IIIIII Unit 3: Periodicity: I. History of the Periodic Table.
Periodicity Periodic Properties Also called periodicity Properties associated with the periodic...
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Transcript of Periodicity Periodic Properties Also called periodicity Properties associated with the periodic...
PeriodicityPeriodicity
Periodic PropertiesPeriodic Properties
Also called periodicityAlso called periodicity
Properties associated with the periodic Properties associated with the periodic tabletable
Repetitious over the tableRepetitious over the table
Have a pattern across the table associated Have a pattern across the table associated with themwith them
Effective Nuclear ChargeEffective Nuclear Charge
(Zeff)(Zeff)
+Z
INNER SHELL OR CORE ELECTRONS
OUTER SHELL OR VALENCE ELECTRONS
OUTERMOST s ELECTRONSPARTIALLY FILLED SUBLEVELS
FOR MAIN GROUP ..... THE ns AND np ELECTRONSFOR MAIN GROUP ..... THE GROUP NUMBER
PERIODICITY OF CHEMICAL PROPERTIES RESULT FROM PERIODICITY OF VALENCE ELECTRONS
FILLED ORBITALS
Be
+4
VALENCE ELECTRONS
DO NOT EXPERIENCE FULL POSITIVE CHARGE
ARE SHEILDED
Zeff = Z -
EnZeff
n
2
1 A / 1 1H
1 . 0 0 8
2
2 A
1 3
3 A
1 4
4 A
1 5
5 A
1 6
6 A
1 7
7 A
2H e
4 . 0 0 3
3L i
6 . 9 4 1
4B e
9 . 0 1 2
5B
1 0 . 8 1
6C
1 2 . 0 1
7N
1 4 . 0 1
8O
1 6 . 0 0
9F
1 9 . 0 0
1 0N e
2 0 . 1 8
1 1N a
2 2 . 9 9
1 2M g
2 4 . 3 1
3
3 B
4
4 B
5
5 B
6
6 B
7
7 B
8 9
8 B
1 0 1 1
1 B
1 2
2 B
1 3A l
2 6 . 9 8
1 4S i
2 8 . 0 9
1 5P
3 0 . 9 7
1 6S
3 2 . 0 7
1 7C l
3 5 . 4 5
1 8A r
3 9 . 9 5
1 9K
3 9 . 1 0
2 0C a
4 0 . 0 8
2 1S c
4 4 . 9 6
2 2T i
4 7 . 8 8
2 3V
5 0 . 9 4
2 4C r
5 2 . 0 0
2 5M n
5 4 . 9 4
2 6F e
5 5 . 8 5
2 7C o
5 8 . 9 3
2 8N i
5 8 . 6 9
2 9C u
6 3 . 5 5
3 0Z n
6 5 . 3 9
3 1G a
6 9 . 7 2
3 2G e
7 2 . 6 1
3 3A s
7 4 . 9 2
3 4S e
7 8 . 9 6
3 5B r
7 9 . 9 0
3 6K r
8 3 . 8 0
3 7R b
8 5 . 4 7
3 8S r
8 7 . 6 2
3 9Y
8 8 . 9 1
4 0Z r
9 1 . 2 2
4 1N b
9 2 . 9 1
4 2M o
9 5 . 9 4
4 3T c( 9 8 )
4 4R u
1 0 1 . 1
4 5R h
1 0 2 . 9
4 6P d
1 0 6 . 4
4 7A g
1 0 7 . 9
4 8C d
1 1 2 . 4
4 9I n
1 1 4 . 8
5 0S n
1 1 8 . 7
5 1S b
1 2 1 . 8
5 2T e
1 2 7 . 6
5 3I
1 2 6 . 9
5 4X e
1 3 1 . 3
5 5C s
1 3 2 . 9
5 6B a
1 3 7 . 3
5 7L a
1 3 8 . 9
7 2H f
1 7 8 . 5
7 3T a
1 8 1 . 0
7 4W
1 8 3 . 8
7 5R e
1 8 6 . 2
7 6O s
1 9 0 . 2
7 7I r
1 9 2 . 2
7 8P t
1 9 5 . 1
7 9A u
1 9 7 . 0
