Perspective of Tall Building. Perspective of Tall Building Historical Background of Tall Building ...

Perspective of Tall Building

Perspective of Tall Building

Historical Background of Tall Building History of Tall Building World’s tallest Buildings Future Tall Buildings Structural System for Tall Building High Performance Fiber Reinforced Cementatious

Composites (HPFRCCs)

1. Historical Background of Tall Building

(c) Barbel Tower (d) Pyramid

Definition Structure with aspect ratio more than 5

Domestic; Middle-rise (< 40story) High-rise ( 40story)

Ancient Tall Structures Example; Barbel tower, Pyramid Material; brick, stone

• Ziggurat • Year: BC 1,800 • Height: 90m • Material: Brick • Equivalent to a modern

7-story office building • “Come, let us build ourselves a city, with tower that reaches to the heavens.”

• Highest stone structure • Year: BC 3,100 • Country: Egypt • Height: 146.7m • Material; Stone, timber • Huge masonry blocks • Equivalent to a modern

40-story office building

(a) Definition (b) Ancient tall structures B

(H/B 5)

Protectivefor nature

Symbolic Religious

2. History of Tall Building

(a) Home Life Insurance Building (b) Great Northern Hotel (c) Monadnock (d) Reliance Building (e) Carson Dept. Store

10-story, 55m

1880-1900 (Chicago) Chicago school with the ideas of modernization. Less than 20-story Decorative effects. 1885; William LeBaron Jenny (the creator of the modern skyscraper) Structural steel

17-story, 64m

15-story, 61m 16story, 57m

12-story, 58m

(1885) (1891) (1891) (1894) (1896)

1900-1940 (New York) Industrial development & high density of population after World War I (1914-1918) Sudden increase (without considering natural environment) About 50 to 100-story Curtain wall, Elevator

(a) Metropolitan Insurance Tower (b) Woolworth Building (c) Chrysler Building (d) Empire State Building (e) RCA Center

77-story, 300m


50-story, 206m

60-story, 242m

102-story, 381m

70-story, 259m

(1909) (1913) (1930) (1931) (1933)

1940-1960 Financial market collapse during the economic depression (1929-1932) World War II (1939-1945) About 20 to 40-story Prismatic (in rectangular shape) Facing; aluminum curtain wall glass

(a) Broadway Building (b) Secretariat Tower (c) Lever House (d) Avenue Building (e) Seagram Building


22-story, 92m

40-story, 160m39-story, 166m

38-story, 137m

42-story, 156m

(1952) (1952) (1952) (1952) (1958)

1960-1980 (USA) Development of advanced materials, construction techniques & new structural system

(tubular & braced system) Ultra tall building (over 100-story) Multipurpose

(a) John Hancock Center (b) Transamerica Pyramid (c) World Trade Center (d) Amoco Building (e) Sears Tower (f) Citicorp Center

100-story, 344m


80-story, 346m

110-story, 417m

110-story, 443m

48-story, 260m

59-story, 279m

(1969) (1972) (1972) (1973) (1974) (1977)

1980-Present (World) Diverse shapes of ultra tall buildings Exact structural analysis, further development of construction techniques & advanced composite materials

(a) Bank of China (b) Landmark Tower (c) Jin Mao Building (d) Petronas Tower (e) Burj al arab (f) Finance Center (g) TFC 101

88-story, 452m


101-story, 508m


88-story, 421m

70-story, 369m

88-story, 420m

(1989) (1993) (1998) (1998) (1999) (2003) (2004)


1960-1970 (Seoul) Frame-shear wall system, tube-core system

1970-1980 Frame-shear wall + tube system, wall system with tunnel form

1980-Present Intelligent building, seismic design

(a) Commercial Bank (b) Lotte Hotel (c) Life Insurance (d) LG Twin Tower (e) 63Building (f) Hyperion 21(g) Tower Palace


37-story, 106m

12-story, 54m

69-story, 267m


(1965) (1978) (1984) (1986) (1985) (2003) (2004)

(a) Low-rise or medium apartment buildings (b) High-rise residential complex

20

108

215New paradigmfor residence

0

50

100

150

200

250

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Year

Num

ber

of B

uild

ings

(m

ore

than

31

stor

ies)

.

