Peripheral Vascular Disease - aamsc.org file• Acute inferior STEMI was suspected and pt was rushed...
Transcript of Peripheral Vascular Disease - aamsc.org file• Acute inferior STEMI was suspected and pt was rushed...
Peripheral Vascular Disease
“Save a Life-Save a Leg”
Harry Balian, MD, FACC, FSCAI
Armenian Medical Society
Saturday Sept 12, 2015
Las Vegas Convention
Recent Updates in Treatments of Vascular Disease
Harry Balian, MD FACC, FSCAI
Chairman of Cardiology
Director of Cardiac Cath Lab
Glendale Adventist Heart & Vascular Institute
Saturday May 5th, 2018
Objectives
• Definition of Peripheral Vascular Disease
(PVD)
• Aortic Dissection and Treatment
• Epidemiology of PVD
• Modalities of diagnosis of PVD
• Treatment and Lifestyle Modification
• Recent Updates in Treatment of PVD
• Inflammatory Vascular Disease
• Final Remarks
Aortic Dissection
• Mr M is a 57 y/o Korean speaking male with hx of 1 ppd smoker, dyslipidemia, presented to the ER with crushing chest pain partially radiating to the back that started an hour prior to presentation. Ptappeared cold and clammy upon initial evaluation
• His right radial pulse was bounding but left radial pulse thready and weak
ECG
• Pt had been given aspirin 325 mg on the
field.
• Acute inferior STEMI was suspected and
pt was rushed to cath lab
CT scan of aorta with contrast(chest/abdomen/pelvis)
• Ascending aortic angio showed Type I aortic dissection
• Stat CT angio of the aortic root was obtained
The patient was noted to have a type A dissection
The dissection involved the Celiac artery and the right
renal artery.
Pt also had large amounts of retroperitoneal fluid that
c/w contained rupture of the descending aorta
Pt was rushed to OR
TEE can be helpful when the patient has renal insufficiency and CT angio of the chest can further compromise the kidneys
Aortic Dissection
• Diagnosis
– Angiography • “Gold standard”
• Shows all anatomy and involvement
• 94% specific
• 88% sensitive
– TEE• 97-100% sensitive
• 97-99% specific
• Esophageal dz contraindication
Aortic Dissection• In contrast to ruptured AAA,
SUSPECTED DISSECTIONS MUST BE CONFIRMED RADIOLOGICALLY PRIOR TO SENDING TO OR!!!
Open surgery-for repair of asc ao
dissection
TEVAR for descending ao
dissection
CASE #2
Mr V
• 44 y/o Armenian gentleman who has been
suffering of severe L calf pain worsening
over the last 6 months. He has been 22
pack year smoker but has quit over the
last 3 months.
• His left leg ABI is 0.5
• His right is 0.95
• Arterial duplex of the lower extremites
shows total occlusion of the left popliteal
artery
• There is faint flow of the left posterior tibial
artery that is supplying blood flow to the
left foot.
• LE angiogram was proposed
©2014 MFMER | Slide-30
Acute arterial occlusion
• Presentation
• Pain, pulselessness, pallor, paresthesias, pokilothermy, paralysis
• Admit to intensive care
• Initiate IV heparin
• CBC, creatinine, ECG, Echo, TEE
• Ultrasound, Doppler
• Angiography
• We restored three vessel runoff to the foot
• By end of case-pt had bounding DP and
PT pulses
• He was discharged home two days later
with ABI of 0.99 on left foot and completely
asymptomatic
Epidemiology
• Lower extremity arterial disease (PAD) affects 10 to 15% of community-dwelling older men and women
• PAD affects 25 to 30% of men and women aged 50 years and older in primary care medical practices
• Intermittent claudication is the most classic symptom of PAD
• However, many pts with PAD are asx
Prevalence of Claudication
• Claudication
increases w/ age-
• <1% in 30 y/o men
• 3% in 55 to 59 y/o
men
• 3-7% in 60 to 69 y/o
men
• >7% in > 70 y/o men
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35%
29%
6%
Prevalence of PAD
PARTNERS
Aged >70 years, or 50–69 years with a history diabetes or smoking
San Diego
Mean age 66 years
Diehm
Aged 65 years
Rotterdam
Aged >55 years
NHANES
Aged 70 years
NHANES
Aged >40 years
