PERSONAL VALUES AS FACTORS IN ANTI-SEMITISM

By

R ichard I . Evans

A THESIS

Subm itted t o t h e School o f G raduate S tu d ies of M ichigan S ta te C o llege o f A g r ic u ltu re and A pplied S cience

in p a r t i a l f u l f i l lm e n t o f th e requirem ents f o r th e degree of

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

Department o f Psychology

1950

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The w r i te r w ishes to thank Dr. M ilton Rokeach f o r h is c r i t ic i s m and ad v ice in th e w r i t in g of t h i s d i s s e r t a t i o n . The w r i te r a lso w ishes to th an k Dr. S . Howard B a r tle y , Dr. M. Ray Denny, Dr. Donald M. Johnson , and Dr. H arry Sundwall f o r t h e i r v a lu a b le s u g g e s tio n s , and Dr. D aniel J . Levinson o f Harvard U n iv e rs ity f o r h is k indness in p e rm itt in g th e u se o f th e A n ti-S em itism S c a le .

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................. 1

G eneral Problem .................... 2C r i t e r i a o f Values and P re ju d ic e ............................ 6

HYPOTHESES TO BE TESTED......................................................................................... 15

KSmODOLOGY.................................................................................................................... 35

Sample*.................. ................................................................................... 35P r o c e d u r e . . . . ................................................... 35A n a ly s is of D ata......................................................... 39

RESULTS.................... 42

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS.............................................................................................. 73

SUMMARY... .................................................................................................................. 79

BIBLIOGRAPHY.................................................................................................................. 82

APPENDIX 1 ...................................................................................................................... 86

APPENDIX I I .................................................................................................................... 87

APPENDIX I I I .................................................................................................................. 88

APPENDIX IV......................................................................... 89

APPENDIX V...................................................................................................................... 90

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

TABLE PAGE

I . A BREAKDOWN OF THE. 169 SUBJECTS BY SEX, RELIGION, CIASS,AND VETERAN STATUS................................................................................... 36

I I . TEAMS, STANDARD DEVIATIONS AND THE PRODUCT-MOMENT COR­RELATIONS BETWEEN THE SIX VALUES AND ANTI-SEMITISM............ 43

I I I . MEANS, STANDARD DEVIATIONS, AND STANDARD ERRORS OF THE MEAN OF THEORETICAL VALUE SCORES FOR ANTI-SETHTISMQUARTERS 1, 2 , 3 AND 4 . . . ................................................................... 44

IV. STATISTICAL COMPARISON OF THEORETICAL SCORES IN ANTI­SEMITISM QUARTERS 1, 2 , 3 , AND 4 ................................................... 46

V. MEANS, STANDARD DEVIATIONS, AND STANDARD ERRORS OF THE MEANS OF ECONOMIC VALUE SCORES IK ANTI-SEI'ITISM QUARTERS1, 2 , 3 , AND 4 .................... ...................................................................... 47

V I. STATISTICAL COMPARISON OF ECONOMIC SCORES IN ANTI-SEMITISM QUARTERS 1, 2 , 3 , AND 4 ..................................................... 49

V II. MEANS, STANDARD DEVIATIONS, AND STANDARD ERRORS OF THE MEANS OF AESTHETIC VALUE SCORES IN ANTI-SEMITISMQUARTERS 1, 2 , 3 , AND 4 ...................................................................... 50

V I I I . STATISTICAL COMPARISONS OF AESTHETIC SCORES IN ANTI­SEMITISM QUARTERS 1 , 2 , 3 , AND 4 ..................................................... 52

IX. MEANS, STANDARD DEVIATIONS, AND STANDARD ERRORS OF THE L23ANS OF SOCIAL VALUE SCORES IN ANTI-SEMITISM QUARTERS1, 2 , 3 , AND 4 . . . . ................................................................................... 53

X. STATISTICAL COMPARISONS OF SOCIAL SCORES IN ANTI­SEMITISM QUARTERS 1 , 2 , 3 , AND 4 ..................................................... 54

X I. MEANS, STANDARD DEVIATIONS, AND STANDARD ERRORS OF THE MEANS OF POLITICAL VALUE SCORES IN ANTI-SEMITISMQUARTERS 1, 2 , 3 , AND 4 ...................................................................... 56

X II . STATISTICAL COIPARISONS OF POLITICAL SCORES IN ANTI-SEMI TISM QUARTERS 1, 2 , 3 , AND 4 .................................................... 57

X I I I . MEANS, STANDARD DEVIATIONS, AND STANDARD ERRORS OF THE LEAKS OF RELIGIOUS VALUE SCORES IN ANTI-SEMITISMQUARTERS 1, 2 , 3 , AND 4 ........... 59

XIV. STATISTICAL COMPARISONS OF RELIGIOUS SCORES IN ANTI­SEMITISM QUARTERS 1 , 2 , 3 , AND 4 ................................................... 60

XV. MEANS, STANDARD, ERRORS, AND STANDARD DEVIATIONS, OF THE SIX VALUE SCORES CONVERTED TO RANKINGS IN ANTI-SEMITISMQUARTERS 1, 2 , 3, AND 4 ........................................................................ 62

XVI. NUMBER OF VALUE-INFLUENCED AND MISCELLANEOUS REASONS INHIGH AND LOW ANTI-SEMITISM GROUPS....................................... 66

XVII. A STATISTICAL COMPARISON OF THE NUMBER OF PREJUDICED AND NON-PREJUDICED REASONS GIVEN BY THOSE IN THE HIGH ANDLOW GROUPS ON THE ANTI-SEMITISM SCALE......................................... 68

X V III. A STATISTICAL COMPARISON OF CERTAIN GROUPS ON THE ANTI­SEMITISM SCALE........................................................................................... 70

XIX. A STATISTICAL COMPARISON OF MALE AND FEMALE SCORES ONTHE SIX VALUE SUB-SCALES..................................................................... 72

FIGURE I THE RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF VALUES FOR ANTI-SEMITISMQUARTERS 1, 2 , 3 , AND 4 IN TERMS OF MEAN RANKINGS.............. 64

INTRODUCTION

In th e p a s t s e v e ra l y e a rs th e r e has been a t r e n d in s o c ia l psy­

chology and p e rs o n a l i ty re se a rc h tow ard s tu d y in g th e p e r s o n a l i ty of

t h e s o -c a l le d p re ju d ic e d indiv idual'* ' in term s of comparing i t w ith th e

p e r s o n a l i ty o f th e s o -c a l le d u n p re ju d ic ed in d iv id u a l . Led by th e ex­

c e l l e n t c o n tr ib u tio n s o f in v e s t ig a to r s such a s Adorno e t a l ( 1 ) ,

H a rtle y (2 1 ) , A llp o r t and Kramer ( 4 ) , Rokeach (3 9 ) , R o sen b lith (4 0 ),

and Gough (1 9 ) , t h e t r e n d has r e s u l te d i n no t on ly a c le a r e r p ic tu r e

o f th e p e r s o n a l i ty s t r u c tu r e o f t h e p re ju d ic e d in d iv id u a l , b u t has

in d ic a te d s tro n g ly t h a t p re ju d ic e tow ard m in o rity groups ten d s to be

only one o f a c o n s te l l a t io n o f a t t i t u d e s th a t i n t e r a c t in such a man­

n e r t h a t th e in d iv id u a l p o sse ss in g i t m ight w e ll b e d e sc rib ed as an

" a n ti-d e m o c ra tic p e r s o n a l i ty " , a p h ra se su g g ested by Adorno, e t a l ( 1 ) ,4 ■

' An in d iv id u a l i n our s o c ie ty who i s q u i te concerned w ith th e

problem o f t h e e f f e c t o f th e p re sen ce o f th e s e undem ocratic in d iv id ­

u a ls m ight w e ll r a i s e t h e q u e s tio n o f e x a c tly what th e purpose o f

th e s e p e r s o n a l i ty s tu d ie s m ight be i n term s o f re o rg a n iz in g th e behav­

i o r p a t te rn s of in d iv id u a ls p o sse ss in g them . In th e w r i t e r ’ s o p in im ,

oonibatting p re ju d ic e and r e la te d a t t i t u d e s and b eh av io r h inges prim ar­

i l y on a tho ro u g h knowledge of th e p e r s o n a l i ty o f th e p re ju d ic e d

in d iv id u a l . Only th ro u g h such knowledge can we hope t o b eg in to

u n d ers tan d what th e e s s e n t ia l f a c to r s in a re -e d u c a tio n program would

have to b e . We m ight l ik e n th i s s i t u a t io n to th e th e ra p e u tio s i tu a t io n

■*■ The te rm " p re ju d ic e " r e f e r s h e re t o b ia s e d , d is c r im in a tin g a t t i tu d e s and b eh av io r tow ard members o f m in o rity g roups.

betw een p s y c h ia t r i s t and p a tie n t* The p s y c h ia t r i s t could h a rd ly even

beg in to e f f e c t a cu re w ith o u t as n e a r ly a com plete u n d ers tan d in g of

th e p a t i e n t1s p e r s o n a l i ty as i s p o s s ib le f o r th e p s y c h ia t r i s t t o ob­

ta in * ^

The problem is f u r th e r com plicated by th e f a c t t h a t we a r e , as we

a tte m p t t o re -e d u c a te th e b ig o t s , in r e a l i t y d e a lin g w ith a g re a t

number o f in d iv id u a l p e r s o n a l i t i e s s im u ltan eo u s ly . I t i s f o r t h i s

reaso n p a r t i c u la r ly im p o rtan t t o determ ine what th e p e r s o n a l i t ie s of

p re ju d ic e d in d iv id u a ls have i n common. From t h i s s ta n d p o in t th e

p re v io u s ly m entioned s tu d ie s have p a r t i c u la r s ig n if ic a n c e . They have

dem onstrated t h a t c e r t a in p e r s o n a l i ty v a r ia b le s a r e t o be found in in ­

t o l e r a n t in d iv id u a ls as a group, j u s t as c e r ta in p e r s o n a l i ty v a r ia b le s

a re to b e found in t o l e r a n t in d iv id u a ls as a group.

I t i s w ith t h i s o r ie n ta t io n t h a t th e w r i te r has proceeded in th e

p re se n t s tu d y . Any co nclusions t h a t may be reached which te n d to in ­

d ic a te p e rs o n a l i ty t r a i t s t h a t p re ju d ic e d in d iv id u a ls have i n common,

th e w r i t e r f e e l s , w ill- add t o th e com prehensive knowledge of th e p e r­

s o n a l i ty o f th e in to le r a n t in d iv id u a l t h a t we must have b e fo re we can

s u c c e s s fu l ly ex ecu te a d eep -ro o ted re -e d u c a tio n program aimed a t r e ­

ducing m in o rity group p re ju d ic e and r e la te d un-dem ocra tic a t t i t u d e s

and b eh av io r in our c u l tu re .

G eneral Problem

Krech and C ru tc h f ie ld (26) c le a r ly reco g n ize th e im portance of

^ Even in th e s o -c a l le d n o n -d ir e c t iv e approach th e th e r a p i s t i s g a in ­in g im p l io i t ly a knowledge of th e p a t i e n t ’s p e r s o n a l i ty .

v a lu es in th e p e r s o n a l i ty of th e in d iv id u a l -when th e y s t a t e : * "An

in te g ra te d p e r s o n a l i ty i s one in -which th e n eed s , demands, and g o a ls—

in s te a d of fu n c tio n in g as s e p a ra te , segmented p a r ts of th e b e h a v io r -

work to g e th e r o p tim a lly in a way th a t i s s e l f - c o n s i s t e n t , m u tu a lly re ­

in fo rc in g , and n o n c o n f l ic t in g . And t h i s in te g r a t io n i s m ainly p o s s ib le

th rough th e in d iv id u a l ’ s system o f v a lu e s , id e a ls , and id e o lo g y .” The

f u r th e r im portance of v a lu e s in p e r s o n a l i ty has been u n d e rlin e d in a

re c e n t symposium (54) devoted e n t i r e ly to th e problem o f "Values in

P e rs o n a li ty R esearch ." The u n d e rly in g approach in t h i s symposium is

to c o n s is te n t ly p o in t o u t th e im portance o f v a lu es in p e r s o n a l i ty

s t r u c tu r e .

In th e s tu d ie s d e a lin g w ith th e p e r s o n a l i t ie s o f th e p re ju d ic e d

in d iv id u a l as c o n tra s te d w ith th e u n p re ju d ic ed in d iv id u a l , th e impor­

ta n c e of v a lu es as such has n o t been s t r e s s e d ad eq u a te ly . However,

some of th e se s tu d ie s have su g g ested th a t c e r ta in v a lu e d if fe re n c e s

m ight w e ll be p re se n t i n t o le r a n t and in to le r a n t in d iv id u a ls . I n f a o t ,

m ention of v a lu e s t h a t m ight p a r a l l e l S p ran g er’ s (43) s ix v a lu e s , t h a t

i s , t h e o r e t i c a l , economic, a e s th e t i c , s o c ia l , p o l i t i c a l , and r e l ig io u s

a re r e fe r r e d t o in some o f th e s e s tu d ie s .® F or example, in The A uthor­

i t a r i a n P e r s o n a l i ty ( 1 ) , i t was p o in te d o u t t h a t in d iv id u a ls h igh in

p re ju d ic e i n re p ly to th e q u e s tio n s , "What experience would be most

a w e -in sp ir in g f o r you?” made r e p l ie s th a t p laced emphasis upon p o l i t i ­

c a l v a lu e s , " s u p e r f i c i a l r e l ig io u s ” v a lu e s , and economic v a lu e s . In

^ p . 68 above c i t .The u n d e r lin in g is th e w r i t e r ’ s .

® For a com plete d e s c r ip t io n of S p ran g er’s s ix va lu es c.ib. App. I .

response t o th e same q u e s tio n , in d iv id u a ls low i n p re ju d ic e made re ­

sponses which p la ce d emphasis on a e s th e t ic v a lu e s , t h e o r e t ic a l V alues,

and s o c ia l v a lu e s .

In Problem s in P re ju d ic e (2 1 ) , H a r tle y p o in ts out* "There seems

to be a ten d en cy f o r th e in d iv id u a ls a t th e t o l e r a n t extreme"*" to be

in te r e s te d i n im a g in a tiv e a c t i v i t y and p reoccup ied w ith in n e r p ro ces­

s e s ." He th e n proceeds to quote from Murray (3 7 ) and s t a t e s : "Tnese

in d iv id u a ls te n d to have an im ag in a tiv e , s u b je c t iv e human ou t lo o t , a

p reo ccu p a tio n w ith in n e r a c t iv i t i e s * f e e l in g s , f a n t a s i e s , g e n e ra liz a ­

t i o n s , t h e o r e t i c a l r e f le c t io n s (S p ran g er’ s t h e o r e t i c a l v a lu e ) , a r t i s t i c!

concep tions (S p ran g e r’ s a e s th e t ic v a lu e ) " . j

In some o f th e o th e r s tu d ie s as w e ll , we may by im p lic a tio n n o te

re fe re n c e s t o v a lu e s such as th o se p o s tu la te d by S p ran g er. A llp o rt

and Kramer (4 ) and R o sen b lith (41) in u s in g a q u e s tio n such a s , ’ Are

you p a r t i c u la r l y prone to sym pathize w ith any underdog?" and f in d in g

th a t t o l e r a n t in d iv id u a ls a r e s ig n i f ic a n t ly more l i k e l y to answer

"yes" to t h i s q u e s tio n th an th e in to le r a n t in d iv id u a l , a re a p p a re n tly

reco rd in g a resp o n se which would be c o n s is te n t w ith S p ran g er’s d e sc rip ­

t i o n of th e s o c ia l v a lu e .

However, i n each o f th e s e s tu d ie s no d i r e c t in v e s t ig a t io n o f th e

v a lu e s p re s e n t in t h e p e r s o n a li ty s t r u c tu r e o f t h e p re ju d ic e d in d iv id ­

u a l as a g a in s t th e u n p re ju d ic ed in d iv id u a l i s made. I t i s f o r t h i s

reason t h a t th e w r i te r b e lie v e s th a t such an in v e s t ig a t io n m ight Well

be in o rd e r . Are th e r e r e la t io n s h ip s p re se n t betw een c e r ta in v a lu es

■*• R eference i s made h e re t o in d iv id u a ls s c o rin g h ig h on o b je c t iv e t e s t s o f p re ju d ic e .

and p re ju d ic e ? Are th e r e p a t te rn s o f v a lu es in p re ju d ic e d in d iv id u a ls

which d i f f e r s ig n i f i c a n t ly from p a tte rn s o f v a lu e s in r e l a t iv e ly un­

p re ju d ic e d in d iv id u a ls ?

This problem has o th e r a s p e c ts , as v re ll. One o f th e o th e r a s ­

p ec ts o f th e problem i s concerned w ith th e r o le of v a lu e s in th e way

th e in d iv id u a l chooses t o j u s t i f y th e absence o r p resence o f p re ju d ic ed

a t t i t u d e s . F or exam ple, i f in d iv id u a ls a re asked t o j u s t i f y th e f a c t

th a t th e y a re o r a re n o t p re ju d ic e d a g a in s t a m in o rity group by s ta t in g

as many reasons as th e y can f o r be in g o r n o t be ing p re ju d ic e d , w i l l ah

a n a ly s is of th e s e reasons re v e a l th e d e f in i t e in f lu e n c e of th e in d iv id ­

u a l ’s dominant v a lu e s in t h e i r com position?

S t i l l an o th e r a sp e c t o f th e problem i s su g g ested by th e a sp ec t

co n sid e red above. To what e x te n t i s th e number o f reasons g iven f o r

be ing o r n o t b e in g p re ju d ic e d an index of th o a c tu a l in t e n s i ty of th e

p re ju d ic e d a t t i tu d e s ? Would th e p re ju d ic e d in d iv id u a l be a b le t o g ive

more reasons f o r and few er reasons f o r n o t b e in g p re ju d ic e d th a n th e

u n p re ju d ic ed in d iv id u a l?

The p re se n t p ap er, th e r e fo r e , w i l l d e a l w ith c e r ta in a sp ec ts of

th e problem of v a lu e s as f a c to r s in p re ju d ic e . I t w i l l in c lu d e a s tu d y

o f th e r e la t io n s h ip betw een v a lu e s and p r e ju d ic e , a com parison of v a lu e

p a t te rn s p re se n t in p re ju d ic e d and u n p re ju d ic ed in d iv id u a ls , an an a ly ­

s i s o f t h e ro le t h a t v a lu e s may p la y in th e com position o f reasons f o r

p re ju d ic e , and a q u a n t i ta t iv e a n a ly s is o f th e s e reasons t o determ ine

th e e x te n t to which th e y a re an index o f t h e r e l a t i v e s t r e n g th of

p re ju d ic e .

5-

C r i t e r i a o f Values and P re ju d ic e

I n approaching th e g e n e ra l problem o f v a lu es as f a c to rs in p r e j ­

u d ic e , th e problem o f what can be used as c r i t e r i a o f v a lu e s and

p re ju d ic e p re se n ts i t s e l f .

C r i te r io n of V a lu es . W ith re sp e c t to th e c r i t e r i o n of v a lu e s ,

i f v a lu e s a re f a c to rs in p re ju d ic e , th e y would p ro b ab ly be p o ten t

m o tiv a tin g o r dynamic p a r ts o f th e in d iv id u a l 's p e r s o n a l i ty s t r u c tu r e

and may fu n c tio n in th e manner suggested by Krech and C ru tc h f ie ld (26)^

when th e y s t a t e ; "V alues f o r th e in d iv id u a l.. .c o m e t o have what seems

t o him an e x te rn a l e x is te n c e ; th ey ...d em an d on h is p a r t a c tio n th a t is

o f te n a t v a r ia n c e w ith h is im m ediate p e rso n a l d e s i r e s ."

As was su g g ested p re v io u s ly i n th e p re se n t p a p e r , v a lu es which a t

l e a s t by im p lic a tio n p a r a l l e l S p ra n g e r 's s ix v a lu e s , t h a t i s , t h e o r e t i ­

c a l , economio, a e s th e t ic , s o c i a l , p o l i t i c a l , and r e l ig io u s , were ob­

se rv ed t o e x i s t in p e r s o n a l i ty d e s c r ip t io n s o f p re ju d ic e d and u n p re j­

u d iced in d iv id u a ls . T h e re fo re , i t m ight be expected th a t i f a s c a le

d esig n ed to measure S p ra n g e r 's s ix v a lu es p o ssesses a s a t i s f a c to r y

d eg ree o f v a l i d i t y and r e l i a b i l i t y , i t could se rv e as th e c r i t e r io n

of v a lu e s in th e p re se n t s tu d y . J u s t such a s c a le i s th e A llp o r t-o

Vernon Study o f V alues (5 0 ) .

Concerning th e problem o f t h e v a l i d i t y o f th e Study of V alues,

Vernon and A llp o r t (50)^ s t a t e ; "When th e r a t in g s ( th e average of

^ p . 413 above c i t .2 c . f . App. I I I .3 F or a d e ta i le d account o f th e sc o rin g p ro ced u re , s ta n d a rd iz a t io n ,

e t c . c . f . Vernon and A llp o r t (50) and a ls o App. I .

f iv e e x te rn a l and one s e l f - r a t i n g in a group of 48 s u b je c ts ) a re co r­

r e la te d w ith th e t o t a l t e s t , one o b ta in s a c o e f f ic ie n t o f p lus .532.

But s in c e th e r e l i a b i l i t y o f a l l t h e r a t in g s was only p lu s .5 8 9 , th e

th e o r e t ic a l agreem ent betw een t e s t and r a t in g s , c o r re c te d f o r a t te n u ­

a t io n , i s p lu s .8 2 6 , a f ig u r e v o iy c lo se to t h a t f o r t h e th e o r e t io a l

v a l i d i t y (p lu s .8 5 ) . F a i r agreem ent has a lso been found betw een t e s t

3cores and r e s u l t s of c e r t a in r e la te d t e s t s such as th e Freyd and S trong

in t e r e s t b lan k s and a word a s s o c ia t io n method. The Rorschach in k b lo ts

g iv e h igh c o r r e la t io n s w ith a e s th e t ic v a lu e s .”

A llp o r t and Vernon, as a f u r th e r approach to v a l id a t io n , adm inis­

te r e d th e s c a le to c e r t a in groups whose v a lu e p a t te rn s m ight be p re ­

d ic te d on an a p r io r i b a s i s . For exam ple, th ey found th a t men were

s ig n i f i c a n t ly h ig h e r th a n women in t h e o r e t i c a l , econom ic, and p o l i t i ­

c a l v a lu e s -while women were s ig n i f i c a n t ly h ig h er in a e s th e t ic , s o c ia l ,

and re l ig io u s v a lu e s . They found t h a t in d iv id u a ls in b u s in e ss tended

to b e h igh in economic v a lu e s , p sy c h o lo g is ts and o th e r s c i e n t i s t s h igh

i n t h e o r e t i c a l v a lu e s , th e o lo g ia n s h ig h in r e l ig io u s v a lu e s , boy sco u t

le a d e rs h igh i n s o c ia l v a lu e s , p o l i t i c i a n s h igh i n p o l i t i c a l v a lu e s ,

and th a t in d iv id u a ls in th e f i e l d o f l i t e r a t u r e , w ere h igh in a e s th e t ic

v a lu e s .

The r e l i a b i l i t y o f th e Study of V alues was determ ined by computing

s p l i t - h a l f and re p e a t r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f ic ie n ts f o r each o f th e s ix

v a lu e s and f o r th e s c a le as a w hole. In a ty p ic a l g ro u p , th e s p l i t -

h a l f r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f ic ie n ts were *62, .7 2 , .B4, .4 9 , .5 3 , and .84

f o r th e o r e t ic a l , econom ic, a e s th e t ic , s o c ia l , p o l i t i c a l , and r e l ig io u s

v a lu e s r e s p e c t iv e ly . The re p e a t r e l i a b i l i t i e s were .6 6 , .7 1 , .8 4 , .3 9 ,

.55 and .8 0 i n th e some o rd e r , f o r t h e s ix v a lu e s . The s p l i t - h a l f

r e l i a b i l i t y o f th e whole s c a le was ,7 0 , and th e re p e a t r e l i a b i l i t y

was .8 2 .

F u r th e r evidence in d ic a t in g th e v a l i d i t y and r e l i a b i l i t y of th e

S tudy of V alues i s p re se n te d by C a n tr i l and A llp o r t (9 )^ when th ey

s t a t e i ’’ . . . t h e evidence from recen t a p p l ic a t io n s o f th e S tudy of

V alues m ust be in te rp r e te d as e s ta b l is h in g th e s e v a l u e s . . . a s s e lf -c o n ­

s i s t e n t , p e rv a s iv e , en d u rin g , and above a l l , g e n e ra liz e d t r a i t s of

p e r s o n a l i ty . S ev era l experim ents dem onstra te a c le a r r e la t io n s h ip be­

tween v a lu e s and conduct. They show th a t a p e rso n 's a c t i v i t y is not

determ ined e x c lu s iv e ly by t h e s tim u lu s o f t h e moment, n o r by a merely

t r a n s i e n t i n t e r e s t , n o r by a s p e c i f ic a t t i t u d e p e c u l ia r t o each s i tu a ­

t i o n which he en co u n te rs . The experim ents p rove, on th e c o n tra ry , t h a t

g en era l e v a lu a tiv e a t t i t u d e s e n te r in to v a r io u s common a c t i v i t i e s in

every-day l i f e , and in so doing h e lp t o account f o r th e c o n s is te n c ie s 2

of p e r s o n a l i ty ."

I t app ears th a t th e v a l i d i t y and r e l i a b i l i t y o f th e S tudy of

V alues i s g e n e ra lly s a t i s f a c to r y ; co n seq u en tly , th e w r i t e r b e lie v e s

th a t S p ra n g e r 's s ix v a lu e s as measured by th e Allporfc-Vem on Study of

V alues p ro v id e an adequate c r i t e r io n o f v a lu es fo r th e p re s e n t s tu d y .

