PERSISTENCE OF VISIO N USING ARDUINO · Persistence of vision is the phenomenon pertaining to the...

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International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering and Technology (IJECET) Volume 8, Issue 4, July-August 2017, pp. 7–12, Article ID: IJECET_08_04_002 Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/IJECET/issues.asp?JType=IJECET&VType=8&IType=4 ISSN Print: 0976-6464 and ISSN Online: 0976-6472 © IAEME Publication

PERSISTENCE OF VISION USING ARDUINO K. Anusha

Assistant Professor, ECE Department, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu

L. Baala Gajakreedan Department of ECE, Kumaraguru College of Technology,

Coimbatore, Tamilnadu

S. Nishanth Kumar Department of ECE, Kumaraguru College of Technology,


S. Vignesh Rajarathinam Department of ECE, Kumaraguru College of Technology,


ABSTRACT Persistence of Vision (POV) Wands are a fun way to create interesting long

exposure photographs and light displays. The wand consists of a single row of LEDs controlled by an Arduino Uno. When the wand is turned on it appears to be flickering in a random pattern, but if you move it quickly back and forth, you will see text or an image appear. This wand project is incredibly customizable, I've included all CAD files, firmware, build documentation, and schematics. Feel free to choose your own color LEDs, write personalized messages, and maybe even add something new to the project! Keywords: Persistence of vision, LED, Arduino, Wand. Cite this Article: K. Anusha, L. Baala Gajakreedan, S. Nishanth Kumar and S. Vignesh Rajarathinam, Persistence of Vision using Arduino. International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering and Technology, 8(4), 2017, pp. 7–12. http://www.iaeme.com/IJECET/issues.asp?JType=IJECET&VType=8&IType=4

1. INTRODUCTION The core phenomenon on which the entire project is based on is Persistence of vision. Persistence of vision is the phenomenon pertaining to the human eye by which an afterimage is thought to persist for approximately one twenty-fifth of a second on the retina. The way this phenomenon of persistence of vision works is based on the belief that human perception of motion (brain centered) is the result of persistence of vision (eye centered). Any motion that we see around us is the direct implication of persistence of vision phenomenon at work. The

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belief was debunked in 1912 by Wertheimer but persisand modern filmphenomenon in the realm of cinema history and theory. Blinky POV is a reprogrammable LED kit that uses persistence of vision to crein the air. In the past, it was scientifically proven that a frame rate of less than 16 frames per second caused the ten framprojector is distracting below the 16are often shot "on twos", that is to say, one drawing is shown for every tw(which usually runs at 24 frames per second), meaning there are only 12 drawings per second. Even though the image update rate is low, the fluidity is satisfactory for most subjects. However, when a character is required to perform a quickto revert to animating "on ones", as "twos" are too slow to convey the motion adequately.two dimensional POV display is often accomplished by means of rapidly moving a single row of LEDs along a linear or circular paththe viewer as long as the entire path is completed during the visual persistence time of the human eye.

2. PERSISTENCE OF VIThe block diagr

2.1. Light Emitting Diode A light-diode, which emits light when activated. When a suitable electronsform of (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy semiconductor. LEDs are typically small (less than 1 components may be used to shape the


belief was debunked in 1912 by Wertheimer but persisand modern film-phenomenon in the realm of cinema history and theory. Blinky POV is a reprogrammable LED kit that uses persistence of vision to crein the air. In the past, it was scientifically proven that a frame rate of less than 16 frames per second caused the ten frames per second or slower (as in a flipbook). The flicker caused by the shutter of a film projector is distracting below the 16are often shot "on twos", that is to say, one drawing is shown for every tw(which usually runs at 24 frames per second), meaning there are only 12 drawings per second. Even though the image update rate is low, the fluidity is satisfactory for most subjects. However, when a character is required to perform a quickto revert to animating "on ones", as "twos" are too slow to convey the motion adequately.two dimensional POV display is often accomplished by means of rapidly moving a single row of LEDs along a linear or circular paththe viewer as long as the entire path is completed during the visual persistence time of the human eye.

