Personal, Social, and Emotional Development. Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory Developmental crisis...
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Transcript of Personal, Social, and Emotional Development. Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory Developmental crisis...
Personal, Social, and Personal, Social, and Emotional Emotional
DevelopmentDevelopment
Personal, Social, and Personal, Social, and Emotional Emotional
DevelopmentDevelopment
Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
• Developmental crisis
• Eight stages
Erikson’s Stages: Preschool Years
• Trust/Mistrust
• Autonomy/Shame & Doubt
• Initiative/ Guilt
Elementary School Years & Adolescence
• Industry/Inferiority
• Identity/ Role Confusion
Implications of Erikson’s Theory for
Teachers
• Initiative
• Industry
• Identity
Identity Status
Commitment
Exploration
Yes No
Yes Achievement
Moratorium
No Foreclosure Diffusion
Identity Status and Psychological Well-Being
• Identity achieved or still exploring – Positive outcomes
• Foreclosed individuals– Dogmatic, inflexible, and intolerant
• Long-term diffused– Fatalistic, passive, likely to use and
abuse drugs
Phinney’s Model of Ethnic Identity Development
• Stage 1– Unexamined ethnic identity
• Stage 2– Ethnic identity search
• Stage 3– Ethnic identity achievement
Bicultural Individuals
• Achieved identity• Higher self-esteem• Greater sense of mastery• Positive relations with other
groups
Understanding Ourselves & Others
Who are you?
Clarifying the Difference
• Self-concept – A person’s view of herself or himself.
• Self-esteem– A person’s evaluation of herself or
himself.
Changes in Self-Concept
• Childhood Concrete terms, related to traits
• Adolescence Trait-focused, more abstract, personality characteristics
Changes in Self-Esteem• 1st years of elementary school
drops• 4th- 6th grade rises• Transition to adolescence mixed
findings
Self-Concept & Self-Esteem
• Link with achievement• Gender and self-esteem• Personal & collective self-esteem
Levels of Moral Development
Preconventionalconsequences of behavior
Conventionallaws and rules of society
Postconventional
abstract principles and values
Preconventional Reasoning
• Externally controlled– 1: Avoid punishment– 2: Personal gain
Conventional Reasoning
• Conformity to social rules – 3: Good boy/Nice girl– 4: Law & order
Postconventional Reasoning
• Morality is defined by abstract principles – 5: Social contract– 6: Universal ethical principles
Alternatives to Kohlberg
• Criticism– Stage approach– Moral issues versus social
conventions– Western male cultural bias
• Morality of Caring (Carol Gilligan)
Aggression
• Hostile Aggression goal is to harm
• Instrumental Aggression goal is to gain access
Gender Differences in Aggression
• Overt aggression physical and verbal insults
• Relational aggression covert aggression
Developmental Trends in Aggression
• Preschool– Physical & instrumental
• Middle childhood– Decline in physical & instrumental– Increase in hostile
• Adolescence– Aggression continues to decline
Family
• Changes in family– Divorce rate– Single parent households– Dual-earner families
Consequences of Divorce
• Transition is stressful lots of changes
• Negative effects in short run– Academic achievement– Social development
Long-Term Consequences of
Divorce
• 70-80% no long-term effects
• Serious adjustment difficulties more likely for– Boys– Difficult temperaments
Peers
• Gender differences• Rejected children• Friends’ influence/ peer pressure