Latin AmericaPeriods 2-6

Big Ideas to RememberPeriods 1-3- all of the Americas were isolated from the rest of

the worldStill had basic concepts of civilization: traded among each

other, very urban cities, highly developed agriculture, specialized labor, social systems

Period 4- dominated by EuropeansMelding of cultures: religions, languages, Columbian Exchange,

etc Triangle of trade- economic importance to mother countryVoluntary & Involuntary migrationsNew Social classes & structures

Period 5- Independence Movements

Period 6- US is Bully of the North and most of Latin American states looking for stability and many turn in part to socialism

Period 1-OlmecSlash & burn agriculture: moving tribes clear land by

burning then use the fertilized land until nutrients depleted

Olmecs- (1200-400 BCE)Coast of Gulf of MexicoAgricultural-

growing unique crops to eastern hemisphere (beans, peppers, squash, maize, tomatoes)

No need for irrigation systems but did build drainage systemsNo labor saving domesticated animalsNo wheelDeveloped CalendarMonumental Building

Urban planning- aligned cities to stars Giant heads

Period 1- Chavin Peru/Andean area ***Exception to rule***

NOT in a river valleyDepended on fish rather than agricultureLocated at crossroads of tradeDomesticated Llama (only labor saving

domesticated animal in Latin America)

Period 3- Maya & ToltecMayan

Central AmericaAgricultural:

developed terraces that trapped silt carried by rivers irrigation and swamp drainage systems Trade minor part of life

Urban/Monumental Building- pyramids, palaces & temples Stelae- memorial pillars to commemorate great actions of

Mayan leaders Social structure: elite were both priests and political

leaders who communicated with ancestorsReligion-polytheistic, human sacrificeCalendar, wrote on paper from deerskin

Toltec: centralized militaristic state

Period 3- AztecTenochtitlan

Main city-300,ooo populationChinampas –floating gardens- to feed urban

population (adapt to their environment)Militaristic

Aggressive Expansion for subjects for human sacrifice

Social Structure based on military prowessTribute System- conquered paid with food (maize,

beans)Serfs- similar to medieval EuropeHuman Sacrifice bloodiest conducted by priests

Period 3 Andean Societies- IncaInca was a god

Gave land to nobles who farmed on his behalfWell organized military and roadsMummified at death-people worshipped old Incas (ancestor worship)

Extensive agricultural knowledge- terracing, metal tools, irrigation, fertilizersDomesticated llamas for laborLarge surpluses of food leads to support military and leisure class

Mit’a Labor System- forced labor to state to build government projects like roadsCommunities organized in allyusMen and women had different tasks

No long distance tradeNo written language

none of Andean societies [Chavin, Moche, Inca] had written langdid have Khipu- system of knotted, colored cords for record keeping

Religion-polytheistic based on agriculture

Comparison of Aztec & Inca (pg 194)

Theme Aztec Inca

Social Both Distinctive Social Class with priest elitesLarge middle class of merchants & traders

Both Distinctive Social Class with priest elitesNo merchant middle class

Culture Both polytheistic based on agricBoth human sacrifice but bloodierElaborate calendar, writing system

Both polytheistic based on agricBoth human sacrifice No written lang

Economic

Both agricultural societyChinampas- floating gardensTenochtitlan-large, urban cityLong Distance trade important

Both agricultural societyTerraces for cropsCuzco-small cityTrade not important but extensive roads, Mit’a labor system

Political Powerful elite families based on military strength, both powerful military, weak bureaucracy

Inca is god with absolute power, large bureaucracy, both powerful military

Continuities of Native TribesPolytheistic faiths based on agriculture

Human Sacrifice (Aztec bloodiest)Ball courts where losers were sacrificed

Period 4- Influx of EuropeansAge of Exploration:

Europeans want to break trade monopoly of east to rival economic power

Europeans borrow technology from East to improve their boats-Caravel Chinese inventions (like gunpowder, compass, rudder) &

boats Indian Ocean technology-boats

Renaissance- encourages desire to know moreSpanish and Portuguese kings consolidate power

moving toward absolute monarchy Spanish Ferdinand & Isabella conquer Iberia from Muslims

(Reconquista) Portuguese Prince Henry the Navigator establishes schools

for exploration

Europeans Conquer Native AmericansCortes conquers Aztec (emperor Moctezuma)Pizarro conquers Inca (Inca-Atahualpa)How?

Gods- Natives saw Europeans and gods in their armor with unknown horses and guns

Guns- Europeans had technology to defeat (compare to Imperialism and the use of technology in period 5!)