NHANES=National Health and Nutrition Examination Study
PARTNERS=PAD Awareness, Risk, and Treatment: New Resources for Survival [program]
In a primary care
population defined by age
and common risk factors,
the prevalence of PAD was
approximately one in three
patients
ACCF/AHA PAD slide set
©2014 MFMER | Slide-20
ABI and mortality
Ankle brachial index
JAMA 2008; 300(2):201
0.5
1.0
2.0
4.0
8.0
Hazard
ratio
£0.6
0
0.6
1-0
.70
0.7
1-0
.80
0.8
1-0
.90
0.9
1-1
.00
1.0
1-1
.10
1.1
1-1
.20
(r
efe
rence
)
1.2
1-1
.30
1.3
1-1
.40
>1
.40
Men (n=24,955) Women (n=23,339)
Additional PAD facts
• Prevalence of PAD- 12%
• Risk of PAD increases two to threefold for
every 10 year increase in age after 40
years
• 60% of pts with PAD have significant
multivessel CAD
Natural History of PAD
• 5 year mortality in pts with intermittent
claudication is about 30%
• 5% major lower extremity amputation rate
over 5 years
• 10 fold increase in the risk for major
amputation in tobacco users and 2x
increase in mortality
Risk Factors for PAD
• Male gender
• Older age
• Hyperhomocysteinemia
• Lp(a)
• Tobacco
• High TG level
• DM
• HTN
Management of PAD
• History- Listen to your pt
• Physical- inspect, palpate, auscultate
• Treatment
– Exercise therapy
– Medical therapy (Pletal, statins, ACEI,
glycemic control, aggressive BP lowering)
– Endovascular management (PTA, stent,
atherectomy, laser, calcium cutter)
©2014 MFMER | Slide-23
Functional impairment in PAD
Coutinho T, et al. Vasc Med 2011
History
“ The patient will always tell you the right
diagnosis. You have to listen, give them the
opportunity to state their problem in their own
words and be smart enough to ask the right
questions to come up with the right diagnosis”
Ted Booden-July 2nd, 1993, 1st lecture in medical
school at the University of Chicago
©2014 MFMER | Slide-14
Ankle-brachial index (ABI)
Normal ABI = 1.0-1.3
PAD ≤0.9
Severe <0.5
Moderate, 0.5-0.7
Post exercise ABIs
Non-compressible ≥1.4
Normal ABI tracings across the lower extremities
ABI tracings in a pt with severe PVD
Physical Exam
• Inspect-
– Absence of hair
– Nailbed disease/onychomycosis
– Pallor
– Ulcerations (deep, painful ulcers in lateral
surface of foot)
ARTERIAL INSUFF
ULCERS-DEEP
CRATERS WITH
SMOOTH EDGES
VENOUS STASIS ULCER
ARTERIOLAR ULCERS-VERY
PAINFUL
NEUROTRPHIC ULCERS-SEEN
IN DIABETICS
BASAL CELL CA-ROLLED
EDGES, SMOOTH SURFACE
Treatment of PAD
• Treatment
– Exercise therapy
– Medical therapy (Pletal, statins, ACEI,
glycemic control, aggressive BP lowering)
– Endovascular management (PTA, stent,
atherectomy, laser, calcium cutter)
©2014 MFMER | Slide-24
Treatment of claudication: Therapeutic Choice & Evidence
Intervention Limitations
Indicated in
Exercise Availability Motivation
50-85%
Cilostazol CHF
Side effects ?
Angioplasty Restenosis 10-15%
Surgery Graft failure
Morbidity, mortality <5%
©2014 MFMER | Slide-25
Surgical options
80-90%
Vein Syn
65% 50%
65% 35%
65% 25%
Patency rates
Revascularization
• Lesions might be better treated surgically
if:
– Long segments
– Multi focal stenoses
– Long segment occlusions
– Eccentric, calcified lesions
64 y/o diabetic male w/ acute R thigh/buttock pain with pulseless R leg
s/o PTA and Stenting of the common iliac artery-pt’s sxs resolved
New Technology
• 1. Drug Eluting Peripheral stents-Zilver
PTX
• 2. Drug Coated Balloon for PVD
• 3. Supera-high tensile strength stent that
works well for junction points (ie,
popliteal/common femoral artery)
• Zontivity-antiplatelet that targets the
thrombin receptor of the platelet (reduction
of future vascular events by 20-25%)
Drug Eluting Stent for lower
extremities
How drug elution works
1. Release 2. Absorption 3. Inhibiting
The drug paclitaxel is
released from the polymer-
free Zilver PTX stent within
72 hours.2 Cook Medical’s
proprietary coating process
eliminates the potential risks
of adverse reactions that are
associated with polymers.