Recent Trends


Tower Palace

Sejong Apart Hyperion 21 Yukyung Hotel

69-story, 267m

(2004)

69-story, 256m

(2003)

105-story, 300m

(2008)

3. World’s Tallest Buildings

Current State of 20th Tallest BuildingsRanking Building Name City Country Height (m) No. of Story Year Purpose

1 Taipei 101 Taipei Taiwan 508 101 2004 Multiple2 Petronas Tower 1, 2 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia 452 88 1997 Multiple3 Sears Tower Chicago USA 442 110 1974 Office4 Jin Mao Bldg. Shanghai China 421 88 1998 Multiple

Two International Finance Cen-

terHong Kong China 420 88 2003 Office

5 One World Trade Center New York USA 417 110 1972 Office6 Two World Trade Center New York USA 415 110 1973 Office Fairwell International Center Xiamen China 397 88 2002 Office Taipei Financial Center Taipei Taiwan 392 90 2002 Office7 CITIC Plaza Guangzhou China 391 80 1996 Multiple8 Shun Hing Square Shenzhen China 384 69 1996 Office9 Empire State Building New York USA 381 102 1931 Office

10 Central Plaza Hong Kong China 374 78 1992 Office11 Bank of China Hong Kong China 369 70 1989 Office

Posts and Communications

Bldg.Xiamen China 363 63 2000 Multiple

12 Emirates Towers One Dubai UAE 355 54 2000 Office13 The Center Hong Kong China 350 80 1998 Office14 Tuntex & Chein-Tai Tower Kaohsiung Taiwan 348 85 1998 Multiple15 Aon Center Chicago USA 346 83 1973 Office

16 John Hancock Center Chicago USA 343 100 1969Office/

Residential17 Burj al Arab Hotel Dubai UAE 321 60 1999 Hotel18 Baiyoke Tower II Bangkok Thailand 320 90 1998 Multiple19 Chrysler Bldg. New York USA 319 77 1930 Office20 Bank of America Plaza Atlanta USA 312 55 1992 Office

4. Future Tall Buildings

(a) X-Seed4000 (b) Bionic Tower (c) Sky City1000 (d) Millennium Tower (e) DIB200 (f) Co-Existence (g) Russia Tower


800-story, 4000m 300-story, 1128m 196-story, 1000m 180-story, 840m 200-story, 800m 155-story, 658m 126-story, 640m

World New types of vertical cities offering intensive functions and harmony with the natural

environment (prevent the expansion of city & provide better life for many people)

(a) Landmark Tower (b) Songdo Landmark Tower (c) Seoul Lotte World I (d) Busan Lotte World II (c) World Business Center


150-story, 620m 151-story, 610m 112-story, 555m 107-story, 510m 110-story, 500m

Korea medium or big-sized vertical cities including housing, commerce, education, &

recreation (a fusion of architecture, transportation, communication, & energy)


Design Plan

4. World’s Tallest Buildings

TFC

10

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Ranking Project City Country Height (m) No. of Story Purpose1 X-Seed 4000 Tokyo Japan 4000 800 Multiple2 Hexahedron City Scottsdale USA 2100 200 3 Try 2004 Tokyo Japan 2004 400 Multiple4 Aeropolis 2001 Tokyo Japan 2001 500 Multiple5 Houston Pinnacle Houston USA 1610 500 6 Illinois Mile High Tower Chicago USA 1609 528 Multiple7 Pyramid-In-Pyramid Singapore Singapore 1500 8 Mother Tokyo Japan 1321 220 Multiple9 Bionic Tower Hong Kong China 1128 300 Residential10 Sky City 1000 Tokyo Japan 1000 196 Multiple

