Perpetua and Seneca - amherst.edu2520and... · Perpetua and Seneca.pptx Author: Brigitte Libby...
Transcript of Perpetua and Seneca - amherst.edu2520and... · Perpetua and Seneca.pptx Author: Brigitte Libby...
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Ambi%osa Mors “Ambi+ous Death” in the
Roman Empire
Cato the Younger
Perpetua “Death of Cato” G. B. LangeC, c.1650
“Death of Cato U+censis” G.A.B. Bouchet, 1797 “Death of Seneca” (J.-‐L. David)
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Death of Cato the Younger
• As exemplum of how to face death when circumstances make it impossible to live a virtuous life
• Can a good man jus+fy being alive under a bad emperor?
• ambi%osa mors – Is it the noble way of maintaining self-‐control under tyrant?
– Or is it easy way out: self-‐aggrandizing without helping the state?
• -‐In Tacitus’ Agricola, an ambi%osa mors was a self-‐indulgent, theatrical ac+on that didn’t accomplish anything.
“The Emperor, notwithstanding his irascible temper, was so^ened by the modera+on and prudence of Agricola, who neither by a perverse obs+nacy nor an idle parade of freedom challenged fame or provoked his fate. Let it be known to those whose habit it is to admire the disregard of authority, that there may be great men even under bad emperors, and that obedience and submission, when joined to ac+vity and vigor, may a_ain a glory which most men reach only by a perilous career, u_erly useless to the state, and closed by an ostenta+ous death.”
Vibia Perpetua (d.202 AD)
~21yr old Roman woman from Carthage
-‐ married and had young infant
-‐ catechumen (not yet bap+zed)
-‐ convicted of being a Chris+an and refusing to sacrifice to Rome and the emperor
-‐ sentenced to death by figh+ng the beasts in the arena
-‐ Seems to have kept prison diary from arrest un+l she entered arena
SeCng of Martyrdom at the games
-‐ Public seCng for “witnessing” faith
-‐ Highlight contradic+on of martyrdom: you are victorious in your defeat
-‐ Lose against animals and gladiators but win against devil
-‐ Seneca likens Cato’s death, too, to a gladiatorial match (with gods as audience)
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Seneca: Cato’s death as gladiatorial game for gods “Behold a sight worthy to be viewed by a god… behold a pair of gladiators worthy of a god, a brave man matched with evil fortune. I say, I do not know what nobler spectacle Jupiter could find on earth, should he turn his eyes there, than that of Cato the Younger, a^er his party had more than once been defeated, s+ll standing upright amid the ruins of the Republic. Cato said, "Though all be fallen into one man's power, though the land be guarded by his legions, the sea by his fleets, though Caesar's soldiers beset the city gate, Cato has a way out of it: with one hand he will open a wide path for freedom; his sword, which he has borne unstained by disgrace and innocent of crime even in a civil war, will s+ll perform good and noble deeds; it will give to Cato that freedom which it could not give to his country…”
“…It is clear to me that the gods must have looked on with great joy, while that man, his own most ruthless avenger, planned for the safety of others and arranged the escape of those who departed, while even on his last night he pursued his studies, while he drove the sword into his sacred breast, while he tore forth his vitals and laid his hand upon that most holy life which was unworthy to be defiled by steel. This, I think, was the reason that his wound was not well-‐aimed and mortal: the gods were not sa+sfied with seeing Cato die once. His courage was kept in ac+on and recalled to the stage, that it might display itself in a more difficult part: for it needs a greater mind to return a second +me to death. How could they fail to view their pupil with interest when leaving his life by such a noble and memorable departure? Men are raised to the level of the gods by a death that is admired even by those who fear them.”
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What is new about this trend?
• Are these notable deaths (poli+cally mo+vated suicide or martyrdom) a departure from Roman ideals? – How so or why not?
Shi^s in tradi+on are reflec+on of: 1) Principate blocking tradi+onal routes to glory 2) break down of patrio+sm and power of paterfamilias as ordering mechanism of society.
Was it official policy of Rome to persecute Chris+ans? • Before 250 AD: persecu+on of Chris+ans is sporadic & local Tertullian: "if the Tiber overflows or the Nile doesn't, the cry goes up. Chris+ans to the lions!"
Trajan to Pliny 98-‐117 AD: “You observed proper procedure, my dear Pliny, in si^ing the cases of those who had been denounced as Chris+ans. For it is not possible to lay down any general rule to serve as a fixed standard. They are not to be sought out; if they are denounced and proved guilty, they are to be punished, with this reserva+on, that whoever denies that he is a Chris+an and really proves it-‐-‐that is, by worshiping our gods-‐-‐even though he was under suspicion in the past, shall obtain pardon through repentance.” • A^er 250: empire ba_ered on every fron+er and poli+cal instability. = imperial persecu+on of Chris+ans.