Personality Development in childhood and adolescence...Personality development Personality is...

Personality development in juvenile delinquents

Eindhoven, 20.04.2017

Klaus Schmeck

Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital Psychiatric University Hospitals Basel / Switzerland

Personality development

Personality is codetermined by

› genetic and constitutional dispositions, on the one hand,

and

› interaction of the individual with environmental,

particularly psychosocial, features in the course of

psychological development, on the other.” (Kernberg, 2016)

Personality development is a transactional process.

| 2 26. April 2017 Universitäre Psychiatrische Kliniken Basel | www.upkbs.ch |

Person-Environment-Transactions (Schneewind, 2005)

› Reactive Person-Environment-Transactions different individuals react differently to the same environment

(e.g. attributional bias of conduct disordered children)

› Evocative Person-Environment-Transactions specific personality traits or behaviours evoke certain reactions

in other people (e.g. parental reaction towards children with difficult temperament)

› Proactive Person-Environment-Transactions individuals choose their environment and have an impact on it (e.g. choice of friends, partner, profession, leisure activities etc.)


Cloninger‘s biopsychosocial model of personality

Personality

Temperament Character

automatic emotional reactions

(activation, inhibition and

maintenance of behavior),

„style” of behavior

Self concepts, goals and values, that

influence the ability to adapt to

oneself and the social environment

(Neuro-) biologically based, stable

dispositions, „heterotype continuity“

continuos development by

sociocultural learning

modulated by character

development is based on temperament

basis of personality ...

... what is made out of it

Four Temperament Dimensions Three Character Dimensions

Novelty Seeking

Exploratory Excitability, Impulsiveness,

Extravagance, Disorderliness

Self Directedness

Responsibility, Purposefulness,

Resourcefulness, Self-Acceptance

Harm Avoidance

Fear of uncertainty, Anticipatory worry,

Shyness, Fatigability

Cooperativeness

Social acceptance, Empathy, Helpfulness,

Compassion, Pure-hearted Conscience

Reward Dependence

Sensitivity, Openness to warm

communication, Attachment, Dependence

Self-Transcendence

Self-forgetful, Transpersonal Identification,

Spiritual Acceptance

Persistence

Eagerness of effort, Ambitious, Perfectionist

Cloninger‘s biopsychosocial model of personality

Cloninger‘ s concept of personality development

P

high

CO

high

SD

high

influence of temperament on character development

(„-“ = decrease / „+“ = increase of “mature“ character development)

“mature“

character

development +

-

+

-

RD

high

HA

high

NS

high

education /

psychosocial influences

Self Directedness

Responsibility

Purposefulness

Resourcefulness

Self-Acceptance

Cooperativeness

Social acceptance

Empathy

Helpfulness

Compassion

Conscience

Influence of temperament on character development

harm avoidance

highmediumlow

mean o

f S

D_T

70

60

50

40

30

novelty seeking

low

medium

high

37

44

50

42

49

57

44

53

59

persistence

highmediumlow

mean o

f S

D_T

70

60

50

40

30

reward dep.

low

medium

high

59

50

47

53

48

45

48

43

38

School Sample

350 boys, 356 girls

Schmeck (2001)

Personality and psychosocial adversity

AchseV-Lifetime-Belastung

>85-81-4,00

Mitt

elw

ert

NV

_T

60,0

55,0

50,0

45,0

40,0

53,6

52,3

48,8

45,7


>85-81-4,00

Mitt

elw

ert

SV

_T

60,0

55,0

50,0

45,0

40,0

59,1

53,053,2

52,0

Novelty Seeking Harm Avoidance


>85-81-4,00

Mitt

elw

ert

SL

_T

60,0

55,0

50,0

45,0

40,0

35,0

38,3

45,4

48,7

50,6

Self-Directedness

Correlations of JTCI personality dimensions with SDQ

Emotional Problems

(internalizing) Behaviour Problems

(externalizing) Total Problem Score

JTCI

3-6

JTCI

7-11

JTCI

12-18

JTCI

3-6

JTCI

7-11

JTCI

12-18

JTCI

3-6

JTCI

7-11

JTCI

12-18

NS .14 .19 -.06 .53 .59 .46 .69 .47 .27

HA .70 .52 .62 .10 -.03 .02 .35 .19 .46

RD .13 .02 .07 -.11 -.02 -.09 -.09 .00 -.13

P -.19 -.12 -.19 -.30 -.27 -.32 -.47 -.45 -.44

SD -.48 -.44 -.58 -.17 -.36 -.27 -.55 -.58 -.62

CO -.04 -.32 .08 -.60 -.66 -.43 -.58 -.57 -.30

ST -.05 .04 .23 .07 -.04 .02 -.06 -.03 .14

NS = novelty seeking, HA = harm avoidance, RD = reward dependence, P = persistence, SD = self directedness, CO = cooperativeness, ST = self transcendence

