Perpetua and Seneca - amherst.edu2520and... · Perpetua and Seneca.pptx Author: Brigitte Libby...

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5/2/12 1 Ambi%osa Mors “Ambi+ous Death” in the Roman Empire Cato the Younger Perpetua “Death of Cato” G. B. LangeC, c.1650 “Death of Cato U+censis” G.A.B. Bouchet, 1797 “Death of Seneca” (J.L. David)

Transcript of Perpetua and Seneca - amherst.edu2520and... · Perpetua and Seneca.pptx Author: Brigitte Libby...

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Ambi%osa  Mors  “Ambi+ous  Death”  in  the  

Roman  Empire  

Cato  the  Younger  

Perpetua   “Death  of  Cato”  G.  B.  LangeC,  c.1650  

“Death  of  Cato  U+censis”  G.A.B.  Bouchet,  1797   “Death  of  Seneca”  (J.-­‐L.  David)  

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Death  of  Cato  the  Younger  

•  As  exemplum  of  how  to  face  death  when  circumstances  make  it  impossible  to  live  a  virtuous  life  

•  Can  a  good  man  jus+fy  being  alive  under  a  bad  emperor?  

•  ambi%osa  mors  –  Is  it  the  noble  way  of  maintaining  self-­‐control  under  tyrant?  

– Or  is  it  easy  way  out:  self-­‐aggrandizing  without  helping  the  state?  

•  -­‐In  Tacitus’  Agricola,  an  ambi%osa  mors  was  a  self-­‐indulgent,  theatrical  ac+on  that  didn’t  accomplish  anything.  

“The  Emperor,  notwithstanding  his  irascible  temper,  was  so^ened  by  the  modera+on  and  prudence  of  Agricola,  who  neither  by  a  perverse  obs+nacy  nor  an  idle  parade  of  freedom  challenged  fame  or  provoked  his  fate.  Let  it  be  known  to  those  whose  habit  it  is  to  admire  the  disregard  of  authority,  that  there  may  be  great  men  even  under  bad  emperors,  and  that  obedience  and  submission,  when  joined  to  ac+vity  and  vigor,  may  a_ain  a  glory  which  most  men  reach  only  by  a  perilous  career,  u_erly  useless  to  the  state,  and  closed  by  an  ostenta+ous  death.”  

Vibia  Perpetua  (d.202  AD)  

~21yr  old  Roman  woman  from    Carthage  

-­‐  married  and  had  young  infant  

-­‐  catechumen  (not  yet  bap+zed)  

-­‐   convicted  of  being  a  Chris+an  and  refusing  to  sacrifice  to  Rome  and  the  emperor  

-­‐   sentenced  to  death  by  figh+ng  the  beasts  in  the  arena  

-­‐ Seems  to  have  kept  prison  diary  from  arrest  un+l  she  entered  arena  

SeCng  of  Martyrdom  at  the  games  

-­‐   Public  seCng  for  “witnessing”  faith  

-­‐   Highlight  contradic+on  of  martyrdom:  you  are  victorious  in  your  defeat  

-­‐   Lose  against  animals  and  gladiators  but  win  against  devil  

-­‐   Seneca  likens  Cato’s  death,  too,  to  a  gladiatorial  match  (with  gods  as  audience)  

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Seneca:  Cato’s  death  as  gladiatorial  game  for  gods  “Behold  a  sight  worthy  to  be  viewed  by  a  god…  behold  a  pair  of  gladiators  worthy  of  a  god,  a  brave  man  matched  with  evil  fortune.  I  say,  I  do  not  know  what  nobler  spectacle  Jupiter  could  find  on  earth,  should  he  turn  his  eyes  there,  than  that  of  Cato  the  Younger,  a^er  his  party  had  more  than  once  been  defeated,  s+ll  standing  upright  amid  the  ruins  of  the  Republic.  Cato  said,  "Though  all  be  fallen  into  one  man's  power,  though  the  land  be  guarded  by  his  legions,  the  sea  by  his  fleets,  though  Caesar's  soldiers  beset  the  city  gate,  Cato  has  a  way  out  of  it:  with  one  hand  he  will  open  a  wide  path  for  freedom;  his  sword,  which  he  has  borne  unstained  by  disgrace  and  innocent  of  crime  even  in  a  civil  war,  will  s+ll  perform  good  and  noble  deeds;  it  will  give  to  Cato  that  freedom  which  it  could  not  give  to  his  country…”  

“…It  is  clear  to  me  that  the  gods  must  have  looked  on  with  great  joy,  while  that  man,  his  own  most  ruthless  avenger,  planned  for  the  safety  of  others  and  arranged  the  escape  of  those  who  departed,  while  even  on  his  last  night  he  pursued  his  studies,  while  he  drove  the  sword  into  his  sacred  breast,  while  he  tore  forth  his  vitals  and  laid  his  hand  upon  that  most  holy  life  which  was  unworthy  to  be  defiled  by  steel.  This,  I  think,  was  the  reason  that  his  wound  was  not  well-­‐aimed  and  mortal:  the  gods  were  not  sa+sfied  with  seeing  Cato  die  once.    His  courage  was  kept  in  ac+on  and  recalled  to  the  stage,  that  it  might  display  itself  in  a  more  difficult  part:  for  it  needs  a  greater  mind  to  return  a  second  +me  to  death.  How  could  they  fail  to  view  their  pupil  with  interest  when  leaving  his  life  by  such  a  noble  and  memorable  departure?  Men  are  raised  to  the  level  of  the  gods  by  a  death  that  is  admired  even  by  those  who  fear  them.”  

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What  is  new  about  this  trend?  

•  Are  these  notable  deaths  (poli+cally  mo+vated  suicide  or  martyrdom)  a  departure  from  Roman  ideals?      – How  so  or  why  not?    

Shi^s  in  tradi+on  are  reflec+on  of:    1)  Principate  blocking  tradi+onal  routes  to  glory    2)  break  down  of  patrio+sm  and  power  of  paterfamilias  as  ordering  mechanism  of  society.    

Was  it  official  policy  of  Rome  to  persecute  Chris+ans?  •  Before  250  AD:  persecu+on  of  Chris+ans  is  sporadic  &  local  Tertullian:  "if  the  Tiber  overflows  or  the  Nile  doesn't,  the  cry  goes  up.  Chris+ans  to  the  lions!"    

Trajan  to  Pliny    98-­‐117  AD:    “You  observed  proper  procedure,  my  dear  Pliny,  in  si^ing  the  cases  of  those  who  had  been  denounced  as  Chris+ans.  For  it  is  not  possible  to  lay  down  any  general  rule  to  serve  as  a  fixed  standard.  They  are  not  to  be  sought  out;  if  they  are  denounced  and  proved  guilty,  they  are  to  be  punished,  with  this  reserva+on,  that  whoever  denies  that  he  is  a  Chris+an  and  really  proves  it-­‐-­‐that  is,  by  worshiping  our  gods-­‐-­‐even  though  he  was  under  suspicion  in  the  past,  shall  obtain  pardon  through  repentance.”  •  A^er  250:  empire  ba_ered  on  every  fron+er  and  poli+cal  instability.  =  imperial  persecu+on  of  Chris+ans.