into
ethethwa yimbongi equka imidlalo yokuzonwabisa koomalusi abangamakhwenkwana edlelweni
Lo mbongo ukwanika imifanekisongqodweni yentshukumo ephakamisa inkcubeko yabantu
abaNtsundu nayo ngokwayo Umzekelo Ukuxonkxwa iinkomo nehashe nomkhweli
amakhwenkwe esebenzisa udongwe ukubumba imfuyo yamaphupha abo kuxonkxwe nenqwelo
nesipani kulayishwe umthwalo Kanti nokuhlokoma kweentonga abalusi bezonwabisa ngomdlalo
womlo weentonga kudala imifanekisongqondweni ebange umdla kulo mbongo Atsho umfundi
abengathi uyakubona ukuzikhupha kwawo iintonga egalela ehlanganisa ngokubukekayo Konke
oku kuphakamisa inkcubeko yabantu abaNtsundu
Elokuphetha imbongi iphumelela ukubonisa intsusa yokubhalwa kwayo lo mbongo Ngenene
uzinkumbulo zobomi bakhe zobutsha bakhe engumntwana kwanezinto ezazimonwabisa kakhulu
kubomi bokubangumalusi Olu qambo lukaJolobe luphumelele ukubonisa ubukho bobudlelwane
phakathi koncwadi lwakhe nobomi bakhe
232
472 Inja yakowethu
Kumbongo ldquoInja yakowethurdquo (193633) imbongi umoya wayo ugcobile kuba ithetha
ngomhlobo wayo osenyongweni nonyanisekileyo kuye UJolobe waye enenja enkulu emzini
wakhe awaye eyithanda kakhulu uVuyo esakhula ubalise ukuba yaye ingumhlobo wakhe
omkhulu (Vuyorsquos Journal 2013) Kanti naye uJolobe phambi kokuba uVuyo azalwe ubalisa
ukuba naye waye enomhlobo owaye yinja yakowabo Lo mbongo ubonisa ukuzalana kwalo
mbongo kunye nobomi bukaJolobe ngexesha lakhe lokukhula inja uyibone isisilwanyana
esingumhlobo wekhaye nesinokuthenjwa Ethetha ngale nja yokukhula kwakhe uthi
Ndisiza ihlangabeza
Amehlo ayo rsquoafuna awam
Umsila ubungezela
Ndiyiphulula intloko
Le nja abonga ngayo kwesi sicatshulwa iyenye yemfuyo kayise abonise ukuyithanda kakhulu
wade waqonda makangalibali ukubhala ngayo ayikhumbule nayo kwimibongo yakhe kuba
ekhumbula amaxesha okukhula kwakhe isisihlobo sekhaya sakhe Uchaza kwanokuba
ikwalixabiso elikhulu nakumalusi emsebenzini wakhe kuba apho ahamba khona uhamba nenja
yakhe kunye nentonga yakhe yokwalusa (19363) Kulo mbongo uJolobe ngothando lwakhe
lokuyixabisa inja ufundisa kwanendlela yokuba inja le inganakekelwa njani na ihlale
isempilweni Wazisa kwanokuba ilixabiso elikhulu ekugadeni ikhaya lakhe nasekuncedeni
ekujongeni impahla yakowabo yexabiso
UJolobe ubone ukuba makabazise abantwana abakhulayo ngalo mbongo wenja yakhe abase
kumazwe eendawo abafundi abazaziyo ezinjengamakhaya abo nabo Ngale ndlela uthe wenza lo
mbongwana waluvuyo kubantwana abasakhulayo Ulazisile negama lale nja ayibongayo
nengumhlobo wakhe osenyongweni -ldquouNgqoqordquo Usizobele nobudlelwane bayo kunye naye
UVuyo ubalise kwanokuba kowabo abazali bakhe babe nenja eyaye inkulu ingumgcini wekhaya
kwaye naye uyise wayeyithandla kakhulu (Vuyorsquos Journal 2013)
UJolobe kulo mbongo uchonge nesigama sothando apho athe wasenza nathi sayibuka le nja
Sitsho sawubona umfanekiso wayo Salubona nothando lwakhe kuyo kwanothando lwayo kuye