Paclitaxel is eluted into the
vessel wall and remains in
arterial walls for up to 56
days.2
Inside the cell, paclitaxel binds
to structures (microtubules) and
inhibits proliferation (mitosis),
which is a cellular response to
the trauma of angioplasty and
stenting that, when excessive,
can prompt a reintervention.
1. Refer to IFU for full prescribing information, including indications, contraindications, warnings, precautions, and clinical data.
2. Dake MD, Van Alstine WG, Zhou Q, et al. Polymer-free paclitaxel-coated Zilver PTX Stents—evaluation of pharmacokinetics and comparative
safety in porcine arteries. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2011;22(5):603-610.
Normal cell cycle
The short animation below illustrates how a cell divides during a normal cell cycle. As soon as a cell divides, the two new cells immediately begin the cycle again, thus perpetuating cell proliferation.
How drug elution works
Cell cycle with paclitaxel
In this version, you see how paclitaxel acts on a cell. Paclitaxel stops the cell cycle in phase M (mitosis), preventing the cell from dividing.
How drug elution works
The proven drug effect of Zilver
PTX
Paclitaxel is the drug of choice in combination-therapy devices in the SFA.
Paclitaxel helps maintain patency by inhibiting restenosis.
Paclitaxel is the drug for the superficial femoral artery.
Rendering of
paclitaxel molecule
• Taxol® – Liquid formulation of paclitaxel for treating cancer
• Liquid formulation is not used in PTX coating.
• Active ingredient (paclitaxel) is used in PTX coating; it does not require a polymer coating to adhere to the stent, and therefore, does not exhibit the issues associated with polymers.
• Dose of paclitaxel in PTX (3 μg/mm2) is at least 200 times lower than a systemic dose of Taxol.
Basics of paclitaxel
How drug elution works
Zilver PTX drug-eluting
peripheral stent
• New generation SFA Stent
• Available in over 50 countries
• Approved in EU, Japan, and US
• Scaffold plus drug
– Mechanical scaffold:
Zilver Flex® Stent Platform
– Drug therapy: Paclitaxel only
• No polymer or binder
• 3 µg/mm2 dose density
• Sponsor: Cook Medical
Uncoated
PTX Coated
5-year Clinical Benefit IndexProvisional Zilver PTX vs. BMS
81.8%
63.8%
Provisional Zilver PTX
Provisional BMS
p = 0.02log-rank
At 5 years, Zilver PTX has a superior rate of freedom from persistent or worsening claudication, rest pain, ulcer, or tissue loss
Conclusions for 5-year Zilver PTX
RCT
• As the first randomized controlled SFA device trial with
5-year follow-up, these results with the Zilver PTX stent
provide important insights regarding long-term outcomes
for endovascular treatment
• 5-year data for Zilver PTX versus standard care
– Greater than 40% reduction in reintervention and restenosis
– Superior clinical benefit
– These benefits increase with time – results with Zilver PTX
continue to diverge from standard care over 5 years with no late
catch-up
• 5-year results confirm long-term superiority
of Zilver PTX versus bare metal stents
Drug Eluting Balloon
IN.PACT Admiral DCB is a drug-based therapy that can reduce
tissue growth in a treated vessel for sustained clinical benefit,
delivered on a familiar PTA balloon catheter
Admiral PTA balloon
Diameters: 4.0 mm – 7.0 mm
Lengths: 40,60,80,120 mm
Hydrophobic, lipophilic, proven
anti-proliferative drug,
3.5 µg/mm2
Facilitates drug transfer to
vessel wall. Hydrophilic,
naturally occurring, non-toxic
Reliable, scalable, uniform drug
coating process
PTA
Paclitaxel
Urea
Medtronic
Platform
Drug
Excipient
Coating
process
The combination of the drug and excipient work together to promote drug uptake in the tissue,
providing a sustained clinical result.