2. PERSISTENCE OF VIThe block diagram consists of LEDs,

Light Emitting Diode -emitting diode

diode, which emits light when activated. When a suitable electrons are able to recombine with form of photons. This effect is called corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy

semiconductor. LEDs are typically small (less than 1 components may be used to shape the


belief was debunked in 1912 by Wertheimer but persis-theory texts. Persistence of vision is still the accepted term for this

phenomenon in the realm of cinema history and theory. Blinky POV is a reprogrammable LED kit that uses persistence of vision to crein the air. In the past, it was scientifically proven that a frame rate of less than 16 frames per second caused the mind to see flashing images. People still identify motion at rates as low as

es per second or slower (as in a flipbook). The flicker caused by the shutter of a film projector is distracting below the 16are often shot "on twos", that is to say, one drawing is shown for every tw(which usually runs at 24 frames per second), meaning there are only 12 drawings per second. Even though the image update rate is low, the fluidity is satisfactory for most subjects. However, when a character is required to perform a quickto revert to animating "on ones", as "twos" are too slow to convey the motion adequately.two dimensional POV display is often accomplished by means of rapidly moving a single row of LEDs along a linear or circular paththe viewer as long as the entire path is completed during the visual persistence time of the

2. PERSISTENCE OF VIam consists of LEDs,

Figure 1

Light Emitting Diode emitting diode (LED

diode, which emits light when activated. When a suitable are able to recombine with photons. This effect is called

corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy semiconductor. LEDs are typically small (less than 1 components may be used to shape the

Persistence of Vision using Arduino


belief was debunked in 1912 by Wertheimer but persistheory texts. Persistence of vision is still the accepted term for this

phenomenon in the realm of cinema history and theory. Blinky POV is a reprogrammable LED kit that uses persistence of vision to crein the air. In the past, it was scientifically proven that a frame rate of less than 16 frames per

mind to see flashing images. People still identify motion at rates as low as es per second or slower (as in a flipbook). The flicker caused by the shutter of a film

projector is distracting below the 16-frame threshold. In drawn animation, moving characters are often shot "on twos", that is to say, one drawing is shown for every tw(which usually runs at 24 frames per second), meaning there are only 12 drawings per second. Even though the image update rate is low, the fluidity is satisfactory for most subjects. However, when a character is required to perform a quickto revert to animating "on ones", as "twos" are too slow to convey the motion adequately.two dimensional POV display is often accomplished by means of rapidly moving a single row of LEDs along a linear or circular path. The effect is that the image is perceived as a whole by the viewer as long as the entire path is completed during the visual persistence time of the

2. PERSISTENCE OF VISION USING LED’S ANDam consists of LEDs, AT meg

Persistence of vision using LEDs and Arduino

Light Emitting Diode LED) is a two-lead

diode, which emits light when activated. When a suitable are able to recombine with electron photons. This effect is called

corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy semiconductor. LEDs are typically small (less than 1 components may be used to shape the radiation pattern


8

belief was debunked in 1912 by Wertheimer but persistheory texts. Persistence of vision is still the accepted term for this

phenomenon in the realm of cinema history and theory. Blinky POV is a reprogrammable LED kit that uses persistence of vision to create the illusion of text or a small picture floating in the air. In the past, it was scientifically proven that a frame rate of less than 16 frames per

mind to see flashing images. People still identify motion at rates as low as es per second or slower (as in a flipbook). The flicker caused by the shutter of a film

frame threshold. In drawn animation, moving characters are often shot "on twos", that is to say, one drawing is shown for every tw(which usually runs at 24 frames per second), meaning there are only 12 drawings per second. Even though the image update rate is low, the fluidity is satisfactory for most subjects. However, when a character is required to perform a quickto revert to animating "on ones", as "twos" are too slow to convey the motion adequately.two dimensional POV display is often accomplished by means of rapidly moving a single row

. The effect is that the image is perceived as a whole by the viewer as long as the entire path is completed during the visual persistence time of the