1 p . 272 above c i t .2 For a more oomplete d e s c r ip t io n of th e s tu d ie s c i te d by C a n tr i l and

A llp o r t and o th e r s tu d ie s employing th e S tudy of Values c . f . A llp o rt and Vernon ( 6 ) , C a n tr i l ( 8 ) , C a n t r i l , Rand, and A llp o r t (1 0 ) ,H a rris ( 2 0 ) , M allory (3 4 ) , P in tn e r (3 8 ) , S tone (4 5 ), Vernon (4 9 ), Vfhitely (5 1 ) , Postm an,B runer, and McGinnies (3 9 ) , McGinnies (3 2 ), McGinnies and Bowles (3 3 ) .

However, th e re a d e r shou ld be made aware o f c e r t a in c r i t ic is m s

of th e S tudy of Values th a t shou ld be ta k e n in to account in i n t e r p r e t ­

ing r e s u l t s o f re se a rc h w hich employs i t . In examining th e r e l i a b i l ­

i t y d a ta , one d e f in i te weakness o f th e s c a le ap p ea rs . This i s th e

r e l a t iv e ly u n r e l ia b le s o c ia l v a lu e s u b -s c a le . S ince th e Study of Values

y ie ld s on ly r e l a t i v e v a lu e sc o re s f o r each of th e s ix v a lu e s ( th e t o t a l

sco re combined from a l l s ix v a lu e su b -sc a le s cannot exceed 180), i t i s

q u ite ev id e n t t h a t one u n r e l ia b le s u b -s c a le would a u to m a tic a lly te n d

to reduce th e r e l i a b i l i t y and in d i r e c t ly th e v a l i d i t y o f th e o th e r f iv e

s u b -s c a le s .

A nother p o s s ib le c r i t i c i s m o f th e s c a le is t h a t even though

S pranger r e p re s e n ts each o f th e s ix v a lu e s as be ing r e l a t iv e ly u n re ­

la te d to any of th e o th e rs , a f a c to r a n a ly s is s tudy of th e Study of

Values by L u rie (31) and a s tu d y by W ickert (53) show t h a t s ig n i f i c a n t

c o r re la t io n s e x i s t between th e p o l i t i c a l and economic v a lu e s and between

th e t h e o r e t ic a l and a e s th e t ic v a lu e s . A lthough th e s e f a c t s in them­

se lv e s may o n ly in d ic a te what one would lo g ic a l ly e x p e c t, t h a t in th e

p e r s o n a l i ty s t r u c tu r e of in d iv id u a ls c e r t a in v a lu es may te n d to be i n t e r ­

r e la te d , i t n e v e r th e le s s shows t h a t s ix s p e c i f ic f a c to r s have no t been

c le a r ly i s o l a t e d , a t l e a s t i n term s of what th e A llp o rt-V ern o n s c a le

m easures.

C r i te r io n o f P re ju d ic e . The w r i te r b e lie v e s th a t i f p re ju d ic e is

l im ite d to r a c i a l p re ju d ic e and i t is d e fin ed in such a manner th a t i t

oan be m easured in a v a l id and r e l i a b le manner by a g iv en a t t i t u d e

s c a le , an ad eq u a te c r i te r io n of p re ju d ic e in th e p re se n t s tu d y w i l l be

a ssu re d .

R ac ia l p re ju d ic e may b e d e fin ed in th e manner th a t i t was p rev io u s­

ly defined in th e p re se n t p ap er as b ia se d , d is c r im in a tin g a t t i t u d e s

and behav io r tow ard members o f m in o rity g roups, o r we may choose to ac­

c e p t Krech and C ru tc h f ie ld ’ s d e f in i t io n (26)* which i s t " R a c ia l p r e j -!i

u d ic e i s to b e d e f in e d as r e f e r r in g t o a t t i t u d e s and b e l ie f s concern-!

ing any m in o rity r a c i a l , e th n ic , o r n a t io n a l group th a t a re d isadvan­

tageous to th e members o f t h a t g roup."

A p a r t i c u la r ty p e o f r a c i a l p re ju d ic e , a n ti-S e m itism , w i l l be con-/ |

s id e re d because in d e a lin g w ith th e phase o f th e g e n e ra l problem which

in v o lv es th e a n a ly s is o f reasons fo r p r e ju d ic e , l im i t in g p re ju d io e t o

j u s t one m in o rity group w i l l ex p ed ite th e ta s k s o f b o th in v e s t ig a to r

and s u b je c ts . F u rtherm ore , th e p e r s o n a l i ty o f th e

v id u a l may have c e r t a in u n iq u e q u a l i t i e s (even th o u g h , as b rough t out!

by Levinson ( 1 ) , a n ti-S e m itism is p o s i t iv e ly c o r r e la te d , .8 2 , w ith_ j

e th n o cen trism ) which in them selves m ight p rove v a lu a b le o b je c ts of

s tu d y .

An a t t i t u d e s c a le which should meet o u r requ irem en ts o f p o sse ss in g

a n t i -S e m it ic : In d i­

an adequate degree of v a l i d i t y and r e l i a b i l i t y in it

ism i s th e L evinson-Sanford A n ti-S em itism S c a le (27) • Levinson and

S an fo rd p o in t o u t, w ith r e s p e c t to th e problem of e s ta b l is h in g th e

s a su r in g a n ti-S e m it-

p . 444 above c i t .^ The te rm , "E th n o cen trism ", was f i r s t used by Sumner (46) in 1906.

In i t s p re se n t u se in th e s o c ia l p sy ch o lo g ica l l i t e r a t u r e i t r e fe r s to a p re ju d ic e d p a t t e r n in v o lv in g a r e l a t iv e ly c o n s is te n t fram e of

2 mind concerning "o u t-g ro u p e rs" o r " a l ie n s " in g e n e ra l.F o r a d e ta i le d accoun t o f th e sco rin g p rooedure , s ta n d a rd iz a t io n , e t c . c . f . Levinson and S an fo rd (2 7 ) . c . f . a ls o [App. I I f o r a copy o f t h i s s c a le .

-1 0 -

v a l i d i t y o f th e s c a le , t h a t th e sco re s on th e s c a le made by members

o f c e r t a in groups conformed to what m ight be expected on th e b a s is of

e m p iric a l o b se rv a tio n s o f th e a t t i t u d e s and b e h a v io r o f members o f

th e s e groups* P o r exam ple, i t was found th a t R epublicans made s i g n i f i ­

c a n tly h ig h e r sco res th a n d id Democrats, P r o te s ta n t s e c ta r ia n s and

C a th o lic s made h ig h e r sco res th a n d id th e n o n - re l ig io u s , th e n o n -sec­

t a r i a n P ro te s ta n ts and th e U n ita r ia n s , s o r o r i ty members made h ig h e r

sc o re s th a n d id non-members, in d iv id u a ls o f h igh income made h ig h e r

sc o re s th a n in d iv id u a ls o f low income* Levinson and S anford (27)* com­

m enting on th e s e f in d in g s s ta te * " I f an ti-S e m itism sco res d id n o t

tu r n ou t to be m ean ing fu lly r e la te d to such f a c t o r s •*• common sen se

would d ec ree th a t th e s c a le b e d isc a rd e d ."

A nother b a s is f o r e s ta b l i s h in g the v a l i d i t y o f th e s c a le i s

b rough t out by Levinson and Sanford (2 7 )2 th e n th e y s ta te * " I f a sub­

j e c t i s a g a in s t th e Jews he may be expected , from everyday o b se rv a tio n ,

t o b e a g a in s t c e r t a in o th e r th in g s as w e ll; and i f he fav o rs o rg an iza ­

t io n s o r in d iv id u a ls who a r e on reco rd as b e in g a n t i -S e m it ic he sh o u ld ,

i f th e p re se n t s c a le i s v a l i d , o b ta in a r e l a t iv e ly h ig h s c o re ." In

su p p o rt o f t h i s c o n te n tio n i t was found t h a t in d iv id u a ls who on a

group of a t t i t u d e item s dem onstrated ap p ro v a l of Labor U nions,

"S o c ia lism " , "Race E q u a lity " , and th e Communist P a r ty sco re d s i g n i f i ­

c a n tly below av erag e on th e an ti-S em itism s c a le , w h ile in d iv id u a ls who

approved th e American Legion and P a th o r Coughlin sco re d s ig n i f i c a n t ly

above av erag e on t h e s c a le .

* p . 365 above c i t ,2 I b id .

-11-

A f i n a l b a s is f o r v a l id a t in g th e item s on th e s c a le was i n term s

of th e sco res made by 13 members o f a c o n tro l group. This group con­

s i s t e d of g rad u a te s tu d e n ts and f a c u l ty members i n th e Department o f

Psychology a t th e U n iv e rs ity o f C a l i fo rn ia . I n v iew of th e g en era l

l ib e r a l i s m , s o c ia l a t t i t u d e s , group m em berships, and open o p p o s itio n

to chauvinism and p re ju d ic e o f members i n t h i s group, i t was b e lie v e d

th a t th e sc o re s t h a t th e y made on th e s c a le would be u s e fu l as v a l id a t ­

in g d a ta , i f t h e i r sco res f e l l a t th e extrem e low end of t h e s c a le ,

A mean s c o re in t h i s group ( th e p o s s ib le range of sc o re s on th e s c a le

i s from 52 to 364) of only 86 and a range o f from 57 t o 120 supported

th i s b e l i e f .

The s p l i t - h a l f method was employed in d e te rm in in g th e r e l i a b i l i t y

o f th e s c a le . The t o t a l sco res of each s u b je c t on th e odd and even

item s were c o r re la te d . The r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f ic ie n t o b ta in e d was .9 6 ,

which was r a is e d to .98 when c o r re c te d by means of th e Spearman-Brown

form ula.

These d a ta su g g est t h a t th e v a l i d i t y and r e l i a b i l i t y o f th e

L evinson-Sanford A n ti-S em itism S ca le i s s a t i s f a c to r y ; co n seq u en tly , th e

w r i te r b e l ie v e s t h a t a n ti-S e m itism as measured by t h i s s c a le prov ides

an adequate o r i t e r io n of an ti-S e m itism f o r th e p re se n t s tu d y .

As m s p o in te d ou t in th e case of th e Study of V a lu es , however,

c e r ta in weaknesses a re a lso p re se n t i n th e a n ti-S e m itism s c a le which

th e read er should ta k e in to account as he in te r p r e t s r e s u l t s o f re se a rc h

which employs i t . Gough (19)* p o in ts to what th e p re s e n t w r i te r th in k s

* p. 3' above c i t .

-12-

a re p a r t i c u la r ly v u ln e ra b le a s p e c ts of th e s c a le when he s ta te s * " . . .

th e q u estio n s a r e la r g e ly e x tre m is t and v in d ic tiv * I t may w e ll be

t h a t only t h a t p o r t io n o f p r e ju d ic e d ' peop le who a re a ls o w il l in g to

adm it r a th e r s tro n g and m i l i t a n t d i s l ik e s w i l l be id e n t i f i e d by th e

t e s t . F o r t h i s re a so n th e s c a le may be somewhat s e l f - d e f e a t in g , f o r

th e c o n s is te n t ly n e g a t i v i s t i c c h a ra c te r o f th e item s would se rv e to

lower th e sco res of i n to l e r a n t , b u t o v erly co n v en tio n a l s u b je c ts .

"Thinking such a s t h i s a l3 o r a is e s th e q u e s tio n as to w hether th e

dim ension -which i s p r im a r i ly b e in g i s o la te d w ith a s c a le such as t h i s

m ight n o t be a f a c to r o f g e n e ra l d i s g u s t , m isan th ropy , q u eru lo u sn ess,

and a s p e r i ty , w hich, a lth o u g h h ig h ly c o r re la te d w ith th e b a s ic a t t i -

tu d in a l continuum under s c ru t in y , i s n o t isom orphic w ith i t . I t i s

c le a r t h a t such f a c to r s a re d isc o v e ra b le in th e sp h ere of p e rs o n a li ty

t e s t in g (3 5 ) , where i t has been co n v in c in g ly shown t h a t h a b its and

s ty le s o f v e rb a l b e h av io r f re q u e n tly s e rv e to obscure th e measurement

of th e v a r ia b le s of fundam ental i n t e r e s t . Thus th e r e is a t l e a s t one

known f a c to r , a ten d en cy t o t a l k i n c e r t a in ways about o n e s e lf , which

v a r ie s in d ep en d en tly o f psychopatho logy , b u t which n e v e r th e le s s ob trudes

i t s e l f upon th e measurement p ro c e ss . I t i s oonceivab le t h a t s im ila r

ten d e n c ie s in f lu e n c e sco res on th e L evinson-Sanford s c a le , where t h e i r

p resence would c o n s t i tu te a sy s te m a tic b i a s . Suoh a contingency would

c e r ta in ly n o t in v a l id a te th e s c a le , bu t i t would u n d ersco re th e need

f o r re se rv in g judgment about p ro p o s itio n s concerning an ti-S em itism in

g en era l u n t i l c o rro b o ra to ry f in d in g s can be ach ieved w ith o th e r s c a le s

and te c h n iq u e s .

"A nother c r i t i c i s m of th e L evinson-Sanford s c a le which has been

made i s th a t some of th e item s sco red as in d ic a t iv e of in to le ra n c e

a c tu a l ly a re r a te d as be token ing to le r a n c e by some judges (1 4 ) . This

c r i t i c i s m vrould seem to be somewhat ta n g e n t ia l when one r e c a l l s t h a t

th e c lim a te o r a tm osphere invoked by th e s c a le as a whole w i l l o r d i ­

n a r i ly d i s s ip a te any am bigu ity o r am bivalence of meaning which m ight

be shown to a t t a c h to a few item s when co n s id e red independen tly and

s e p a ra te ly ."

However, th e p re se n t w r i te r ag ree s w ith Gough (19) when he con­

cludes* "The g e n e ra l co n c lu s io n t h a t th e s c a le p ro v id es a u s e fu l index

o f c e r t a in k in d s of s o c ia l in to le ra n c e and a n ti-S e m itism seems j u s t i ­

f i e d . F u rtherm ore , h igh sco res would unm istakab ly r e f e r to s u b je c ts

h o ld in g r e l a t iv e ly u n fa v o ra b le and even rancorous a t t i t u d e s , b u t a t

th e some tim e , some s u b je c ts o f perhaps equal an im o sity w i l l n o t be

id e n t i f i e d as a consequence o f t h e t r a n s p a r e n t and unconcealed im port

of th e t e s t item s employed."

-14 -

HYPOTHESES TO BE TESTED

In o rd e r to fo rm u la te hypotheses concern ing th e r e la t io n s h ip be­

tw een a n ti-S e m itism and th e s ix v a lu e s , c e r t a in p e r s o n a l i ty mechanismsjt h a t Adorno, e t a l ( l ) re p o r t a re p re s e n t to a pronounced e x te n t in

p re ju d ic e d in d iv id u a ls and a re a b se n t o r m inim ized in u n p re ju d ic ed in ­

d iv id u a ls , have been s e le c te d on t h e b a s is o f t h e i r p o s s ib le r e la t io n ­

sh ip to th e s ix v a lu e s . I f in term s of S p ran g er’s d e s c r ip t io n s o f each

of th e s ix v a lu e ty p e s , th e p resen ce o r absence o f th e s e mechanisms oan

be deduced, i t would ap p ear t h a t a b a s is f o r c o n s tru c tin g hypotheses

concern ing th e r e la t io n s h ip betw een each v a lu e and an ti-S e m itism is

p re s e n t . iThe mechanisms t h a t w i l l be con sid e red i n fo rm u la tin g o u r hypotheses

a re as fo llo w s

(1 ) C onventionalism . A tendency t o adhere r ig id ly to con v en tio n al

m iddle c la s s s tan d a rd s and a l l t h a t t h i s im p lie s .

(2 ) A n t i - in t r a c e p t io n . An u n w illin g n ess to ga^n p sy c h o lo g ica l in ­

s ig h t in to p e rso n a l m otives o r th e d eep -ro o ted problems of

hum anity. This in c lu d es a r e s is ta n c e to bBing dom inated by

f e e l in g s , f a n t a s i e s , s p e c u la t io n s , and a s p i r a t io n s . (T h is ,

o f co u rse , is th e la c k of in tr a c e p b io n .)

(3 ) E x tra c e p tio n . The tendency t o be dom inated by c o n c re te ,

c l e a r ly o b se rv ab le , p h y s ic a l c o n d it io n s ,

p ec te d to be f re q u e n tly p re se n t in t h e an t

c . f . th e A u th o r ita r ia n P e r s o n a l i ty (1 ) pp. 228-240 f o r a d e ta i le d

This would be ex-

- in t r a c e p t iv e in d iv id u a l.)

d is c u s s io n of th e se mechanisms and o th e rs p re s e n t of th e p re ju d ic e d in d iv id u a l,

in th e p e rs o n a li ty

(4 ) S te re o ty p y . A d is p o s i t io n to th in k in r ig id c a te g o r ie s .

This w ould, o f c o u rse , in c lu d e a c ce p tin g p re -co n co iv ed n o tio n s

of people and th in g s and making judgm ents on t h a t b a s is .

(5 ) Power and " to u g h n ess" . A p reo ccu p a tio n w ith s trong-w eak ,

le a d e r - fo l lo w e r id eas which in c lu d es a " g e t tough" a t t i t u d e

tow ard th e weak. A s tro n g id e n t i f i c a t i o n w ith power f ig u re s

is a ls o p re s e n t .

(6 ) P r o je c t iv i t y . S uppressed im pulses ten d to be p ro je c te d onto

o th e r in d iv id u a ls vho a re th e n blamed "o u t of hand".

Only th o se mechanisms which can be c le a r ly r e la te d t o th e v a lu es

on th e b a s is o f S p ran g er’s d e s c r ip t io n s , w i l l be d isc u sse d as a b a s is

f o r th e hypotheses t o be p re se n te d h e re .

In o rd e r to f a c i l i t a t e th e p re s e n ta t io n of th e s e hy p o th eses, eaoh

in d iv id u a l v a lu e w i l l be d isc u sse d and hypotheses concern ing i t s r e l a ­

t io n s h ip to an ti-S e m itism w i l l be s ta t e d . This w i l l be fo llow ed by

hypotheses concern ing v a lu e h ie ra rc h ie s in a n ti-S e m itism and th e ro le

of v a lu e s in j u s t i f y i n g a n ti-S em itism .

T h e o re tic a l Values and A nti-S em itism

A llp o r t and Vernon (5 )^ b r i e f l y summarize S p ra n g e r 's th e o r e t ic a l2

v a lu e ty p e as follow s* "The dominant i n t e r e s t o f t h e t h e o r e t ic a l man

is th e d isco v e ry of t r u t h . In th e p u r s u i t of th i s goal he

_ c . f . App. I .F o r a f u l l e r account of t h i s v a lu e and th e o th e r v a lu e s , th e re a d e r sh o u ld , of co u rse , r e f e r d i r e c t l y to Types of Men (4 3 ) , in whioh S p ran g er, p re se n ts th e p o in t o f v iew ■fchat tU e p e r s o n a l i t i e s o f men a re b e s t known th ro u g h a s tu d y o f t h e i r v a lu e s o r e v a lu a tiv e a t t i ­tu d e s . Although h is v a lu es a re e s s e n t ia l ly a p r i o r i , th e y seem to have had wide a p p lic a tio n s in p e r s o n a li ty th n o ry .

-16-

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c a l l y ta k e s a " c o g n itiv e " a t t i t u d e , one t h a t looks f o r

i d e n t i t i e s and d i f f e r e n c e s ; one t h a t d iv e s ts i t s e l f of judgm ents reg a rd ­

ing th e beau ty o r u t i l i t y o f o b je c ts , and seeks on ly to observe and to

re a so n . S in ce th e i n t e r e s t s of th e t h e o r e t i c a l man a re e m p ir ic a l,

c r i t i c a l , and r a t io n a l , he i s n e c e s s a r i ly an i n t e l l e c t u a l i s t , f re q u e n t­

ly a s c i e n t i s t o r .p h ilo so p h er. His c h ie f aim i n l i f e i s to o rd e r and

to sy s te m a tiz e h is know ledge."

On th e b a s is of t h i s d e s c r ip t io n we could expect th e th e o r e t ic a l

in d iv id u a l p o s s ib ly to r e a c t a g a in s t c o n v e n tio n a li ty , be in t r a c e p t iv e ,

and r e j e c t s te re o ty p y .

The reasons fo r th e p re d ic te d p resen ce of th e s e c h a r a c te r is t i c s

a re as fo llo w sj

(1 ) An in d iv id u a l whose dominant i n t e r e s t i s th e "d isco v e ry of

t r u t h " , would probab ly be r e l a t iv e ly unconcerned about th e

e x te n t t o which he conformed to conven tions; in f a c t , i f

nonconform ity a id ed him in t h e r e a l i z a t io n of h is g o a l, he

would undoubtedly n o t h e s i t a t e to v io la t e co n v en tio n s.

(2 ) The in d iv id u a l , who is " e m p ir ic a l , c r i t i c a l , and r a t io n a l"

and is a s c i e n t i s t o r p h ilo so p h e r would be in te r e s te d in

develop ing a l l ty p e s o f in s ig h t s , p h y s ic a l and p sy c h o lo g ic a l.i

T h e re fo re , r a th e r th a n be a n t i - i n t r a c e p t iv e , he would ten d

to bo in t r a c e p t iv e .

(3 ) The c r i t i c a l a t t i t u d e t h a t i s p re se n t in th e t h e o r e t i c a l

^ A dominant em p irica l a t t i t u d e in some th e o r e t ic a l in d iv id u a ls may p o ss ib ly a ls o make thorn somewhat e x tre c e p tiv e as w e ll .

-17-

in d iv id u a l would r e s u l t in a r e je c t io n of s te re o ty p y , s in c e

s te re o ty p y cannot w ith s ta n d th e t e s t of c r i t i c a l a n a ly s is .

On th e b a s is of th e se d e d u c tio n s , th e fo llow ing h y p o th esis r e l a t iv e

to th e o r e t ic a l v a lu e s and a n ti-S e m itism may be s ta te d : In v iew of th e

r e la t iv e in tra c e p tiv e n e s s and t h e r e je c t io n o f r ig id c o n v e n tio n a lit y ,

and s te re o ty p y , by th e o r e t ic a l in d iv id u a ls , t h e p resen ce o f s tro n g th e o ­

r e t i c a l v a lu es in th e p e r s o n a li ty s t r u c tu r e of in d iv id u a ls would be

incongruen t w ith an ti-S em itism .

Economic Values and A nti-S em itism

A llp o r t and'V ernon (5 )^ b r i e f l y summarize S p ran g er’ s economic v a lu e

ty p e as fo llo w s: ’’The economic man is c h a r a c t e r i s t i c a l l y in te r e s te d in

what i s u s e f u l . Based o r ig in a l ly upon th e s a t i s f a c t i o n of b o d ily needs

( s e l f - p r e s e r v a t io n ) , th e i n t e r e s t i n u t i l i t i e s develops to embrace th e

p r a c t ic a l a f f a i r s of th e b u s in e ss w orld—th e p ro d u c tio n , m ark e tin g , and

consumption of goods, th e e la b o ra tio n of c r e d i t , and th e accum ulation

of ta n g ib le w e a lth . This ty p e is th o ro u g h ly " p r a c t ic a l" and conforms

•well to th e p re v a i l in g s te re o ty p e o f th e average American b u s in ess man.

"The economic a t t i t u d e f re q u e n tly comes in to c o n f l ic t w ith o th e r

v a lu e s . The economic man w ants ed u ca tio n to be p r a c t i c a l and regards

u n ap p lied knowledge as w aste . G reat f e a t s of e n g in e e rin g , T ay lo rism ,

pragm atism , and ’ap p lie d psychology’ r e s u l t from th e demands which

economic men make upon s c ie n o e . The v a lu e of u t i l i t y l ik e w ise c o n f l ic ts

w ith th e a e s th e t ic v a lu e , excep ting when a r t se rv e s commercial ends.

c . f . App. X.

—18—

Yfithout f e e l in g in a p p ro p ria te n e ss in h is a c t , t h e economic man may de­

nude a b e a u t i f u l h i l l s i d e o r b e fo u l a r iv e r w ith in d u s t r i a l re fu s e .

In h is p e rso n a l l i f e he is l i k e l y to confuse luxu ry w ith b ea u ty . In

h is r e la t io n s w ith people he i s more l i k e l y to be in te re s te d in su rp a ss ­

ing them in w ea lth th a n in dom inating them ( p o l i t i c a l a t t i t u d e ) o r in

s e rv in g them ( s o c ia l a t t i t u d e ) . In some cases t h e economic man may be

s a id to make h is r e l ig io n th e w orship of Mammon. In o th e r in s ta n c e s ,

however, he may have regard f o r th e t r a d i t i o n a l God, b u t in c l in e s to

c o n s id e r Him as th e g iv e r o f good g i f t s , o f w e a lth , p ro s p e r i ty , and

o th e r ta n g ib le b le s s in g s ."

On th e b a s is of t h i s d e s c r ip t io n i t could be expected t h a t th e

economic in d iv id u a l i s a n t i - i n t r a c e p t iv e , e x tr a c e p t iv e , and prone to

s te re o ty p y and p r o je c t iv i ty .

The reasons fo r th e p re d ic te d p resence of th e s e c h a r a c te r is t i c s

a r e as fo llo w s :

(1 ) A n ti- in tra c e p tiv e n e s s would be p re s e n t , s in c e to th e " p ra c t ic a l"

economic in d iv id u a l i t would be d i f f i c u l t to se e any "ap p lied "

v a lu e to in s ig h ts o f an em otional o r p sy ch o lo g ic a l n a tu re . He

would p ro b ab ly , th e r e f o r e , r e s i s t such in s ig h ts ,

(2 ) E x tra c e p tiv e n e ss in h is p e r s o n a l i ty s t r u c tu r e would r e s u l t

from h is concern w ith th e " ta n g ib le " o r oo n o re te .