Germs- Europeans carried diseases (smallpox, influenza) which decimated native tribes (again compare to impact on Hawaiians, Aborigines, Maori in period 5)

Help of other native tribes-remember the Aztec conquered regularly for human sacrifice-not nice neighbors to have!

Europeans build Colonial EmpireGov Economics Culture Social

StatusEnviron

Spanish take most of Latin America-set up viceroyalties

Triangle of Trade- exporting raw materials to mother countrySilver causes inflation

Europeans bring printing, language, schools(voluntary migration)

Scarcity of women-Europeans marry natives

New animals with no native predator

Viceroy-king’s representative in NW

Encomienda system- natives die to disease

Jesuits bring Catholicism which mixes with native (think Day of the Dead)

New social structurePeninsularesMestizoCreoleSlave

New animals bring food, labor, health

Large bureaucracy, military

Turn to African Slaves to work plantations/mines(forced migration)

Columbian Exchange-transfer of foods, animals, diseases

Plantations deforrest

Portugal est colony in Brazil

New labor source in animals

African slaves bring their culture too

New plants

Columbian Exchange- diffusion of plants, animals and diseases from old world to new world• devastating effects on • population of Amerindians- died from disease leading to

influx of new labor from Africa• environment- introduction of new species of plants and

animals with no natural predator—changes landscape• Introduction of domesticated animals-especially horse-which

changes labor, travel and trade

Mercantilism and Triangle of TradeMercantilism- economic system used by Europeans

during period 4 in which they tried to achieve a favorable balance of trade by exporting more than they importedColonies were required to produce raw materials (Ex:

timber, tobacco, fish, sugar, molasses) and markets for finished goods

Cash crops were grown on large plantations requiring huge labor sources—turned to African slavery to fill this labor shortage after natives died

Triangle of trade is the graphic representation of Mercantilism (also known as Great Circuit)Middle Passage- leg of triangle that slaves forced from

Africa to New World colonies

Effects of Period 4 African Slave TradeEconomic-

European colonies had self sustaining supply of labor since children born into slavery remained slaves (unlike most earlier periods)

Western African states gained wealth/guns from supply of interior tribes to slavery

CultureNew classes/social hierarchy in New World- complicated system

of mixed races especially in Spanish colonies (Ex: Mestizo and Mulatto)

Exchange of culture- African traditions, faiths, languages travel to New World (ALWAYS look for exchange of culture in ANY MIGRATION whether forced or voluntary)

Population shift shift from Africa to New World- change in family structure since mostly men sent to New World- but population recovers with healthier diet due to Columbian

Exchange

Period 5-RevolutionsEnlightenment-

political movement of 1700s in which philosophers believed man had a role in his government (social contract)

Moving from absolute monarchy toward social contract (written set of rights of man)

Leaders: Locke, Montesquieu, Rousseau, VoltaireAmerican (1776) and French Revolutions (1789)

inspired by EnlightenmentAbolitionists working to end slavery

Latin America was aware of these ideas/revolts and sought to free itself of Spanish/Portuguese control

Haitian Revolution (1789-1804)French colony needed for raw materials (sugar,

cotton, indigo coffee) in Mercantilistic System

Revolutions in France give colony some autonomyGens de couleur-mixed race planters wanted equality

but not to end slaveryRevolutionary government in France declared slavery

overCLASS TENSIONS

Only Slave led revolution –Toussaint L’OuvertureViolentWrote constitutionPolitically unstable and economically devastated by

revolution through 20th century

Latin America Independence RevolutionsIndependence from Spain- a declining empireCreoles (of European descent but born in NW)

want increased political powerWealthy plantation ownersResent control by peninsularesWell educated in Enlightenment

When Napoleon invaded Spain in Europe-created instability in Spain

Juntas –military leaders usually of Creoles- set up to control Latin America

Creoles have own motives—increased independence

State Leader (of Junta) Details

Venezuela, Columbia, Ecuador

Simon Bolivar 1810-his junta combined loyalists, freed blacks and slaves to fight Spain-Gran ColumbiaDreamed of uniting South America

Argentina Jose de San Martin

Buenos Aires key trading city Crossed Andes to defeat Spanish in Peru and Chile

Brazil King Pedro of Portugal

Only state to make reforms from government rather than revolt. Granted constitution 1824, tried to end slavery but slave owners opposed. Abdicated to son

Mexico (largest and riches of Spain LA colonies)

1) Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla (priest)2) Augustine de Iturbide