SION USING LED’S ANDAT mega 328,


lead semiconductordiode, which emits light when activated. When a suitable

electron holes photons. This effect is called electroluminescence, and the color of the light

corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy semiconductor. LEDs are typically small (less than 1

radiation pattern


belief was debunked in 1912 by Wertheimer but persists in many citations in many classic theory texts. Persistence of vision is still the accepted term for this

phenomenon in the realm of cinema history and theory. Blinky POV is a reprogrammable ate the illusion of text or a small picture floating

in the air. In the past, it was scientifically proven that a frame rate of less than 16 frames per mind to see flashing images. People still identify motion at rates as low as

es per second or slower (as in a flipbook). The flicker caused by the shutter of a film frame threshold. In drawn animation, moving characters

are often shot "on twos", that is to say, one drawing is shown for every tw(which usually runs at 24 frames per second), meaning there are only 12 drawings per second. Even though the image update rate is low, the fluidity is satisfactory for most subjects. However, when a character is required to perform a quick movement, it is usually necessary to revert to animating "on ones", as "twos" are too slow to convey the motion adequately.two dimensional POV display is often accomplished by means of rapidly moving a single row


SION USING LED’S ANDa 328, Arduino UNO, Arduino Proto shield


semiconductor light source. It is a diode, which emits light when activated. When a suitable voltage

within the device, releasing energy in the electroluminescence, and the color of the light

corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy semiconductor. LEDs are typically small (less than 1 mm

radiation pattern.


[email protected]

ts in many citations in many classic theory texts. Persistence of vision is still the accepted term for this




are often shot "on twos", that is to say, one drawing is shown for every tw(which usually runs at 24 frames per second), meaning there are only 12 drawings per second. Even though the image update rate is low, the fluidity is satisfactory for most subjects.

movement, it is usually necessary to revert to animating "on ones", as "twos" are too slow to convey the motion adequately.two dimensional POV display is often accomplished by means of rapidly moving a single row


SION USING LED’S AND ARDUINOuino UNO, Arduino Proto shield


light source. It is a voltage is applied to the leads,


corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy mm2 ) and integrated optical

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are often shot "on twos", that is to say, one drawing is shown for every two frames of film (which usually runs at 24 frames per second), meaning there are only 12 drawings per second. Even though the image update rate is low, the fluidity is satisfactory for most subjects.

movement, it is usually necessary to revert to animating "on ones", as "twos" are too slow to convey the motion adequately.two dimensional POV display is often accomplished by means of rapidly moving a single row


ARDUINO uino UNO, Arduino Proto shield

light source. It is a p–n junctionis applied to the leads,


corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy band gap) and integrated optical

[email protected]





o frames of film (which usually runs at 24 frames per second), meaning there are only 12 drawings per second. Even though the image update rate is low, the fluidity is satisfactory for most subjects.

movement, it is usually necessary to revert to animating "on ones", as "twos" are too slow to convey the motion adequately. A two dimensional POV display is often accomplished by means of rapidly moving a single row


uino UNO, Arduino Proto shield.

n junction is applied to the leads,


band gap of the ) and integrated optical


A Psame process is reversed here (i.e. the Papplied to it). This phenomenon is generally called as the emission of light from a charge carriers recombine in a forwardregion and recombine with the holes existing in the Pconduction bandlevel of the holes will be lesser energy must be dissipated in order to recombine the electrons and the holes. This energy is emitted in the form of heat and light.

2.2. Microcontroller Atmega328 microcontroller that has 32K of flash memory, 1K of EE

The Atmega328 is one of the microcontroller chips that are used with the popular Arduino Duemilanove boards. The Arduino Duemilanove board comes with either 1 of 2 microcontroller chips, the Atmega168 or the Atmega328. Of these 2, the Atmega328 is the upgraded, more advanced chip. Unlike the Atmega168 which has 16K of flash program memory and and 2K of Internal SRAM.

K. Anusha, L. Baala Gajakreedan, S. Nishanth Kumar and S. Vignesh Rajarathinam


A P-N junction can convert absorbed lisame process is reversed here (i.e. the Papplied to it). This phenomenon is generally called as the emission of light from a charge carriers recombine in a forwardregion and recombine with the holes existing in the Pconduction band of energy levels, while holes are in the valence level of the holes will be lesser energy must be dissipated in order to recombine the electrons and the holes. This energy is emitted in the form of heat and light.

2.2. Microcontroller Atmega328 is a very popular microcontroller chip produced by Atmel. It is an 8microcontroller that has 32K of flash memory, 1K of EE

The Atmega328 is one of the microcontroller chips that are used with the popular Arduino Duemilanove boards. The Arduino Duemilanove board comes with either 1 of 2 microcontroller chips, the Atmega168 or the Atmega328. Of these 2, the Atmega328 is the upgraded, more advanced chip. Unlike the Atmega168 which has 16K of flash program memory and 512 bytes of internal SRAM, the Atmega328 has 32K of flash program memory and 2K of Internal SRAM.