(3 ) S te re o ty p y , e s p e c ia l ly w ith re sp e c t t o a group such as th e

Jew s, would be p re s e n t , s in c e as Katz and B raly (23) p o in t

o u t, s te re o ty p e s conoerning th e Jews p redom inantly r e f e r to

economic a g g re ss iv e n e ss ; co n seq u en tly , accep tance of such

s te re o ty p e s would se rv e as good r a t io n a l iz a t io n s f o r th e

-19-

f a i lu r e s o f th e economic in d iv id u a l .

(4 ) P r o je c t iv i ty would a lso be expected , s in c e by v i r t u e o f

a c ce p tin g th e s e economic s te r e o ty p e s , a convenien t o b je c t

o f blame f o r th e su p p ressed economic im pulses of th e

economic in d iv id u a l i s a v a i la b le t o him.

On th e b a s is o f th e s e d e d u c tio n s , t h e fo llo w in g h y p o th esis r e l a ­

t i v e t o economic v a lu e s and a n ti-S e m itism may bo s ta t e d : In v iew of

th e a n t i - in t r a c e p t iv e n e s s , e x tra c e p tiv e n e s s , s te re o ty p y and p r o ja c t iv i ty

o f th e h ig h ly economic In d iv id u a l , s tro n g economic v a lu e s would be con­

g ru en t w ith a n ti-S e m itism .

A e s th e tic Values and A nti-S em itism

A llp o r t and Vernon (5 )^ b r i e f l y summarize S pranger’ s a e s th e t ic

v a lu e ty p e as fo llo w s: uThe a e s th e t ic man se e s h is h ig h e s t v a lu e in

form and harmony. Each s in g le ex p erien ce is judged from th e s ta n d p o in t

o f g ra c e , symmetry, o r f i t n e s s . He reg ard s l i f e as a m anifo ld of ev en ts ;

each s in g le im p ressio n is enjoyed f o r i t s own sak e . He need n o t be a

c r e a t iv e a r t i s t ; n o r need ho be e f f e te ; he i s a e s th e t ic i f he b u t f in d s

h is c h ie f i n t e r e s t in th e a r t i s t i c ep isodes o f l i f e .

"The a e s th e t ic a t t i t u d e i s in a sen se d ia m e tr ic a lly opposed to th e

th e o r e t i c a l ; th e form er is concerned w ith th e d iv e r s i ty , and th e l a t t e r

w ith t h e i d e n t i t i e s o f ex p e rie n ce . The a e s th e t ic man chooses, w ith

K ea ts , t o co n s id e r t r u t h a s e q u iv a le n t t o b e au ty , o r e ls e to a g re e w ith

Mencken, t h a t , ’to make a th in g charming i s a m il l io n tim es more

c . f . App. I .

20-

im portan t th a n to make i t t r u e . 1 In th e economic sphere th e a e s th e t ic

sees th e p ro cess of m an u fac tu rin g , a d v e r t i s in g , and t r a d e as a whole­

s a le d e s tru c t io n o f t h e v a lu e s most im p o rtan t to him . In s o c ia l a f f a i r s

he may be s a id t o be in te r e s te d in persons b u t n o t in th e w e lfa re o f

p e rso n s ; he te n d s tow ard in d iv id u a lism and s e l f - s u f f ic ie n c y . A e s th e tic

people o f te n l ik e th e b e a u t i f u l in s ig n ia of pomp and power, b u t oppose

p o l i t i c a l a c t i v i t y when i t makes fo r th e re p re s s io n of in d iv id u a l i ty .

In th e f i e l d o f r e l ig io n th ey a re l i k e ly t o confuse beau ty w ith p u re r

r e l ig io u s e x p e r ie n c e ,”

On th e b a s is of t h i s d e s c r ip t io n i t would be expected th a t th e

a e s th e t ic in d iv id u a l would p lace l i t t l e emphasis on co n ven tionalism , be

in t r a c e p t iv e , r e a c t a g a in s t e x tra c e p tiv e n e s s , and would n o t be p reoc­

cupied w ith power and ’'to u g h n ess” .

The reasons f o r p re d ic t in g th e p resence of th e s e c h a r a c te r is t i c s

in th e a e s th e t ic in d iv id u a l a re as fo llow ss

(1 ) S in ce he ’’ten d s tow ard in d iv id u a lism and s e l f - s u f f ic ie n c y ” ,

i t can r e a d i ly be seen t h a t r ig id m id d le -c la s s co n v en tio n a l­

ism would be re a o te d a g a in s t by th e a e s th e t ic in d iv id u a l ,

(2 ) The s u b je c tiv e em o tio n a lity invo lved in a e s th e t ic e x p e rie n c e s ,

so im portan t t o th e a e s th e t ic in d iv id u a l , would be in c o n s is ­

t e n t w ith a n t i - in t r a c e p t iv e n e s s , so he would more l i k e ly be

in t r a c e p t iv e .

(3 ) S ince th e a e s th e t ic ex p erien ce is h ig h ly a b s t r a c t , i t would

be d ia m e tr ic a lly opposed to e x tra c e p tiv e n e s s , which invo lves

a dom ination by th e c o n c re te .

(4 ) Because power ’’makes f o r th e re p re s s io n of in d iv id u a l i ty ” ,

som ething h ig h ly u n d e s ira b le t o th e a e s th e t ic in d iv id u a l ,

i t would be u n lik e ly th a t he would be p reoccup ied w ith th e

im portance of power.

On th e b a s is o f th e s e d e d u c tio n s , th e fo llo w in g h y p o th esis r e l a ­

t i v e to a e s th e t ic v a lu es and an ti-S em itism may b e s ta t e d : In view of

th e in tra c e p t iv e n e s s and r e a c t io n s a g a in s t r ig id co n v en tio n a lism ,

e x tra c e p tiv e n e s s , and power by a e s th e t ic in d iv id u a ls , s tro n g a e s th e t ic

v a lu e s and a n ti-S e m itism would b e incongruenb .

S o c ia l V alues and A nti-S em itism

A llp o r t and Vernon (5 )* b r i e f l y summarize S p ran g er’s s o c ia l v a lu e

type a s fo llo w s: ’'The h ig h e s t v a lu e f o r t h i s ty p e i s love of p eo p le ;

w hether of one o r many, w hether c o n ju g a l, f i l i a l , f r i e n d ly , o r p h i l -

a n tro p ic . The s o c ia l man p r iz e s o th e r persons as ends, and i s th e r e fo r e

h im se lf k in d , sy m p ath e tic , and u n s e l f i s h . He is l i k e l y to f in d th e

t h e o r e t i c a l , economic, and a e s th e t ic a t t i t u d e s co ld and inhuman. In

c o n tr a s t t o th e p o l i t i c a l ty p e , th e s o c ia l man reg ard s lo v e as i t s e l f

th e only s u i ta b le form of power, or e ls e re p u d ia te s th e e n t i r e concep­

t i o n o f pov/er as endangering th e i n t e g r i t y o f p e r s o n a l i ty . In i t s

p u re s t form th e s o c ia l i n t e r e s t i s s e l f l e s s and ten d s to approach v e iy

c lo s e ly to th e r e l ig io u s a t t i t u d e ."

On th e b a s is o f th i s d e s c r ip t io n , i t would be expected t h a t th e

s o c ia l in d iv id u a l would be in t r a c e p t iv e , r e a c t a g a in s t e x tra c e p tiv e n e s s ,

s te re o ty p y , and power and " to u g h n ess" .

c«f» App. I ,

—22—

The reasons f o r th e p re d ic te d p resence of th e s e c h a r a c te r is t i c s

in th e s o c ia l in d iv id u a l a re as fo llo w si

(1 ) Because of th e s o c ia l in d iv id u a l 's g re a t reg ard f o r o th e rs

and h is g re a t c a p a c ity f o r sympathy and k in d n e ss , i t would be

expected th a t he i s c a p ab le o f t h e em otional s u b je c t iv i ty th a t

i s a p a r t of in t ra c e p t lv e n e s s .

(2 ) H is g re a t emphasis on " lo v e” , an a b s tr a c t e n t i t y , would in d i ­

c a te t h a t he is n o t dom inated by th e co n c re te and would th e r e ­

f o r e te n d n o t to be e x tra c e p tiv e .

(3 ) The g re a t i n t e r e s t i n "persons as ends" would in d ic a te th a t he

would n o t be in c l in e d to a c c e p t n e g a t i v i s t i c , p re-conce ivod

a t t i t u d e s tow ards p eo p le . C onsequently , he would te n d to r e ­

j e c t s te re o ty p y .

(4 ) S in ce he " reg a rd s love as i t s e l f th e only s u i ta b le form of

pow er", he would n o t be p reoccupied w ith ideas of p e rso n a l

power and m an ife s t "g e t tough" a t t i t u d e s tow ard th e weak.

On th e b a s is of th e s e d e d u c tio n s , th e fo llo w in g h y p o th esis r e la ­

t i v e to s o c ia l v a lu e s and a n ti-S e m itism may be s ta te d * In v iew of th e

in tra o o p tiv e n e s s and r e je c t io n of e x tra c e p tiv e n e s s , s te re o ty p y , and

power th e s o c ia l in d iv id u a l , s tro n g s o c ia l v a lu e s and an ti-S em itism

would be in co n g ru e n t.

P o l i t i c a l V alues and A n ti-S em itism

A llp o r t and Vernon (5)* b r i e f l y summarize S p ran g e r 's p o l i t i c a l

v a lu e ty p e as follow s* "The p o l i t i c a l man is in te r e s te d p r im a r ily in

power. His a c t i v i t i e s a re n o t n e c e s s a r i ly w ith in th e narrow f i e l d o f

p o l i t i c s ; b u t w hatever h is v o c a tio n he b e tra y s h im self as a Maohtmensch .

Leaders in any f i e l d g e n e ra lly have h igh power v a lu e s . S in ce com peti­

t i o n and s tru g g le p la y a la rg e p a r t in a l l l i f e , many p h ilo so p h ers have

seen power as t h e m ost u n iv e r s a l and most fundam ental of m o tiv es.

There a r e , however, c e r ta in p e r s o n a l i t ie s i n whom th e d e s ir e f o r a

d i r e c t e x p re ss io n of t h i s m otive i s upperm ost, who wish above a l l e ls e

f o r p e rso n a l power, in f lu e n c e , and renown."

On t h e b a s is o f t h i s d e s c r ip t io n we could expect th e p o l i t i c a l in ­

d iv id u a l t o be a n t i - i n t r a c e p t iv e , e x tr a c e p t iv e , p reoccup ied w ith power

and " to u g h n ess" , and prone to p r o je c t iv i ty .

The reasons f o r th e p re d ic te d p resence o f th e s e c h a r a c te r i s t i c s

a re as fo llo w s:

(1) S ince th e p o l i t i c a l in d iv id u a l is in t e r e s t e d p r im a r ily in th e

a tta in m en t of power, i t would be expected t h a t he would become

im p a tie n t w ith any th ing t h a t he co u ld in t e r p r e t as b e in g n o t

d i r e c t ly r e l a t e d t o t h a t g o a l; co n seq u en tly , a r e a c t io n a g a in s t

p sy ch o lo g ica l in s ig h ts would be ex p ec ted , s in c e th e y probably

would n o t appear to him d i r e c t ly r e la te d t o h is g o a l . Thus he

would a p p a re n tly be a n t i - i n t r a c e p t iv e .

(2 ) The co n cre te and c le a r ly o b serv ab le would probably dom inate

h is o o g n itiv e s t r u c tu r e , s in o e he co u ld , th ro u g h them , see

m a te r ia l ev idence o f h is p ro g ress tow ard h is g o a l. This would

be c o n s is te n t w ith e x tra c e p tiv e n e s s .

(3 ) Because he i s com pletely dom inated by th e d r iv e tow ard power,

i t would be expected th a t th e power and "toughness" mechanism

■would bo o p e ra tin g t o an extrem e degree in th e p o l i t i c a l

in d iv id u a l .

(4 ) I t i s q u i te p ro b ab le t h a t th e p o l i t i c a l in d iv id u a l w ith h is

p reo ccu p a tio n w ith power would be qu ick to p ro je c t h is sup­

p ressed power im pulses onto m in o rity groups such as Jews who

may ap p ear to be t h r e a t s , p la c in g blame on them , even as d id

th e f a s c i s t d i c t a t o r s , H i t l e r and M usso lin i.

On th e b a s is of th e s e d e d u c tio n s , th e fo llo w in g h y p o th esis r e l a ­

t i v e t o p o l i t i c a l v a lu e s and an ti-S e m itism may be s ta te d * In v iew of

th e a n t i - in t r a c e p t iv e n e s s , e x tr a c e p tiv e n e s s , p reo ccu p a tio n w ith power,

and p r o je c t iv i ty o f th e h ig h ly p o l i t i c a l in d iv id u a l , s tro n g p o l i t i c a l

v a lu es and an ti-S e m itism would be co n g ru en t.

R e lig io u s Values and A nti-S em itism

A llp o r t and Vernon (5 )^ b r i e f l y summarize S p ra n g e r 's r e l ig io u s

v a lu e ty p e as follow s* "The h ig h e s t v a lu e of th e r e l ig io u s man may be

c a l le d u n i ty . He is m y s tic a l , and seeks to comprehend th e cosmos as a

w hole, to r e l a t e h im se lf to i t s embracing t o t a l i t y . : S pranger d e fin e s

th e r e l ig io u s man as one 'whose m ental s t r u c tu r e is perm anently d ire c te d

to th e c r e a t io n of t h e h ig h e s t and a b s o lu te ly s a t i s f y in g v a lu e exper­

ie n c e . ' Some men of t h i s type a re ’ immanent m y s t ic s ', t h a t i s , th e y f in d

in th e a f f irm a tio n of l i f e and in a c t iv e p a r t ic ip a t in g th e r e in t h e i r

re l ig io u s ex p erien ce . A F aust w ith h is z e s t and enthusiasm sees some­

th in g d iv in e in every e v en t. The 't r a n s c e n d e n ta l m y stic ' on th e o th e r

1 c . f . App. I .

-25 -

hand seeks t o u n i te h im se lf w ith a h ig h e r r e a l i t y by w ithdraw ing from

l i f e ; he i s th e a s c e t i c , and, l i k e th e h o ly men of I n d ia , f in d s th e

experience of u n i ty th ro u g h s e l f - d e n ia l and m e d ita tio n . In many in ­

d iv id u a ls th e n e g a tio n and a f f irm a tio n of l i f e a l t e r n a t e to y ie ld th e

g r e a te s t s a t i s f a c t i o n . ’'

On th e b a s is of t h i s d e s c r ip t io n we could expect th e r e l ig io u s

in d iv id u a l to b e in t r a c e p t iv e , r e a c t a g a in s t e x tra c e p tiv e n e s s , and n o t

be preoccupied w ith power and " to u g h n ess ."

The reasons f o r th e p re d ic te d p resen ce of th e s e c h a r a c te r is t i c s

a re as follow s*

(1 ) I n t r y in g to " r e l a t e h im se lf" t o th e "em bracing t o t a l i t y " of

th e u n iv e rse , th e r e l ig io u s in d iv id u a l would probab ly be

q u ite concerned w ith p sy ch o lo g ic a l in s ig h ts whioh m ight g iv e

him "c lu e s" to t h i s r e la t io n s h ip . Thus he would be in tra c e p ­

t i v e .

(2 ) By v i r t u e of h is concern w ith th e " n iy s tic a l" , i t would appear

th a t he would be r e l a t iv e ly unconcerned w ith th e c o n c re te ,

th u s su g g es tin g th e absence of e x tra c e p tiv e n e s s .

(3 ) His p reo ccu p a tio n w ith th e h ig h e r "u n ity " would p robab ly deter-

him from any d r iv e s tow ard p e rso n a l power o r "g e t tough" a t t i ­

tu d e s .

On th e b a s is of th e s e d e d u c tio n s , th e fo llo w in g h y p o th esis r e l a t iv e

to r e l ig io u s v a lu e s and an ti-S em itism may be s ta te d * In v iew o f th e

in tr a c e p t io n and r e je c t io n o f e x tra c e p tiv e n e s s and power by th e re l ig io u s

in d iv id u a l , s tro n g r e l ig io u s v a lu e s would be in co n g ru en t w ith a n t i -

Sem itism .

—2 6—

Value H ie ra rc h ie s and A n ti-S em itism

In th e p reced ing p re s e n ta t io n of hypotheses concern ing th e r e l a ­

t io n s h ip betw een each of S p ra n g e r 's s ix v a lu es and a n ti-S e m itism , th e

in te r a c t io n of th e s e v a lu es was n o t s t r e s s e d . A c tu a lly , S pranger i s

r a th e r em phatic i n p o in tin g ou t th a t in d iv id u a ls a re no t j u s t " economic

ty p es" o r j u s t " s o c ia l ty p es" in th e sen se th a t th e s e p a r t i c u la r values

a re th e only ones p re s e n t in t h e p e r s o n a l i ty s t r u c tu r e o f th e in d iv id u a l .

He p o in ts o u t t h a t a h ie ra rc h y of th e se s ix v a lu es appears in th e p er­

s o n a l i ty of every in d iv id u a l and th e r e l a t iv e in te n s i ty o f th e v a lu es is

th e b a s is f o r th e "type" l a b e l . C e r ta in ly , i t m ight be expected th a t

an in d iv id u a l h ig h e s t in p o l i t i c a l v a lu es and n ex t h ig h e s t in a e s th e t ic

v a lu e s m ight w ell behave d i f f e r e n t ly th a n an in d iv id u a l h ig h e s t in

p o l i t i c a l v a lu es and n ex t h ig h e s t in economic v a lu e s .

I t i s f o r t h i s reason t h a t th e w r i te r f e e ls t h a t a h y p o th esis con­

cern in g th e r e l a t i v e in t e n s i ty of a l l s ix v a lu es in th e r e l a t iv e ly p r e j ­

u d iced and r e l a t iv e ly u n p re ju d iced in d iv id u a l shou ld be fo rm u la ted .

The b a s is f o r th e s e hypotheses a re a o tu a l ly in h e re n t in th e th e o r e t ic a l

d isc u ss io n s p reced ing th e hypotheses p re v io u s ly drawn in th e p re se n t

p a p e r . On t h e b a s is of th e se p rev ious hypotheses i t m ight b e expected

th a t th e in d iv id u a l h ig h ly a n ti-S e m itic would ten d to be h ig h e s t in

p o l i t i c a l , and economic v a lu e s and low est in a e s th e t ic , t h e o r e t i c a l ,

s o c ia l and re l ig io u s v a lu e s . C onversely , i t m ight be expeoted t h a t th e

in d iv id u a l r e l a t iv e ly low in an ti-S em itism would te n d t o be h ig h e s t in

a e s th e t ic , t h e o r e t i c a l , s o c ia l , and r e l ig io u s v a lu e s , and low est in

p o l i t i c a l , and economic, v a lu e s .

-27-

Some su p p o rt of th e so co n ten tio n s i s to be found in s tu d ie s of

L urie (31) and W ickert (5 3 ). Both o f th e s e in v e s t ig a to r s r e p o r t th a t

th e p o l i t i c a l and economic v a lu e s a r e s ig n i f i c a n t ly c o r re la te d in

term s of s tu d ie s of in te r c o r r e la t io n s among th e A llport-V ernon v a lu e s ,

and th a t th e th e o r e t ic a l and a e s th e t ic v a lu es a re a ls o r e la te d to each

o th e r , a lth o u g h to a le s s pronounced e x te n t th a n a re th e p o l i t i c a l and

economic v a lu e s . In a d d i t io n , W ickert re p o rts t h a t a s ig n i f ic a n t nega­

t i v e c o r re la t io n e x is ts between the t h e o r e t ic a l v a lu e and th e two

" P h i l i s t in e " v a lu e s , t h e economic and th e p o l i t i c a l . However, n e i th e r

o f th ese in v e s t ig a to r s found any s ig n i f i c a n t r e la t io n s h ip betw een th e

re lig io u s and s o c ia l v a lu e s and any of th e o th e r s .

The fo llo w in g h y p o th esis concern ing th e r e l a t iv e in te n s i ty o f a l l

o f th e s ix v a lu es in in d iv id u a ls h igh and low in an ti-S e m itism may be

s ta te d i In view of th e r e la t io n s h ip o f th e v a lu e s t o c e r ta in p e r s o n a li ty

mechanisms ( in tra c e p t iv e n e s s , p r o ja c t iv i t y , e t c . ) , in d iv id u a ls r e l a t iv e ly

h igh in an ti-S em itism a re dom inated by economic and p o l i t i c a l v a lu e s ;

in d iv id u a ls r e l a t iv e ly low in an ti-S em itism by a e s th e t io , t h e o r e t i c a l ,

s o c ia l , and re l ig io u s v a lu e s .

The Role of V alues in J u s t i f y in g A nti-S em itism

The o p e ra tio n o f t h e mechanism of r a t io n a l i z a t io n in th e p e rs o n a l i ty

o f th e in d iv id u a l , would su g g est t h a t an in d iv id u a l would have a number

of reasons a t h is d isp o s a l to j u s t i f y a t t i t u d e s which he p o sse s se s . More

s p e c i f i c a l ly , w ith re sp e c t t o an a t t i t u d e tow ard th e Jevra, i t would be

expected t h a t c o n s is te n t w ith th e o p e ra tio n o f th e mechanism of r a t io n a l ­

iz a t io n , an in d iv id u a l would have reasons su p p o rtin g h is a t t i t u d e , re ­

g a rd le ss o f w hether i t was fa v o ra b le o r u n fav o rab le .

-28

A side from s h e e r number o f reasons a t th e d isp o sa l o f th e in d iv id ­

u a l to j u s t i f y h is a t t i t u d e tow ard th e Jew s, th e c h a ra c te r of th e s e

reasons would be In flu en ced by o th e r dynamic p e r s o n a li ty f a c to r s .

V alues p re se n t in t h e in d iv id u a l ’s p e r s o n a l i ty should fu n c tio n as one

of th e s e dynamic f a c to r s . A number o f re c e n t s tu d ie s have in d ic a te d

th e dynamic q u a l i t i e s of v a lu e s as m easured by th e A llpo rt-V ernon s c a le .

Let us c o n s id e r some o f th e s e s tu d ie s b r i e f l y .

C a n tr i l and A llp o r t (9 ) re p o r t a s tu d y by W ollberb i n which i t was

dem onstrated th e e x te n t t o which th e v a lu e p a t te r n s , as measured by th e

A llp o rt-V em o n s c a le , w ere f a c to r s in d i r e c t in g th e a t t e n t io n of news­

paper read e rs t o v a r io u s t o p i c s . An a r t i f i c i a l newspaper was con­

s tr u c te d viiich fe a tu re d a r t i c l e s which m ight te n d t o s tan d ou t in th e

p e rc e p tu a l f i e ld s o f in d iv id u a ls h igh in th e v a r io u s v a lu e s . One a r t i ­

c le t h a t was used had a " le a d ” th a t r e fe r r e d to an im portan t s a le o f

works o f a r t , f o r exam ple, re p re se n tin g th e a e s th e t ic v a lu e . I t was

found th a t s ig n i f i c a n t rank o rd e r c o r re la t io n s e x is te d betw een th e

a r t i c l e s p e rce iv ed and th e h ie ra rc h y of v a lu e s p re se n t in th e in d iv id u a ls .

F urtherm ore, s ig n i f i c a n t n e g a tiv e c o r re la t io n s e x is te d between th e h ie r ­

archy of v a lu e s and th e a r t i c l e s t h a t w ere "passed o v er" .

Postman, B runer, and McGinnies (39) p re so r te d ta c h is to s c o p ic a l ly

s tim u lu s words t h a t were r e la te d t o each of th e s ix v a lu e s . For example,

such words as " th e o iy " and " v e r ify " w ere used f o r th e th e o r e t ic a l v a lu e ,

"income" and "w ealthy" f o r th e eoonomic, "p ray er" and "sacred" f o r th e

r e l ig io u s , and so on. The A llp o rt-V ern o n Study of Values was adm inis­

te r e d t o th e s u b je c ts used i n t h e experim ent. In a l l 36 words ( 6 f o r

each v a lu e ) w ere p re se n te d t o t h e s u b je o ts . A reoord of th e re c o g n itio n

-29 -

tim e f o r each of t h e words was made and was compared w ith th e sco res

f o r each of th e s ix v a lu es made by th e s u b je c ts . A s ig n i f i c a n t r e l a ­

t io n s h ip betw een re c o g n itio n tim e and v a lu e p a t te rn s was found, t h a t

i s , in d iv id u a ls ten d ed to reco g n iz e most q u ick ly words th a t re p re sen te d

th e v a lu e th e y sc o re d h ig h e s t in , l e a s t q u ick ly words re p re se n tin g th e

v a lu e t h a t th ey sco red low est in . In o th e r w ords, s ig n i f ic a n t agreem ent

betw een the speed of re c o g n itio n p r o f i l e s f o r th e 36 words and th e v a lu e

p r o f i l e s was found.

A nother experim ent w hich dem onstra tes th e dynamic q u a l i t i e s o f th e

v a lu e s , was conducted by C a n tr i l ( 8 ) . C a n tr i l was in te r e s te d in d e te r ­

m ining w hether o r n o t a t t i t u d e s o f th e g e n e ra l s o r t measured by th e

A llp o rt-V em o n s c a le would in f lu e n c e a s s o c ia t io n tim e t o s p e c i f ic sym­

b o ls of th e s e a t t i t u d e s . F ree a s s o c ia t io n tim e to words re p re se n tin g

each of th e v a lu e s was measured w ith a v o ic e -k e y c i r o u i t . The rank-

o rd e r f o r t h e mean a s s o c ia t io n tim e to th e l i s t o f words re p re se n tin g

t h a t a t t i t u d e and th e ra n k -o rd e r o f th e s ix v a lu es was c o r re la te d .