8 0H g
2 0 0 . 6
8 1T l
2 0 4 . 4
8 2P b
2 0 7 . 2
8 3B i
2 0 9 . 0
8 4P o
( 2 0 9 )
8 5A t
( 2 1 0 )
8 6R n
( 2 2 2 )
8 7F r
( 2 2 3 )
8 8R a
2 2 6 . 0
8 9A c
2 2 7 . 0
1 0 4R f
( 2 6 1 )
1 0 5D b
( 2 6 2 )
1 0 6S g
( 2 6 3 )
1 0 7B h
( 2 6 2 )
1 0 8H s
( 2 6 5 )
1 0 9M t
( 2 6 6 )
1 1 1U u n( 2 6 9 )
1 1 2U u u( 2 7 2 )
5 8C e
1 4 0 . 1
5 9P r
1 4 0 . 9
6 0N d
1 4 4 . 2
6 1P m
( 1 4 5 )
6 2S m
1 5 0 . 4
6 3E u
1 5 2 . 0
6 4G d
1 5 7 . 3
6 5T b
1 5 8 . 9
6 6D y
1 6 2 . 5
6 7H o
1 6 4 . 9
6 8E r
1 6 7 . 3
6 9T m
1 6 8 . 9
7 0Y b
1 7 3 . 0
7 1L u
1 7 5 . 0
9 0T h
2 3 2 . 0
9 1P a
2 3 1 . 0
9 2U
2 3 8 . 0
9 3N p
2 3 7 . 0
9 4P u
( 2 4 4 )
9 5A m
( 2 4 3 )
9 6C m
( 2 4 7 )
9 7B k
( 2 4 7 )
9 8C f
( 2 5 1 )
9 9E s
( 2 5 2 )
1 0 0F m
( 2 5 7 )
1 0 1M d
( 2 5 8 )
1 0 2N o
( 2 5 9 )
1 0 3L r
( 2 6 0 )
En
INCREASE
INC
ORBITAL E LOWERIN ATOMS WITH
HIGH Zeff
Periodic PropertiesPeriodic Properties
1. Ionization Energy1. Ionization Energy
2. Atomic Radius2. Atomic Radius
3. Electron Affinity3. Electron Affinity
4. Electronegativity4. Electronegativity
Ionization EnergyIonization Energy
Energy required to remove an electron Energy required to remove an electron from an atomfrom an atom
If removing valence electrons: 1If removing valence electrons: 1stst ionization energyionization energy
IONIZATION ENERGY
E REQUIRED TO REMOVE THE OUTERMOST ELECTRONFROM AN ATOM OR ION IN ITS GASEOUS STATE
11 eAenergyA
EnZeff
n
2
1 A / 1 1H
1 . 0 0 8
2
2 A
1 3
3 A
1 4
4 A
1 5
5 A
1 6
6 A
1 7
7 A
2H e
4 . 0 0 3
3L i
6 . 9 4 1
4B e
9 . 0 1 2
5B
1 0 . 8 1
6C
1 2 . 0 1
7N
1 4 . 0 1
8O
1 6 . 0 0
9F
1 9 . 0 0
1 0N e
2 0 . 1 8
1 1N a
2 2 . 9 9
1 2M g
2 4 . 3 1
3
3 B
4
4 B
5
5 B
6
6 B
7
7 B
8 9
8 B
1 0 1 1
1 B
1 2
2 B
1 3A l
2 6 . 9 8
1 4S i
2 8 . 0 9
1 5P
3 0 . 9 7
1 6S
3 2 . 0 7
1 7C l
3 5 . 4 5
1 8A r
3 9 . 9 5
1 9K
3 9 . 1 0
2 0C a
4 0 . 0 8
2 1S c
4 4 . 9 6
2 2T i
4 7 . 8 8
2 3V
5 0 . 9 4
2 4C r
5 2 . 0 0
2 5M n
5 4 . 9 4
2 6F e
5 5 . 8 5
2 7C o
5 8 . 9 3
2 8N i
5 8 . 6 9
2 9C u
6 3 . 5 5
3 0Z n
6 5 . 3 9
3 1G a
6 9 . 7 2
3 2G e
7 2 . 6 1
3 3A s
7 4 . 9 2
3 4S e
7 8 . 9 6
3 5B r
7 9 . 9 0
3 6K r
8 3 . 8 0
3 7R b
8 5 . 4 7
3 8S r
8 7 . 6 2
3 9Y
8 8 . 9 1
4 0Z r
9 1 . 2 2
4 1N b
9 2 . 9 1
4 2M o
9 5 . 9 4
4 3T c( 9 8 )
4 4R u
1 0 1 . 1
4 5R h
1 0 2 . 9
4 6P d
1 0 6 . 4
4 7A g
1 0 7 . 9
4 8C d
1 1 2 . 4