aluzobe ngala mazwi othando alandelayo ldquoNdisiza ihlangabezardquo ldquoAmehlo ayo rsquoafuna awamrdquo
ldquoUmsila ubungezelardquo ldquoNdiyiphulula intlokordquo
La magama amenza umfundi akonwabele ukunqonomfela lo mbongo UBrooks noWarren
(1965273) bathi imifanekiso ithi ngendlela ezotywe ngayo ngumbhali ichukumise iingqondo
zabafundi ibenza bawonwabele umbongo Le ngcaciso ingqinwe nangababhali u-Abrams
233
noHarpham (2012169) bathi imifanekiso ithi idale neemvakalelo ezizintlobo ngentlobo zovuyo
kwanothando nokuhleka Kwaye ezi mvakalelo zithi zisulele nabanye abantu kutsho kubo kusale
umoya wovuyo woxolo nothando olubonakalisa ukuba kukho ubudlelwane phakathi kwabantu
kwanezinto abazithandayo Umzekelo kanye njengoJolobe imbongi nenja yakowabo kulo
mbongo wakhe bethandana
Xa siphetha singatsho ukuba uJolobe umbhali usifundisa ukuba izilwanyana zingabahlobo bethu
kwaye indalo esingqongileyo thina bantu ibalulekile (Reaske 196643) ingakumbi xa sibonisa
uthando kwanokuyixabisa Ukongeza umbhali ubonisa ngokubanzi ukuba uthando lubalulekile
ukuba lubonakaliswe zizenzo ezinyanisekileyo njengobudlelwane benja nomniniyo
473 Iinkomo zakowethu(nobubudlelwane bazo nombhali)
Imbongi ithe yachukumiseka luthando lwemfuyo yakowayo yaze yabhala ngayo imibongo enje
ngale ilandelayo ldquoIhashe lakowethurdquo ldquoIhagu yakowethurdquo ldquoIkati yakowethurdquo ldquoUmqhagi
wakowethurdquo ldquoInja yakowethurdquo kodwa ibonakalisa kakhulu kwanoukuzithanda iinkomo
zakowayo yade yabhala nombongo othi ldquoIinkomo zakowethurdquo
Ubudlelwano balo mbongo noJolobe bukho kuba ukhule uyise engumfuyi weenkomo Naye
ukuchazile oko ukuba ebengumalusi kwindawo entle enamadlelo amahle emaphandleni eCala
Ngalo mbongo ubonakalisa ukuzithanda kwakhe iinkomo zakowabo wada wanemifanekiso yazo
nangeli lixa emdala waza wabhala ngazo Ubalisa ukuba iinkomo zakowabo bezintle zizindidi
ngeendidi bezimdala uchulumanco kuba ude azichaze imibalabala emihle exubileyo ezazinayo
Uchaze kwanemisebenzi yazo eyahlukileyo eluncedo kwinkcubeko yesizwe sabantu
abaNtsundu kanti nakwimicimbi yabo Ukhankanya kwanokumila kwazo kwanemikhwa
eyothusayo ezinye zazo ezithe zayibonisa Umzekelo inkunzi yakowabo ibe inamatshamba
agqithisileyo abonisa ukuba yiyo ekhonyayo kwanomkhuseli womhlambi kayise Lo mfanekiso
weenkomo zakowabo uwuzobe ngesigama esidale uvuyo nesenza umfundi ayibone imifanekiso
yeliso kwanemifanekisongqondweni yentshukumo eyolisayo Uvuyo lwembongi ngeenkomo
zakowayo uluzobe ngala mazwi alandelayo
Hee Zabuya ezakowethu
Zinamhlotshazana unkqenkqeza phambili
Ukhamanzi ngophondo
Kwesi sicatshulwa kuvakala ilizwi lenkwenkwana igcwele luvuyo olubonakaliswe sisikhuzo
ldquoHeerdquo Sisikhuzo esalatha uvuyo nothakazelelo olukhulu lubangwa kukubona okuhle
okuqhubekayo kokuthi gqi kogxudululu lomhlambi omhle weenkomo zakowayo Umbhali naye