127 UC201505033 EN © Medtronic, Inc. 2015. All Rights Reserved. For Distribution in the USA only. 01/15
IN.PACT Admiral’s proprietary coating facilitates the
transfer of paclitaxel deep into vessel tissue
IN.PACT Admiral
balloon matrix coating:
• Paclitaxel
• Urea - excipient that
controls drug release
DCB inflation:
• Matrix coating contact with
the blood
• Urea hydrates causing the
release of paclitaxel
• Paclitaxel binds to the wall
due to its hydrophobic and
lipophilic properties
Paclitaxel penetration:
• Through vessel wall deep
into the media and adventitia
• Interferes with the causes of
restenosis
• Can remain in the vessel wall
for over 180 days at
therapeutic levels1
128
1Data on file at Medtronic (GLP Study FS208; GLP Study PS516)
UC201505033 EN © Medtronic, Inc. 2015. All Rights Reserved. For Distribution in the USA only. 01/15
IN.PACT SFA demonstrated the highest reported primary
patency results at 12 months
129
Primary patency at 12 months is the primary endpoint for the study
.
1. IN.PACT SFA defines primary patency as freedom from clinically-driven TLR and freedom from restenosis determined by DUS PSVR<2.4
p<0.001
UC201505033 EN © Medtronic, Inc. 2015. All Rights Reserved. For Distribution in the USA only. 01/15
CSI Atherectomy
Harry Balian M.D.
CSI Atherectomy Case
Ms S.D.
67 yr. old female with CAD, prior CABG 6 years ago with
LIMA to the LAD, SVG to LCx and SVG to the RCA.
She presented with a nonhealing wound of the left big toe
that worsened despite broad spectrum antibiotic coverage.
Arterial duplex showed L SFA occlusion and poor signal
one vessel runoff to the L foot.
Left Big Toe Non Healing
Calcified SFA debulked with a 2.25 Solid Crown.
50-75% of the Calcium/Plaque removed to change the
Vessel compliance. Followed by a low pressure balloon
No Stent.
Patient started with a single vessel Anterior Tib Runoff. Initially there was slow
reflow in the AT after the SFA was treated with the
2.25 Solid Crown. We successfully cleared emboli within the anterior tibial artery
We then angioplastied the Peroneal to give the patient 2 vessel runoff.
Within two weeks, pt’s L toe wound healed
Distal
Supera Stent
Indications
• Junction points-
• Popliteal stenosis
• Areas that will be exposed to shear stress
due to bending
• Possibly Common femoral artery lesions if
endarterectomy is not an option
2
©2014 Abbott. All rights reserved. AP2939964-US Rev. C
The Supera ® Vascular Mimetic Implant Provides
Natural Movement For Durable Outcomes
Maintains a round,
open lumen for normal,
healthy blood flow in
challenging anatomy2
•The Supera® implant mimics the natural
structure and movement of the anatomy1,2
An innovative, interwoven nitinol design
creates an implant that supports rather than
resists the vessel
Resists kinking and fracture with minimal
chronic outward force3
Supports the natural movement of the vessel
for high patency rates1
Angio image courtesy of Dr. Hans Biemans, Rivas Hospital Gorinchem, the Netherlands.
1. Scheinert, et al., Real world perspectives of treating complex SFA-Pop lesions, Results from the SUPERA-500 Registry, LINC 2013.
2. Characteristically round lumens supported by Arena, F.J., Arena, F.A. Intravascular Ultrasound Evaluation of Interwoven Nitinol Stents at Implant. J Vasc Med Surg. 2013:1;116. Data on file at Abbott Vascular.
3. Data on file at Abbott Vascular.
3
©2014 Abbott. All rights reserved. AP2939964-US Rev. C
Supera® is a New Class of SFA Technology
Unlike Standard Nitinol Stents (SNS), Supera’s Vascular Mimetic Technology offers
unparalleled strength and flexibility.
Kink Compression
Standard
Nitinol
Stents
Supera®
Fracture
>4x compression
resistance
vs. SNS1
Zero fractures at 1
year across
1400+
patients2
Greatest kink
resistance of
any SFA
stent1
1. Flexibility is defined as kink resistance. Supera® implant demonstrated lowest kink resistance for 5.5 and 6.5 x 100 mm implants as compared to 6 x 100 mm standard nitinol stents in a tube. Data on file at Abbott Vascular.