I t was found th a t s ig n i f ic a n t c o r re la t io n s betw een th e ra n k -o rd e r of

each o f th e v a lu e s and t h e i r co rrespond ing mean a s s o c ia t io n tim es e x is te d ,

w ith th e ex cep tio n o f th e s o c ia l v a lu e , which as p o in ted out p rev io u sly

in t h e p re se n t p aper, was found to be th e l e a s t r e l i a b le o f t h e s ix

v a lu e s . C a n tr i l concludes from t h i s d a ta t h a t , "The p o s i t iv e c o r re la ­

t i o n between an in d iv id u a l’s accep tan ce of a p a r t ic u la r e v a lu a tiv e

a t t i t u d e and h is speed of a s s o c ia t io n tim e t o words whioh have re fe re n c e

to t h a t a t t i t u d e would seem t o in d ic a te t h a t an in d iv id u a l’s a t t i t u d e

e x e r ts a s ig n i f ic a n t in f lu e n c e on a very s p e o if ic in s ta n c e o f h is be­

h a v io r , v i z . , h is speed of a s s o c ia t io n to w ords."

-30 - i

McGinnies (32) conducted a somewhat s im i la r experim ent and con­

cludes from h is r e s u l t s t h a t i " a person w i l l respond so o n er to a word

sym bolizing h is h ig h e s t v a lu e a re a than he w i l l to a word symbolizing

h is low est v a lu e a r e a . F u rtherm ore , th e d if f e re n c e s in mean a s so c ia ­

t i o n tim e f o r th e group w ere, w ith th e e x c e p tio n o f v a lu e rank tw o,

in t h e expected d i r e c t io n ; t h a t i s , lo n g er a s s o c ia t io n tim e s f o r le s s

v a lu ed w ords•"

A f i n a l experim ent t h a t m ight be c i t e d to dem onstrate th e m otiva­

t i o n a l q u a l i t i e s o f th e v a lu e s i s an experim ent of McGinnies and

Bowles ( 3 3 ) . In t h i s experim ent fa ces of s e v e ra l in d iv id u a ls appearing

in a p o p u la r magazine were cu t o u t , p a s te d on c a rd s , and la b e le d as

m in is te r , s c i e n t i s t , and so on to re p re se n t each o f t h e s ix v a lu e s .

The p ic tu re s were p re se n te d to a group o f s u b je c ts t a c h is to s c o p ic a l ly ,

and t h e tim e t h a t i t was n e c e ssa ry t o a s s o c ia te th e fa c e w ith th e occu­

p a t io n a l l a b e l , th u s le a rn in g to reco g n ize th e fa c e s , was reco rd ed .

I t was found th a t a s ig n i f i c a n t r e la t io n s h ip betw een th e v a lu e p r o f i l e s

of th e s u b je c ts and tim e re q u ire d f o r le a rn in g to reco g n ize th e f a c e s ,

was p re s e n t .

These s tu d ie s su g g est t h a t th e s e v a lu e s a r e dynamic f a c to r s i n

th e in d iv id u a l 's p e r s o n a l i ty ; co n seq u en tly , i t would ap p ear p la u s ib le

to assume t h a t th e v a lu e s could fu n c tio n as " s e le c t iv e d e te rm in ers" of

th e ty p es o f reasons s ta te d as t h e in d iv id u a l r a t io n a l iz e s h is a t t i t u d e

tow ard th e Jew s.

On th e b a s is of th e s e d e d u c tio n s , th e fo llo w in g hy p o th esis r e l a t iv e

to th e ro le •which v a lu e s p la y in ju s t i f y in g fa v o ra b le o r u n fav o rab le

a t t i t u d e s tow ard Jews* In v iew o f th e dynamic q u a l i t i e s of th e v a lu e s

-31-Ji

and the operation of the ra tio n a liza tio n mechanism, dominant valueB

w ill be reflec ted s ig n if ic a n tly in reasons given for being and not

being an ti-S em itic , and to ta l number of reasons given w il l d ifferen ­

t ia t e highs and lows in anti-Sem itism .

G eneral Comments

In th e t h e o r e t ic a l d is c u s s io n p reced in g t h e fo rm u la tio n of th e

h y p o th eses, th e read er w i l l n o te t h a t only th e im portance o f v a lu es

as f a c to r s in p re ju d ic e was s t r e s s e d . Because of t h i s f a c t , th e w r i te r

may have given th e im p ressio n t h a t th e v a lu es fu n c tio n in a vacuum, as

i t w ere, as d e te rm in e rs of v a ry in g degrees of r a c i a l p re ju d ic e . A ctua l­

ly , on th e b a s is o f c e r ta in c r u c ia l s tu d ie s o f th e p e r s o n a l i ty s t r u c tu r e

of th e p re ju d ic e d in d iv id u a l^ - and on th e b a s is o f o b se rv a tio n s th a t

m ight b e made based on c e r ta in p sy ch o lo g ica l system s, a d d it io n a l f a c to rs

m ight b e c i te d as de te rm in ers o f r a c i a l p re ju d ic e . These a d d it io n a l

f a c to r s , i t m ight be p o in ted o u t, i n t e r a c t v e ry in tim a te ly w ith th e

v a lu e h ie ra rc h y p re se n t i n th e in d iv id u a l’s p e rs o n a l i ty as what m ight

be term ed fu n c tio n a l d e te rm in ers o f p re ju d ic e d b e h a v io r . In f a c t ,

s in g lin g out s p e c i f i c de te rm in ers o f p re ju d ic e o r any o th e r ty p e o f p e r­

ce p tu a l o r b eh av io ra l p a t te r n of th e in d iv id u a l i s a h ig h ly a r t i f i c i a l

1 c . f . p . 1 th e p re se n t p ap er.c . f . Freud (1 7 ) , Tolman (4 8 ) , Lewin (28) (2 9 ) , D o lla rd , Doob, e t a l

, (1 3 ) .F u n c tio n a l, o r as B runer and Goodman (7) r e f e r t o them , b eh av io ra l d e term in an ts o f p e rc e p tio n a re “th o se a c t iv e , a d a p tiv e fu n c tio n s of th e organism which lead to th e governance and c o n tro l o f a l l h ig h e r- lo v e l fu n c tio n s , in c lu d in g p e rc e p tio n ; th e laws of le a rn in g and m oti­v a t io n , such p e r s o n a l i ty dynamics as re p re s s io n , t h e o p e ra tio n o f quasi-tem peram ental c h a r a c te r i s t i c s l ik e in tro v e r s io n and e x tra v e rs io n , s o c ia l needs and a t t i t u d e s , and so on." These a re c o n tra s te d w ith authochthonous o r s t r u c tu r a l de term in an ts which stem from p ro p e r tie s o f th e nervous system o f th e organism .

p ro ced u re . An u l t im a te u n d ers tan d in g of p re ju d ic e d b eh av io r, in th e

w r i t e r 's o p in io n , can only be u n d ersto o d th rough a com plete a n a ly s is

o f th e t o t a l s t r u c tu r e o f and in flu e n c e s on th e in d iv id u a l p e r s o n a li ty .

Y et, as was b rough t out p re v io u s ly , an u n d erstan d in g of s in g le d e te r ­

m iners of p re ju d ic e can s t i l l be o f g ro a t v a lu e in a re -e d u c a tio n p ro ­

gram when i t is n ecessa ry to dea l w ith a g re a t many in d iv id u a ls s im u l­

ta n e o u s ly .

As an example o f o th e r in te r a c t in g fu n c tio n a l de term iners of

p re ju d ic e we m ight p o in t ou t th a t in t e n s i ty of r a c ia l p re ju d ic e may be

in flu e n c e d by th e f r u s t r a t i o n of needs o th e r th a n th o se t h a t might be

d i r e c t ly r e la te d to th e o b je c ts o f p re ju d ic e , by c e r ta in em otional fa c ­

to r s in th e p e r s o n a l i ty development of th e in d iv id u a l , o r by what may

be term ed , p a th o lo g ic a l p e rs o n a l i ty p a t te r n s .

M ille r and Bugelslci in D o lla rd , Doob, e t a l (1 3 ) g ive an e x p e r i­

m ental example o f how f r u s t r a t i o n of needs n o t d i r e c t ly r e la te d to th e

o b je c ts o f p re ju d ic e may r e s u l t in an in c re a se d amount of p re ju d ic e .

A group of boys in a camp, who looked forw ard to t h e i r w eekly t r i p in to

town to a t te n d th e Bank Night a t t h e t h e a t r e , were f r u s t r a t e d in t h e i r

d e s ir e to g e t to tow n by being fo rc e d to ta k e a group of t e s t s rh ic h

were v e iy long and d u l l . I t was found th a t th e a t t i t u d e s tow ard two

groups of f o re ig n e r s , Mexicans and Jap an ese , as measured by t e s t s b e fo re

and a f t e r t h i s f r u s t r a t i o n , became s ig n i f i c a n t ly l e s s fa v o rab le a f t e r

th e f r u s t r a t i n g s e t of c ircu m stan ces .

As an example o f how o e r ta in em otional f a c to rs in th e p e rs o n a li ty

development o f th e in d iv id u a l may fu n c tio n as determ iners o f r a c ia l

p re ju d ic e , Frenlcel-Brunsw ik and S anford (18) s e le c te d a group of g i r l s

high in a n ti-S em itism as measured by a t e s t o f a n ti-S e m itism and admin­

i s t e r e d c e r ta in p r o je c t iv e p e r s o n a li ty dev ices such as t h e Thematic

A ppercep tion T e s t, and th e R orschach. I n a d d i t io n , th e g i r l s w ere sub­

je c te d to c l i n i c a l in te rv ie w s . From t h i s s tu d y th e y found th a t th e

mechanism o f r e p re s s io n a p p a re n tly stemming from unconscious h a tre d ,

meanness, je a lo u s y , and su sp ic io n tow ard p a re n ta l f ig u r e s , was o p e ra t­

ing in th e p e r s o n a l i ty s t r u c tu r e of th e s e g i r l s . The in v e s t ig a to r s

conclude th a t t h i s r e p re s s io n may w e ll be a s ig n i f i c a n t de term in an t of

th e a n t i-S e m itic te n d e n c ie s which th e y re v e a le d .

The f a c t t h a t p a th o lo g ic a l p e r s o n a l i ty p a t te rn s may fu n c tio n as a

de term inan t of r a c i a l p re ju d ic e is b rought ou t by A llp o r t (2 ) whan he

sug g ests t h a t p aran o iad te n d e n c ie s , f o r exam ple, may s e rv e as de term in ­

ers o f a n ti-S e m itism . Krech and C ru tc h f ie ld (26) commenting on t h i s

p o s s ib i l i t y s ta t e * * "The paran o iac l iv e s in a w orld o f d i r e su sp ic io n s ;

and, a g a in , _if and when he f ix a te s th e s e su sp ic io n s ( o r ’ d e lu s io n s 1)

on members o f a s p e c i f ic r a c i a l group, we have b e l ie f s and a t t i tu d e s in

the s e rv ic e o f th e p e c u l ia r needs o f th e p a th o lo g ic a l p a ra n o ia c . These

b e l i e f s and a t t i t u d e s g iv e meaning to h is a c tio n s and j u s t i f y h is

b e h a v io r ."

Thus i t can be re a d ily seen th a t th e re may be many fu n c tio n a l de­

te rm in a n ts o f r a c i a l p ro ju d io e in te r a c t in g w ith th e p e rso n ’s v a lu e

h ie ra rc h y . "While we a re n o t unm indful of th e complex in te r a c t io n among

a l l o f th e s e v a r i a b le s , in th e p re sen t s tu d y we cannot hope to do f u l l

j u s t i c e to a l l of them. In s te a d we a re r e s t r i c t i n g o u rse lv es to a 6tudy

of th e ro le which v a lu es p lay in an ti-S em itism .

^ p. 449 above c i t .

—34—

METHODOLOGY

Sample

In t e s t i n g t h e hypo theses, 169 -white, non-Jew ish s tu d e n ts e n ro lle d

in the w r i t e r 's in tro d u c to ry psychology c la s se s a t M ichigan S ta te

C ollege w ere u sed . Table I p re se n ts a breakdown of th e se 169 s u b je c ts

w ith re sp e c t to s e x , r e l ig io n , c o lle g e c la s s and number of male v e te ra n s

and n o n -v e te ra n s . I t w i l l be observed th a t th e r e a re 116 males and 53

fem ales i n o u r sam ple; 121 P r o te s ta n ts , 32 C a th o lic s , and 16 in d iv id u a ls

who in d ic a te d no r e l ig io u s p re fe re n c e ; 10 freshm en, 92 sophomores, 49

ju n io r s , and IB s e n io r s ; 68 male v e te ra n s and 4B male n o n -v e te ra n s .

In o rd e r to a v o id the o p e ra tio n o f a " s e le c t iv e f a c to r" in th e

s e le c t io n of th e s u b je c ts , t h e s u b je c ts in th e sample were re q u ire d to

a tte n d th e experim en tal t e s t in g s e s s io n in v o lv ed in th e s tu d y on th e

b a s is o f a d ep artm en ta l requ irem en t—th a t a l l s tu d e n ts e n ro lle d in th e

in tro d u c to ry psychology course a re re q u ire d to c o n tr ib u te a t l e a s t th re e

hours o u ts id e of c la s s as s u b je c ts in p sy ch o lo g ica l experim en ts.

P rocedure

The e n t i r e group of 169 s u b je c ts g a th e red in a la rg e classroom

a t an appo in ted tim e and were g iven th e fo llo w in g in s t r u c t io n s ; "As

you know, you have been req u ested to be p re se n t t h i s evening in o rd e r

to p a r t i c ip a te in a p u b lic op in io n and p e r s o n a li ty s tu d y . Now, I know

th a t i t would be v e ry sim ple f o r you to m erely 'go th rough th e m otions'

and n o t h o n e s tly g iv e me your f u l l co o p era tio n in doing th e few th in g s

t h a t w i l l be req u ested of you. However, you d id have to go out o f your

way a l i t t l e t o come h ere to n ig h t , and i t seems r a th e r f o o l i s h , now

-35- 1

TABLE I

A BREAKDOWN OF THE 169 SUBJECTS BY SEX, RELIGION, CLASS,AMD VETERAN STATUS

SexMai es

Females

116

53

P ro te s ta n ts 121

R elig io n C a th o lic s 32

No P re fe re n c e 16

Freshmen 10

ClassSophomores 92

Ju n io rs 49

S en io rs 18

Male V eterans 68

V eteran S ta tu s Male Non-Veterans 48

Female V eterans 0

-36-

t h a t you a ro h e ro , n o t to g ive you r f u l l co o p e ra tio n . Only i f you g iv e

your f u l l co o p e ra tio n w i l l t h i s s tu d y be w orth an y th in g , so p le a se h e lp

us ou t and r e a l ly co o p e ra te . Answer a l l q u es tio n s as h o n e s tly as you

can, keeping in mind t h a t none of th e op in ions t h a t you g ive w i l l in

any way be held a g a in s t you, s in c e you w i l l n o t be asked to s ig n your

name on any of th e forms th a t you may re c e iv e . So p le a se make an

honest and s in c e re e f f o r t t o co o p e ra te .

" F i r s t of a l l you w i l l be g iven a g en e ra l in fo rm atio n sh e e t w ith

a number on i t . F i l l t h i s in com ple te ly . I f you have any q u estio n s

about i t , I w i l l be g lad to answ er them. A f te r you have com pletely

f i l l e d in t h i s f i r s t B heet, r a i s e y o u r hand and you w i l l be given a

second sh e e t w ith some q uostions on i t t h a t you a re asked t o answer.

As soon as you g e t th i s second sh ee t p lace th e number t h a t appears on

th e f i r s t sh e e t in th e uppor r ig h t hand c o m e r of th e second sh e e t.

When you have answered a l l of th e q u estio n s on th e second sh e e t as com­

p le te ly as you can, r a i s e you r hand ag a in and th e f i r s t two sh ee ts w i l l

be c o l le c te d as a p u b lic o p in io n n a ire is passed ou t to you . Im m ediately-

as soon as you g e t t h i s p u b lic o p in io n n a ire , p lace e x a c tly th e same

number on i t in t h e uppor r ig h t hand c o m e r as was p re se n t on th e o th o r

two s h e e ts .

"When you have com pletely f i l l e d out th e p u b lic o p in io n n a ire , r a i s e

your hand a g a in and a sim ple p e r s o n a li ty t e s t w i l l bo g iven you as th e

o p in io n n a ire is c o l le c te d . A gain, p lace th e same number in th e upper

r ig h t hand co rn e r on th e f i r s t page o f t h e p e r s o n a li ty t e s t . F i l l in

th e p e r s o n a li ty t e s t com pletely and le av e i t on th e t a b le in f ro n t

b e fo re you le a v e .

"Remember, always p lace th e number t h a t i s on th e f i r s t s h e e t on

a l l m a te r ia ls you re c e iv e in th e upper r ig h t hand co rn e r as soon as

you g e t th e m a te r ia l , Answer every q u e s tio n on every form as com pletely

as you can. The f i r s t sh e e t w i l l now be handed out to you. I f you have

any qu estio n s a t a l l , I w i l l be g lad t o answer them. By th e way, th e

d ire c t io n s f o r answ ering q u es tio n s on th e form s is r ig h t on th e form

in each ca se . I w i l l d isc u ss th e r e s u l t s of t h i s s tu d y w ith you in

c la s s b e fo re th e end of th e te rm , so r e a l ly co o p era te so th a t th e study

w i l l be w orthw hile l"

The purpose of t h i s ty p e o f s tr u c tu r in g was obv io u sly to m o tiv a te

th e su b jo c ts to as high a d eg ree as p o s s ib le . Evidence dem onstra ting

th a t t h e s u b je c ts were a p p a re n tly q u ite h ig h ly m o tivated was th e f a c t

t h a t n o t a s in g le s u b je c t f a i l e d to f i l l out th e v a r io u s q u es tio n sh ee ts

and forms com plete ly .

The forms r e fe r r e d to in th e in s t r u c t io n s were th e P u b lic Opinion

Q u estio n n a ire , r e a l ly a g en era l in fo rm atio n sh e e t (se e Appendix IV) de­

signed t o o b ta in d a ta concern ing th e n a tu re of th e sam ple, th e a n t i -

Sem itism s c a le , t h e Study of V alues, and a q u a s i- ro le p lay in g devioe

(se e Appendix V) designed to o b ta in s ta tem en ts f o r b e in g and n o t-b e in g

p re ju d ic e d f o r purposes of t e s t i n g th e h y p o th esis concern ing v a lu e s

and reasons f o r p re ju d ic e .

The q u a s i- ro le p lay in g d ev ice is sim ply a sh ee t w ith in s tru c t io n s

t o th e su b je c t f i r s t t o p lay th e ro le o f an in d iv id u a l who is p r e j ­

udiced a g a in s t Jews and s t a t e as many reasons f o r being p re ju d io ed as

he can . Then he is req u ested to p lay th e ro le of an in d iv id u a l no t

p re ju d ic e d a g a in s t Jews and s t a t e as many reasons f o r n o t being p r e j ­

u d iced as he can .

—38—

This d ev ice "was ad m in is te red b e fo re th e an ti-S em itism s c a le and

c o lle c te d b e fo re th e s u b je c ts re ce iv ed th e an ti-S em itism s c a le , s in ce

th e s u b jo c ts might p o s s ib ly have looked over th e an ti-S em itism s c a le ,

observed t h a t i t co n ta in ed a la rg e number of " reaso n s” f o r be in g p r e j ­

ud iced a g a in s t Jews, and th e n proceeded to go back to th e "reaso n s f o r

p re ju d ic e ” d ev ice , f i l l i n t h e i r new-found " re aso n s" and th u s in v a l i ­

d a te th i s q u a s i-p ro je c t iv e dev ice f o r d e te rm in in g th e fa v o ra b le and

unfavorab le a t t i t u d e s tow ard Jew s.

A ll of th e m a te r ia l used i n g a th e r in g tho d a ta were m atched in

term s of th e numbers in t h e upper r ig h t hand c o m e r . A f te r t h i s was

done, th e fo llo w in g m a te r ia l oom pleted by each s u b je c t was s ta p le d t o ­

gether* (1 ) th e g en era l in fo rm atio n s h e e t; (2 ) th e " reaso n s f o r p r e j ­

u d ice" d ev ice ; (3 ) th e L evinson-Sanford A n ti-S em itism S c a le ; (4 ) th e

A llp o rt-V ern o n Study of V alues.

A nalysis of nhe Data

Tho d a ta was analyzed in th e fo llo w in g manner*

(1 ) In o rd e r to t e s t th e hypotheses concerning th e r e la t io n s h ip

between each of th e s ix v a lu es and a n ti-S e m itism , th e P ea rso n ian

product-moment c o r r e la t io n c o e f f ic ie n t betw een each d i s t r i b u t io n of

v a lu e sco res and an ti-S e m itism sco res was computed.

As a f u r th e r means o f an a ly z in g th e n a tu re o f th e s e r e la t io n s h ip s ,

th e d i s t r i b u t io n Y/as d iv id e d in to fo u r q u a r te rs on th e b a s is of th e

a n ti-S em itism s c o re s . Q tr^ included th e 25% of th e sample who scored

low est on th e an ti-S em itism s c a le (low p re ju d ic e g roup); Qtrg included

th e nex t 25?' (medium low p re ju d ic e g roup); Q tr^ th e next h ig h e s t 25%

-39-

(medium h igh p re ju d ic e g roup); Q tr^ th e h ig h e s t s c o re rs on th e s c a le

(h ig h p re ju d ic e g ro u p ).

The mean v a lu e scores i n each o f th e se q u a r te rs was th e n computed,

and a s t a t i s t i c a l com parison among t h e means, u sing F ish e r* s t r a t io

t e s t (1 5 ), was made.

(2) In o rd e r t o t e s t th e h y p o th esis concern ing th e v a lu e p a tte rn s

p re sen t in h igh and low p re ju d ic e g ro u p s, th e sco res made by each sub­

j e c t on th e s ix v a lu e su b -sc a le s were tran sfo rm ed to rank ings from 1 to

6. Tho v a lu e th a t th e s u b je c t sco red th e h ig h e s t on was ranked no. 1 ,

th e n ex t h ig h e s t no . 2 , and so on.

The mean rank ings fo r th o v a lu es in each o f th e fo u r q u a r te rs was

th e n de term ined . These mean rank ings were in tu rn converted t o rankings

from 1 to 6 . In each q u a r te r , th e v a lu e w ith th e h ig h e s t mean rank was

ranked no . 1 , th e n ex t h ig h e s t no. 2 , and so on . An o rd e r o f dominance

p a t te rn of th e s ix v a lu e s in each of th e fo u r q u a r te rs was th u s computed.

The j u s t i f i c a t i o n fo r th e u se o f t h i s ran k in g p ro ced u re , which has

p rev io u s ly been used by C a n tr i l (9) and McGinnies (3 3 ) , stems from th e

f a c t t h a t th e raw sc o re s o b ta in ed on th e s ix v a lu e s u b -sc a le s a re in

r e a l i t y only r e l a t iv e sc o re s , s in c e th e combined t o t a l o f th e raw sco res

on th e s ix v a lu e su b -sc a le s m ust always be 180, as p o in te d o u t by Allporfc

and Vernon ( 5 ) .

(3 ) To t e s t the hypothesis concerning reasons fo r prejudice and the

values, an an a ly sis , in the high and low prejudice groupB of a l l of the

reasons for being and not being prejudiced was made by the w riter and

two other judges. This analysis wqs designed to compare the number of

reasons in the high and low groups which c lea r ly reflec ted any of the

-40-

s ix v a lu e s , in terms of S p ran g er’s d e s c r ip t io n s . I f a l l th re e judges

ag reed th a t a reaso n was in flu e n c e d by a p a r t i c u la r v a lu e , i t was

t a l l i e d u nder th e v a lu e in q u e s tio n . I f any d isagreem ent occurred i t

was t a l l i e d under ’’m isce llan eo u s re a so n s" . I t was th u s p o s s ib le to

determ ine th e e x te n t t o which dominant v a lu e s determ ined th e co n ten t

o f reasons f o r p re ju d ic e in th e h igh and low groups.

The t o t a l number of reasons in th e h ig h and low p re ju d ic e groups

was a lso t a l l i e d . The s ig n if ic a n c e o f t h e d if f e re n c e betw een th e means

of th e a n ti-J e w is h and p ro -Jew ish reasons in th e high and low groups

wa3 th e n de term ined . This in d ic a te d th e e x te n t to which number of

reasons is an index of th e r e l a t iv e in t e n s i ty o f an ti-S em itism .

(4 ) C e r ta in in c id e n ta l d a ta was o b ta in ed during th e p rocess of

g a th e rin g d a ta to t e s t th e h y p o th eses. I t was decided to u t i l i z e th e s e

d a ta and de term ine th e s ig n if ic a n c e of c e r t a in in te r.-g ro u p d if fe re n c e s

on th e a n ti-S e m itism s c a le and Study of V alues, and re p o r t them, even

though no hypotheses concern ing th e s e d a ta had been fo rm u la ted .

-41-

RESULTS

T h e o re tic a l V alues and T h e ir R e la tio n sh ip to A nti-Sem itism

The f i r s t hypo thesis s ta te s th a t th e o r e t ic a l v a lu es and a n t i -

Sem itism a re in co n g ru en t. In term s o f o u r s c a l e s , th e r e fo re , a n e g a tiv e

r e la t io n s h ip should e x is t betw eai sco res on th e a n ti-S em itism s c a le and

sco res on th e t h e o r e t i c a l v a lu e s u b -s c a le .

Table I I shows th e means, s ta n d a rd d e v ia t io n s , and c o r r e la t io n co­

e f f i c i e n t s between eachof;the Six v a lu es and an ti-S em itism . I t can be

seen from T able I I t h a t th e c o r r e la t io n between th e o r e t ic a l va lues and

a n ti-S em itism i s - .0 6 9 , i n th e hy p o th esized d i r e c t io n , b u t n o t s t a t i s t i c ­

a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t . On t h i s b a s is , i t appears t h a t th e hypo thesis i s no t

upheld .