ugcobile usenelunda ngeenkumbulo zomhlambi omhle kayise owawukudidi oluphezulu Isigama
234
asichongileyo simnandi kuba utsho wabonwa lo mhlambi nangumfundi ngeliso lomoya uJolobe
uwuzobe ngochulumanco lo mfaneleko weenkomo zikayise uchaza ukuba uquka
-Inkomo emhlotshazana nenkqenkqeza phambili
-Inkunzi ehamba emva nemana igquba isiphula izicithi
-Inkatyana ezimnyama zenyama
-Ezimbovu ukudalwa
-Ezilunga umhlambi wokukhunga
-Ezincokazi zibomvu mhlophekazi
-Ithokazi elintusi elinesisu esintusi
-Inalakazi elintsundu elichokozwe buvundu
- Enkonekazi ebomvu ehlophe emqolo ibomvu lsquo
-Inkatyana engqabe kube Iwaba elimhlophe kumphakathi ogophe
-Ibhadikazi nemazi ekralakazi
-Impemvukazi nemazi emthuqwakazi empondo zazo ziqukumba ngokwendlwana
yeenkumba
Le mifanekisongqondweni yeliso ingentla athe uJolobe wayizoba ibonise ngokuphandla ukuba le
mbongi uJolobe ngumntu onomdla kwiinkomo UJolobe ubonisa nesimo sakhe sokuyithanda
inkcubeko yabantu abaNtsundu ngokuthi akhankanye ukubaluleka kweenkomo kwimicimbi
yomzi kumaxesha athile Ngalo mbongo le mbongi ikwayititshala ifundisa ulutsha ngemisebenzi
yeenkomo nokubaluleka kwazo emakhayeni kuba uthe wazithanda wazithi nqampu namagama
azo Ubone ngoko nabo abafundi bangazidla bazithande izinto zakomawabo zemvelo yabo
bangahlazeki phakathi kwabanye abantu abanolwazi ngeenkomo zakomawabo kwaye oku
kungabanceda bakwazi ukwenza neengxoxo ngeemfuyo esikolweni nakwizincoko zabo
Ulixabiso elikhulu lo mbongo kwaye ubonise nentlalo ephilwe nguJolobe kwaye ulubonise
ngempumelelo unxulumano loncwadi lwakhe Lo mbongo ukubonise ngokucacileyo ukuba
ngenene ulwimi olusetyenzisiweyo ubhalo loncwadi lukwaqulethe nenkcubeko yabantu balo
kwanentlalo yabo kwanembali yesizwe sabo neyamakhaya abo kwimihla ngemihla (Wa
Thiongrsquoo 198119) Kungoko uWa Thiongrsquoo aphakamisa ukuba uncwadi lwemveli lubalulekile
kwaye lunengenelo enkulu kwisizwe esiNtsundu kuba abafundi bafunde ngeenkcubeko
zesiNgesi zooShakespeare nooDickens nooWordsworth neyamaFrentshi kuncwadi olubhalwe
ngezilwimi
235
Lo mbhali ukwabonisa ukuba kuba kubi kakhulu xa abafundi bama-Afrika engazi nto tu
ngenkcubeko yookhokho babo kwanokungakhathaleli ukuxabisa kwanolwim olu lwabo kodwa
bankqenkqeze phambili ekwazini iilwimi neenkcubeko zamazwe zaseNtshona Bambi bazidle
kakhulu ngolo lwazi Bambi bade bajongele phantsi iintsikelelo zabo ezi zikulwimi lwabo
kwanenkcubeko yakomawabo nequlethe kwanabali abo emveli Kungoko wathi umbhali
nethandazwe uSEK Mqhayi (Attwell noAttridge 2012330) walandelwa nguJolobe ekuyilweni
imbhubho yolwimi nenkcubeko yesizwe esiNtsundu ingakumbi efumaneka kuncwadi lwemveli
lwesiXhosa Balwelwa ukuba lungagutyungelwe luncwadi lwezizwe zaseNtshona neelwimi
kwaneenkcubeko zazo Bobabini aba babhali kwanamanye amathandazwe athe asishiyela isizwe
neendladla zoncwadi lwesiXhosa lwemveli apho abantu bangathi bayokufumana ukutya