2. 1,152 patients analyzed retrospectively, see Scheinert, et al., Real world perspectives of treating complex SFA-Pop lesions, Results from the SUPERA-500 (including Leipzig SFA,
Leipzig Popliteal and S500 LL) Registry, LINC 2013, 495 patients; Goverde, et al., AURORRAregistry: Experience with high radial force interwoven nitinol stents in femoropopliteal arteries, LINC 2013, 117 patients; Molenaar,
et al., Interwoven self-expanding nitinol stents for long complex SFA and popliteal lesions CWZ, LINC 2012, 178 patients; Goltz, et al., Endovascular Treatment of Popliteal Artery Segments P1 and P2 in Patients with Critical
Limb Ischemia, J Endovasc Ther 2012;19:450-456, 40 patients; Chan, et al., HK Single-centre Results of Femoro-popliteal Revascularization using Helical Interwoven Nitinol Stents, LINC 2013, 75 patients; Pacanowski, et al.,
RESTORE: Interwoven Stents in the Real World, The Initial United States Experience with the Use of the Supera Stent in the SFA and Popliteal Artery, LINC 2013, 147 patients; Kovach, R., SAKE, Supera Interwoven Nitinol
Stent Outcomes in Above-Knee Interventions: A Single Center Experience, LINC 2013, 100 patients.
Angio photos courtesy of Dr. Dierk Schienert (top row) and SUPERB study (bottom row). IVUS images courtesy of Dr. Dierk Scheinert and Dr. Frank Arena. Kink photos on file at Abbott Vascular.
11
©2014 Abbott. All rights reserved. AP2939964-US Rev. C
Clinical data on file at Abbott Vascular.
Supera® Has Strong Clinical
Outcomes in Calcification at 3 Years
SUPERB Data - Severe Calcification
% of Lesions with Severe
Calcification (SUPERB Trial) 45% (n=118)
Patency (VIVA 12 months) 89%
95% 92% 88%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
12 months 24 months 36 months
Freedom from TLR % Over Time in Severe Calcium
©2014 MFMER | Slide-29
Acute arterial occlusion Etiology
• No known vascular disease: • Atrial fibrillation
• Recent myocardial infarction
• Dissection
• Arterial trauma
• DVT (paradoxical embolism)
• Known vascular disease:
• Atherosclerosis
• Aneurysm (eg, aortic, popliteal)
• Prior lower extremity bypass or angioplasty/stent
©2014 MFMER | Slide-30
Acute arterial occlusion
• Presentation
• Pain, pulselessness, pallor, paresthesias, pokilothermy, paralysis
• Admit to intensive care
• Initiate IV heparin
• CBC, creatinine, ECG, Echo, TEE
• Ultrasound, Doppler
• Angiography
©2014 MFMER | Slide-31
Viable Threatened Non-viable
Motor deficit None Partial Complete
Sensory deficit None Partial Complete
Arterial Doppler Audible Inaudible Inaudible
Venous Doppler Audible Audible Inaudible
Treatment
Intrarterial thrombolysis if
onset <14 d, otherwise
surgery
Emergency surgery
Amputation
Management of acute arterial occlusion
Modified from Rutherford RB, Semin Vasc Surg 1992; 5:4
Prognosis of Pts with Acute Limb Ischemia
©2014 MFMER | Slide-32
Inflammatory arteriopathies (Vasculitides)
©2014 MFMER | Slide-33
Large vessel vasculitides
• Giant cell arteritis
• age of onset >50 y, headache, temporal artery tenderness, ESR often >100, granulomatous arteritis on biopsy, visual loss if untreated
• Takayasu’s arteritis
• age of onset <50 y, subclavian artery involvement, claudication, hypertension, may have systemic symptoms
©2014 MFMER | Slide-34
Medium vessel vasculitides
Polyarteritis nodosa
• Weight loss, livedo reticularis, testicular pain, myalgias, polyneuropathy, new onset HTN, renal dysfunction, evidence of HBV infection, characteristic angiographic abnormalities
Kawasaki’s disease
• Prediliction for coronary arteries (aneurysms), usually occurs in children, often associated with a mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome
©2014 MFMER | Slide-35
Small vessel vasculitides
• Churg-Strauss: Eosinophilic granulomatosis, typically involves the arteries of the lung and skin
• Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener’s): involves respiratory tract and kidneys; ANCA +ve
• Microscopic polyangiitis: similar to above but less respiratory tract typically not involved