N junction can convert absorbed lisame process is reversed here (i.e. the Papplied to it). This phenomenon is generally called as the emission of light from a charge carriers recombine in a forwardregion and recombine with the holes existing in the P

of energy levels, while holes are in the valence level of the holes will be lesser energy must be dissipated in order to recombine the electrons and the holes. This energy is emitted in the form of heat and light.

2.2. Microcontroller is a very popular microcontroller chip produced by Atmel. It is an 8

microcontroller that has 32K of flash memory, 1K of EEThe Atmega328 is one of the microcontroller chips that are used with the popular Arduino

Duemilanove boards. The Arduino Duemilanove board comes with either 1 of 2 microcontroller chips, the Atmega168 or the Atmega328. Of these 2, the Atmega328 is the upgraded, more advanced chip. Unlike the Atmega168 which has 16K of flash program

512 bytes of internal SRAM, the Atmega328 has 32K of flash program memory and 2K of Internal SRAM.

Figure 3



N junction can convert absorbed lisame process is reversed here (i.e. the Papplied to it). This phenomenon is generally called as the emission of light from a semi-conductorcharge carriers recombine in a forward-biased Pregion and recombine with the holes existing in the P

of energy levels, while holes are in the valence level of the holes will be lesser than the energy levels of the electrons. Some portion of the energy must be dissipated in order to recombine the electrons and the holes. This energy is emitted in the form of heat and light.

Figure 2

is a very popular microcontroller chip produced by Atmel. It is an 8microcontroller that has 32K of flash memory, 1K of EE

The Atmega328 is one of the microcontroller chips that are used with the popular Arduino Duemilanove boards. The Arduino Duemilanove board comes with either 1 of 2 microcontroller chips, the Atmega168 or the Atmega328. Of these 2, the Atmega328 is the upgraded, more advanced chip. Unlike the Atmega168 which has 16K of flash program

512 bytes of internal SRAM, the Atmega328 has 32K of flash program memory

Figure 3 Diagram of AT Mega 328


9

N junction can convert absorbed light energy into a proportional electric current. The same process is reversed here (i.e. the P-N junction emits light when electrical energy is applied to it). This phenomenon is generally called electroluminescence, which can be defined

conductor under the influence of an biased P-N junction as the electrons cross from the N

region and recombine with the holes existing in the Pof energy levels, while holes are in the valence

than the energy levels of the electrons. Some portion of the energy must be dissipated in order to recombine the electrons and the holes. This energy is

Figure 2 Function of LED

is a very popular microcontroller chip produced by Atmel. It is an 8microcontroller that has 32K of flash memory, 1K of EE



Diagram of AT Mega 328


ght energy into a proportional electric current. The N junction emits light when electrical energy is

electroluminescence, which can be defined under the influence of an N junction as the electrons cross from the N

region and recombine with the holes existing in the P-region. Free electrons are in the of energy levels, while holes are in the valence


Function of LED

is a very popular microcontroller chip produced by Atmel. It is an 8microcontroller that has 32K of flash memory, 1K of EEPROM, and 2K of internal SRAM.



Diagram of AT Mega 328 microcontroller


[email protected]


electroluminescence, which can be defined under the influence of an N junction as the electrons cross from the N

region. Free electrons are in the of energy levels, while holes are in the valence energy band. Thus the energy


is a very popular microcontroller chip produced by Atmel. It is an 8PROM, and 2K of internal SRAM.



microcontroller


[email protected]


electroluminescence, which can be defined under the influence of an electric field. The N junction as the electrons cross from the N

region. Free electrons are in the band. Thus the energy


is a very popular microcontroller chip produced by Atmel. It is an 8PROM, and 2K of internal SRAM.



[email protected]


electroluminescence, which can be defined electric field. The

N junction as the electrons cross from the N region. Free electrons are in the

band. Thus the energy than the energy levels of the electrons. Some portion of the

energy must be dissipated in order to recombine the electrons and the holes. This energy is

is a very popular microcontroller chip produced by Atmel. It is an 8-bit PROM, and 2K of internal SRAM.