kwengqondo baphilise nemiphefumlo yabo ngolwazi oluchulumancisayo nolwakhayo kanye
njenga kulo mbongo kaJolobe olilifa lwesizwe esiNtsundu Ufundisa nangeentlobo zeenkomo
kwanokuxabiseka kwazo kwimicimibi yesizwe namakhaya
474 Ihashe lam lomdomngwe
Ithoni yombongo ldquoIhashe lam lomdongwerdquo (1957 17) izoba umoya ogcobileyo wembongi
UVuyo ubalise ukuba uyise wababalisela esithi esemtsha wayesebenzisa ihashe xa esiya
ezindaweni efundisa nasezikolweni emaphandleni phambi kokuba ebe nemoto Kulo mbongo
uneenkumbulo ngelo hashe Wenjenje ukuthetha ngalo
Yimpuluswa emnyama
Umcwangcele oxhama
Menye ukwesilika
Wakuhlala emhlane
Iphala ngesithonga
Izingisrsquoukuqhuqha
Eli hashe ulichaza kwanendlela le liphala ngayo ngamendu aphezulu xa libaleka (ldquoIphala
ngesithongardquo) Ulizobe layinzwana enomkhitha (ldquoYimpuluswa emnyamardquo)Ubonisa nendlela
alithanda ngayo kwanendlela alixabise ngayo Uyalityisa kwaye elipha namanzi Lakubila xa
belibaleke uthi yena uthi alisule umqolo (Jolobe 195714151617) Ubonisa nezinto anga
abafuyi bamahashe bangazenza ekuphatheni kakuhle amahashe Lo mbono walo mfanekiso weli
hashe lakhe laliyiminqweno yamaphupha akhe obuntwana ukuba abe nehashe eliyinzwana elihle
naye njengoyise akuba mkhulu Kulo mbongo ulibumbe ngesigama asikhethele uncomo
kwanokudala umoya wovuyo (ldquoUmcwangcele oxhamardquo ldquoMenye ukwesilikardquo)
Imifanekisongqondweni yeliso idale umdla kulo mbongo nomfanekiso wehashe eliyinzwana
entle alizobe ngala magama alandelayo ldquoubumpuluswardquo balo nobu menye-menye balo Uzoba
236
ukumenyezela kwebala lalo elimnyama okutsala amehlo abantu abalibukayo Nayo
imifanekisongqondweni yentshukumo ivakalisa amendu okuphala kwehashe xa libaleka
ngamandla Kanti nengxolo yokuqhuqhu kwalo liphala kamnandi Ezi zandi zivakalisa izandi
zovuyo endlebeni yomfundi othi abenomfanekisongqondweni wehashe elidlamkileyo
nelisempilweni Le mifanekisongqondweni ikwadiza ukuthanda kwakhe indalo nezilo zasekhaya
Elokuphetha le mbongi ngalo mbongo ifundisa ukuba kuhle ukuba abafuyi bezilo zasekhaya
baziphathe kakuhle kuba nazo zinomphefumlo Nazo ziyakuthanda ukuthandwa nokuxatyiswa
Ngolo hlobo nazo zithi zibonwabise abafuyi kanye njengeli hashe lamaphupha neminqweno
kaJolobe liphala liqhuqhu kamnandi lisonwabisa umninilo UJolobe usebenzise isiXhosa
esimnandi ukuchaza uvuyo lwakhe nesibanga umdla simtsalele umfundi enzulwini yokucinga
Sikwadala imifanekisongqondweni yeliso kwaneyentshukumo ebukekayo edala amadlu
ukubukeka oku eyenziwa ngamendu eli hashe Njengoko besebetshilo ababhali uAbrams
noHarpham (2012169) bavakalise ukuba imifanekisongqondweni inamandla okuchukumisa
umfundi abenomdla ingqondo yakhe inamathele kokuthethwa ngumbongo Olu luvo luyenzeka
xa ubani efunda lo mbongo wehashe ilihle likaJolobe
48 Imibongo engenkuthazo nothando lwezempilo nococeko nokulwa izifo
UJolobe isimo sakhe sidizeke kakhulu kuncwadi nakwimibongo ayibhalileyo Uthando lwakhe
