Personality and Relationships. Measuring Personality Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) Eysenck...
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Transcript of Personality and Relationships. Measuring Personality Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) Eysenck...
Personality and Relationships
Measuring Personality
Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ)
Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI)
Jenkens Activity Survey (Type A/Type B)
NEO Personal Inventory (Big 5)
Big Five Personality Traits
1. Extroversion
2. Neuroticism
3. Openness to Experience
4. Conscientiousness
5. Agreeableness
OCEAN
McCrae & Costa, 1990
Extroversion
Extroverts: High sociability, impulsiveness, like parties, crave excitement, focused on outer world, more friends
Introverts: quiet, reserved, reflective, like to think things through before speaking, focused within Cetola & Prinkey, 1986
“introverts are habitually in a state of greater arousal than extraverts, and consequently they show lower sensory thresholds, and greater reactions to sensory stimulation.” Eysenck & Eysenck, 1969
Lemon Test
Stereotypes of introverts/extroverts?
Wundt’s Hedonic Curve
Adapted from Cetola & Prinkey, 1986
Hedonic Curve for Introverts and Extroverts
Cetola & Prinkey, 1986
Neuroticism
Unsociable
Withdrawn
Wish to indulge in social activity but fear of being rejected takes over Different from introversion
Anxiety, self-consciousness, emotionally unstable
High: anxious, hostile, self-conscious, and impulsive McCrae & Costa, 1990
Opposite: Emotionally stableEysenck & Eysenck, 1969
Openness to Experience
High “Receptiveness to new ideas, approaches, experiences”
(p.41-42)
Intellectually curious
Often appreciates art, literature, travel
More likely to hold unconventional beliefs
“free spirits”
Low Prefer the familiar and practical
Resists change
Not necessarily close minded or intolerant of others
McCrae & Costa
Conscientiousness
High Achievement-orientated
Organized, dutiful, high level of motivation
Workaholics?
Low Easy-going
Less exacting with themselves and with others
Slackers?
Agreeableness
Generous and trusting of others and want everyone to get along
Optimistic
Opposite: Antagonism Tough-minded, non-accommodating of others
Place the interest of themselves above the interest of others
Often seen as uncooperative
Which of these would you want your surgeon to be? Lawyer?
Does this have anything to do with face theory?
Opposites Attract?
Marriage partners often have similarities (religion ethnicity, attraciveness, values) but complimentary personalities McCrae & Costa, 1990
Personality more important than other factors in predicting marital adjustment
Difference-detecting mechanisms Buss, 1996
I’m Outgoing and She’s Reserved: The Reciprocal Dynamics of Personality in Close Friendships in Young Adulthood Nelson, Thorne, & Shapiro, 2011
Interpersonal Theory
Self Expansion Theory
Overall, “a series of compromises and adaptations evolve over a period of time” (p. 160) in any successful relationship McCrae & Costa, 1990
Desirable Personalities
In a long- term mate
Extroversion- ambitious about career
Neuroticism- emotionally stable
Agreeableness- kind
Conscientiousness- dependable, hardworking
Openness- intelligent, open-minded, creative
Buss, 1996
Desirable Personalities
In a friendship
Extroversion- bold, self-confident, ambitious about career
Neuroticism- emotionally stable
Agreeableness- kind
Conscientiousness- hardworking, dependable
Openness- open- minded, creative, intelligent, wide range of knowledge
Buss, 1996
Undesirable Personalities
Low on agreeableness
Neglect, verbal abuse, physical abuse, sexual infidelity, inconsiderateness, self-centeredness
Emotionally unstable (neurotic)
Possessive, jealous, dependent, abusive, inconsiderate, physically self-absorbed, self centered
Other Undesirable Personalities
Low Conscientiousness
High instances of sexual infidelity, especially men
Low Openness
Sexualizing of others
“treating members of the opposite sex as sex objects; commenting about the attractiveness of others; expressing sexual desire for a movie star” (Buss, 1996).
