PERSONALITY

DEVELOPMENT

DEVELOP IF YOU CAN

“Stand up, be bold, be strong.

Take the whole responsibility

on your own shoulders, &

know that you are the creator

of your own destiny”

“Neither money pays, nor name pays, nor fame, nor learning; it is the

CHARACTER that cleave through adamantine walls of difference”

“Three things are necessary to make every man great, every nation great”

1. Conviction of the powers of goodness

2. Absence of jealousy and suspicion

3. Helping all who are trying to be

and do good

“Always first learn to be a servant, and then you will be fit to be a master.

Avoid this jealousy, and you will do great works that have yet to be done”

Work unto death -- I am with you, and when I am gone, my spirit will work with you.

Biological Factors

Heredity – Transmission of qualities from ancestors such as physical stature, facial attractiveness, temperament, reflexes.

Brain – a general perception that brain plays a vital role in the development of one’s personality.

Physical features – individual external appearance has a tremendous effect on personality. Eg height,weight, colour, face etc.

Family & Social Factors

A child acquires those behavioural pattern that are customary & acceptable to the standards of the family.

It takes place through the process of socialization.

Situational Factors

The situation the child grows up. Education Group he mixes. Culture he hear, sees, perceives & brought up. Work group, peers, social activities.

Other factors

• Temperament – responding emotionally• Interest – job rotation, frequent training &

evaluation & regular feedback • Character – honesty, resistance to change,

stubborn, flexible, adjustable• Schema – belief, attitude, perception to job,

benefits, working conditions, religion, culture, socio-economic condition of th place.

• Motives – inner drive of an individual towards a goal. It is focused & goal oriented.

Development of Personality1. Physiological stage

2. Psychological stage The Psychological stage was based on the work of Sigmund Freud,

Intrapsychic theory emphasizes the unconscious determinants of behaviour. Freud saw personality as the interaction between three elements of

personality – id, ego, and superego.

Conscious

Unconscious

Superego Preconscious

Id

Ego

Personality is result of the battle for control between id, Personality is result of the battle for control between id, ego & superegoego & superego

Psychoanalytic TheoryPsychoanalytic Theory• Id

– Functions on ‘pleasure principle’– Immediate gratification of needs to reduce tension &

discomfort regardless of consequences• Superego

– Functions on ‘idealistic principle’– Our moral guide/conscience– Influenced by internalizing our parents’ values & the voice of

society– Works against the Id by inflicting guilt

• Ego– Functions on ‘reality principle’– Serves to balance the demands the Id and the Superego– Assesses what is realistically possible in satisfying the Id

and/or Superego (i.e., what society will deem acceptable)– Ego uses defense mechanisms to protect itself

TYPE A & TYPE B PERSONALITY

TYPE A : Restless Impatient Desire for quick achievement Perfectionism

TYPE B Easy going Relaxed Less Competitive Have balanced outlook towards life.

AUTHORITATIVE

Obedient Respect for Authority Endorse strong parental control Closed mind Adhere to conventional values Make good followers Work better under direct supervision

MANIPULATIVE

• Niccolo Machiavelli was a sixteenth century Italian statesman. He wrote "The Prince", a guide for acquiring and using power. The primary method for achieving power that he suggested was manipulation of others.

• Machiavellianism then is a personality characteristic indicating one's willingness to do whatever it takes to get one's way. An individual high in Machiavellianism is pragmatic, maintains emotional distance and believes that ends can justify means. "If it works, use it“.

• Some people believe they are masters of their own fate. Other people see themselves as pawns of fate. An individual's generalized belief about internal (self) versus external (situation or others) control is called locus of control.

• Internals: Those who believe they control their destinies have been labelled internals. Internals (those with an internal locus of control) have been found to have higher job satisfaction, to be more likely to assume managerial positions.

• Externals: Externals are those individuals who believe that what happens to them are controlled by outside forces such as luck or chance. Externals prefer a more structured work setting and they may be more reluctant to participate in decision-making. They are more compliant and willing to follow directions.

• Research on locus of control has strong implications for organizations

• Self-esteem is an individual's general feeling of self-worth. • Individuals with low self-esteem view themselves negatively.

They are more strongly affected by what other people think of them, and they compliment individuals who give them positive feedback while cutting down people who give them negative feedback.

• Research on self-esteem (SE) offers some interesting insights into organizational behaviour.

• i. High-SEs: People with High SEs• Believe they possess more of the ability they need in order to succeed at

work. • Individuals with high SE will take more risks in job selection and are more

likely to choose unconventional jobs. • They are more satisfied with their jobs, • ii. Low-SEs: People with low SEs• Are more susceptible to external influence. • They depend on the receipt of positive evaluations from others. • They tend to be concerned with pleasing others and therefore, are less likely

to take unpopular stands. • They are less satisfied with their jobs.

In short :

Self-monitoring refers to an individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour to external situational factors.