4 9I n
1 1 4 . 8
5 0S n
1 1 8 . 7
5 1S b
1 2 1 . 8
5 2T e
1 2 7 . 6
5 3I
1 2 6 . 9
5 4X e
1 3 1 . 3
5 5C s
1 3 2 . 9
5 6B a
1 3 7 . 3
5 7L a
1 3 8 . 9
7 2H f
1 7 8 . 5
7 3T a
1 8 1 . 0
7 4W
1 8 3 . 8
7 5R e
1 8 6 . 2
7 6O s
1 9 0 . 2
7 7I r
1 9 2 . 2
7 8P t
1 9 5 . 1
7 9A u
1 9 7 . 0
8 0H g
2 0 0 . 6
8 1T l
2 0 4 . 4
8 2P b
2 0 7 . 2
8 3B i
2 0 9 . 0
8 4P o
( 2 0 9 )
8 5A t
( 2 1 0 )
8 6R n
( 2 2 2 )
8 7F r
( 2 2 3 )
8 8R a
2 2 6 . 0
8 9A c
2 2 7 . 0
1 0 4R f
( 2 6 1 )
1 0 5D b
( 2 6 2 )
1 0 6S g
( 2 6 3 )
1 0 7B h
( 2 6 2 )
1 0 8H s
( 2 6 5 )
1 0 9M t
( 2 6 6 )
1 1 1U u n( 2 6 9 )
1 1 2U u u( 2 7 2 )
5 8C e
1 4 0 . 1
5 9P r
1 4 0 . 9
6 0N d
1 4 4 . 2
6 1P m
( 1 4 5 )
6 2S m
1 5 0 . 4
6 3E u
1 5 2 . 0
6 4G d
1 5 7 . 3
6 5T b
1 5 8 . 9
6 6D y
1 6 2 . 5
6 7H o
1 6 4 . 9
6 8E r
1 6 7 . 3
6 9T m
1 6 8 . 9
7 0Y b
1 7 3 . 0
7 1L u
1 7 5 . 0
9 0T h
2 3 2 . 0
9 1P a
2 3 1 . 0
9 2U
2 3 8 . 0
9 3N p
2 3 7 . 0
9 4P u
( 2 4 4 )
9 5A m
( 2 4 3 )
9 6C m
( 2 4 7 )
9 7B k
( 2 4 7 )
9 8C f
( 2 5 1 )
9 9E s
( 2 5 2 )
1 0 0F m
( 2 5 7 )
1 0 1M d
( 2 5 8 )
1 0 2N o
( 2 5 9 )
1 0 3L r
( 2 6 0 )
Zeff
INCREASEn
IE
DEC
INCREASE
IE1 < IE2 < IE3, ETC
LOWER IE: MORE EASILY ATOM FORMS CATIONSMORE METALLIC CHARACTER FOR ELEMENT
Atomic RadiusAtomic Radius
Size of the radius of the atomSize of the radius of the atom
Comparison vs. Ionic radiusComparison vs. Ionic radius– Metals: AR is greater than IR (loss of e-)Metals: AR is greater than IR (loss of e-)– Non-metals: IR is greater than AR (gain of e-)Non-metals: IR is greater than AR (gain of e-)
ATOMIC RADII
DEFINED BY SIZE OF OUTERMOST ORBITALS
rn
Zeff
2 1 A / 1
1H
1 . 0 0 8
2
2 A
1 3
3 A
1 4
4 A
1 5
5 A
1 6
6 A
1 7
7 A
2H e
4 . 0 0 3
3L i
6 . 9 4 1
4B e
9 . 0 1 2
5B
1 0 . 8 1
6C
1 2 . 0 1
7N
1 4 . 0 1
8O
1 6 . 0 0
9F
1 9 . 0 0
1 0N e
2 0 . 1 8
1 1N a
2 2 . 9 9
1 2M g
2 4 . 3 1
3
3 B
4
4 B
5
5 B
6
6 B
7
7 B
8 9
8 B
1 0 1 1
1 B
1 2
2 B
1 3A l
2 6 . 9 8
1 4S i
2 8 . 0 9
1 5P
3 0 . 9 7
1 6S
3 2 . 0 7
1 7C l
3 5 . 4 5
1 8A r
3 9 . 9 5
1 9K
3 9 . 1 0
2 0C a
4 0 . 0 8
2 1S c
4 4 . 9 6
2 2T i
4 7 . 8 8
2 3V
5 0 . 9 4
2 4C r
5 2 . 0 0
2 5M n
5 4 . 9 4
2 6F e
5 5 . 8 5
2 7C o
5 8 . 9 3
2 8N i
5 8 . 6 9
2 9C u
6 3 . 5 5
3 0Z n
6 5 . 3 9
3 1G a
6 9 . 7 2
3 2G e
7 2 . 6 1
3 3A s
7 4 . 9 2
3 4S e
7 8 . 9 6
3 5B r
7 9 . 9 0
3 6K r
8 3 . 8 0
3 7R b
8 5 . 4 7
3 8S r
