Personalities: Normal to Not so Normal Personalities: Not a new topic Galen: 4 Humors in the 2nd...
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Personalities:Normal to Not so Normal
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Personalities: Not a new topic• Galen: 4 Humors in the 2nd century• Yellow bile: bad tempered (Tommy Lee)• Black bile: gloomy and pessimistic (the future of
our environment)• Phlegm: sluggish and boring (Gore before the
makeover)• Blood: cheerful and passionate (Roberto Begnini)
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Personality Traits: our only way to know what personality is
• Allport: Dictionary search stimulated further research
• Cattel’s 16 Personality factors (source and surface traits)
• Eysenck’s 3 Factors (personality has biological roots)
• 5 Factor model (personality has, yep, you guessed it... 5 dimensions)
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Psychobiological Approaches: How much of our strange personalities can we
blame on our parents?
Or: How much did
this “woman’s”
parents have to do with this?
- biological factors studied through twins (identical vs. fraternal)
- evidence suggests heredity resp. for 50-70% of personality
- environment resp. for 0-7%.
- where’s the rest?? - Ex: identical twins raised together and apart
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It’s fuzzy math!: if it’s not environmental or hereditary, where’s the influence coming
from?
• Environment and genetics combine
• genetic make-up will determine how family members interact in their environment.
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What role does our gray matter
play in our personalities?
• Brain damage can permanently alter personality
• Drug use can also affect our demeanor and traits (so I’ve heard)
• Zuckerman: our personality traits are controlled by neural systems
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Evidence that shows…brace yourself…our brains are influential in our
personalities
• Extroverted people will seek reinforcement
• research with cats shows that “bold” will seek out unfamiliar territory, “timid” will avoid it.
• This ties into Eyesenk’s 3 Factor theory
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The Social Learning Approach: how does
our environment create our quirks?
EXPECTANCIES & OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING
* expectancy - the belief that a specific consequence will follow an action* observational learning - learning through observing others (i.e. : capitalizing on others’ misfortunes)
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Fear not! Here’s more Social Learning Theory!!
• RECIPROCAL DETERMINISM & SELF-EFFICACY
• (RD): it’s not environment or traits, but both that determine our personality (a BOLD statement)
• (SE): our expectation of success in a given situation– the behavior we choose to engage in depends on
how much we think people will like that behavior (except for these two people)
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Try to contain you’re excitement, we’re not done yet! Person Variables
• 5 main variables where people differ:– competencies
– encoding strategies
– expectancies
– subjective values
– plans
• Says that individual differences in the way we think (person variables) account for differences in personality– ANOTHER AMAZINGLY OBVIOUS
STATEMENT, but hey, I didn’t think of it.
Can anyone name the differences between these two people?
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Locus of Control: Are you your own man (or woman)? Or a pawn in the
hands of fate?
• Our actions are either controlled by us, or by external factors
• internal or external– internal: a person’s fate lies in his own hands, he can control his
rewards by his actions
– external: a person’s fate is controlled by unseen factors that he reacts to
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The Psychodynamic Approach: we aren’t aware of what we’re doing, and our mind is a battlefield for some pretty
strange things.
Or, (and you thought I’d forgotten him) FREUD’S ideas!
• Our instinctual drives are triggered by traumatic events
• individual is then forced to repress emotion
• emotion is then expressed neurotically (because it can’t be expressed normally)
• then we end up like these people
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Everyone’s favorite: The Id, Ego and Superego (Celine Dion)
• Unconscious, conscious and preconscious (we can be messed up and not even know it)
• ID: completely unconscious, contains the libido (always looking for immediate gratification)– the pleasure principle - act without thinking (Hugh Grant)
• ego: controls behavior, a mediator, driven by the reality principle - satisfy the ID realistically
• superego: divided into conscience and ego-ideal (what behavior is okay, what are the individual’s goals?)
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Defense mechanisms: What $10,000 credit card debt? I think I’ll buy
myself a new wardrobe.• Repression: keeping the bad thoughts away from our
consciousness (“forgetting” about 50 page papers, bills, confrontations, traumas, etc…)
• Reaction formation: replacing a bad idea with a good one (being two-faced - hating someone but acting like you would gladly play to clean their toilet)
• Projection: denying your feelings and finding them in others (I’m not paranoid, everyone really IS out to get me!)
• Sublimation: channeling your energy (someone with homicidal rage running a marathon to blow off steam)
• Rationalization: i.e. LYING to yourself (“I read Playboy for the articles”)
• Conversion: developing a physical reaction to a psychological problem (becoming blind if subjected to campaign ads one too many times)
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Freud’s “I’m eating this sandwich because I’m sexually frustrated” (Psychosexual Theory of
Personality Development)
• Psychosexual stages of development: trying to satisfy a different erogenous zone at each stage
• ORAL STAGE: getting sexual gratification from chewing on things (can lead to “biting sarcasm” or excessive talking)
• ANAL STAGE (as pleasant as it sounds): enjoying going to the bathroom. EX. -----> that child is “enjoying emptying his feces”. (can lead to cruel or anal retentive behavior later)
• PHALLIC STAGE: discovering sexual gratification from touching the genitals (starts around age 3)
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Freud’s groupies: Jung, Adler and Erikson
• Carl Jung: came up with collective unconscious - memories and ideas inherited from our ancestors
• Alfred Adler: we realize at a very young age that everyone is smarter than we are. Spend our lives trying to compensate for this.
• Karen Horney: people suffer from basic anxiety (move toward, against and away from others)
• Erik Erikson: our personalities don’t stop evolving when we become adults, social interactions continue to
change us.
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The warm and fuzzy approach: The Humanistic Approach
• Abraham Maslow: human motivation based on a hierarchy of needs
• our motivation for different activities goes through several levels•Self-actualization
•aesthetic needs
•cognitive needs
•esteem needs
•attachment needs
•safety needs
•physiological needs
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The Humanistic Approach Continued...
• Maslow’s levels: can’t get to a higher level without achieving the one beneath it.
• Studied people he felt had achieved actualization (Einstein, Eleanor Roosevelt, Thoreau, the Beetles (kidding), etc…)
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Conditions of Worth: Mr. Rogers’ ideas
• Carl Rogers, that
is: believed that our personality depends on our image of ourselves and how we’re treated by others
• all people need to be liked
• there are certain criteria that need to be met before people will give us positive regard– these criteria are
conditions of worth
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Personality tests: Trying to measure something that can’t really be measured.
• Rorschach
• Thematic Apperception Test– shown ambiguous situation and asked to
describe it
Important to evaluate these tests:
•poor reliability and little validity (shocker)
•scores are very sensitive to moods
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Gender Differences in personality: who’s really smarter?
• Classic stereotypes– men: competent, decisive,
logical– women: the opposite of all
that
Most of these not confirmed: boys more aggressive - but can depend on culture (Israeli girls)
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Congratulations, you made it to the end!
• Questions?
• Basics:– personality hard
to define
– everyone is unique
– including the psychologists that define personality