JTCI 3-6 (n=124) JTCI 7-11 (n=105) und JTCI 12-18 R (n=115) Goth et al. (2009)

Temperament and the development of

externalizing disorders

Low social

responsiveness

externalizing

disorders

Impaired acceptance of

societal norms and rules decreased

behavioral control

Strong behavioral

activation

Level of aggressive and delinquent behavior (YSR)

by Novelty Seeking (NS) and Reward Dependence (RD)

NVbaNVBAnvbanvBA

Mitt

elw

ert

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

Dissozialität

Aggressivität

p<.001

Delinquent behavior

Aggressive behavior

ns RD ns rd NS RD NS rd

Schmeck (2001)

Samples and study-instruments

Samples:

• Community sample (N = 840, 12-18y.; 480 boys, 360 girls)

• MAZ-project in Swiss juvenile justice institutions (N = 592; 402 boys,

190 girls)

Instruments:

• Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory (YPI) – Self report Questionnaire

(50 Items to assess the three factor model of psychopathy)

• Self reported delinquency (Boers & Reinecke, 2007)

YPI to assess psychopathy in adolescents (Andershed et al. 2002; German version Schmeck et al. 2005)

Dishonest Charm

Grandiosity

Lying

Manipulation

Interpersonal

(grandiose, manipulative)

Remorselessness

Unemotionality

Callousness

Affective

(callous, unemotional)

Impulsiveness

Thrill-Seeking

Irresponsibility

Behavioral

(impulsive, irresponsible)

26.04.2017 Universitäre Psychiatrische Kliniken Basel | www.upkbs.ch | 14

Description of the samples

Institutions, gender, age, country of birth

Residential care N=592

School N=894

Data collection 2007 – 2011 2007 – 2009

Institutions 64 17

Male 402 (67.9%) 508 (56.8%)

Female 190 (32.1%) 386 (43.2%)

Age range 5.2 – 26.8 10.9 – 22.5

Mean age (SD) 15.9 (3.0) 17.6 (1.7)

Born in Switzerland 484 (81.8%) 763 (85.3%)

YPI and Delinquency in Males

5

7.5

10

12.5

15

Interpersonal

Affective

Behavioral

Total Score

no offence (n=21)

low-level offence (n=24)

moderate offence (n=25)

severe offence l.v. (n=76)

severe offence h.v. (n=76)

P < 0,01 = **

P < 0,05 = *

N = 222

Mean

** **

**

**

YPI and Delinquency in Females

5

7.5

10

12.5

15

Interpersonal

Affective

Behavioral

Total Score

no offence (n=11)

low-level offence (n=13)

moderate offence (n=19)

severe offence l.v. (n=24)

severe offence h.v. (n=11)

P < 0,01 = **

P < 0,05 = *

Mean

**

**

**

26.04.2017 Universitäre Psychiatrische Kliniken Basel | www.upkbs.ch | 17

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Residential care (N=519) School (N=888)2

YPI Callous-Unemotional Dimension

Distribution

Lennox & Dolan (2014). Temperament and character and psychopathy in male

conduct disordered offenders. Psychiatry Res. 215(3):706-10

122 incarcerated juvenile male offenders who met the criteria for conduct

disorder in the absence of current psychiatric disorder

• PCL: YV total score was positively correlated with Novelty Seeking but

negatively correlated with Cooperativeness and Harm Avoidance.

Examination of the PCL: YV facets indicated a significant negative

correlation between Harm Avoidance and PCL: YV Interpersonal and PCL:

YV Antisocial; and Reward Dependence and Cooperativeness and PCL: YV

Lifestyle/Behavioral. Relationships were primarily with lifestyle/behavioral

and antisocial facets of psychopathy.

• TCI profile resembles that seen in adult offenders and has implications for

treatment as low cooperativeness and reward dependency are likely to be

key responsivity factors that need to be addressed in treatment planning.

Basoglu et al. (2011).Temperament traits and psychopathy in a group of

patients with antisocial personality disorder. Compr Psychiatry 52(6):607-12

In comparison to a control group

(N=65) showed ASPD patients (N=68):

significantly higher psychopathy

scores (PCL)

significantly higher TCI Novelty

Seeking and Harm Avoidance scores,

significantly lower TCI Reward

Dependence, Persistence, Self-

Directedness, and Cooperativeness

scores.

Kerr et al. (2012). Psychopathic traits moderate peer influence on

adolescent delinquency. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 53(8):826-35

• Research question: Do psychopathic traits moderate peer influence on

delinquency?

• Moderation in two ways:

1) psychopathic traits of targets (those being influenced) could make targets

more or less easily influenced by peers (those exerting influence)

2) peers’ psychopathic traits could make peers more or less influential.