Personality and Sexual Infidelity
Buss, 1996
100 married couples- took personality test as newlyweds and questioned 4 years later
Low Conscientious men AND women likely to cheat
Women high in openness to experiences likely to cheat
Submissive partners are likely to be cheated on
Nonverbal Communication and Personality
When it comes to conversational distance:
Extraverts- likely to choose to sit opposite of other person and avoid positions that would put them at an angle
Introverts- choose positions that would keep that at more of a distance (visually and physically) sit diagonally
Knapp & Hall, 2006
Nonverbal Communication and Personality
Dominant people show more eye contact than submissive people
Extraverted, Agreeable, and Open people show more gazing activity (eye contact) than other personalities Knapp & Hall, 2006
What does this mean for relationships?
Flirting?
Nonverbal Communication and Personality
Is there a relationship between personality/temperament and certain body types?
Some people believe there is a correlation
Calm
Anxious
Cheerful
Contented (often content. Happy or at ease)
Relaxed
Confident
Tense
Impetuous (impulsive)
Complacent (self-satisfied)
Reticent (reserved- don’t say everything you know)
Energetic
Self-conscious
I feel most of the time _____, _________, and ______
Efficient
Enthusiastic
Reflective
Placid (calm, quiet)
Sluggish
Competitive
Leisurely
Meticulous
Precise
Determined
Thoughtful
cooperative
When I study or work I seem to be ______, ______, and ___________.
Socially, I am ____, _____, and ________. Outgoing
Affable (shows warmth and friendliness)
Tolerant
Gentle-tempered
Considerate
Awkward
Affected (emotionally moved easily)
Soft-tempered
Argumentative
Shy
Talkative
Hot-tempered
I am rather ____, ______, and ____.
Active
Warm
Domineering
Introspective
Forgiving
Courageous
Suspicious
Cool
Sympathetic
Serious
Soft-hearted
Enterprising
Other people consider me rather ___, _____ and _______. Generous
Adventurous
Withdrawn
Dominant
Optimistic
Affectionate
Reckless
Detached
Sensitive
Kind
Cautious
Dependent
Pick one of each three
Assertive, relaxed, tense
Hot-tempered, cool, warm
Withdrawn, sociable, active
Confident, tactful, kind
Dependent, dominant, detached
Enterprising, affable, anxious
Section A
Forgiving
Sympathetic
Soft-hearted
Generous
Affectionate
Kind
Sociable
Soft-tempered
Warm
Affected
Tolerant
Dependent
Calm
Relaxed
Complacent
Contented
Sluggish
Placid
Leisurely
Cooperative
Affable
Section B
Dominant
Cheerful
Confident
Energetic
Impetuous
Efficient
Enthusiastic
Competitive
Determined
Outgoing
Hot Tempered
Argumentative
Talkative
Active
Domineering
Courageous
Enterprising
Adventurous
Reckless
Assertive
optimistic
Section C
Detached
Tense
Anxious
Reticent
Self-Conscious
Meticulous
Reflective
Precise
Thoughtful
Considerate
Shy
Awkward
Cool
Suspicious
Introspective
Serious
Cautious
Tactful
Sensitive
Withdrawn
Gentle-tempered
6 510
Wells & Siegel (1961) stereotypes about personalities of people with different body types Knapp & Hall, 2006
Buss, D. M. (1996). The five- factor model of personality: Theoretical perspectives. J. S. Wiggins (Ed.) New York: The Guilford Press.
Cetola, H., & Prinkey, K. (1986). Introversion-extraversion and loud commercials. Psychology and Marketing, 3, 123-132.
Eysenck, H. J., & Eysenck, S. B. (1969). Personality structure and measurement. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
Knapp, M. L., & Hall, J. A. (2006). Nonverbal communication in human interaction (6th ed.) Belmont, CA: Thomson Higher Education.
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (1990). Personality in adulthood. New York: The Guilford Press.
Nelson, P. A., Thorne, A., & Shapiro, L.A. (2011). I’m outgoing and she’s reserved: The reciprocal dynamics of personality in close friendships in young adulthood. Journal of Personality, 79 (5), p. 1113-1147.