Europa Tower Brussels Belgium 1000 11 M-Tower Shanghai China 900 12 Kinetic Tower Chicago USA 890 Multiple13 Seiren 21 Konoike Japan 880 180 Multiple14 Erewhon Center Chicago USA 860 207 15 Millennium Tower Tokyo Japan 840 180 Multiple16 Dynamic Intelligent Bldg. Tokyo Japan 800 200 Multiple

Aquarius Tokyo Japan 800 200 17 Chicago World Trade Center Chicago USA 701 181 Multiple18 T-Growth Taisei Japan 700 170 Multiple19 Cintas Tower New York USA 680 180 20 World Center for Vedic Learning Jabalpur India 677 224 Multiple21 Chicago World Trade Center Chicago USA 665 168 22 Project 112 Coexistence New York USA 658 155 23 Russia Tower Moscow Russia 640 126 24 Atlanta Tower Atlanta USA 614 130 Multiple25 Step-Over Tower Tokyo Japan 610 160 Multiple


Future Ultra Tall Buildings

5. Structural System for Tall Building

Staggered truss Rigid frame Rigid frame-core Braced & tube Braced & out-rigger belt Double tube Bundled tube

(a) Steel Tall Building

Bearing wall Bearing wall-core Box structure Cantilever slab Flat slab Column-slab Suspension(b) RC Tall Building

(c) World Trade Center (USA) (d) Petronas Tower (Malaysia) (e) Sears Tower (USA)

Characteristics

a. A structural system that prompts the building

to behave as an hollow tube

b. Many closely spaced columns–in some ways analogous to a load bearing wall.

c. Tubular systems are so efficient that in most cases the amount of structural material used is comparable to that used in conventionally framed buildings half the size.

Tubular System

• Design: SOM • Year: 1974 • Location: Chicago • Story: 110 • Height: 442m • Area: 409,200m2

• Structural system: Bundle tube system

• Design: SOM • Year: 1972 • Location: New York (Collapsed) • Story: 110 • Height: 415m • Area: 409,200m2

• Structural system: Sing tube system

(a) Single Tube (b) Bundled Tube


• Design: Cesar Pelli • Year: 1996 • City: Kuala Lumpur • Story: 88 • Height: 452m • Area: 131,456m2

• Structural system: Tube-outrigger system

(c) Bank of China (China) (d) Tower Palace (Korea) (e) Burj Dubai (United Arab Emirates)

• Design: I.M Pei • Year: 1989 • City: Hong Kong • Story: 70 • Height: 369m • Area: 130,000m2

• Structural system: Braced system

link beam

v

hinge in link beam

fiexural hinge

(a) Steel link beam in the braced system (b) Out-rigger Belt Truss system

• Design: SOM • Year: 2004 • City: Seoul • Story: 69 • Height: 267m • Area: 100,497m2

• Structural system: Out-rigger belt truss system

Braced & Out-Rigger Belt Truss System


Characteristics

a. This has become recognized as an efficient lateral load resisting system.

b. The braces of this system play an important role in ultra steel tall building because couplings action reduce the bending moment and deflection efficiently.

• Design: SOM • Year: Completed in 2009 • Location: Dubai • Story: 165 • Height: 808m (expected) • Area: 495,000m2

• Structural system: Out-rigger system

Outrigger & Belt Truss

Core wall

Steel Frame

Outrigger & Belt Truss

Core wall

Steel Frame

Foundation

Braced & Out-Rigger Belt Truss System


(f) Marina bay sands

DU-Mortar (Ductile mortar)ProductsProducts

Concrete Protection, DU-Mortar and AMS-PVA Fiber PackAMS has pioneered the development of HPFRCCs in the repair and protection of concrete and now offers a total repair package of products. Protective and decorative anti-carbonation, chemical resistant and anti-graffiti coatings for both new and existing structures.

• Low shrink mortars • High performance products (Energy absorption capacity)• Excellent chemical resistance• High efficiency primers• Chemically resistant resins• Systematic approach to repairs• Fire resistance

6. HPFRCCs

Perspective of Tall Building. Perspective of Tall Building Historical Background of Tall Building ...

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