lococeko lube lolugqithisileyo Kusababazwa nanamhla ukuba inkonzo yakhe awayeyikhokela
apha eBhayi eNew Brighton isagcinwe icwebezela unanamhla oku Kusakhunjulwa iimfundiso
zakhe zokuphakamisa ucoceko oluhamba nempilo entle Ebekhuthaza nokugcinwa kwemizimba
isempilweni ngokuliwa kweentsholongwane iintshaba zempilo yomntu
481 Iziqhamo
Imbongi uJolobe kulo mbongo ldquoIziqhamordquo (19578) igcobile kakhulu Lo mbongo uwuzobele
iintsana ezidlamkileyo nezisakhulayo Ubonga athi
Ntakana emyezweni
Le ndawo elizweni
Ikutsala ngani na
Woyincama ngani na
Bubomi iziqhamo
Ziyimpilo iimvamo
Zigxotha oomitshetsha
Noogqirha ngokutshetsha
Ubudlelwane bakhe uJolobe nalo mbongo budizwa yile ngxelo ilandelayo Kwiindawo athe
wahamba wayakuba ngumfundisi kuzo wanqonqozisa wacela ukuba kwimizi athe wayifunelwa
237
yinkonzo ukuba ahlale kuyo nosapho lwakhe ibe kumgangatho ofanelekileyo Phakathi kwezo
zinto athe wazinqonqozisa bubukho bomyezo ukuze usapho lwakhe luhlale lusempilweni
(Vuyorsquos Journal 2013) Nalapha kulo mbongo ukhuthaza ukuba abafundi bahlale besempilweni
ngokutya iziqhamo kuba uthi ldquoZiyimpilo iimvamordquo
Kulo mbongo weziqhamo imbongi isebenzise isimbo semibuzo nempendulo esidala ingxoxo
okanye idayalogu (ldquoIkutsala ngani nardquo ldquoWoyincama ngani nardquo) Esi simbo usebenzisela
ukuba abantwanana bakwazi ukumana belinganisa la mazwi awadalileyo kwezi ngxoxo ukudala
uvuyo UJafta (199632) ubonisa ukuba esi simbo sibanga umtsalane Sibanga umfundi
abenomdla wokufuna ukwazi ukuba yintoni na le nto kuxoxwa ngayo kangaka Lo mbongo
udala ulonwabo Kwakhona uJolobe udale umbono womfanekiso womyezo oqhelezela ziindidi
ngeendidi zeziqhamo apho kukho intaka equqa ibuyelela ude ayifake imibuzo ethi ldquoNtakana
emyezwenirdquo ldquoLe ndawo elizwenirdquo ldquoIkutsala ngani nardquo Lo mbuzobuciko ngowokugxininisa
ukuba le ntakazana ayipheli emyezweni kucaca ukuba izuza ulutho kwiziqhamo iquqa ibuyelela
UJolobe ube engutitshala obefundisa ngezempilo ezikolweni Ude waguqulela esiXhoseni
incwadi yezempilo ekhuthaza ukulandelwa kwemithetho yezempilo kwanasekutyiweni kokutya
okunempilo okunjengeziqhamo nemifuno Ngoko kuyacaca ukuba intsusa yobhalo lo
mbongwana onomxholo ololu hlobo ikwakhuthazwe nazizifundo abe ezifundisa abafundi
esikolweni engutitshala ekhuthaza impilo entle kubafundi nakumakhaya abo
Ngokubhala imibongo elolu hlobo ubone iluxanduva lwakhe ukunika inkuthazo kwisizwe ukuba
sazi ngokubaluleka kokuba sitye ukutya okunempilo okuyimifuno kwaneziqhamo ukuze sihlale
sisempilweni sikhuselekile kwizifo nakwezibangwa kukutya ukutya okungayiphakamisiyo
impilo entle yomntu
UVuyo ubalise wathi uyise uJolobe wakhuthaza ukuba emzini wakhe kubekho nemithi
yeziqhamo ukulungiselela intsapho yakhe ibe sempilweni (Vuyorsquos Journal 2013) Kanti
nakowakhe umzi uwenzile umyezo uJolobe Kulo mbongwana wabantwana wenze incoko