However, the p resence of a s l i g h t t r e n d in th e p re d ic te d d ir e c t io n

w arran ts a s tudy of th e n a tu re of t h e r e l a t io n s h ip . Table I I I p re se n ts

th e th e o r e t ic a l s c o re means and o th e r s t a t i s t i c a l c h a r a c te r is t ic s fo r

th e fo u r q u a r te rs of th e an ti-S em itism d is t r ib u t io n .^ - In T able I I I i t

can be observed th a t th e means f o r q u a r te rs 1, 2 , 3 and 4 , a re 29 .69 ,

28 .5 1 , 2 6 .7 4 , and 28 .5 5 , r e s p e c t iv e ly . The s te p -w is e d if fe re n c e s th a t

e x is ts among th e lower th re e q u a r te r s , f u r th e r supports th e tre n d in d i­

ca ted by th e c o r r e la t io n . I t a lso su g g ests th a t th e high sco res i n th e

high group a p p a re n tly reduced th e s iz e o f th e c o r re la t io n c o e f f ic ie n t .

* S t a t i s t i c a l l y s ig n i f i c a n t s ta n d a rd d e v ia tio n d iffe re n c e s e x is t b e ­tween th e low er two q u a r te rs and th e upper two q u a rte rs (5 % le v e l of co n fid e n c e ), which in d ic a te t h a t w ith re sp e c t t o th e o r e t ic a l v a lu e s , Q uarters 1 and 2 a re more heterogeneous th a n Q uarters 3 and 4.

-42-

TABLE I I

'HANS, STANDARD DEVIATIONS AND THE PRODUCT-MOMENT CORRELATIONS BETWEENTHE SIX VALUES AND ANTI-SEMITISM

__________________________________ (N - 169)________________________

S ca le M S D r P

A-S 128.11 43.73 — —

T 27.63 6.48 -.0 6 9 n . s .

E 29.32 6.07 .311 .01

AE _ 27.24 7.62 -.2 4 9 .01

S 30.57 6.47 -.1 7 3 .05

P 31.22 5.86 .322 .01

R 33.14 7.84 - .1 3 6 n . s .

-43-

TABLE I I I

MEANS, STANDARD DEVIATIONS, AND STANDARD ERRORS OF THE THEORETICAL VALUE SCORES FOR ANTI-SEMITISM QUARTERS 1, 2 ,

MEAN OF 3 AND 4

Qfcr N M S D se/ m

1 42 29.69 7.29 1.14

2 42 28.51 7.95 1.23

3 43 26.74 5.84 .91

4 42 28.55 5.02 • •<1 CD

-44-

Table IV p re se n ts th e s t a t i s t i c a l com parison among th e se fo u r

q u a r te r s . I t w i l l be observed from Table IV , t h a t a s t a t i s t i c a l l y

s ig n i f ic a n t d if f e re n c e ^ {1% le v e l o f con fid en ce) e x is ts between

Q uarters 1 and 3 . No o th e r s t a t i s t i c a l l y s ig n i f i c a n t d if fe re n c e s e x i s t .

These i n t e r - q u a r t e r d a ta do n o t p re se n t tre n d s p o s i t iv e enough to

u n c o n d itio n a lly su p p o rt th o h y p o th e s is . I t must be conoluded, th e r e f o r e ,

th a t on th e b a s is of t h e in s ig n i f ic a n t c o r r e la t io n t h a t was found, t h i s

hy p o th esis has n o t been a d eq u a te ly up h eld , even though a s l i g h t t re n d

e x is ts which su g g ests th a t t h e o r e t ic a l v a lu es and an ti-S em itism may be

in co n g ru en t.

Economic Values and T h e ir R e la tio n sh ip to A nti-S em itism

The second hyp o th esis s t a t e s t h a t economic v a lu es and an ti-S em itism

a re co n gruen t. In term s of o u r s c a le s , th e r e fo r e , a p o s i t iv e r e l a t io n ­

sh ip should e x i s t betw een sc o re s on th e an ti-S em itism s c a le and sco res

on th e economic v a lu e s u b -s c a le .

The r betw een economic and a n ti-S e m itism sco res (T ab le I I ) i s .311 ,

which i s s ig n i f ic a n t a t th e 1% le v e l o f co n fid en ce . This would appear

t o uphold th e h y p o th e s is .

A study of th e n a tu re o f t h i s r e la t io n s h ip w i l l a f fo rd f u r th e r

in s ig h t in to t h i s f in d in g . Table V shows th e economic sco re means and

r e la te d s t a t i s t i c a l c h a r a c te r i s t i c s f o r th e fo u r q u a r te rs of th e a n t i -

Sem itism d i s t r ib u t io n . I t can be g leaned from Table V t h a t th e means

a re 2 7 .B3 ( le w s) , 27.60 (medium low s), 29.52 (medium h ig h s ) , and 32.76

* With d i r e c t io n of d if f e r e n c e hypo thesized and 82 d . f . (42 cases in each q u a r te r) t must be 1 .66 and 2 .4 1 , to be s ig n i f ic a n t a t 5% and 1% le v e ls of con fidence r e s p e c t iv e ly .

-45-

TABLE IV

STATISTICAL COMPARISON OF THEORETICAL SCORES IN ANTI-SEMITISMQITART3RS 1, 2 , 3 , AND 4

Q trs Diff/M S S t P

1 & 4 1.14 1.38 .83 Xl« s •

1 & 3 2 .95 1.20 . 2 .46 .01

2 & 4 .04 1.46 .03 n . s .

1 & 2 1. IB 1.6B .70 n . s .

2 & 3 1.77 1.53 1.16 n . s .

3 & 4 1.B1 1.20 1.51 n .s .

-46-

TABLE V

MEANS, STANDARD DEVIATIONS, AND STANDARD ERRORS OF THE MEANS OFECONO!aC VALUE SCORES IN ANTI-SEMITISM QUARTERS 1, 2 , 3 , AND 4

Q tr N M S D se/ m

1 42 27.83 5.40 .84

2 42 27.60 6.18 .95

3 43 29.52 6.31 .99

4 42 32.76 6.67 1.04

-47 -

(h ig h s ) . With th e ex cep tio n o f th e medium low group, s te p -w ise in c rea se s

in economic v a lu e sco res go w ith in c re a se s in an ti-S em itism . U niform ity

w ith re sp e c t to economic v a lu e s in th e e n t i r e low p re ju d ic e h a lf o f th e

d i s t r i b u t io n i s a ls o in d ic a te d .

T able VI p re se n ts th e s t a t i s t i c a l com parison among th e s e fo u r

q u a r te r s . I t w i l l be observed from T able V I, t h a t s t a t i s t i c a l l y s ig ­

n i f i c a n t d if fe re n c e s e x is t betw een Q u arters 1 and 4 (1% l e v e l ) , 2 and

4 (1% l e v e l ) , and 3 and 4 (5% l e v e l ) .

The r e s u l t s of th e in te r - q u a r te r a n a ly s is , th e r e f o r e , f u r th e r sup­

ports. th e h y p o th e s is . This f a c t , coupled w ith th e s ig n i f ic a n t o v e r -a l l

c o r r e la t io n t h a t was found , in d ic a te s t h a t economic v a lu es and a n t i -

Sem itism a re congruen t.

Aes th e t i c Values and T h e ir R e la tio n sh ip t o A n ti-S em itism

The t h i r d h y p o th esis s ta t e s th a t a e s th e t ic v a lu e s and an ti-S em itism

a re in co n g ru en t. In term s of o u r s c a l e s , th e r e fo re , a n e g a tiv e r e l a ­

t io n s h ip should e x is t between sco res on th e a n ti-S e m itism and sco res on

th e a e s th e t ic v a lu e s u b -s c a le .

The r betw een a e s th e t ic and an ti-S em itism sco res (T able I I ) is

- .2 4 9 , which is s ig n i f ic a n t a t th e 1% le v e l of con fidence . This would

appear t o uphold th e h y p o th e s is .

F u r th e r in s ig h t in to t h i s f in d in g can be o b ta in ed by a s tu d y of

th e n a tu re of t h i s r e la t io n s h ip . T able V II p re se n ts th e a e s th e t ic sco re

means and r e la te d s t a t i s t i c a l c h a r a c te r i s t i c s fo r th e fo u r q u a r te rs of

th e an ti-S em itism d i s t r i b u t io n . In T able V II i t can be observed th a t

th e means a re 2 8 .9 3 , 2 9 .3 0 , 2 6 .6 8 , and 23.33 f o r t h e low, medium low,

-48-

TABLE VI

STATISTICAL COMPARISON OF ECONOMIC SCORES IN ANTI-SEMITISMQUARTERS 1, 2 , 3 , AND 4

Qfcrs D iff/M S E t P

1 & 4 4 .93 1.34 3.68 .01

1 & 3 1.69 1.30 1.30 n .s .

2 & 4 5.16 1.41 3 .66 .01

1 & 2 .23 1.27 .18 n . s .

2 & 3 1.92 1.37 1 .40 n .s .

3 & 4 3.24 1.43 2 .27 .05

-49-

TABLE VII

MEANS, STANDARD DEVIATIONS, AND STANDARD ERRORS OP THE MEANS OFAESTHETIC VALUE SCORES IN ANTI-SEMITISM QUARTERS 1, 2 , 3 , AND 4

Q tr N M S D se/ m

1 42 26.93 9.56 1.48

2 43 29.30 7.01 l.OB

3 42 26.88 7.32 1.14

4 42 23.33 6.52 1.01

50-

medium h ig h , and h igh groups, r e s p e c t iv e ly . S tep -w ise d if fe re n c e s e x is t

among th e low, medium h ig h , and h ig h groups. R e la tiv e u n ifo rm ity among

th e low p re ju d ic e h a lf i s a lso su g g ested .

I t can be seen from Table V III th a t s t a t i s t i c a l l y s ig n i f ic a n t d i f ­

fe ren ces a t th e 1% confidence le v e l e x is t betw een Q uarters 1 and 4 ,

2 and 4 , and 3 and 4 .

The p resence of th e s ig n i f ic a n t n e g a tiv e c o r re la t io n supported by

evidence in the in t e r - q u a r t e r a n a ly s is , th e r e f o r e , j u s t i f i e s th e con­

c lu s io n th a t a e s th e t ic va lu es and an ti-S e m itism a re in co n g ru en t.

S o c ia l V alues and T h e ir R e la tio n sh ip to A nti-S em itism

The fo u r th h y p o th esis s t a t e s t h a t s o c ia l v a lu e s and an ti-S em itism

a re in co n g ru en t. In term s of our s c a le s , th e r e fo r e , a n e g a tiv e r e la ­

t io n s h ip should e x i s t between sco res on th e a n ti-S e m itism s c a le and

sco res on th e s o c ia l s u b -s c a le .

An r o f - .1 7 3 (T ab le I I ) s ig n i f i c a n t a t th e 5% le v e l o f con fidence ,

between s o c ia l and an ti-S em itism s c a le s c o re s , tends t o su p p o rt th e

h y p o th e s is .

Table IX shows th e means and r e la te d s t a t i s t i c a l c h a r a c te r is t ic s

of th e s o c ia l v a lu e sco res f o r t h e fo u r an ti-S em itism q u a r te r s . I t can

be observed th a t th e means a re 3 2 .1 0 , 31 .67 , 30 .64 , 29.00 f o r th e low,

medium low, medium h ig h , and h igh a n ti-S em itism groups, r e s p e c t iv e ly .

This in d ic a te s c le a r - c u t s te p -w ise d if fe re n c e s amont th e fo u r q u a r te r s .

The re a d e r w i l l n o te from Table X th a t s t a t i s t i c a l l y s ig n i f ic a n t

d if fe re n c e s a t th e 5% confidence le v e l e x is t between Q uarters 1 and 4,

and 2 and 4 .

-51 -

TABLE V III

STATISTICAL COMPARISONS OF AESTHETIC SCORES IN ANTI-SEMITISMQUARTERS 1, 2 , 3, AND 4

Qtrs D iff/M S S t P

1 & 4 5 .60 1.79 3.13 .01

1 & 3 2 .05 1.87 1.10 n . s .

2 & 4 5 .97 1.48 4.03 .01

1 & 2 .37 1.83 .25 XX* s •

2 & 3 2.42 1.57 1.54 •CO•a

3 <3c 4 3.55 1.52 2.34 • o cn

52-

TABLE IX

MEANS, STANDARD DEVIATIONS, AND STANDARD ERRORS OF THE MEANS OFSOCIAL VALUE SCORES IN ANTI-SEME TISM QUARTERS 1, 2 , 3 , AND 4

Q tr N M S D se/ m

1 42 32.10 6 .14 1.27

2 43 31.67 7.01 1.08

3 42 30.64 4 .90 .77

4 42 29.00 6.56 1.02

-53 -

TABLE X

STATISTICAL COMPARISONS OF QUARTERS

SOCIAL SCORES IN ANTL 1 , 2, 3 , AND 4

-SEMITISM

Q trs D iff/M S E t P

1 & 4 3 .1 0 1.63 1.90 .05

1 & 3 1 .4 6 1.48 .99 n . s .

2 & 4 2 .6 7 1.49 1.79 .05

1 & 2 .4 3 1.67 .2 6 n . s .

2 & 3 1 .03 1.33 .77 n . s .

3 & 4 1 .64 1.28 1.28 n .s .

-54 -

The p resence of s te p -w ise d if fe re n c e s among a l l fo u r q u a r te rs and

th e s t a t i s t i c a l l y s ig n i f i c a n t d if fe re n c e s between 1 and 4 and 2 and 4 ,

tend to len d fu r th e r su p p o rt to th e h y p o th e s is .

On th e b a s is of th e se in te r - q u a r t e r a n a ly s is d a ta and th e p resence

of a s ig n i f ic a n t n e g a tiv e c o r r e la t io n , i t can b e , th e r e f o r e , concluded

th a t s o c ia l v a lu es and a n ti-S e m itism a r e in co n g ru en t.

P o l i t i c a l Values and T h e ir R e la tio n sh ip to A nti-S em itism

The f i f t h h y p o th esis s t a t e s th a t p o l i t i c a l v a lu es and an ti-S em itism

a re congruen t. In te rm s of o u r s c a l e s , th e r e f o r e , a p o s i t iv e r e l a t io n ­

sh ip shou ld e x i s t between sco re s on th e an ti-S e m itism and s o c ia l v a lu e

s c a le s .

A c o r r e la t io n c o e f f ic ie n t of .322 (T able I I ) , s ig n i f ic a n t a t th e

I % le v e l o f co n fid en ce , was found between th e s e two v a r ia b le s . This

upholds th e h y p o th e s is .

Table XI p re se n ts th e means and r e la te d s t a t i s t i c a l d a ta o f th e

p o l i t i c a l v a lu e sco res f o r t h e fo u r q u a r te rs o f t h e an ti-S em itism d is ­

t r i b u t i o n . The means a re 28 .8 1 , 29 .1 4 , 3 3 .5 7 , and 33.71 in th e low,

medium low, medium h ig h , and h igh an ti-S em itism groups, r e s p e c t iv e ly .

This in d ic a te s s te p -w ise d if fe re n c e s among th e fo u r q u a r te r s .

I t can be observed from Table X II t h a t s t a t i s t i c a l l y s ig n i f ic a n t

d if fe re n c e s a t th e 1% confidence le v e l e x is t betw een Q uarters 1 and 4 ,

1 and 3 , 2 and 4 , and 4 and 3.

The p resence of s te p -w ise d if fe re n c e s among a l l fo u r q u a r te rs and

th e s t a t i s t i c a l s ig n if ic a n c e of s e v e ra l of th es .a d if f e re n c e s , s tro n g ly

supports th e h y p o th e s is .

55

TABLE XI

LEANS, STANDARD DEVIATIONS, AND STANDARD ERRORS OF THE MEANS OFPOLITICAL VALUE SCORES IN ANTI-SEMITISM QUARTERS 1, 2 , 3, AND 4

Q tr N M S D se/ m

1 42 28.81 6.58 1.03

2 43 29.14 6.43 .99

3 42 33.57 4.65 .73

4 42 33.71 5.09

/

oCO•

-56-

TABLE XII

STATISTICAL COMPARISONS OF POLITICAL SCORES IN ANTI-SEMITISMQUARTERS 1, 2 , 3, AND 4

Qfcrs D iff/M S B t P

1 & 4 4.90 1.30 3.77 .01

1 & 3 4.76 1.26 3.78 .01

2 & 4 4.57 1.27 3.60 .01

1 & 2 .96 1.43 .67 n . s .

2 & 3 4.43 1.23 3.60 .01

3 & 4 .14 l.OB .13 n . s .

-57-

I t can, th e r e fo r e , be concluded, th a t on th e b a s is of th e evidence

from th e in te r - q u a r te r a n a ly s is and th e e x is te n c e of a s ig n i f ic a n t

p o s i t iv e c o r r e la t io n , p o l i t i c a l v a lu es and an ti-S em itism a re congruen t.

R e lig io u s Values and T h e ir R e la tio n sh ip to A nti-S em itism

The s ix th h y p o th esis s t a t e s th a t r e l ig io u s v a lu e s and an ti-S em itism

a re in co n g ru en t. In term s of our s c a le s , th e r e f o r e , a n e g a tiv e r e la t io n ­

sh ip should e x i s t between sco res on th e an ti-S em itism s c a le and scores

on th e r e l ig io u s v a lu e s u b -s c a le .

I t was found (T able I I ) t h a t a c o r r e la t io n of - .1 3 6 , n o t s t a t i s ­

t i c a l l y s ig n i f i c a n t , e x is ts between re l ig io u s v a lu es and an ti-S em itism .

This does n o t su p p o rt our hypo thesis s a t i s f a c t o r i l y , so th e hypo thesis

must be r e je c te d . However, t h i s r i s i n th e hypo thesized d i r e c t io n , so

an a n a ly s is of th e n a tu re o f t h i s r e la t io n s h ip appears to be w arran ted .

Table X III p re se n ts th e moans and r e la te d s t a t i s t i c a l c h a r a c te r is ­

t i c s of th e r e l ig io u s sco res in th e fo u r p re ju d ic e q u a r te r s . The read er

w i l l n o te in T able X III t h a t th e means a re 3 3 .2 6 , 33 .3 9 , 32 .6 0 , and

32.90 f o r th e low, medium low, medium h ig h , and high an ti-S em itism

groups re s p e c t iv e ly . I n te r - q u a r te r d if fe re n c e s do n o t approach s t a t i s ­

t i c a l s ig n i f ic a n c e , as can be seen in Table XIV.

The r e s u l t s shown above th e n , do n o t su p p o rt th e hypo thesis reg ard ­

ing th e incongruence o f r e l ig io u s v a lu es and an ti-S em itism .

We may conclude t h i s s e c t io n of th e r e s u l t s by adding th a t th e

an ti-S em itism d i s t r ib u t io n was a lso broken down acco rd ing to sex , and

an in v e s t ig a t io n of th e r e la t io n s h ip between each v a lu e and an ti-S em itism

in th e male and fem ale groups was made. A ll of th e tren d s p resen ted

above wore su p p o rted .

-58-

TABLE X III

LEAHS, STANDARD DEVIATIONS, AND STANDARD ERRORS OF THE MEANS OFRELIGIOUS VALUE SCORES IN ANTI-SEMITISM QUARTERS 1, 2 , 3, AND 4

Q tr N M S D se/ m

1 42 33.26 8 .30 1.30

2 43 33.39 11.05 1.71

3 42 32.60 7.96 1.24

4 42 32.90 7.98 1.25

-59-

TABLE XIV

STATISTICAL COMPARISONS OF RELIGIOUS SCORES IN ANTI-SEMITISMQUARTERS 1, 2 , 3 , AND 4

Qfcrs D iff/M S E t P

1 & 4 .36 1.80 .20 n . s .

1 & 3 • 66 1.80 .37 n . s .

2 & 4 .49 2.12 .23 n . s .

1 & 2 .13 2 .15 .06 n . s .

2 & 3 .79 2 .11 .37 n . s .

3 & 4 .30 1.76 .17 n . s .

-60 -

The R e la tio n sh ip Between V alue P a tte rn s and A nti-Sem itism

The sev en th hy p o th esis i s t o th e e f f e c t t h a t a n ti-S e m itic in d iv id ­

u a ls a re dominated by p o l i t i c a l and economic v a lu e s , •while in d iv id u a ls

r e l a t iv e ly le s s a n ti-S e m it ic a r e dom inated by a e s th e t ic , t h e o r e t ic a l ,

s o c ia l , and re lig io u s v a lu e s . As was su g g ested in th e methodology

s e c t io n o f th e p re se n t p ap er, a t e s t o f th i s hypo thesis was e f fe c te d by

computing an o rd er o f dominance p a t te r n o f th e s ix v a lu es in term s of

rankings from 1 to 6, f o r th e fo u r q u a r te rs o f th e an ti-S em itism d i s t r i ­

b u tio n .

By th e method d e sc rib e d in th e methodology s e c t io n , mean rankings

were determ ined f o r t h e fo u r q u a r te rs of t h e an ti-S em itism d is t r ib u t io n

f o r each of th e s ix v a lu e s . These mean rank ings and r e la te d s t a t i s t i ­

ca l c h a r a c te r is t i c s ap p ear in T able XV. I t w i l l be observed from

Table XV t h a t f o r th e low p re ju d ic e group (Qtr-^) th e mean rankings a re

a e s th e t ic 2 .0 0 , t h e o r e t ic a l 3 .1 7 , s o c ia l 2 .5 7 , r e l ig io u s 2 .6 2 , economic

4 .6 9 , and p o l i t i c a l 4 .B 3. "When th e se mean rank ings a r e converted to

rankings from 1 to 6 th ey ap p ear in th e fo llo w in g o rd e r from h ig h e s t to

low est: a e s th e t ic , s o c ia l , r e l ig io u s , t h e o r e t i c a l , economic, and

p o l i t i c a l .

In th e medium low p re ju d ic e group (Q trg ) th e mean rank ings a re

a e s th e t ic 3 .0 2 , th e o r e t ic a l 3 .1 9 , s o c ia l 3 .0 7 , r e l ig io u s 3 .0 0 , economic

4 .2 9 , and p o l i t i c a l 4 .0 5 . 'When co n v erted , th ey appear in th e fo llo w in g

o rd e r: r e l ig io u s , a e s th e t ic , s o c ia l , t h e o r e t i c a l , p o l i t i c a l , and

economic.

In t h e medium h ig h p re ju d ic e group (Q tr^ ) th e mean rank ings a re

a e s th e t ic 4 .1 6 , t h e o r e t i c a l 4 .2 8 , s o c ia l 3 .4 2 , r e l ig io u s 3 .3 8 , economic

-61-

TABLE XV

MEANS, STANDARD , ERRORS, AND STANDARD DEVIATIONS, OP THE SIX VALUESCORES CONVERTED TO RANKINGS IN ANTI-SEMITISM QUARTERS 1, 2 , 3, AND 4

N QTR AE TVALUES

S R E P

H 2 . 0 0 3 . 1 7 2 . 5 7 2 . 6 2 4 . 6 9 4 . 8 342 1

S . E . . 2 1 . 2 1 . 2 1 . 2 2 . 1 7 • to o

S . D . 1 . 3 5 1 . 3 6 1 . 3 3 1 . 4 1 1 . 1 0 1 . 2 5

M 3 . 0 2 3 . 1 9 3 . 0 7 3 . 0 0 4 . 2 9 4 . 0 542 2

S • E» . 2 7 . 2 6 . 2 4

oto. . 1 5 . 2 4

S . D . 1 . 7 0 1 . 6 5 1 . 5 6 1 . 9 6 . 9 7 1 . 5 1

M 4 . 1 6 4 . 2 8 3 . 4 2 3 . 3 8 3 . 4 0 2 . 7 443 3

S *E« . 2 4 . 2 3 . 2 4 . 3 0 . 2 5 . 2 2

S . D . 1 . 5 8 1 . 4 8 1 . 5 3 1 . 9 3 1 . 6 2 1 . 4 5

M 5 . 1 7 4 . 6 9 3 .e e 3 . 5 7 2 . 3 6 2 . 3 142 4

S . E . . 1 9 . 0 9 . 2 2 . 2 8 . 2 0 . 2 1

S . D . 1 . 2 3 . 5 8 1 . 4 2 1 . 7 6 1 . 3 0 1 . 3 7

—62—

3 .4 0 , and p o l i t i c a l 2 .7 4 . When co n v erted , th e y ap p ear in th e fo llow ­

ing o rd e r: p o l i t i c a l , r e l ig io u s , economic, s o c ia l , a e s th e t ic , and

th e o r e t ic a l .

In th e h ig h p re ju d ic e group (Q tr ) th e mean rank ings a r e a e s th e t ic4

5 .1 7 , th e o r e t ic a l 4 .6 9 , s o c ia l 3 .8 6 , r e l ig io u s 3 .5 7 , economic 2 ,36 ,

p o l i t i c a l 2 .3 1 . VJhen co n v erted , th e y appear in th e fo llo w in g o rd er:

p o l i t i c a l , economic, r e l ig io u s , s o c ia l , t h e o r e t ic a l , and a e s th e tic *

F ig u re I p re se n ts th e s e v a lu e h ie ra rc h ie s g ra p h ic a lly on th e b a s is o f

th e mean v a lu e sco res in each q u a r te r . I t w i l l be n o ted in F ig u re I

t h a t w ith th e ex ce p tio n of th e medium h igh p re ju d ic e group (Q tr^ ) , which

appears to be dom inated by p o l i t i c a l and r e l ig io u s v a lu e s r a th e r th a n

by p o l i t i c a l and economic v a lu e s as hy p o th esized , th e p re d ic te d v a lu e

p a tte rn s appear to e x i s t .