3. WAND IMPLEMENTATION The first thing you'll want to do is make a mount for your project. I laser cut a piece of acrylic into a wand shape, but you could use a piece of plywood, cardboard, or plastic. I've attached the adobe illustrator and eps files of the wand and correct hole 0.1" hole spacing for the LEDs and resistors; even if you don't have a laser cutter, these files still might be useful to print out as a template. Drill out the holes with a drill and a small drill bit. The rectangular holes at the bottom of the wand will be used for mounting a 9 volt battery. Thread the leads of all 20 resistors through their holes on the wand mount.

Each resistor is connected to an LED on one side and ground on the other. Bend one of the leads of each resistor so that they are touching each other and solder them all together in a row. Clip the excess metal from the leads. Leave the last lead unclipped so that it can be attached to a wire later. Solder header pins to the pins connections on the arduino protoboard. Make sure you are soldering them on the correct side! For best results I recommend soldering the first and last pins first, then check to see if the pins are straight and flat on the board. If they need to be adjusted it will be much easier with only two pins soldered down. Once everything is lined up, solder the middle pins. Solder the toggle switch onto the middle of the arduino proto-shield as shown in the images above. Solder a jumper wire between the side lead of the switch and the Vin pin on the proto-shield.

Solder the red lead of the battery connector to the middle pin of the switch. Solder the black lead of the battery connector to the ground pin of the protoshield. Attach wires to each of the LEDs on the wand. As you solder each connection, clip the excess lead off the end of the LED. Strip the ends of each of the LED wires and connect to the pins of the arduino proto-shield. Be sure to follow the pin connections below correctly, I've also attached the breadboard diagram from fritzing, the left-most LED is the top of the wand and the right is the bottom. In the schematic the left most LED is the bottom and and right most is the top. You can find the fritzing file below.

Pin connections Top of wand 1 Digital Pin 13 2 Digital Pin 12 3 Digital Pin 11 4 Digital Pin 10 5 Digital Pin 9 6 Digital Pin 8 7 Digital Pin 7 8 Digital Pin 6 9 Digital Pin 5 10 Digital Pin 4 11 Digital Pin 3 12 Digital Pin 2 13 Digital Pin 1 14 Digital Pin 0 15 Analog Pin 5 16 Analog Pin 4 17 Analog Pin 3 18 Analog Pin 2 19 Analog Pin 1


20 AnalogBottom of wand

4. METHODOLOGYThis is the new now uses an ATmega16U2 instead of the 8U2 found on the Uno (or the FTDI found on previous generations). This allows for faster transfer rates and more memory. No drivers needed and the ability to have the Uno show up as a keyboard, mouse, joystick, etc.

The Uno R3 also adds SDA and SCL pins next to the AREF. In addition, there are two new pins placvoltage provided from the board. The other is a not connected and is reserved for future purposes. The Uno R3 works with all existing shields but can adapt to new shields which these additional pins.

Arduino is an opendevelopment environment that implements theused to develop standcomputer (e.g. Flash, Processing, MaxMSP). The openfree (currently for Mac OS X, Windows, and Linux).



Analog Pin Bottom of wand

4. METHODOLOGYThis is the new Arduino Uno R3. In addition to all the features of the previous board, the Uno now uses an ATmega16U2 instead of the 8U2 found on the Uno (or the FTDI found on previous generations). This allows for faster transfer rates and more memory. No drivers needed for Linux or Mac (inf file for Windows is needed and included in the Arduino IDE), and the ability to have the Uno show up as a keyboard, mouse, joystick, etc.

The Uno R3 also adds SDA and SCL pins next to the AREF. In addition, there are two new pins placed near the RESET pin. One is the IOREF that allow the shields to adapt to the voltage provided from the board. The other is a not connected and is reserved for future purposes. The Uno R3 works with all existing shields but can adapt to new shields which these additional pins.

Arduino is an opendevelopment environment that implements theused to develop standcomputer (e.g. Flash, Processing, MaxMSP). The openfree (currently for Mac OS X, Windows, and Linux).



0

4. METHODOLOGY Arduino Uno R3. In addition to all the features of the previous board, the Uno

now uses an ATmega16U2 instead of the 8U2 found on the Uno (or the FTDI found on previous generations). This allows for faster transfer rates and more memory. No drivers

for Linux or Mac (inf file for Windows is needed and included in the Arduino IDE), and the ability to have the Uno show up as a keyboard, mouse, joystick, etc.