• Henoch-Schönlein purpura (IgA vasculitis): palpable purpura, renal dysfunction
• Cryoglobulinemic vasculitis: often due to HCV
• S○ to hypersensitivity, connective tissue disorders, viral
infection
©2014 MFMER | Slide-36
Non-inflammatory arteriopathies
• Dissection • Carotid artery dissection
• Segmental arterial mediolysis
• Spontaneous coronary artery dissection
• Occlusion/stenosis • Fibromuscular dysplasia
• Iliac artery endofibrosis
• Cystic adventitial disease
• Popliteal artery entrapment
Circulation 2011;124:e54-e130
©2014 MFMER | Slide-37
Secondary Raynaud’s
Atheroembolism
• Blue or gangrenous toes
• Livedo reticularis
• Hypertension
• Intact pulses
• Elevated serum creatinine
• Eosinophilia (transient)
• Elevated ESR
• TIA/CVA
©2014 MFMER | Slide-74
Question choices
a) Atheroembolism
b) Vasculitis
c) Drug reaction
d) Buerger’s disease
e) Pernio
Let’s do some questions
©2014 MFMER | Slide-52
Question 1
In calculating ABI, one uses:
Arm BP Ankle BP
a Higher Higher
b Lower Higher
c Higher Lower
d Lower Lower
©2014 MFMER | Slide-53
Question 1
In calculating ABI, one uses:
Arm BP Ankle BP
a Higher Higher
b Lower Higher
c Higher Lower
d Lower Lower
©2014 MFMER | Slide-54
Question 2
In the CLEVER study, 111 patients with aortoiliac PAD, moderate to severe claudication, were randomized to optimal medical care (OMC) , OMC + supervised exercise or OMC + stenting. The greatest increase in peak walking time at 6 months was seen with:
a) OMC
b) OMC + supervised exercise
c) OMC + stenting
©2014 MFMER | Slide-55
Question 2
In the CLEVER study, 111 patients with aortoiliac PAD, moderate to severe claudication, were randomized to optimal medical care (OMC) , OMC + supervised exercise or OMC + stenting. The greatest increase in peak walking time at 6 months was seen with:
a) OMC
b) OMC + supervised exercise
c) OMC + stenting
©2014 MFMER | Slide-71
Question Which of the following may be seen in both primary and secondary Raynaud’s phenomenon?
a) Asymmetry of affected digits
b) Involvement of both hands and feet
c) History of connective tissue disease
d) Digital ulcerations
e) Abnormal nailfold capillaries
©2014 MFMER | Slide-72
Question Which of the following may be seen in both primary and secondary Raynaud’s phenomenon?
a) Asymmetry of affected digits
b) Involvement of both hands and feet
c) History of connective tissue disease
d) Digital ulcerations
e) Abnormal nailfold capillaries
©2014 MFMER | Slide-73
Question
The week following an LAD stent placement, a 69-year old man calls your office to report a painful right great toe with bluish discoloration. He reports no systemic symptoms or history of thrombophilia. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
©2014 MFMER | Slide-74
Question choices
a) Atheroembolism
b) Vasculitis
c) Drug reaction
d) Buerger’s disease
e) Pernio
©2014 MFMER | Slide-76
Question 40-y old non-diabetic man presents with a 15- year smoking history presents with rest pain. On exam he has a painful left toe ulcer and a red, tender ‘cord’ along the calf. ANA and special coagulation studies are negative. The angiogram is shown. What is the likely diagnosis?
©2014 MFMER | Slide-77
Question choices What is the most likely diagnosis?
a) Atherosclerosis
b) Vasculitis
c) Buerger’s disease
d) System Lupus Erythematosis
©2014 MFMER | Slide-77
Question choices What is the most likely diagnosis?
a) Atherosclerosis
b) Vasculitis
c) Buerger’s disease
d) System Lupus Erythematosis
Conclusion
• Lower extremity arterial disease (PAD)
affects 10 to 15% of community-dwelling
older men and women
• PAD affects 25 to 30% of men and women
aged 50 years and older in primary care
medical practices
• 60% of pts with PAD have at least one
vessel CAD
Conclusion-cont.
• A careful history and physical is crucial in
the diagnosis of PAD
• Treatment modalities include
– Exercise therapy- 150% increase in walking
distance
– Med therapy- Smoking cessation, statins,
ACEI, tight glycemic control, and BP control
– Endovascular therapy- PTA, stenting,
atherectomy, calcium cutting
Questions and comments