Values as F ac to rs in Reasons f o r P re ju d ic e

The e ig h th hypo thesis s t a t e s t h a t th e dominant v a lu e s in th e h igh

and low an ti-S em itism groups w i l l fu n c tio n as s ig n i f ic a n t de term iners

o f th o typos of reasons g iven f o r be ing and n o t being p re ju d ic e d , and

th e number of reasons g iven w i l l be an index of th e in t e n s i ty of a n t i -

Sem itism .

Ac has been e s ta b lis h e d in th e h y p o th esis d iscu ssed above, th e

dominant va lu es in t h e high group a re p o l i t i c a l and economic, w hile t h e

dominant in the low group a r e a e s th e t ic , t h e o r e t i c a l , s o c ia l , and

r e l ig io u s .

Consequently in o rd e r t o support th e f i r s t p a rt o f th e h y p o th e s is ,

th e number of economic and p o l i t i c a l reasons given by th o h ig h group

-63-

Ran

k

1 V *

The R e la tiv e Im portance of Values fo r A nti-Sem itism Q uarters 1 , 2 , 3,and 4 in Terms of ^ean Rankings

Q trx = ------- .—

Qt r 2 “o o o o o

Q tr3 - --------------

Q trA - Xx X * *X

6

5

i , 0 o ° O o

4

•A3

2

1

PBRSAB T

Value

-64-

should b e s ig n i f i c a n t ly g re a te r th a n th e number given by th e low group,

w h ile t h e number of a e s th e t ic , t h e o r e t i c a l , s o c ia l , and r e l ig io u s re a ­

sons g iven by th e low group shou ld be s ig n i f i c a n t ly g r e a te r th a n th e

number g iven by th e h ig h group.

Table XVI p re se n ts th e number o f v a lu e - in f lu e n c e d reasons and

o th e r reasons g iven by high and low a n ti-S e m itism groups. I t w i l l be

no ted in T ab le XVI t h a t th e h igh group gave 55 economic v a lu e - in flu e n c e d

reaso n s , f o r being p re ju d ic e d , w h ile th e low group gave 41. The high

group gave 14 p o l i t i c a l rea so n s , th e low group 4 . The low group gave

14 r e l ig io u s rea so n s , th e h igh group 13. N e ith e r group gave any th e o ­

r e t i c a l , a e s th e t ic , o r s o c ia l v a lu e - in f lu e n c e d reasons f o r be ing p r e j ­

u d iced .

I t w i l l a ls o be no ted th a t th e low group gave 25 th e o r e t ic a l v a lu e -

in flu en ced reasons f o r n o t be ing p re ju d ic e d , th e h ig h group IB . The

h igh group gave 14 Economic reaso n s , th e low group 10. The low group

gave 3 a e s th e t ic re a so n s , th e high group 2 . The h igh group gave 22

s o c ia l re a so n s , th e low group 21 . The high group gave 8 p o l i t i c a l

reaso n s , th o low group 4 . The low group gave 17 r e l ig io u s re a so n s , th e

h igh group 10.

A t r e n d e x is ts in d ic a t in g th e o p e ra tio n o f economic and p o l i t i c a l

v a lu es to a g re a te r extenb in th e h igh an ti-S em itism group th a n in th e

low, both in a n t i - and p ro -Jew ish reaso n s , len d in g some su p p o rt to our

h y p o th e s is . A s l i g h t tre n d e x i s t s in d ic a t in g th e g r e a te r in flu e n c e of

th e o r e t ic a l and r e l ig io u s v a lu e s in th e p ro -Jew ish reasons g iven by th e

low group. However, n e i th e r of th e s e tre n d s i s s t a t i s t i c a l l y s ig n i f i c a n t .

-65-

TABLE XVI

NUMBER OF VALUE-INFLUENCED AND MISCELLANEOUS REASONS IN HIGH AND LOY/ ANTI-SEMITISM GROUPS

TYPE OF REASON

POS.A-S

ONSCALE N T E AE

VALUES p R MISC. TOTAL

High 25/S 42 0 55 0 0 14 13 81 163A n ti-Jowish

Low 25 % 42 0 41 0 0 4 14 53 112

High 25J? 42 18 14 2 22 8 10 47 121P ro-J ewia h

Low 255? 42 25 10 3 21 4 17 70 150

- 66-

Thus, w hile th e s e r e s u l t s a re h ig h ly su g g e s tiv e th e f i r s t p a r t of th e

hypo thesis has n o t been c le a r ly u p h e ld .

In o rd e r t o uphold th e second p a r t of th e h y p o th e s is , th e number

of reasons g iven f o r b e in g a n ti-S e m it ic should be s ig n i f ic a n t ly g re a te r

in th e h igh p re ju d ic e group th an in t h e low p re ju d ic e group, w h ile th e

number of reasons g iv en f o r n o t be ing a n ti-S e m itic should be s i g n i f i ­

c a n tly g r e a te r in th e low p re ju d ic o group.

Table XVII p re se n ts a s t a t i s t i c a l comparison of th e reasons f o r

p re ju d ic e g iven by th e h ig h (Q tr4 ) and low (Q tr^ ) g roups. I t w i l l be

no ted in T able XVII th a t th o h igh group gave an average of 3.88 reasons

f o r being p re ju d ic e d , w h ile th e low group gave 2 .6 7 . The d if fe re n c e of

1.21 i s s ig n if ic a n t a t t h e 1°' le v e l of con fid en ce .

I t w i l l a lso be n o ted th a t th o h ig h group gave an average of 2.88

reasons f o r no t be ing p re ju d ic e d , w h ile th e low group gave 3 .5 7 . The

d if fe re n c e of .69 is s ig n i f ic a n t a t th e 5^ le v e l o f confidence.

These d a ta appear t o uphold tho second p a r t of our h y p o th e s is .

J t may be concluded th a t th e number o f reasons g iv en by groups f o r be­

ing and n o t being a n ti-S e m it ic se rv es as a r e l i a b le index of w hether

th e groups a re h igh o r low in a n ti-S e m itism .

Some In c id e n ta l R esu lts

This s e c t io n of th e p re se n t paper w i l l be devoted to th e p re sen ta ­

t io n of o e r ta in in c id e n ta l r e s u l t s t h a t were o b ta in ed o r wore made

e a s i ly o b ta in a b le in th e p rocess of t e s t i n g th e hypotheses.

These r e s u l t s can be se p a ra te d in to two g e n e ra l p a r t s . (1 ) R esu lts

th a t d ea l w ith c e r ta in in te r-g ro u p d if fe re n c e s on th e an ti-S em itism

/

L- 67-

r\

TABLE XVII

A STATISTICAL COMPARISON OF THE NU?!B3R OF PREJUDICED AND RON-PREJUDICED REASONS GIVEN BY THOSE IN THS HIGH AND LOW GROUPS

ON THE AITTI-SEUITISM SCALE

Q tr N M SD SE/Fn S E /d if f /: 'j i d i f f / l* . t P

PREJUDICED REASONS

4 42 3.68 1.72 .27 .371 . 2 1 3 . 3 3 . 0 1

1 42 2.67 1.49 .23

NON-PKEJUDICED REASONS

4 42 2.88 1.12 .18.3e .69 1.82 • o en

1 42 3.57 2.21 .34

- 66-

s c a le . (2 ) R esu lts th a t d ea l w ith sex d if fe re n c e s on the s ix v a lu e

s u b -s c a le s .

No a ttem p t w i l l be made to make d e ta i l e d analy ses of th e s e r e s u l t s ;

bu t re fe re n c e to e x is t in g s tu d ie s which e i t h e r ag ree o r d isa g re e w ith

th e r e s u l t s w il l b e made when th e y a r e a p p lic a b le , o r a re a v a i la b le .

C e r ta in In tra -G ro u p D iffe ren ces on th e A nti-S em itism Scale

In Table XVIII is found th e r e s u l t s r e la t in g to c e r ta in in te r-g ro u p

d if fe re n c e s w ith re sp e c t t o sco res on th e Levinson-Sanford A nti-Sem itism

s c a le . These r e s u l t s in d ic a te th a t no s t a t i s t i c a l l y s ig n i f ic a n t d i f f e r ­

ences e x is t betw een th e fo llo w in g p a ir s of groups: male v e te ran s and

male n o n -v e te ra n s , s tu d e n ts who have n o t ta k e n th e E f fe c t iv e L iv ing

course'*' a t M ichigan S ta te C o llege and s tu d e n ts who have had th r e e term s

o f th e co u rse , C a th o lic s and P r o te s ta n ts , C a th o lics and in d iv id u a ls w ith

no r e l ig io u s p re fe re n c e , P ro te s ta n ts and th e no p re fe re n c e group, and a

combined group of freshm en and sophomores as compared w ith a oombined

group of ju n io rs and s e n io r s . A d if fe re n c e s ig n i f i c a n t a t th e 5% le v e l

of con fidence was found between th e m ale and fem ale su b je c ts in our 2

sam ple, fem ales m a n ife s tin g le s s an ti-S e m itism th a n m ales.

The E f fe c t iv e L iv ing co u rse a t M ichigan S ta te C ollege devotes a con­s id e r a b le p o r tio n of c la s s tim e to a d e l ib e r a te a ttem p t to reduce r a c i a l p r e ju d ic e . Dahnke (12) found, c o n tra ry to th e p re se n t r e s u l t s , t h a t th e course d id reduce p re ju d ic e s ig n i f i c a n t ly .The r e s u l t s in v o lv in g th e r e l ig io u s , v e te ra n -n o n -v e te ra n , co llege , c l a s s , and m ale-fem ale sub-groups a re in agreem ent w ith r e s u l t s of an un p u b lish ed s tu d y an a ly z in g th e s e group d if fe re n c e s as p a r t o f a c la s s p ro je c t in so c io lo g y . A random sample o f th e s tu d e n ts on th e M ichigan S ta te C ollege campus was u se d . However, in s te a d of th e an ti-S em itism s c a le , an in te rv ie w tech n iq u e was used to determ ine in te n s i ty of p re ju d io e . This s tu d y , com pleted in 1949, was d ire c te d by M. Rokeach.

TABLE XVIII

A STATISTICAL COMPARISON OP CERTAIN GROUPS ON THE ANTI-SEMITISM SCALE

GROUPS N M SD D iff . t P

Male V e ts .

Male non V e ts .

68

48

136.18

129.21

47.39

37.246.97 .ee n . s .

Males

Females

116

53

133.29

117.75

43.62

43.9615.54 2.12 .05

0 term s E. L.

3 term s E. L.

52

62

131.15

123.37

47.34

41.507.78 .92 n . s .

; C a th o lic s

P ro te s ta n ts

32

121

128.69

129.06

49.69

43.80.37 .04 n .s .

C a th o lics

No P re fe ren ce

32

16

128.69

123.06

49.69

35.585.63 .44 n . s .

P ro te s ta n ts

No P re fe ren ce

121

16

129.06

123.06

43.60

35.586.00 .60 n . s .

Preshmen-Sophomores

Ju n io r-S e n io rs

102

67

128.71

127.98

44.21

44.48.73 .10 n .s .

-70-

I

Sex D iffe ren ces on th e S ix Value Sub-Scales

In T able XIX i s found th e r e s u l t s o f an a ly z in g sex d iffe re n c e s

on th o s ix su b -sc a le s of th e A llpo rt-V ernon Study o f V alues. I t can

be seen in Table XIX t h a t fem ales a re s ig n i f i c a n t ly h ig h er in a e s th e ­

t i c (1?6 le v e l ) s o c ia l (5$ le v e l ) and r e l ig io u s (1% le v e l) v a lu e s .

The males a re s ig n i f i c a n t ly h ig h er in p o l i t i c a l , economic, and th e o r e t i ­

c a l v a lu es ( a l l a t 1% le v e l of co n fid e n c e ).^ These r e s u l t s ag ree w ith

th e f in d in g s o f C a n tr i l and A llp o r t ( 9 ) , P in tn e r (3 8 ) , and Hartman (2 2 ) .

^ With re sp e c t to s c o re s on th e A e s th e tic Value S u b -sca le men a re s ig n i f i c a n t ly more heterogeneous th a n women (1% le v e l of c o n fi­d ence).

-71-

TABLE XIX

A STATISTICAL COMPARISON OP MALE AND FEMALE SCORES ON THESIX VALUE SUB-SCALES

VALUE SEX N M SD D if f . t P

M 116 20.59 6.49T 2 .87 2.68 .01

P 53 25.72 6.45

M 116 30.94 6.29E 4.85 5 .05 .01

F 53 26.09 5.62

M 116 25.22 8.85AE 6.06 5.61 .01

F 53 31.28 5 .16

M 116 30.12 7.07S 2 .35 2 .40 .05

F 53 32.47 5.28

M 116 32.68 6.04P 4.42 4.75 .01

F 53 28.26 5.49

M 116 31.42 8 .64R 5.16 4.41 .01

F 53 36.58 6.24

-72-

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

R ela ted Research

Since th e u n d e rtak in g of th e p re se n t s tu d y , two o ther s tu d ie s

have been com pleted which d e a l w ith th e problem of th e r e la t io n s h ip

o f S p ra n g e r 's v a lu e s and p re ju d ic e . However, th e c o n s id e ra tio n s of

t h i s problem by Gough (19) and Dahnke (12) a re m erely sm all p a r ts of

m ajor re se a rc h p r o je c t s , so th e problem i s no t pursued by th e s e in v e s t i ­

g a to rs to any g re a t e x te n t . At any r a t e , a comparison of th e r e s u l ts

in th e p re se n t s tu d y w ith th e r e s u l t s in th e se s tu d ie s is in o rd e r.

Gough a d m in is te red th e A llpo rt-V ernon s c a le t o a group of h igh

school s e n io rs f o r ■whom he a lre a d y had an ti-S em itism s c o re s . He d iv id ­

ed th e group in to highs and low s, w ith 27 s u b je c ts in each group, and

computed t r a t io s w ith re sp e c t to in d iv id u a l s u b -sc a le s c o re s . Gough

had n o t fo rm ula ted any s p e c i f ic hypotheses r e l a t iv e to th e f in d in g s ,

b u t he found a d if f e re n c e i n s o c ia l v a lu e sco res in th e two groups

s ig n i f ic a n t a t th e 5% le v e l o f co n fid en ce , which i s c o n s is te n t w ith

th e p re se n t r e s u l t s . A t r a t io o f 1 .7 5 , approaching s ig n if ic a n c e ,

was found in th e case of th e economic v a lu e s , which is a lso c o n s is te n t

w ith th e p re se n t r e s u l t s . However, c o n tra d ic to ry evidence was found

in t h e case of th e p o l i t i c a l v a lu e s , i n which a d if f e r e n c e , a lthough

n o t s t a t i s t i c a l l y s ig n i f i c a n t , was found in th e d i r e c t io n o p p o s ite to

th e p re sen t r e s u l t s .^ -

The d if f e re n c e in th e r e s u l ts in th e p re se n t paper and Gough's

r e s u l t s may be a t t r ib u te d t o th e f a c t t h a t th e h igh school sample he

^ The read er w i l l r e c a l l t h a t W ickert (53) and L u rie (31) found s ig ­n i f i c a n t p o s i t iv e c o r re la t io n s betw een th e economic and p o l i t i c a l su b -sc a le s which would be a f u r th e r reason fo r n o t ex p ec tin g th i s r e s u l t of Gough's (1 9 ).

used m ight have been s ig n i f i c a n t ly d i f f e r e n t in c h a ra c te r th a n our

sample o f c o lle g e s tu d e n ts , th e sm a lle r numbers in th e upper and lower

groups (27 in Gough's s tu d y to our 4 2 ) , o r t h a t th e two s c a le s used

( th e Study of Values and A nti-Sem itism ) m ight n o t be v a l id and r e l ia b le

f o r younger s u b je c ts in th e se n se th a t they would be f o r more m ature

s u b je c ts . This f a c to r m ight be p a r t i c u la r ly s ig n i f i c a n t , s in c e bo th

Vernon and A llp o r t (50) and Levinson and Sanford (27) used predom inantly

co lle g e s tu d o n ts as s ta n d a rd iz a t io n g roups.

As in t h e p re sen t s tu d y , Dahnke a lso used M ichigan S ta te C ollege

s tu d e n ts (N*s300). However, Dahnke's sample in c lu d ed a g re a te r number

o f freshm en and sophomores th a n w ere p re sen t in t h e w r i t e r 's sam ple.

Dahnke d id no t use th e an ti-S em itism s c a le , b u t used two o th e r t e s t s

of g en e ra l m in o rity group p re ju d ic e , th e P re ju d ic e S cale of th e Minne­

s o ta id i l t ip h a s ic P e r s o n a l i ty In v en to ry developed by Gough, and Cook's

Opinion Survey.

He computed product moment r ' s between each v a lu e su b -sc a le and

th e sc o re s on th e two p re ju d ic e t e s t s . He found s ig n i f i c a n t n e g a tiv e

c o r re la t io n s betw een p re ju d ic e sco res and s o c ia l and a e s th e t ic values

and s ig n i f ic a n t p o s i t iv e c o r re la t io n s between th e p re ju d ic e sco res and

th e p o l i t i c a l and economic v a lu e s . A s l i g h t n e g a tiv e c o r re la t io n (no t

s t a t i s t i c a l l y s ig n i f i c a n t ) was found between p re ju d ic e sco res and

re l ig io u s and th e o r e t ic a l v a lu e s .

Dahnke's r e s u l t s and o u r r e s u l t s appear t o be e s s e n t ia l ly th e same.

The r e s u l t s in th e p re se n t s tu d y a lso ag ree w ith Gough's r e s u l t s to th e

e x ten t t h a t o u r f in d in g s w ith re sp e c t to s o c ia l and economic v a lu es were

th e same, w ith th e tre n d s fo r th e o th e r v a lu e s , w ith th e excep tio n of

p o l i t i c a l , being in t h e same d i r e c t io n .

74-

P o ss ib le E xp lanations f o r R e jec ted Hypotheses

In th e r e s u l t s i t was s ta te d t h a t th e o r e t ic a l v a lu es d id n o t appear

to be s ig n i f i c a n t ly r e la te d t o an ti-S em itism in th e hypothesized nega­

t i v e d i r e c t io n . Why w a s n 't th e hypo thesis upheld? A p o ss ib le answer

to t h i s q u e s tio n is found in o u r e a r l i e r t h e o r e t ic a l d isc u s s io n . We

made th e p o in t t h a t th e t h e o r e t i c a l in d iv id u a l would ten d to be i n t r a -

c e p tiv e . However, i t was su g g ested th a t some th e o r e t ic a l in d iv id u a ls ,

because of being s tro n g ly em p iric a l in t h e i r approach to problem s, might

te n d to be somewhat e x tr a c e p t iv e . This r a i s e s th e p o s s ib i l i ty th a t

b o th in t r a c e p t iv e and e x tr a c e p tiv e th e o r e t ic a l in d iv id u a ls might sco re

h igh on th e th e o r e t ic a l v a lu e s c a le . S ince in tr a c e p t io n i s r e la te d to

to le ra n c e and e x tra c e p tio n to in to le ra n c e , i f even a r e la t iv e ly few

e x tra c e p tiv e th e o r e t ic a l in d iv id u a ls sco red h igh on th e s c a le , i t could

m a te r ia l ly reduce th e s ig n i f ic a n c e of any n e g a tiv e re la t io n s h ip between

th e o r e t ic a l v a lu e s and a n ti-S e m itism t h a t m ight be p re s e n t .

The p o s s ib i l i t y of th e p resence of b o th in tr a c e p t iv e and ex tracep ­

t i v e th e o r e t ic a l in d iv id u a ls p rov ides a b a s is f o r f u r th e r re se a rc h .

I t i s p o s s ib le t h a t the d i f f e r e n c e may be s im i la r t o th e d if f e r e n c e

th a t may b e p re se n t between s o c ia l s c i e n t i s t s and p h y s ic a l s c i e n t i s t s .

A com parison of r e l a t iv e s t r e n g th of p re ju d ic e betvfeen th e s e tvro group3,

may in i t s e l f have some b e a r in g on th i s problem . On an a p r io r i b a s is

th e w r i t e r has observed t h a t th e s o c ia l s c i e n t i s t s a re r e la t iv e ly le s s

p re ju d ic e d th a n th e p h y s ica l s c i e n t i s t s . Of co u rse , a c r i t i c a l exami­

n a tio n of t h i s p o s s ib i l i ty would re q u ire th e u t i l i z a t i o n o f a s c a le

th a t d i f f e r e n t i a t e d between in t r a c e p t iv e and e x tra c e p tiv e in d iv id u a ls ,

and a d m in is te r in g i t to h ig h s c o re rs on th e A llport-V ernon th e o r e t ic a l

s c a le .

The h y p o th esized n e g a tiv e tre n d in th e r e la t io n s h ip betw een r e ­

l ig io u s v a lu e s and an ti-S em itism was a ls o n o t found to bo s ig n i f i c a n t .

In a d d i t io n , th e f in d in g s r e l a t iv e t o th e p o s i t io n o f r e l ig io u s v a lu es

in t h e v a lu e p a tte rn s of th e fo u r a n ti-S e m itism q u a r te rs appears to bo

r a th e r p a rad o x ic a l (F ig u re I ) . R e lig io u s v a lu es appear to p lay an

eq u a lly im portan t p a r t in b o th extrem e q u a r te r g ro u p s . The re a d e r w i l l

r e c a l l t h a t in t h e medium lov; group, r e l ig io u s v a lu es rank No. 1 and

in th e medium h igh group th ey rank No. 2 , w h ile in both th e h igh and

low a n ti-S e m itism groups re l ig io u s v a lu e s rank No. 3 . Yfliat exp la ins

th e s e a p p a re n tly p a rad o x ica l f in d in g s?

A p o s s ib le ex p la n a tio n i s t o be found in a c o n s id e ra tio n of th e

ty p e of r e l ig io u s n e s s t h a t i s measured by th e r e l ig io u s v a lu e s c a le .

K irk p a tr ic k (25) lias n o ted th a t hum anitarian ism and r e l ig io n in th e

narrow sense th a t i t is p re se n t in many in d iv id u a ls a re n e g a tiv e ly cor­

r e la te d . However, C lark in Values in P e rs o n a li ty Research (54) and

R osonb lith (41) su g g est tho p o s s ib i l i t y o f th e p resence of a p o s i t iv e

o r h um an itarian r e l ig io n a s w e ll a s a narrow r e l ig io n th a t tends to

b reed in c re a se d e th n o cen trism .

I t is p o s s ib le th a t th e r e l ig io u s s c a le does n o t r e l ia b ly d i f f e r ­

e n t ia te betw een in d iv id u a ls who a re r e l ig io u s in the hum anitarian and

th e narrow , re l ig io u s se n se . I f t h i s i s a v a l id assum ption , i t would

be expected th a t th o low p re ju d ic e groups sco red high in re lig io u s

v a lu e r , because of th o p resence of a s tro n g hum anitarian r e l ig io n ,

w h ile th e h igh p re ju d ic e groups sco red h igh in r e l ig io u s v a lu es because

of th e p resen ce of a s tr o n g , narrow ty p e of r e l ig io u s n e s s . This would

ex p la in th e ap p a ren t am biguity in th e r e s u l t s .

The absence of a s ig n i f i c a n t t r e n d in d ic a t in g th a t th e dominant

v a lu es determ ined th e k inds o f reasons g iv en by th e high and low a n t i -

Semitism groups, can be ex p la in ed on th e b a s is of an a n a ly s is o f th e

reasons t h a t were g iv en .

I t was found th a t th e m a jo rity of th e s u b je c ts , b o th p re ju d iced

and u n p re ju d ic ed , w ere in flu e n c e d by e x is t in g s te re o ty p e s concerning

th o Jews in c o n s tru c tin g t h e i r re a so n s . Most of th e p re ju d ic e d re a ­

sons m erely in d ic a te d a n accep tance o f a p re v a le n t n e g a tiv e s te re o ty p e ,

w hile most o f th e u n p re ju d ic ed reasons m erely d isco u n ted p re v a le n t

n eg a tiv e s te re o ty p e . In o th e r w ords, most reasons had t o do w ith an

accep tance o r r e je c t io n of th e ’’c la n n ish n e ss” , re l ig io u s d if f e re n c e ,

" d i f f e r e n t” appearance, "shrew dness", "shady" f in a n c ia l a c t i v i t i e s , o r

s im ila r n e g a tiv e s te re o ty p e s o f th e Jew s. I t appears t h a t s te re o ty p e s ,

th e r e fo re , were more im portan t as de te rm in ers of reasons g iven by bo th

groups, th a n th e v a lu es as such .

G eneral Comments

The t re n d in t h e r e s u l t s in g en e ra l which in d ic a te s t h a t a n t i -

S em itic in d iv id u a ls a re dom inated by economic and p o l i t i c a l v a lu es have

some fa r - re a c h in g th e o r e t ic a l im p lic a tio n s when we c o n s id e r i t i n terms

of t h e problem of reducing a n ti-S e m itism and p re ju d ic e g e n e ra lly .

J . Edward Todd (47) has made a p e n e tra t in g a n a ly s is o f va lu es in

American c u l tu r e . He p o in ts ou t th a t in t h e U nited S ta te s th e v e ry

s o c ia l s t r u c tu r e encourages th e developm ent o f economic and p o l i t i c a l

v a lu es and th e y a r e th e re fo re dominant v a lu e s . On th e o th e r hand, he

suggests t h a t by v i r t u e of th a t same s o c ia l s t r u c tu r e , a e s th e t ic ,

r e l ig io u s , s o c ia l and th e o r e t ic a l va lues a r e th e l e a s t emphasized as

im portan t to " g e t t in g a h e a d .”

I f we a re to assume t h a t Todd’s a n a ly s is is a v a l id one, i t would

appear t h a t our v e ry s o c ia l s t r u c tu r o is develop ing v a lu es in in d iv id ­

u a ls th a t a re most in c o n s is te n t w ith t o l e r a n t , dem ocratic b eh av io r and

a t t i t u d e s . This would in d ic a te t h a t in o rd e r to reduce p re ju d ic e in

our c u l tu r e , we would have th e immense problem of changing our com plete

s o c ia l s t r u c tu r e w ith i t s emphasis on co m p etitio n and th e o th e r p r e c ip i-

ta r r ts of economic and p o l i t i c a l v a lu e developm ent.