The Uno R3 also adds SDA and SCL pins next to the AREF. In addition, there are two ed near the RESET pin. One is the IOREF that allow the shields to adapt to the

voltage provided from the board. The other is a not connected and is reserved for future purposes. The Uno R3 works with all existing shields but can adapt to new shields which these additional pins.

Arduino is an open-source physical computing platform based on a simple i/o board and a development environment that implements theused to develop stand-alone interactive objects or can be connected to software on your computer (e.g. Flash, Processing, MaxMSP). The openfree (currently for Mac OS X, Windows, and Linux).

Figure 5



Figure 4 Experimental Wand setup

Arduino Uno R3. In addition to all the features of the previous board, the Uno now uses an ATmega16U2 instead of the 8U2 found on the Uno (or the FTDI found on previous generations). This allows for faster transfer rates and more memory. No drivers



voltage provided from the board. The other is a not connected and is reserved for future purposes. The Uno R3 works with all existing shields but can adapt to new shields which

source physical computing platform based on a simple i/o board and a development environment that implements the

alone interactive objects or can be connected to software on your computer (e.g. Flash, Processing, MaxMSP). The openfree (currently for Mac OS X, Windows, and Linux).

Figure 5 Real Time Implementation of the POV


11

Experimental Wand setup





source physical computing platform based on a simple i/o board and a development environment that implements the Processing

alone interactive objects or can be connected to software on your computer (e.g. Flash, Processing, MaxMSP). The openfree (currently for Mac OS X, Windows, and Linux).

Real Time Implementation of the POV


Experimental Wand setup





source physical computing platform based on a simple i/o board and a Processing/Wirin

alone interactive objects or can be connected to software on your computer (e.g. Flash, Processing, MaxMSP). The open-source IDE can be downloaded for free (currently for Mac OS X, Windows, and Linux).



[email protected]





source physical computing platform based on a simple i/o board and a Wiring language. Arduino can be

alone interactive objects or can be connected to software on your source IDE can be downloaded for



[email protected]





source physical computing platform based on a simple i/o board and a language. Arduino can be


[email protected]


for Linux or Mac (inf file for Windows is needed and included in the Arduino IDE),


voltage provided from the board. The other is a not connected and is reserved for future purposes. The Uno R3 works with all existing shields but can adapt to new shields which use

source physical computing platform based on a simple i/o board and a language. Arduino can be




5. CONCLUSION The conventional LED displays used in advertisements and information display uses an individual matrix of LEDs for each character. For example in a display using 8X4 Led matrix for a single character, 10X8X4 LEDs would be required to display a word consisting of 10 characters, increasing the circuit complexity. Our circuit uses a low power Arduino Duemilanove board, with 7 multicolour LEDs and a low power motor. This technology saves power monumentally. The display is configurable to show any pattern in any colour through an Android device that dictates its output as shown in figure [4.9]. The display is extremely attractive to look at and gives a sense of being a transparent display. By using a motor of higher RPM, one can achieve more clarity in the display.

REFERENCES [1] Wertheimer, 1912. Experimentelle Studien über das Sehen von Bewegung. Zeitschrift für

Psychologie 61, pp. 161–265.

[2] Bazin, André (1967) What is Cinema?, Vol. I, Trans. Hugh Gray, Berkeley: University of California Press.

[3] Cook, David A. (2004) A History of Narrative Film. New York, W. W. Norton & Company.

[4] Metz, Christian (1991) Film Language: A Semiotics of the Cinema, trans. Michael Taylor. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

[5] Reference Note : http://en.wikipedia.org/

[6] Image courtesy: http://soullostatsea.deviantart.com/

[7] Reference Image : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arduino

[8] Mohammad Mohiddin, Musipatla Premalatha, Bodapally Kedarnath, K. Sanath Kumar and K. Venkata Krishna Prasad. Implementation of Brain–Computer Interface Technology using Arduino. International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology, 8(2), 2017, pp. 25–35.

[9] Karna Patel, Mrudang Patel and Nirav Oza, Wireless automation and Machine Learning of a Rolling-Mill Using Arduino and Android. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 7(6), 2016, pp. 09–21.

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