emnandi edala uchulumanco ngesimbo sedrama ngengxoxo phakathi kwembongi nentaka
kumyezweni weziqhamo
Lo mbongwana ngumbongo ovuselelayo Intaka apha ingumnikilwazi Ulwazi abanye abantu
abangenalo njengembongi le eyathi yafundiswa yazuziswa iziyalo nezikhokelo kumava eentaka
ngokubaluleka kweziqhamo UJolobe ukhankanye ngentla ngexesha engumalusi wathi
wabanomdla ekwazini ngeentaka nobomi bazo kwanasekwazini ngobomi bezityalo kubomi
238
basemaphandleni Abanye abantu abanalo ulwazi olungasindisa abantu kwizifo nasekufeni
Yiloo nto athi uWordsworth (umhla wopapasho awukho) kumbongo wakhe ongenyibiba uthi esi
sityalo samxelela ukuba ukuba angathi abenomdla ayiqwalasela indalo luninzi ulwazi angathi
alufumane kuyo Oku kubonisa kwanokuba iimbongi zendalo zithi zifumane nezityhilelo zakuba
kunye nendalo kutsho kuvuleke amazwe amatsha olwazi
UJolobe kulo mbongo usebenzisa isigama kwanolwimi olumnandi nolulula ukulungiselela
iingqondo zabantwana abasakhulayo Kwaye nemifanekisongqondweni uyakhe yadala umdla
nochulumanco kubo kuba usebenzise ezi zafobe zilandelayo isimntwiso - imbongi ithe yanika
isidima esiphezulu intaka impawu zomntu kuba iyathetha ithetha nembongi kwaye ibonakala
isisazi kwanengqondi ifundisa umntu osuke wangumfundi ofundiswa ngenene ngendalo
Umbuzo umntu awusebenzisileyo mde kanti impendulo enikwa yintaka ithe ngqo ukhwankqisa
UJolobe usathethe laa nto athe wayithetha kuScheub nombhali uMama kuScheub (196760)
bona bathi uncwadi lomlomo kwanezibongo luyafa Yena Jolobe ukuchasile oko kuba uthe
nalapha kwiincwadi zemibongo zakhe njengakule ncwadi yemibongo yaseDikeni wabona kukho
amathuba amatsha angathi awasebenzise ngokuthi aziqhusheke iimbalo zomlomo
ezibuntsomirha kanye njengokuba enzile kulo mbongwana wakhe wabantwanana
Okwenziwa nguJolobe kwalatha ubunkcubabuchopho bakhe kwanobuthandazwe kwaye uhamba
ekhondweni lomhlobo wakhe uMqhayi akamlliballa naxa engasekhoyo kweli gada
Akwenzileyo uJolobe nakuthethileyo kuyinyaniso kuba khona ngoku lo mbongwana ubanga
uchulumanco kwanovuyo ngalo lonke ixesha ufundwa Oku kwenze lo mbongo ubemtsha rhoqo
Umzekelo ukuva iintakana zithetha nabantu kuyavuyisa kudala nohleko kanjalo Kanti uJolobe
unawo nombongwana wabantwanana apho intaka icenga indoda engumgawuli ukuba
ingawugawuli umthi kuba uyindlu yabantwana bayo Yaphinda yamcebisa imnika ulwazi lukuba
yambonisa kwanokuba imithi inamandla okuzisa nemvula Ngoko ngenene esi simbo sembongi
sokuvuselela uncwadi lwemveli lomlomo sidala uvuyo kwaye sisonwabiso kubafundi
abancinane abawonwabelayo amabalana ezilo neentaka zasentsomini
UJolobe njengetitshala nombhali uphumelela ngalo mbongwana ukufundisa abantwanana
nabafundi abadala ngokuphila ubomi obuqhubelisa phambili ubomi nobunqwenelekayo
Kwakhona imfundiso yembongi uJolobe ibhekise nakwisizwe siphela ithi kubalulekile ukutya
iziqhamo nemifuno kuba la ngamachiza emvelo ukuze sihlale siphephile siphilile