Persecution in Central Europe and its consequences on the lives of SHARE respondents Radim Bohacek,...
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Persecution in Central Europe and its consequences on the lives of SHARE respondents Radim Bohacek, Michal Myck
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Persecution in Central Europe and its consequences on the lives of SHARE respondents
Radim Bohacek, Michal Myck
European history in SHARE data
Persecution and property dispossession in SHARE Life:- documentation of significant “shocks” in people’s lives and the degree
of reported persecution in Europe;
- comparison of forms and degree of persecution experiences in three
communist countries: CZ, GDR and PL;
- analysis of immediate and long-term consequences of persecution;General issues/problems:- any estimated effects will be lower bounds:
- differential mortality and emigration as direct or indirect consequence of persecution;- non-randomness of persecution (highly educated and
wealthy)
European history in SHARE data
Outline:- persecution questions in SHARE;
- degree of persecution in all countries in SHARE Life data;
- focus on three countries: CZ, GDR and PL:
- degree and timing of dispossession;
- main reasons for persecution;
- persecution and immediate labour market consequences;
- persecution and long term effects on health and life satisfaction;
- conclusions.
Persecution in SHARE Life data
Persecution and property dispossession in SHARE Life:Defining persecution (Rummel, 1994): “Responsibility of a government, regime or a self-governing group for an unarmed and non-physically threatening person’s death, imprisonment, dispossession and deprivation of individual rights and freedoms.” Victims of persecution in Europe:- WWII, post-war forced migration, communist regimes, civil wars, colonial wars;- individuals persecuted outside Europe who migrated as a result.
Persecution in SHARE Life data
Persecution and property dispossession in SHARE Life:
- There are times, in which people are persecuted or discriminated against, for
example because of their political beliefs, religion, nationality, ethnicity, sexual
orientation or their background. People may also be persecuted or discriminated
against because of the political beliefs or the religion of their close relatives. Have
you ever been the victim of such persecution or discrimination?
- There may be cases when individuals and their families are dispossessed of
their property as a result of war or persecution. Were you or your family ever
dispossessed of any property as a result of war or persecution?
Figure 1: Persecution and dispossession in the SHARE Life Sample
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
16%
18%
20%
SW DK DE NL BE FR CH AU IT ES GR CZ PL
Ever persecuted Ever dispossessed
Persecution in SHARE Life data
Figure 2: Persecution and dispossession in the SHARE Life Sample – individuals born within current borders of country of residence
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
16%
18%
20%
SW DK DE NL BE FR CH AU IT ES GR CZ PL
Ever persecuted Ever dispossessed
Persecution in SHARE Life data
Figure 3: Persecution and dispossession in the SHARE Life Sample – individuals born outside current borders of country of residence
-5%
5%
15%
25%
35%
45%
55%
65%
SW DK DE NL BE FR CH AU IT ES GR CZ PL
Ever persecuted Ever dispossessed
Persecution in SHARE Life data
“Discriminating persecution” – odds ratios of the effect of status at childhood (books at the age of 10: 2+ shelves) on persecution.
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
SW DK DE DE-east
DE-west
NL BE FR CH AU IT ES GR CZ PL
OR - being persecuted
Persecution in SHARE Life data
Persecution in Central Europe
Persecution and property dispossession in SHARE Life – focus on Central European communist regimes:- CZ, GDR and PL:
- all experienced Soviet-controlled communist regimes
over similar period of time;- WWII and post-war experiences of forced
migration;- interesting to understand differences in the
form and consequences of persecution.
Persecution and property dispossession in SHARE Life – focus on Central European communist regimes:- CZ, GDR and PL:
Czech Republic GDR Poland
Ever persecuted: Yes No Yes No Yes No
Number of observations
166 1650 39 391 102 1608
Average age 66.6 63.3 64.1 65.1 67.4 63.0
Female (%) 0.52 0.56 0.42 0.56 0.43 57.3
Persecution in Central Europe
Immediate consequences of dispossession and persecution
Persecution in Central Europe
Figure 4: Timing of dispossession in Central Europe
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
19
37
19
38
19
39
19
40
19
41
19
42
19
43
19
44
19
45
19
46
19
47
19
48
19
49
19
50
19
51
19
52
19
53
19
54
19
55
19
56
19
57
19
58
19
59
19
60
DE-GDR CZ PL
Persecution in Central Europe
Figure 5: Type of property lost to dispossession in Central Europe
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
DE-GDR CZ PL
Business Houses Land Apartment Assets
Persecution in Central Europe
Figure 6: The main reason for persecution in Central Europe
-10%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
DE-GDR CZ PL
Political Background Religion Ethnicity/nation. Other
Persecution in Central Europe
Figure 7: Persecution and direct job implications in Central Europe
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
DE-GDR CZ PLLost job Denied promotions/pay cuts
Harrassment/lower tasks Diffi culties finding job
Persecution in Central Europe
Long term effects of persecution on health and overall life satisfaction
- odds ratios of the effect of persecution on current
outcomes (outcomes taken from W2 and SHARE Life)
Persecution in Central Europe
Figure 8: Persecution and long-term effects on health in Central Europe
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
DE-GDR CZ PLDisability ever Long term illness ever Current poor health
3+ symptoms 3+ limitations Depression symptoms
Persecution in Central Europe
Figure 9: Persecution and long-term effects on life satisfaction in Central Europe
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
DE-GDR CZ PL
Not looking back with happiness Not satisfied with l ife
Not satisfied with job achievements Disappointing job career
Persecution in Central Europe
Conclusions
A relatively high degree of experience of persecution and dispossession across Europe, highest level in CZ, DE, FR and PL.
Evidence of persecution-driven migration.
Important differences in timing and immediate consequences of persecution in the SHARE communist regimes (CZ, GDR and PL).
Significant effects of persecution on current outcomes:- effects on health in Poland;- effects on job satisfaction in Czech Republic.
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Conclusions
SHARE Life data documents important major events in European history with potential significant consequences for welfare in old age.
Our results and policy implications:- significant “shocks” may have long lasting consequences for welfare – might call for greater responsibility of democratic governments to compensate victims of persecution (and take greater care of persecuted immigrants);- “harassment” at work may have long-lasting effects on job satisfaction.
