Thursday 13 th September. Periods 3 + 4. Music Technology A2.
Periods of Music
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Transcript of Periods of Music
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Periods of Music• Aim of unit:
– To learn about the periods of music required for Higher Music
• Aim of lesson: – To learn about the
Baroque Period• By the end of the
lesson you should:– Be able to describe
Baroque vocal music
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Baroque• Music written between c. 1600-1750
• Famous composers include Bach, Handel and Vivaldi
• Development of new forms of music such as opera, concerto, and oratorio
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Baroque Period• Originated in Italy• Architecture –
very extravagant and intricately detailed
• Art – heavily influenced by religion, theatrical and dramatic in style
• Music – very ordered, lively and tuneful
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Key Musical Features• Polyphony• Harpsichord• Major/Minor• Long, flowing melodies• Imitation • Sequence• Dynamics• Ornaments
• Oratorio• Cantata• Passion • Opera• Chorale• Concerto• Forms
– Suite– Ternary– Da Capo Aria
• Fugue• Canon• Chorale Prelude
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Opera• A musical drama
featuring singing, acting, set, costumes and orchestral accompaniment
• Operas are usually written in a foreign language such as Italian or German
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Oratorio• A story from the Bible set to music• Features soloists, chorus and orchestra• Can include recitative, arias and duets• Is performed without acting or stage design• Can be in English or German
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Recitative• A type of vocal writing where the
music follows the rhythm of speech. It is used in operas to move the story or plot on.
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Aria• A song with orchestral
accompaniment which is heard in opera
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Cantata• A small-scale oratorio• Features soloists, chorus and
orchestra
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Passion• An oratorio which
is based on the ‘Passion’, the Crucifixion of Christ.
• Text is in German and features chorales as well as recitatives, arias and choruses
video
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Chorale• A hymn tune sung in German
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Female Voices• Soprano – Highest female voice
• Mezzo-Soprano - A female singer whose voice range lies between that of a soprano and an alto
• Alto – Lowest female voice
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Male Voices• Counter Tenor - A male adult voice whose
range is higher than a tenor's
• Tenor - Highest male voice
• Baritone - A male voice whose range lies between that of Bass and Tenor.
• Bass – Lowest male voice
2 videos
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A Capella• Unaccompanied singing
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Melisma Vocal music in which several notes are sung to one syllable
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SyllabicVocal music where each syllable is given one note only
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1. Tick one box from column A to identify the voice and one box from column B to identify
the type of compositionColumn AColumn B
Soprano
Counter Tenor
Baritone
Bass
Recitative
Chorale
Opera
Passion
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2. Tick three boxes to describe what you hear
Alto
Ground Bass
Melisma Oratorio
Soprano
Opera
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3. Tick one box to describe the type of composition
Passion
Oratorio
Recitative
Opera
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4. Tick three boxes to describe the music
syllabic
consort
aria
a cappella
homophonic
chorale
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Concerto• A work for soloist and orchestra e.g.
solo violin and orchestra, solo piano and orchestra etc
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Concerto Grosso• A type of concerto in which a group
of soloists (concertino) is combined and contrasted with a larger group (ripieno).
video
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Harpsichord
• Keyboard instrument
• Strings inside are plucked when a key is pressed
• No dynamicsvideo
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Basso Continuo
• A bass line (basso continuo) played by cello, bass, viola or bassoon. In addition the harpsichord, organ or lute player was expected to fill in harmonies built on that bass line. Sometimes figures were written under the bass line indicating the chords the composer would like played. This was called figured bass.
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Chorale Prelude• An extended composition for organ based on a
chorale melody. The melody can be treated in a variety of ways, e.g. fugal style and variation form.
video
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Canon• Strict imitation. After one part starts to play or
sing a melody, another part enters shortly afterwards with exactly the same melody.
video
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Fugue
• A contrapuntal piece based on a theme (subject) announced in one voice part alone, then imitated by other voices in close succession.
video
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Polyphony/Contrapuntal• Texture which consists of two or more
melodic lines, possibly of equal importance and which weave independently of each other.
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Ternary Form• A B A. - A form where
the first section is always repeated at the end.
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Da Capo Aria• An aria in Ternary
form (ABA) used in opera and oratorio in the 17th and 18th centuries.
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Suite• A set of dances or a collection of pieces which
are part of a larger scale work.
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Imitation• Where the melody
is immediately copied by another part. It need not be an exact copy.
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Sequence• A melodic phrase which is
immediately repeated at a higher or lower pitch.
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Dynamics• Forte:
• Mezzo-Forte:
• Mezzo-Piano:
• Piano:
Loud
Quite Loud
Quite Soft
Soft
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Crescendo• To gradually become louder
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Diminuendo• To gradually become quieter
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Ornaments• Embellishments or decorations to the
melody
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Trill• Rapid and repeated movement
between two adjacent notes.
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Turn• Four notes which turn round the main
note with the note above, the main note, the note below, and the main note again. An inverted turn starts with the note below reversing the process.
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Mordent• An ornament which sounds the main
note, the note above and then the main note again. An inverted mordent sounds the main note, the note below and then the main note again.
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Appoggiatura• An ornament which sounds like a
leaning note
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Acciaccatura • An ornament which sounds like a
crushed note played very quickly on the beat or just before it.
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Obbligato• A prominent solo
instrument part in a piece of vocal music.
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Countermelody• A melody played against the main
melody
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Cadenza• A passage of music
which allows soloists to display their technical ability in singing or playing an instrument.
• Most commonly found in concerto
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Tierce de Picardie• The final chord of a piece of music in
the minor key is changed to major • The light at the end of the tunnel
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Suspension• When a note from
one chord is held over to the next chord creating a discord, and is then resolved by moving one step to make a concord.
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Coloratura• Term for very high, florid vocal
singing involving scales, runs and ornaments
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1 The group of the main body of strings in a Concerto Grosso…
2. Baroque composition for instrumental soloists and orchestra …
3. Bass line in early compositions up to and including the Baroque period…
4. The solo group in a Concerto Grosso…
5. An Ornament: note itself, note above, note itself, note below…
6. Set of dances or pieces; on their own or part of larger work…
Homework
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Write a short definition of these concepts
Try to do this without referring to your notes!• Tierce de Picardie• Fugue• Obbligato• Suite• Concerto Grosso
• Da Capo Aria• Countertenor• Oratorio• Passion• Chorale Prelude