However, s in c e a ttem p ts to change "o u r American way of l i f e ” would

develop b i t t e r antagonism on th e p a r t o f most A m ericans, i f e x is t in g

a t t i tu d e s tow ards c e r ta in " r a d ic a l” groups is any c r i t e r i o n , i t w i l l bo

n e c e ssa ry , in o rd e r to reduce th e l ik e l ih o o d of over-developm ent of

economic and p o l i t i c a l v a lu e s , to f in d ways to s t r e s s th e im portance of

th e o th e r v a lu e s by v i r t u e of t h e i r p o s i t iv e w orth in term s of m ain ta in ­

ing th o p re se n t s o c ia l s t r u c tu r e a t a h ig h e r le v e l .

I t i s , of co u rse , n o t w ith in th e scope of th e p re se n t paper to

pursue t h i s problem any f u r th e r , b u t th e w r i te r f e e ls th a t th e im p lica­

t io n s of tho r e s u l t s of t h i s s tu d y would len d them selves to a f u r th e r ,

more thorough a n a ly s is in term s of th e b ro ad e r problems of re ta rd in g

p re ju d ic e and undem ocratic b eh av io r g e n e ra l ly .

—78—

SUMMARY

The p re se n t study was concerned w ith th e problem of p e rso n a l va lues

as f a c to r s in an ti-S em itism . In o rd e r to measure p erso n a l v a lu e s , th e

A llport-V ernon S tudy of V alues was u sed . I t m easures th e r e l a t iv e

s tr e n g th of S p ra n g e r 's s ix v a lu e s , t h e o r e t i c a l , economic, a e s th e t ic ,

s o c ia l , p o l i t i c a l , and r e l ig io u s . A nti-Sem itism was measured by th e

Levinson-Sanford A nti-Sem itism S ca le .

Hypotheses were fo rm ula ted th a t s ta te d th a t t h e o r e t i c a l , a e s th e t ic ,

s o c ia l , and r e l ig io u s v a lu e s a re n e g a tiv e ly r e la te d to an ti-S em itism ,

w h ile economic and p o l i t i c a l v a lu es a re p o s i t iv e ly r e la te d t o a n t i -

Sem itism . A nother hy p o th esis s ta te d t h a t in an o rd e r of dominance

p a t te rn c o n s is t in g of a l l s ix v a lu e s , h igh sc o re rs on the an ti-S em itism

s c a le a r e most dom inated by economic and p o l i t i c a l v a lu e s , w h ile low

sc o re rs a re most dom inated by t h e o r e t i c a l , a e s th e t ic , s o c ia l , and

r e l ig io u s v a lu e s . A f in a l hypo thesis s ta t e d th a t in d iv id u a ls s i g n i f i ­

c a n tly r e f l e c t t h e i r dominant v a lu es in th e reasons th ey g ive f o r being

and n o t being a n t i -S e m it ic , and th a t th e number o f reasons given servos

as a r e l i a b le index of th e p o s it io n on th e an ti-S em itism s c a le .

In o rd e r to t e s t th e se hypo theses, th e Study o f V alues, a n t i -

Sem itism s c a le , and a q u a s i- ro le -p la y in g dev ice designed t o o b ta in th e

reasons s u b je c ts could g iv e f o r being and n o t be in g a n ti-S e m itic ware

ad m in iste red t o a group of 169 M ichigan S ta te C ollege s tu d e n ts . A n ti-

Sem itism and each v a lu e was c o r re la te d , th e an ti-S em itism d is t r ib u t io n

was d iv id ed in to fo u r q u a r te rs and th e fo u r q u a r te rs were s t a t i s t i c a l l y

compared w ith re sp e c t t o each v a lu e , th e sc o re s in each q u a r te r were

converted to rank ings from 1 to 6, and th e upper and lower q u a r te rs

were s t a t i s t i c a l l y compared w ith ro sp e c t t o th o number of v a lu e - in f lu ­

enced reasons fo r p re ju d ic e given and th e t o t a l number of reasons g iven .

F in a l ly , c e r ta in group d if fe re n c e s on th e an ti-S em itism and v a lu e s c a le s

w ere s t a t i s t i c a l l y compared.

The fo llo w in g co n c lu sio n s were reached on th e b a s is o f th e t e s t s

o f th e hypotheses:

(1) S ig n if ic a n t n e g a tiv e r e la t io n s h ip s e x is t between a e s th e t ic

and s o c ia l v a lu e s and a n ti-S em itism . (Hypotheses confirm ed).

(2 ) S ig n if ic a n t p o s i t iv e r e la t io n s h ip s e x is t between p o l i t i c a l

and economic v a lu es and an ti-S e m itism . (Hypotheses confirm ed)

(3) Ho s ig n i f ic a n t r e la t io n s h ip s between th e o r e t ic a l and re l ig io u s

v a lu e s and an ti-S em itism e x i s t , a lth o u g h a s l ig h t tre n d in d i­

c a t in g a n e g a tiv e r e la t io n s h ip was found. (Hypotheses n o t con­

firm ed ) »

(4 ) The v a lu e p a t t e r n s , in t h e o rd e r of dominance f o r th e fo u r

an ti-S em itism q u a r te rs a re as fo llo w s: H ighs—p o l i t i c a l ,

economic, r e l ig io u s , s o c ia l , t h e o r e t i c a l , a e s th e t ic ; medium

h ig h s—p o l i t i c a l , r e l ig io u s , economic, s o c ia l , a e s th e t ic ,

t h e o r e t ic a l ; medium lows— r e l ig io u s , a e s th e t ic , s o c ia l , t h e o r e t i ­

c a l , p o l i t i c a l , economic; lows—a e s t h e t i c , s o c ia l , r e l ig io u s ,

t h e o r e t i c a l , eoonomic, p o l i t i c a l . (H ypothesis e s s e n t ia l ly con­

firm ed ).

(5 ) Dominant v a lu e p a tte rn s w ere no t s ig n i f i c a n t ly r e f le c te d in

reasons g iv en f o r b e in g and n o t be ing a n ti-S e m itic , b u t number

of reasons g iven proved to b e a r e l i a b l e index o f th e p o s it io n

-80-

on th e a n ti-S e m itism s c a le , w ith h ighs g iv in g s ig n i f ic a n t ly

more p re ju d ic e d and few er u n p re ju d iced reasons than low s.

(H ypothesis p a r t ly confirmed)*

An a n a ly s is of c e r ta in in c id e n ta l d a ta rev ea led th a t women were

s ig n i f i c a n t ly le s s a n t i-S e m it ic th a n men. Ho s ig n i f ic a n t d if fe re n c e s

on th e an ti-S em itism s c a le were found betw een th e fo llow ing groups*

r e l ig io u s groups (C a th o lic s and P r o te s ta n ts ) and no re l ig io u s p r e f e r ­

ence group, m ale v e te ra n s and male n o n -v e te ra n s , a combined group of

freshm an and sophomores and a combined group of ju n io rs and s e n io r s ,

and s tu d e n ts who had n ev er e n ro lle d f o r t h e E f fe c t iv e L iv ing Course

a t M ichigan S ta te C ollege and a group who had th re e term s of th e

co u rse .

I t was found t h a t women a re s ig n i f i c a n t ly h ig h e r th a n men in a e s th e ­

t i c , s o c ia l , and r e l ig io u s v a lu e s , w h ile men a r e s ig n i f ic a n t ly h ig h er

th a n women in p o l i t i c a l , economic, and th e o r e t ic a l v a lu e s .

—81— I

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APPENDICES

APPENDIX I

A STUDY OF VALUESA S c a l e f o b M e a s u r in g t h e D o m in a n t I n t e r e s t s i n

P e r s o n a l it y

M anual of DirectionsR e v i s e d E d i t i o n

BYGORDON W. ALLPORT

AND

PHILIP E. VERNON

HOUGHTON M IFFLIN COMPANYrON • NEW YORK • CniCAGO • DALLAS • ATLANTA • SAN FRANCISCO

t£bt Rfberstot Press CambrfogeM IN T E D IN TUB U.S.A.

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COPYRIGHT. I93I irv GORDON W. ALLPORT AND PH IL IP I . V1RHON

>LL SUCNTS RRSRRVBD INCLUDING TUB RIGHT TO RRPROOUCf THIS BOOB OR PARTS THRKROP IN ANY PORM

t f be fttb ttK lb t ty tttQ

CA H 8R 1D G H • M ASSA CH U SETTS

P R IN T E D IN T H B U .S .A

3

A STUDY OF VALUES1

P U R P O S E

Th is study aims to m easure the re la tive prom inence of six basic interests or motives in personality: tl ie ihcorciical, economic, (Esthetic, social, political, and religious. T he classification is based directly „pon Eduard Spranger’s Types of M en ? a b rillian t work which de-

1 tends the view th a t th e personalities of men are best know n through a study of their values or evaluative a ttitudes. Since i t is undesir­able for those who take the te st to know too m uch abou t its theore ti­cal basis beforehand, any m ention o r discussion of these six values should be deferred until the test has been taken .

The scale consists of a num ber of questions, based upon a varie ty of familiar situations to which two alte rna tive answers (in P a r t I) and four alternative answ ers (in P a r t I I ) are provided. I n all there arc 120 answers, 20 of which refer to each of th e six values, l h e subject records his preferences num erically by the side of each alternative answer. His scores are th en transcribed onto a separate sheet, and the tw enty scores belonging to each of the six values are summed. After applying certain sim ple corrections these six to ta l scores are plotted on a profile, so th a t the sub jec t m ay see the sig­nificance of his stand ing on all the values sim ultaneously.

I n s t r u c t io n s f o r G iv in g

1. The Study of Values is s e l f -administering. In general no verbal instructions are required, though th e exam iner m ay find i t desirable to rend aloud, and if necessary fu rth e r explain, the directions to P a r t I; and to tell the subjects th a t as soon as they have com pleted P a r t I

they should continue w ith P a r t I I .2. There is no time lim it. M ost subjects require abou t 20 m inutes

to complete the en tire test. A lthough they should n o t be stopped

■ A more com plete descrip tion of th e theoretical basis and th e construction of th e scale .nay be found in “ A T est for Personal V alues," by P . E.' Vernon a n d G. W. A llpo rt, Journal oj

Abnormal and Socia l Psychology, 10!I1, X X V I, 3. _ _'T ra n s la te d from 5 th G erm an edition of L ebensfom en, 1028. A m erican agent, G . b .

* Stechert.

4before finishing, they should be discouraged from spending too long a tim e over th e questions.

3 . The test may be taken in a group or individually. If taken alone,

i t is desirable to caution th e sub ject against answering it in collabora­tion w ith others, or against spending too m uch tim e 011 it.

4 . There .should be no explanation of the purpose or constructional the test, before it is taken. Bias of one so rt or ano ther is likely to affect th e scores of those who are fam iliar w ith the significance of the ques­tions. F o r this sam e reason, the score sheets should no t be given to th e subjects until they have finished tak ing th e test.

5. Omissions arc permissible but undesirable. Guesses are fre­quen tly as significant as more deliberate choices; and omissions m ake the scoring slightly m ore complex.

G. Certain groups, not fam iliar until psychological tests, need asm- ancc and encouragement. I f the exam iner detects an air of suspicion o r opposition am ong th e subjects, i t should be explained that the S tudy of Values is no t a disguised scale for m easuring intelligence, good breeding, or moral knowledge. T he sub ject m ust be given to understand th a t the results can in no way d e tra c t from his standing. Experience has shown th a t, w ith a little encouragement, even groups th a t are unused to psychological tests develop keen interest, especially if they are to be informed of the ir scores.

I n s t r u c t io n s fo r S c o r in g

The test is self-scoring. B oth tak ing and scoring can be completed w ithin one hour. An experienced exam iner, if he chooses, may score the papers himself; the en tire process for a single paper should tak e him eight m inutes or less.

Unlike m ost tests of personality , the p resent scale aims to measure m ore than a single variable. A few subjects m ay find i t slightly per­plexing to tre a t the six values in the score sheet all a t one time. For th is reason it is necessary for the exam iner to study the method of scoring in advance. H e should explain each step, following closely th e directions given on the score sheet, and should be prepared to give fu rther explanations, if called for, regarding th e following points.

1. Treatment o f omitted questions. Since th e sum of the six final

5scores for every subject m ust be the sam e, it is necessary th a t all omitted answers be trea ted in the m anner explained on the score sheet. I t is also essential th a t the sum of the m arks for the two answers to any question in P a r t I equal 3, and the sum of the m arks (ranks) for the four answers to any question in P a r t I I equal 10.

2. The order o f transcriptions. I t is desirable to warn the scorers that the m arks which they have given to the first (a) answers in P a r t I are not always to be transcribed into the left-hand box on Page 2 of the score sheet. In questions 4, 6, 7, etc., the (a) box is on the right. The same principle applies in P a r t II .

3. Verification of transcriptions and additions. T he scorer should check the accuracy of his transcrip tions and additions by verifying a t each stage the sum of his m arks according to the figures given in the margins of the score sheet.

4. The totals fo r Part I I arc to be subtracted from the correction figures a t the bottom of the th ird page of the score sheet.1 In order to assist the accuracy of his subtractions, the scorer m ay write these totals again under the correction figures.

5. Drawing the profile. The six to ta l scores should be p lo tted as crosses or dots on the vertical lines on the back page of the score sheet. The six crosses or dots m ay then be joined by ruling five short diagonal lines.

G. The test has been constructed in such a way that 30 is the average score for any single value. A few subjects obtain profiles th a t are nearly flat, indicating, of course, th a t by this test, their a ttitudes are equally favorable to all six values. Only the larger peaks or depres­sions in the profiles are likely to be significant, as shown by the norms printed a t the bottom of the final page of the score sheet. These norms are based on abou t 4S00 final scores from S00 college students and adults of both sexes. Though the d istribution of scores for the

1 The object of these correction figures is two-fold. In l ’a r t 1 th e highest value receives th e highest scores; hu t in P a rt I I , th e highest value is given th e lowest scores (ranks). T h e range of to ta l scores in P a rt I is from 30 to 0, in P a rt I I from 10 to 40. Ilence the sub traction of each to ta l in P a rt II from 40 effects th e necessary inversion.

Secondly, it was found th a t the theoretical and social values were slightly m o rea ttrac tiv e th an the others in th e standard iza tion groups, and n small correction for th e unequal pop u larity of the answers under th e six value-headings has been included a t th is stage for the sake of con- ''mience. T h e raw theoretical to ta l for each individual is therefore su b tracted from 39 instead of from 40, th e economic to ta l (th is value being less a ttrac tiv e ) is su b tracted from 41, e tc .

6different values varies slightly, a score which is g reater th a n 37 or less th a n 24 for any one value is probably significant, since i t falls within th e extrem e quintiles.

7. The test measures only the relative strength o f the s ix evaluative altitudes. A high score in one value can be obtained only by reducing correspondingly th e scores on one or m ore of th e o ther values. In in te rp re ting the results, therefore, i t is necessary to bear in mind that they reveal only th e relative im portance of each of the six values in a given personality , no t th e to ta l am oun t of “ value energy” or drive possessed by an individual. I t is qu ite possible for the highest value of a generally apa the tic person to be less intense and effective than th e lowest value of a person in whom all values are prominent and dynam ic.

iR e l ia b il it y a n d V a l id it yi

Successive revisions of the te s t have shown th a t each theoretical item is positively associated w ith the to ta l score' derived from all the theoretical items, and th a t the item s for each of th e o ther values like­wise “ hang to g e th er” consistently. T he sp lit half reliability of the to ta l te s t is fairly satisfactory. F o r 770 subjects of bo th sexes a re­liability of + .7 2 was obtained by m ethods which are discussed in the article cited a t the beginning of the pam phlet. In one investiga­tion repeat reliabilities of the to ta l test approxim ate + .82 .

T he valid ity of the scale cannot be established adequately by the use of ra tin g m ethods, since the unfam iliarity of m ost raters with the conceptual natu re of th e values m akes for low reliability in their judgm ents. Considering the te s t as a whole, correlations of +.45 to + .59 w ith ratings have been obtained (if corrected for attenuation, these figures would indicate an agreem ent of ab o u t + .8 3 ). The re­liability and validity for the separate values vary , how ever: aesthetic and religious values are th e m ost satisfactory , social values the least satisfactory.

M ore convincing validation comes from an exam ination of the scores of groups whose characteristics are know n. T he following table presents some significant com parisons. T h e highest scores for each group, italicized in th e tab le, confirm the expectation of common sense. T he low scores on o ther values are equally significant.

7

Sex Differences T heo­retical

Eco­nom ic .E s th e tic Social Political llc li-

gious

1103 males 30. S3 3 2 .0 2 ■ 27 .04 20 .74 3 2. OS 27 .00jy.li females 27.(1!) 27 .01 3 3 .0 3 31 . Go 27.87 33.312755 combined 20 .20 20 .51 .10.04 .10.00 20.08 10 .01

Illustrative ( UvupatioiialDifferences .

ifl students of science(male) 3 1 .3 28 .5 2 8 .0 20 .4 33.1 2 5 .8

Cl students in engineering 3 2 .0 33 .1 20.1 20 .0 11 .4 2 0 .4125 commercial stu d en ts

(male) 32 1 3 1 .0 2 1 .0 2 8 .7 3 1 .8 10 .0SI salesmanship stu d en ts

(male) 27.1 3 S .3 24 2 2 0 .8 3G.1 2 5 .551 students of law (m ale) 2 0 .0 1 0 .1 2 8 .0 1 0 .7 37 .1 2 7 .021 students of lite ra tu re

(female) 2.1.7 2 7 .2 1 0 .2 20 .4 20 .5 10.1SO missionaries (both

sexes) 2 7 .0 2.1.0 2 0 .1 So.O 2 1 .8 IS .!)20 Ilov Scout leaders n .o 3 2 .0 21 .5 3 2 .3 28 .5 « ' • >

Note: Tin* m enu M 'nrr« fo r I I ipm* o rc ti |» .ili"n n l g ro u p * n ro fo u n d In In' docidcMlly Hgmfic.Ttit w h en s tu d ie d in th e light of th e .v tn ti« lieal re l ia b i l i ty o f th e d itT rren ees . i v c p ag e H fo r n rc fe rc m v to a d d it io n a l ►hnlics o f se le c te d group* of Mihjeet.*,

S u g g e s t e d U s e s

1. Classroom Demonstration. The scale lias been found service­able in courses in general psychology as well as in social psychology and personality. I t provides a concrete medium for introducing students to the problem of in terest and motive, and especially, of course, to the theories of Spranger’s school of thought. I t illus­trates likewise m any of the problem s encountered in the measure­ment of personality (standardization, reliability, validation, in ter­pretation).

Not the least appealing feature of the scale is its “ practical” na­ture. S tudents always show an in terest in the ir own scores, and enjoy a discussion of the results. T hey usually feel th a t the classi­fication of the six types of value is useful to them . Of course they should not be encouraged to regard th e types as rigid, bu t ra ther to consider them m erely as six of the general a ttitu d es in personality in respect to which individuals m ay profitably be compared.

2. Research. In certai.n types of investigation the Study of Values may be found of considerable assistance. I ts possible u tility in the fol­lowing lines of research is ap paren t: (a) the study of sex, racial,

, vocational and sectional differences; (b) the change in th e profiles

8of individuals with m a tu rity ; (c) the effect of new environm ents or new courses of instruction upon profiles; (d) resem blances between friends and between m em bers of one fam ily; (e) th e relation between values and abilities; (f) th e correlation of this scale w ith o ther scales d irected tow ard th e m easurem ent of interests.

3. Vocational Guidance and Personnel Work. A lthough norm s for different occupations arc no t available, th e p resen t te s t m ay be use­ful to the vocational counsellor in securing an initial impression of th e in terests of his client. T he values m easured are much broader than specific vocational in terests; nevertheless, th e preceding tab le has shown th a t s tuden ts of science, law, litera tu re , theology, e tc ., possess d istinctive p a tte rn s of values.

S p r a n g e r ’s T y p e s

In discussing the Study of Values w ith his subjects, th e examiner m ay find i t convenient to have a t hand the following brief char­acterization of Sprangcr’s types. F or a fuller account he should of course refer d irectly to Spranger’s Types of M en.

(1) The theoretical. T he dom inant in terest of the theoretical man is th e discovery of truth. In the pursu it of this goal he characteristi­cally takes a “ cognitive” a ttitu d e , one th a t looks for identities and differences; one th a t divests itself of judgm ents regarding th e beauty or u tility of objects, and seeks only to observe and to reason. > Since th e interests of the theoretical m an are em pirical, critical, and rational, he is necessarily an in tellectualist, frecpiently a scientist or philosopher.1 I lis chief aim in life is to order and to system atize his knowledge.

(2) The economic. T he economic m an is characteristically inter­ested in w hat is useful. Based originally upon th e satisfaction of bodily needs (self-preservation), the in terest in u tilities develops to em brace the practical affairs of th e business world — th e production, m arketing, and consum ption of goods, th e elaboration of credit, and th e accum ulation of tangible w ealth. T his type is thoroughly “ p ra c tic a l” and conforms well to th e prevailing stereotype of the average American business m an.

1 I t m ust no t be (bought tlm t a high degree of ta le n t o r a tta in m e n t is necessary to qualify^ person for classification in th is, o r in any , ty p e . E ven th e m ost undistinguished personalitiei a re to be know n no t by th e ir ach ievem ents b u t b y th e ir in te rests nnd in tentions.

9The economic a ttitu d e frequently comes in to conflict w ith other

walues. T he economic m an w ants education to be practical, and regards unapplied knowledge as waste. G reat feats of engineering, Taylorism, pragm atism , and “ applied psychology” result from the demands which economic men m ake upon science. T he value of utility likewise conflicts with the {esthetic value, excepting when a r t serves commercial ends. W ithout feeling inappropriateness in his act, the economic m an m ay denude a beautiful hillside or befoul a river with industrial refuse. In his personal life he is likely to confuse luxury with beauty . In his relations w ith people he is more likely to be interested in surpassing them in wealth than in dom inating them (political a ttitu d e ) or in serving them (social a ttitude). In some cases the economic m an m ay be said to m ake his religion the worship of M am m on. In o ther instances, however, lie m ay have regard for the trad itional God, b u t inclines to consider Him as the giver of good gifts, of w ealth, prosperity , and o ther tangible blessings.

(3) The (esthetic. The {esthetic man sees his highest value in form and harmony. E ach single experience is judged from the standpoint of grace, sym m etry, or fitness. H e regards life as a manifold of events; each single impression is enjoyed for its own sake. H e need not be a creative a rtis t; nor need he be effete; he is {esthetic if he but finds his chief in terest in th e artistic episodes of life.

The {esthetic a ttitu d e is in a sense diam etrically opposed to the theoretical; the form er is concerned with th e diversity, and the latter with the identities of experience. The {esthetic m an chooses, with K ents, to consider tru th as equivalent to beauty, or else to agree with M encken, th a t, “ to m ake a thing charm ing is a million times more im portan t than to m ake it tru e .” In the economic sphere the icsthetc sees the process of m anufacturing, advertising, and trade {is a wholesale destruction of the values m ost im portant to him. In social affairs he m ay be said to be interested in persons but not in th e welfare of persons; he tends tow ard individualism and self-sufficiency. /E sthetic people often like th e beautiful insignia of pomp and power, bu t oppose political ac tiv ity when it makes for the repression of individuality . In th e field of religion they are likely to confuse beau ty w ith pu rer religious experience.

(4) The social. T he highest value for this type is love of people;

10w hether of one or m any, w hether conjugal, filial, friendly, or phil* an th rop ic .1 T he social man prizes o ther persons as ends, and is therefore him self k ind, sym pathetic, an d unselfish. H e is likely to find th e theoretical, economic, and aesthetic a ttitu d es cold and inhum an. In con trast to the political type, th e social m an regards love as itself th e only suitable form of power, o r else repudiates the entire conception of power as endangering th e in teg rity of person­ality . In its pu rest form the social in terest is selfless and tends to approach very closely to the religious a ttitu d e .

(5) The political. T he political m an is in terested primarily in power. H is activ ities are not necessarily w ithin the narrow field of politics; b u t w hatever his vocation, he betrays himself as a Macht- mcnsch. Leaders in any field generally have high power value. Since com petition and struggle play a large p a r t in all life, many philosophers have seen power as the m ost universal and most funda­m ental of m otives. There are, however, certain personalities in whom th e desire for a direct expression of this m otive is uppermost, who wish above all else for personal power, influence, and renown.'

(0) The religious. T he highest value of the religious m an may be called unity. H e is m ystical, and seeks to com prehend the cosmos as a whole, to rela te himself to its em bracing to ta lity . Spranger defines th e religious m an as one “ whose m ental s tru c tu re is perma­nently d irected to the creation of the highest and absolutely satisfy­ing value experience.” Some men of this ty p e are “ immanent m ystics,” th a t is, they find in th e affirm ation of life an d in active partic ipation therein the ir religious experience. A F a u s t with liis* zest and enthusiasm sees som ething divine in every event. The “ transcendental m y s tic” on th e o ther hand seeks to un ite himself w ith a h igher reality by w ithdraw ing from life; he is th e ascetic, and, like the holy men of India, finds th e experience of u n ity through self-denial and m editation. In m any individuals the negation and affirm ation of life a lte rn a te to yield th e g rea test satisfaction.

M ixtures. Spranger docs n o t im ply th a t a given m an belongs

1 In th e S tu d y o f I'nines, scores for social in te rests linvc low re liab ility , a fa c t which seems to show th a t th is type is no t as unified as S pranger believes. Specifically, th e results m ay indi­c a te the need for tw o d istin c t types: the narrow personalized love nnd the b roader, socialiitd an d ph ilan th rop ic love. W h at is o rd inarily called sociab ility an d gregariousness seems to bel still d ifferent in terest.