• peer network approach with five waves of longitudinal data from 847

adolescents in one community

• Targets' and peers' callous-unemotional and grandiose-manipulative traits

uniquely moderated peer influence on delinquency:

1) targets who were high on these traits were less influenced by peers'

delinquency

2) peers who were high on these traits were more influential on targets'

delinquency.

Mann et al. (2015). Person × Environment Interactions on Adolescent

Delinquency: Sensation Seeking, Peer Deviance and Parental Monitoring Pers Individ Dif. 76:129–134

Psychobiological foundation of personality (Roth & Strüber, 2014)

| 23

unconscious personality components

middle limbic level

lower limbic level

upper limbic level Cortex / Hippocampus

Brainstem, Hypothalamus, PEG, central Amygdala

NAcc, VTA, basal ganglia, basolateral Amygdala

OFC, vmPFC, ACC, Insula left assoc. Neocortex, Broca - Wernicke

Temperament

basic affective reactivity

emotional conditioning

reward and motivation systems

inborn /

prenatal

early

childhood

middle + late

childhood

adolescence

INDIVIDUAL-SOCIAL SELF emotional / social experiences

moral, ethics, normative values

COGNITIVE-COMMUNICATIVE SELF intellect, intelligence, problem solving

working memory, structuring of information

personal goals, planned action

FOUR LEVELS OF PERSONALITY

Personality Development, a transactional process

Genetic

Predisposition +

Pre- / perinatal

influences

Neurobiological /

Psychological

STRUCTURE

Temperament

Cognitive Capacity

Character

Object Relations

Moral Values

Identity

Developmental

Tasks

Interpersonal

Relationships

PERSONALITY

Gene-Environm.-Interaction

early relationship

experiences

„emotional

conditioning“

Influences of

psychosocial

environment /

Life Events

Postnatal

influences /

Nutrition, Diseases,

Accidents etc.

Summary

Personality development

• has to be understood as a transactional process, i.e. a constant exchange between constitutional factors and environment

• the individual plays an active role in these processes.

Personality and juvenile delinquency

• personality traits like callous-unemotional or grandiose-manipulative traits, high novelty seeking or low reward dependence - are risk factors for the development of antisocial behavior - serve as moderators for environmental influences on juvenile delinquency

• Positive parental influences substantially decrease the risk of peer influence on delinquent development

| 25 26. April 2017

Person-Environment-Transactions (Schneewind, 2005)

› Reactive Person-Environment-Transactions different personalities react differently to the same environment

(= Multifinality)

› Evocative Person-Environment-Transactions specific personality traits or behaviours evoke certain reactions

in other people

› Proactive Person-Environment-Transactions individuals high in psychopathic traits have a stronger impact on peers



Thank you for your attention!

Nilsson et al. (2015). Genotypes Do Not Confer Risk For Delinquency but

Rather Alter Susceptibility to Positive and Negative

Environmental Factors: Gene-Environment Interactions

of BDNF Val66Met, 5-HTTLPR, and MAOA-uVNTR. Int. J.

Neuropsychopharmacology, 2015:1–10

• In 2006, as part of the Survey of Adolescent Life in Västmanland, Sweden,

1 337 high-school students, aged 17–18 years, anonymously completed

questionnaires and provided saliva samples for DNA analyses.

• Results: the two genotype combinations that differed the most in

expression levels (BDNF Val66Met Val, 5-HTTLPR LL, MAOA-uVNTR LL

[girls] and L [boys] vs BDNF Val66Met Val/Met, 5-HTTLPR S/LS, MAOA-

uVNTR S/SS/LS) in interaction with family conflict and sexual abuse were

associated with the highest delinquency scores.

• The genetic variants previously shown to confer vulnerability for

delinquency (BDNF Val66Met Val/Met × 5-HTTLPR S × MAOA-uVNTR S)

were associated with the lowest delinquency scores in interaction with a

positive child-parent relationship.

• Conclusions: Functional variants of the MAOA-uVNTR, 5-HTTLPR, and

BDNF Val66Met, either alone or in interaction with each other, may be best

conceptualized as modifying sensitivity to environmental factors that confer

either risk or protection for teenage delinquency.

Nilsson et al. (2015). Genotypes Do Not Confer Risk For Delinquency but

Rather Alter Susceptibility to Positive and Negative

Environmental Factors: Gene-Environment Interactions

of BDNF Val66Met, 5-HTTLPR, and MAOA-uVNTR. Int. J.

Neuropsychopharmacology, 2015:1–10

Aghajani et al. (2016). Dissociable Relations Between Amygdala Subregional Networks and Psychopathy Trait Dimensions in Conduct-Disordered

Juvenile Offenders. Human Brain Mapping 37:4017–4033

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