1) Priest led revolution 1810 (often led cause for natives) but also against the Creoles- Hidalgo killed but uprising cont2) Creole officer who signed treaty with rebelling peasants- Made emperor of Mexico-overthrown and executed

Changing Labor SystemsAs slavery declined in period 5, Imperialist nations recruited

poor in their colonies to become indentured servants to work in areas where needed additional labors– great example of

MigrationIndentured Servants worked a set number of years (5-7)

in exchange for their passage—form of forced laborExamples:

Indian migrants to rubber plantations in Southeast Asia, South Africa and the Pacific

Chinese laborers to work on sugar plantations in the Caribbean, gold mines in South Africa and Australia, railroad construction in America and Peru

Japanese and Chinese to sugar plantations in Hawaii, Africans to sugar plantations in Caribbean

Period 6 (1900-present)Panama Canal

French Had trouble building canal-especially susceptible to

malaria pull out of building canal despite finding cure for

Malaria and offered project to USUS (Teddy Roosevelt) approached Columbia to

build canal, but Columbia refused US backed independence revolution in Panama to

break from Columbia Newly independent Panama signed deal giving canal

project to US Columbia resented US-called US “bully of the north”

1970s President Carter returns canal to Panama

Period 6 (1900-present)-search for stabilityWWI

Trade cut off so LA becomes more independent economically

Spurs industrialization and rise of middle classRise in urban workers-spread socialism/communism –want

rightsGreat Depression

Stock Market crash in US creates chain reaction of worldwide depression

Extremely hard on Primary Producing Economies like Latin America Exporting raw materials like coffee, sugar, cotton, minerals,

ores, and rubber –usually each state only produced one good Demand from industrialized nations plummeted as result of

Depression-tried to raise prices to offset decreased revenue-no help

Unemployment increased

Post WWII-Search for StabilityMexico

Period 5-bloody revolution-caused chaos until 1930s1929 military leaders (caudillos) united under Party of the

Institutionalized Revolution (PRI)-PRI controlled until 2000Mexican government unstable since Pres limited to one 6

year term in office 1930s President Lazaro Cardenas

stabilized country Socialist government- nationalized (took over) industries

Next president moved away from socialismPower of PRI continued into 1990s but selection of Pres

more democratic Ex: Vicente Fox non PRI elected Pres 2000-member of National

Action Party (PAN)200s joined US & Canada in NAFTA (North American Free

Trade Agreement) eliminated tariffs in trade among these states

Post WWII-Search for StabilityBrazil-Getulio Vargas rose to power in 1929-

based Brazil on Mussolini’s Italy—authoritarian

Nationalized oil industryArgentina- General Juan & Eva Peron (Evita)

Took over in military coupGoal-industrialize Argentina— nationalized

industriesBoth charismaticSupported Axis powers in WWIILost power in 1955 in another coup-his party

banned

Guatemala & Cuba affected by Marxism in EuropeGuatemala

Huge gap between wealthy landowners and Ameri-indians Economy based on export of bananas and coffee

Socialist elected pres 1944 Juan Jose Arevalo Enacted socialist reforms Socialists reforms and intense nationalism brought Arevalo into

conflict with foreign owned interests, United Fruit Company which controlled transportation & shipping

Next Pres nationalized industries—becoming more socialist

1954 US (Central Intelligence Agency) intervened to support non-socialist government (Cold War goal) (ex: US is Bully of the North) Socialist gov fell and pro-American gov put in place US put in few reforms, native Americans still had very low

standard of living

Post WWII-Search for Stability

CubaPre 1950s--Economy dependent on foreign investments

Based on sugar export Physically close to US so tied to US—US invested heavily and

created jobs/thriving middle class 1934-1959- ruled by dictator Fulgencio Batista

Fidel Castro led revolt Coalition of students, intellectuals, laborers, and rural workers Implemented Socialism-nationalized industries, eliminated private

property Anti-US- cut off relations with US in 1961-many Cubans fled to US

US CIA led Bay of Pigs invasion which was a failure for USCuban Missile Crisis

USSR responded to failed Bay of Pigs by putting nuclear missiles in Cuba

1962 US (Pres Kennedy) demanded USSR remove missiles-came to brink of war

Cuba remained hot spot of Cold War

Post WWII-Search for Stability

Chile1973 socialist government of Salvador Allende

was overthrown by military coup led by Augusto Pinochet

US supported Pinochet Dictator (1974-1990) Took back social reforms Eventually charged with crimes against humanity

resulting from deaths/torture of thousands of Chileans during his government

Post WWII-Search for Stability