11exclusively to one or another of these types of values. In every personality, as the present test shows, there exist all of these six values, although usually in varying degrees of prominence.

R e c e n t A p p l i c a t i o n s

A summary of all published work employing the Study of Values up to August. 1933, together w ith a report of several previously mi, ' ’’slied investigations, was issued by II . Cantril and G. AY. Allport. Recent A pplications of the S tudy of Values, Jouru. Abnorm.

| it Sor. Psychol.. 1933, 2S, 259-573. Among the findings of this study may be m entioned:

(1) the verification of norms and reliabilities;(;2) the fact th a t the test is uniform ly successful in distinguishing

the basic interests of contrasting occupational groups;(3) the fact th a t it discloses distinctive patterns of interests in

different colleges and educational centers;(t) the fact th a t an individual’s a ttitudes toward clothes, toward

conditions m aking for con ten tm ent in life, tow ard qualities required by the “ idea l” person, tow ard the content of news­papers — are all consistent reflections of his own personal values as m easured by the scale.

Concerning the theoretical im plications of the test for the psychology of personality, the au thors conclude th a t these values (with the possible exception of the social) m ust be interpreted as self-consistent, pervasive, enduring, and above all generalized, tra its of personality. A person’s ac tiv ity is seldom determ ined exclusively by the stim ulus of the mom ent, by a transien t interest, or by an a ttitu d e specific to each situation; it is usually determ ined by general evaluative attitudes which exert a directive effect upon his common activities, oiul in so doing guaran tee the stab ility and consistency of his personality.

A c k n o w l e d g m e n t s a n d C o m m u n i c a t i o n s

Ilii* o rig inal sca le a n d th e p resen t rev is ion o f th e M a n u a l o f D irec tio n s w ere m ade Possible by th e g e n ero u s co -o p cra tio n of m an y p sy cho log is ts a n d o th e r in v es tiga to rs . The list o f c o n tr ib u to rs is u n fo r tu n a te ly to o long to p e rm it a n in d iv id u a l m en tio n of (heir nam es.

The a u th o rs will be g ra te fu l if u sers o f th e scale will c o n tin u e to send d is tr ib u tio n s of seores (w ith a s ta te m e n t o f th e ty p e of g ro u p from w hich th e y a re o b ta in e d ), criticism s, *3(1 o ther re su lts o f experience . A dd ress c o m m u n ica tio n s to G . \V. A llp o rt, E m erson

*H;ill, C am b rid g e , M ass.

43

tPUBLIC OPINION QUESTIONNAIRE

This i s an i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f g e n e r a l p u b l i c o p i n i o n c o n c e r n i n g Jewish p e o p l e . The f o l l o w i n g a r e s t a t e m e n t s w i t h w h ich some p e o p l e agree and o t h e r s d i s a g r e e . P l e a s e mark each one i n t h e l e f t margin# according t o th e amount o f your agreem ent or d i s a g r e e m e n t , by u s i n g the f o l l o w i n g s c a l e :

f i r m , s t r o n g a g r ee m e n t ; u n d o u b t e d l y t r u e i n g e n e r a l .+ 2 : m oderate ag reem en t; t r u e i n many c a s e s ; o f t e n t r u e .i 1 : s l i g h t a g r ee m e n t ; t r u e in some c a s e s ; o c c a s i o n a l l y .- 1 : s l i g h t d i s a g r e e m e n t ; more f a l s e t h a n t r u e .- 2 : m oderate d i s a g r e e m e n t ; u s u a l l y n o t t h e c a s e ; p r o b a b ly wrong.- 5 : s t r o n g d i s a g r e e m e n t ; an a b s o l u t e m i s c o n c e p t i o n ; f a l s e .

1 . I t would h u rt t h e b u s i n e s s o f a l a r g e c o n c e r n i f i t had t o omany J e w i s h e m p l o y e e s .

2 , The Jews sh o u ld make s i n c e r e e f f o r t s t o r i d t h e m s e l v e s o ft h e i r c o n s p i c u o u s and i r r i t a t i n g f a u l t s , i f t h e y r e a l l y want t o s t o p b e i n g p e r s e c u t e d .

5* In order t o m a i n t a i n a n i c e r e s i d e n t i a l n e ig h b o rh o o d i t i s b e s t t o p r e v e n t Jews from l i v i n g i n i t ,

i | . War shows up t h e f a c t t h a t t h e Jews are n o t p a t r i o t i c nor w i l l i n g t o make s a c r i f i c e s f o r t h e i r c o u n t r y .

5 , The b e s t way t o e l i m i n a t e t h e Communist menace i n t h i sc o u n t r y i s t o c o n t r o l th e J e w i s h e l e m e n t w h ic h g u i d e s i t .

6 . Jews seem t o p r e f e r t h e most l u x u r i o u s , e x t r a v a g a n t ands e n s u a l way o f l i v i n g .

J , Much r e s e n tm e n t a g a i n s t Jews stems from t h e i r t e n d e n c y t okeep a p a r t and to e x c l u d e G e n t i l e s from J e w is h s o c i a l l i f e .

_8 . C o l l e g e s s h o u ld adopt a q u o ta sy s te m by w h ich t h e y l i m i t the number o f Jews i n f i e l d s w h ich have t o o many Jews now.

_9. The Jews m u s t .b e c o n s i d e r e d a bad i n f l u e n c e on C h r i s t i a n c u l t u r e and c i v i l i z a t i o n .

_10. In order t o h a n d l e th e J e w is h pro b lem , G e n t i l e s must meetf i r e w i t h f i r e and u s e t h e same r u t h l e s s t a c t i c s w i t h th eJews t h a t t h e Jews u s e w i t h G e n t i l e s .

_11. The J e w is h d i s t r i c t s I n most c i t i e s a re r e s u l t s o f th e c l a n n i s h n e s s and s t i c k - t o g e t h e r n e s s o f J ew s .

_12. Jews may have m o r a l s t a n d a r d s th a t t h e y a p p ly i n t h e i r d e a l i n g w i t h e a c h o t h e r , b u t w i t h C h r i s t i a n s t h e y are u n s c r u p u l o u s , r u t h l e s s , and u n d e p e n d a b le .

15* On t h e w h o le , t h e Jews have p r o b a b ly c o n t r i b u t e d l e s s t o American l i f e than any o t h e r g r o u p .

_lJ+. One t h i n g t h a t h a s . h i n d e r e d t h e Jews from e s t a b l i s h i n g t h e i r own n a t i o n i s the f a c t t h a t t h e y r e a l l y have no c u l t u r e o f t h e i r own; i n s t e a d , t h e y t e n d t o copy t h e t h i n g s t h a t are im p o r ta n t t o t h e n a t i v e c i t i z e n s o f w h a tev e r c o u n t r y th e y a r e i n .

_15« A s t e p toward s o l v i n g t h e J e w i s h problem would be t o p r e v e n tJews from g e t t i n g i n t o s u p e r i o r , p r o f i t a b l e p o s i t i o n s i ns o c i e t y , f o r a w h i l e a t l e a s t ,

1 6 . The t r u e C h r i s t i a n can n ev e r f o r g i v e t h e Jews f o r t h e i r c r u c i f i x i o n o f C h r i s t .

_17. Jews go t o o f a r i n h i d i n g t h e i r J e w i s h n e s s , e s p e c i a l l y such e x tr e m e s as c h a n g in g names, s t r a i g h t e n i n g n o s e s , and i m i t a t i n g C h r i s t i a n manners and c u s t o m s .

-R7-

- 2 -

1 8 . I t i s n o t w i s e f o r a C h r i s t i a n t o be s e e n t o o much w i t h J e w s ,a s he m ig h t be ta k e n f o r a Jew, or be lo o k e d down upon by h i s C h r i s W a n f r i e n d s .

1 9 . When Jews c r e a t e l a r g e fu n d s f o r e d u c a t i o n a l or s c i e n t i f i cr e s e a r c h (R o sen w a ld , H e l l e r , e t c . ) i t i s m a in ly a d e s i r e f o r fame and p u b l i c n o t i c e r a t h e r than a r e a l l y s i n c e r e s c i e n t i f i c I n t e r e s t ,

2 0 . There i s so m e t h in g d i f f e r e n t and s t r a n g e about Jews; onen e v e r knows what t h e y a re t h i n k i n g or P la n n i n g , nor whatmakes, them t i c k .

2 1 . The J e w i s h prob lem i s so g e n e r a l and deep t h a t one o f t e ndoubts that democratic methods can ever 3olve it.

2 2 . A major f a u l t o f t h e Jews i s t h e i r c o n c e i t , o v e r b e a r in g p r i d e ,and t h e i r i d e a t h a t t h e y a r e a c h o se n r a c e .

2 $ . One o f t h e f i r s t s t e p s t o be ta k e n i n c l e a n i n g up th e m ov ies and g e n e r a l l y im p r o v in g t h e s i t u a t i o n i n Hollywood i s t o put an end t o J e w i s h d o m in a t io n t h e r e . .

2k» There i3 little hope of correcting the racial defects of the Jews, since these defects are simply in their blood.

25# One b i g t r o u b l e w i t h Jews i s t h a t t h e y a re n e v e r c o n t e n t e d ,b u t a lw a y s t r y f o r t h e b e s t jo b s and t h e most money.

2 6 . The t r o u b l e w i t h l e t t i n g Jews i n t o a n i c e n e igh b o rh o o d i st h a t t h e y g r a d u a l l y g i v e i t a t y p i c a l J e w i s h a tm o sp h e r e .

2 7. It is wrong for Jews and Gentiles to intermarry.”2 8 . One t r o u b l e w i t h J e w i s h b u s i n e s s men i s t h a t th e y s t i c k

t o g e t h e r and c o n n i v e , s o t h a t a G e n t i l e d o e s n ' t have a f a i r c h a n c e i n c o m p e t i t i o n .

2 9 . No m a t t e r how A m e r i c a n i z e d , a Jew may seem t o b e , t h e r e i sa lw a y s s o m e th in g b a s i c a l l y J e w i s h u n d e r n e a t h , a l o y a l t y t o Jewry and a manner t h a t i s n e v e r t o t a l l y c h a n g e d .

3 0 . J e w i s h m i l l i o n a i r e s may do a c e r t a i n amount t o h e l p t h e i rown p e o p l e , but l i t t l e o f t h e i r money g o e s i n t o w o r th w h i le American c a u s e s ,

3 1 . Most h o t e l s s h o u l d deny a d m i t t a n c e t o Jew s , a s a g e n e r a l r u l e . ’3 2 . The J e w 's f i r s t l o y a l t y i s t o Jewry r a t h e r than t o h i s co u n tr y . '33. i t i s b e s t t h a t Jews s h o u ld have t h e i r own f r a t e r n i t i e s and

s o r o r i t i e s , s i n c e t h e y have t h e i r own p a r t i c u l a r i n t e r e s t s and a c t i v i t i e s w h ic h t h e y can b e s t engage i n t o g e t h e r , j u s t as C h r i s t i a n s g e t . a l o n g b e s t i n a l l - C h r i s t i a n f r a t e r n i t i e s .

3̂ 1 • J e v / i sh power and c o n t r o l i n money m a t t e r s i s f a r out o fp r o p o r t i o n t o th e number o f Jews i n t h e t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n .

3 5 . J e w i s h l e a d e r s s h o u ld e n c o u r a g e Jews t o be more i n c o n s p i c ­u o u s , t o k eep out o f p r o f e s s i o n s and a c t i v i t i e s a l r e a d y o v e r -c r o w d e d w i t h J e w s , and t o keep out o f th e p u b l i c n o t i c e .

I can hardly imagine myself marrying a Jew.The Jews s h o u ld g i v e up t h e i r u n - C h r i s t i a n r e l i g i o n w i t h a l l

i t s s t r a n g e custo m s ( k o s h e r d i e t , s p e c i a l h o l i d a y s , e t c . ) and p a r t i c i p a t e a c t i v e l y and s i n c e r e l y i n the C h r i s t i a n r e l i g i o n .

There i s l i t t l e doubt t h a t J e w is h p r e s s u r e i s l a r g e l y r e s p o n s i ­b l e f o r t h e U . S . g e t t i n g i n t o t h e war w i t h Germany.

The Jews keep t o o much t o t h e m s e l v e s , i n s t e a d o f t a k i n g t h e p r o p e r i n t e r e s t i n community problem s and good g overn m ent .

Jews seom t o have an a v e r s i o n t o p l a i n hard work; t h e y t e n d t o be a p a r a s i t i c e l e m e n t i n s o c i e t y by f i n d i n g e a s y , non­p r o d u c t i v e j o b s .

- 3 -

i | l . I t i s som et im es a l l r i g h t t o ban Jews from c e r t a i n apartm ent h o u s e s .1*2. Jews tend to remain a foreign element in American society, to preserve their old social standards and to resist the American way of life,

1*3. Districts containing many Jews always seem to be smelly, dirty, shabby and unattractive,

l*L*. I t would be t o t h e b e s t i n t e r e s t s o f a l l i f t h e Jews would form t h e i r own n a t i o n and keep more t o t h e m s e l v e s .

1|5. There .are too many Jews in the various Federal agencies and bureaus, in Washington, and they have too much control over our national policies.

1*6. Anyone who employs many people should be careful not to hire“ lar.so percentage of Jews.

One g e n e r a l f a u l t o f Jews i s t h e i r o v e r - a g g r e s s i v e n e s s , a s t r o n g t e n d e n c y a lw ays t o d i s p l a y t h e i r J e w i s h l o o k s , m ann ers , and b r e e d i n g .

1*8. There are a few exceptions, but in general Jews are pretty much alike.

Jl9• Jews should be more concerned with their personal appearance# and not be so dirty and smelly and unkempt.

JjO. There seem s t o be some r e v o l u t i o n a r y s t r e a k i n th e J e w i s h make-up a s shown by t h e f a c t t h a t t h e r e a r e so many J e w i s h Communists and a g i t a t o r s .

J j l . The Jews s h o u l d n o t pry s o much i n t o C h r i s t i a n a c t i v i t i e s and o r g a n i z a t i o n s , nor s e e k 30 much r e c o g n i t i o n and p r e s t i g e from C h r i s t i a n s .

_52. Jews tend to lower the general standard of living by their willingness to do the most menial work and to live under standards that are far below average.

A STUDY OF YALUESPART I

Direction's : A number of controversial statements or questions with two alternative answers are given below. Indicate your personal preferences by writing the appropriate figures in the right-hand columns, as indicated:

If you agree with alternative fa) and disagree with fb), write 3 in the first column and 0 in the second column, thus

If you agree with fb); disagree with fa), write

If you have a slight preference for fa) over fb), write

If you have a slight preference for (b) over fa), write

Do not write any other combination of figures after any question except one of these four.

There is no time limit, bu t do not linger long over any one question or statement, and do not leave out any of the questions, unless you find it really impossible to make a decision.

1. The main object of scientific research should be the discovery of pure tru th rather than its prac­tical applications, fa) Yes; fb) No.

(a) (b)

3 0

0 3

o 1

1 2

2. Do you think tha t it is justifiable for the greatest artists, such as Beethoven, Wagner, Byron, etc., to be selfish and negligent of the feelings of others? fa) Yes; fb) No.

(a) (b)

HOUGHTON M IFFLIN COMPANY, PUBLISHERS

COPYRIGHT, 1 0 3 1 , BY GORDON \V. ALLPORT AND PH IL IP B . VERNON. PRIN TED IN TH E U.S.A.

Persons who, w ith o u t au th o riza tion , reproduce tho m ateria l in th is book or an y p a rts of i t by any duplicating process whatever aro v io la ting tho a u th o r 's copyrigh t. T ho m ateria l contained herein, o r m odifications of it, m ay n o t bo reproduced excep t by spocinl a rrange­ment w ith tho publishers and th o p ay m en t e ith e r of a perm ission feo o r of n ro y a lty on all copies mado.

- 88 -

3. Because of the aggressive and self-assertive na­ture of man the abolition of war is an illusory ideal, fa) Yes; (b) No.

4. If you were a university professor and had the necessary ability, would you prefer to teach: fa) poetry; fb) chemistry and physics?

5. Under circumstances similar to those of Qu. 4, would you prefer: fa) economics; fb)-law?

6. Which of these character traits do you consider the more desirable: fa) high ideals and rever­ence; fb) unselfishness and sympathy?

7. In a paper such as the New York Sunday Times^ are you more interested in the section on picture galleries and exhibitions than in the real estate sections and the account of the stock market? fa) Yes; fb) No.

8. Is a person who analyzes his emotions likely to be less sincere in his feeling than one who is not so reflective? fa) Yes; fb) No.

9. If you should sec the following news items with headlines of cquul size in your morning paper, which would you read the more attentively: (a) Great improvements in market conditions; fb) Protestant leaders to consult on reconciliation?

10. Under circumstances similar to those of Qu. 9:fa) Laws not opposed to liberties, says Senator;fb) Curiosity the basis of knowledge, educator declares.

11. When you visit a cathedral are you more im­pressed by a pervading sense of reverence and worship than by the architectural features and stained glass? fa) Yes; fb) No.

12. Do you believe tha t contemporary, charitable policies should be curtailed because they tend to undermine individual initiative? fa) Yes; fb)N o.

13. All the evidence th a t has been impartially accu­mulated goes to show th a t the universe has evolved to its present state in accordance with mechanistic principles, so th a t there is no need to assume a first cause, cosmic purpose, or God be­hind it. (a) Yes; (b) No.

14. In your opinion, has general progress been ad­vanced more by: (a) the freeing of slaves, with the enhancement of the value placed on individual life; (b) the discovery of the steam engine, with the consequent industrialization and economic rivalry of European and American countries?

15. If you had the opportunity, and if nothing of the kind existed in the community or college where you lived, would you prefer to found: fa) a de­bating society; (b) a classical orchestra?

16. At an exposition, do you chiefly like to go to the buildings where you can see: fa) automobiles;fb) scientific apparatus or chemical products?

17. Would you prefer to hear a series of popular lec­tures on: fa) the progress and needs of social serv­ice work in the cities of your part of the country; (b) contemporary painters?

18. Under similar circumstances, would you choose: fa) the comparative development of the great re­ligious faiths, or fb) the comparative merits of the forms of government in Britain and in the United States?

19. If you had some time to spend in a waiting room, and there were only these two magazines to choose from, would you prefer: fa) The Scientific American; (b) Arts and Decorations?

20. Would you encourage your children, while a t school, to: fa) try to make several teams; fb) have vocational training (supposing tha t they in­terfered with one another)?

21. The aim of the churches a t the present time should be: (a) to bring out altruistic and charitable tendencies, and to urge people to think more of the good of others; (b) to convey spiritual wor­ship, and a sense of communion with the highest.

22. Arc our modern industrial and scientific develop­ments signs of a greater degree of civilization and culture than those attained by any previous race, the Greeks, for example? (a) Yes; (b) No.

23. You are asked to wait for a few minutes in a strange living-room; are you more likely to judge fa) the owner’s knowledge and intellectuality as shown by the books in his book-enses; fb) his friendliness and hospitality as shown by the photographs on the walls, and tlie general com­forts of the room?

24. The world would be a much better place if we took to heart the teaching, “ Lay not up for your­selves treasures upon e a r th . . . bu t lay up for yourselves treasures in heaven, where neither moth nor rust doth corrupt, and where thieves do not break through nor steal.” fa) Yes; fb) No.

25. Are you more interested in reading accounts of the lives and works of men such as: fa) Aristotle, Plato, and Socrates; fb) Alexander, Julius Ccesar, and Charlemagne?

26. Taking the Bible as a whole, one should regard it from the point of view of its beautiful mythology and literary style rather than as a spiritual reve­lation. fa) Yes; (b) No.

27. Since the class or social status to which a man be­longs depends mainly upon his push and ability, it is just that a small proportion of the population should be very rich, (a) Yes; (b) No.

28. If you were given certain topics on which to write. an essay, would you choose: fa) the r61e of

church-going in religion, or fb) the defects of our present educational systems?

(a) 00

• a :

V ■ ■ '

’v;h

•, 1, '

!

29. Under similar circumstances would you choose to write about: (a) the best way to distribute one’s income between, say, the necessities of life, luxu­ries, and savings, or (b) the personality of some close friend of yours.

(a) (b)

30. When witnessing a gorgeous ceremony (ecclesi­astical or academic, induction into office, etc.) are you more impressed: (a) by the unified idea or institution which the group represents, or (b) by the color and pageantry of the occasion itself?

Continue with P art II.

PART nD iiiections: Each of the following situations or questions is followed by four possible attitudes or answers. Arrange these answers in the order of your personal preference from first to fourth by writing, in the left hand margin,

beside the answer th a t appeals to you most,

. . .2 . . . beside the answer which is next most important to you,

.. .3 . . . beside the next, and

.. ./t . . . beside the answer thnt least represents your interest or preference.

You may think of answers which would be preferable from your point of view to any of those listed. I t is necessary, however, that you make your selection from the alternatives presented, and arrange all four in order of their desirability, guessing when your preferences arc not distinct. If you find it really impossible to guess your preference, you may omit the ques­tion.

1. Do you think tha t a good government should aim chiefly a t —

a. more aid for the poor, sick, and old

b. the development of manufacturing and trade

c. introducing more ethical principles into its policies and diplomacy

d. establishing a position of prestige and respect among nations

2. In your opinion, can a man who works in business for his living all the week best spend Sunday in —

a. trying to educate himself by reading serious books b. trying to win at golf, or racing c. going to an orchestral concert d. hearing a really good sermon

3. If you could influence the educational policies of the public schools of some city, would you undertake —

a. to promote the study and the performance of drama b. to develop coiipcrativcncss and the spirit of service c. to provide additional laboratory facilities f ) d. to promote school savings banks for education in thrift

4. Do you prefer a friend (of your own sex) who — i:, .

a. is efficient, industrious, and of a practical turn of mind ' b. is seriously interested in thinking out his attitude toward life as a whole c. possesses qualities of leadership and organizing ability d. shows refinement and emotional sensitivity

5. If you lived in a small town and had more than enough income for your needs, would you prefer to —

a. apply it productively to industrial development b. help to endow the church to which you belong c. give it to a university for the development of scientific research d. devote it to hospitals

6. When you go to the theatre do you, as a rule, enjoy most —

n. plays that treat the lives of great men b. ballet or similar imaginative performances c' plays with a theme of human suffering and love d* problem plays that argue consistently for some point of view

7. Assuming th a t you are a man with the necessary ability, and tha t the salary for each of the following occupations is the same, would you prefer to be a —

n. mathematician b. sales manager c. clergyman v, d. politician

8. If you had unlimited leisure and money, would you prefer to —

a. make a collection of fine sculptures or paintings

b. establish a mental hygiene clinic for taking care of the maladjusted andmentally deficient

c. aim at a scnatorship, or a scat in the Cabinet d. enter into banking and high finance

0. At an evening discussion with intimate friends of your own sex, are y^u most interested when you talk about —

a. the "meaning” of life b. philosophy and psychology c. literature d. socialism and social amelioration

10. Which of the following would you prefer to do during part of your next summer vacation (if your ability and other conditions would permit) —

a. write and publish an original biological essay or article b. stay in some secluded part of the country where you can appreciate fine

sccnqry c. go in for a local tennis or other athletic tournament d. get experience in some new line of business

11. Do great exploits and adventures of discovery such as Lindbergh’s and Byrd’s seem to you significant because —

a. they represent conquests by man over the difficult forces of nature b. they add to our knowledge of mechanics, geography, meteorology, etc. c. they weld human interests and international feelings throughout the

world d. they contribute to the ultimate revelation of the meaning of the universo

12. Should one guide one’s conduct according to, or develop one’s chief loyalties tow ard— :

a. one’s religious faith ‘ : b. ideals of beauty

c. one’s business organizations and associates d. society as a whole

13. To what extent do the following famous persons interest or attract you —

a. Florence Nightingale b. Napoleon c. Henry Ford d. Charles Darwin ’

14. If you should marry (or are married), do you prefer a wife who — (Women answer the alternative form below) —

a. can achieve social prestige, commanding admiration from others b. likes to stay at home and keep house c. is fundamentally spiritual in her attitude toward life

d. is gifted along artistic lines *

(For women) Do you prefer a husband who —

a. is successful in his profession, commanding admiration from others■ ' b. is domestic in his tastes c. is fundamentally spiritual in his attitude toward life d. is gifted along artistic lines

15. Viewing Leonardo da Vinci’s picture — “ The Last Supper” — would you tend to think of it —

a. as expressing the highest spiritual tendencies and emotions *{ i .1 *

b. as one of the most priceless and irreplaceable pictures ever painted; c. in relation to Leonardo’s versatility and its place in history d. us a masterpiece of design

FUBLIC OPINION QUESTION AIRE

Below appear some general questions, answers t o which w i l l be of value

in interpret ing the r e su l t s o f t h i s study. Please answer a l l o f them.

Are you a veteran o f World War II (Check one) Yes No

In what co l lege c la s s are you? (Check one) Freshman

Soph, _____

Junior ______

Senior _____

Other •

What i s your re l ig io u s preference? Protestant_____

Jewish

Catholic _____

Other ( f i l l in) _____

No preforonce _____

Sox -Male Female_____

Age on l a s t birthday yr s . Date o f b ir th______________________

Ma j or

Which of the following Basic College courses have you taken? (include those you are taking this term) Please indicate number o f terms by writing in 1, 2 or 3 in the blank spaces.

Written and Spokon English____Bio log ica l Science. . ....................Physical Science.................... .........History o f C i v i l i z a t i o n . . . ____L i t . & Fine Arts.................... .........Soc ia l S c i e n c e . . . . , . _Effect ive Living ........

appendix V

Some people are prejudiced against Jewish people; some people are not. For a moment imagine yourself as an individual who i s d i s t i n c t l y prejudiced against Jews. State as many reasons for the prejudice as you can,

1 .

2.3.4*

5.6 .

7.8.9.10.

Now imagine yourself as an individual who. i s d i s t i n c t l y not prejudiced against Jews. State as many reasons for not being prejudiced as you can.

1 .

2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.

10.

90-