8 7 . 6 2
3 9Y
8 8 . 9 1
4 0Z r
9 1 . 2 2
4 1N b
9 2 . 9 1
4 2M o
9 5 . 9 4
4 3T c( 9 8 )
4 4R u
1 0 1 . 1
4 5R h
1 0 2 . 9
4 6P d
1 0 6 . 4
4 7A g
1 0 7 . 9
4 8C d
1 1 2 . 4
4 9I n
1 1 4 . 8
5 0S n
1 1 8 . 7
5 1S b
1 2 1 . 8
5 2T e
1 2 7 . 6
5 3I
1 2 6 . 9
5 4X e
1 3 1 . 3
5 5C s
1 3 2 . 9
5 6B a
1 3 7 . 3
5 7L a
1 3 8 . 9
7 2H f
1 7 8 . 5
7 3T a
1 8 1 . 0
7 4W
1 8 3 . 8
7 5R e
1 8 6 . 2
7 6O s
1 9 0 . 2
7 7I r
1 9 2 . 2
7 8P t
1 9 5 . 1
7 9A u
1 9 7 . 0
8 0H g
2 0 0 . 6
8 1T l
2 0 4 . 4
8 2P b
2 0 7 . 2
8 3B i
2 0 9 . 0
8 4P o
( 2 0 9 )
8 5A t
( 2 1 0 )
8 6R n
( 2 2 2 )
8 7F r
( 2 2 3 )
8 8R a
2 2 6 . 0
8 9A c
2 2 7 . 0
1 0 4R f
( 2 6 1 )
1 0 5D b
( 2 6 2 )
1 0 6S g
( 2 6 3 )
1 0 7B h
( 2 6 2 )
1 0 8H s
( 2 6 5 )
1 0 9M t
( 2 6 6 )
1 1 1U u n( 2 6 9 )
1 1 2U u u( 2 7 2 )
5 8C e
1 4 0 . 1
5 9P r
1 4 0 . 9
6 0N d
1 4 4 . 2
6 1P m
( 1 4 5 )
6 2S m
1 5 0 . 4
6 3E u
1 5 2 . 0
6 4G d
1 5 7 . 3
6 5T b
1 5 8 . 9
6 6D y
1 6 2 . 5
6 7H o
1 6 4 . 9
6 8E r
1 6 7 . 3
6 9T m
1 6 8 . 9
7 0Y b
1 7 3 . 0
7 1L u
1 7 5 . 0
9 0T h
2 3 2 . 0
9 1P a
2 3 1 . 0
9 2U
2 3 8 . 0
9 3N p
2 3 7 . 0
9 4P u
( 2 4 4 )
9 5A m
( 2 4 3 )
9 6C m
( 2 4 7 )
9 7B k
( 2 4 7 )
9 8C f
( 2 5 1 )
9 9E s
( 2 5 2 )
1 0 0F m
( 2 5 7 )
1 0 1M d
( 2 5 8 )
1 0 2N o
( 2 5 9 )
1 0 3L r
( 2 6 0 )
Zeff
INCREASEn
r
INC
DECREASE
o
o
o
oo o o o o o o CATION < ATOM
ANION > ATOM
Electron AffinityElectron Affinity
Tendency of a non-bonded atom to attract Tendency of a non-bonded atom to attract electrons to itselfelectrons to itself
Non-metals have higher electron affinities Non-metals have higher electron affinities because of their valence electronsbecause of their valence electrons
ElectonegativityElectonegativity
Tendency of elements who are bonded to Tendency of elements who are bonded to attract electrons to themselvesattract electrons to themselves
ELECTRONEGATIVITYA MEASURE OF THE POWER OF AN ATOM TO
ATTRACT ELECTRONS TO ITSELF
EnZeff
n
2
HIGH , LARGE Zeff, LOW n UNFILLED ORBITAL ....NON-METALS
1 A / 1 1H
1 . 0 0 8
2
2 A
1 3
3 A
1 4
4 A
1 5
5 A
1 6
6 A
1 7
7 A
2H e
4 . 0 0 3
3L i
6 . 9 4 1
4B e
9 . 0 1 2
5B
1 0 . 8 1
6C
1 2 . 0 1
7N
1 4 . 0 1
8O
1 6 . 0 0
9F
1 9 . 0 0
1 0N e
2 0 . 1 8
1 1N a
2 2 . 9 9
1 2M g
2 4 . 3 1
3
3 B
4
4 B
5
5 B
6
6 B
7
7 B
8 9
8 B
1 0 1 1
1 B
1 2
2 B
1 3A l
2 6 . 9 8
1 4S i
2 8 . 0 9
1 5P
3 0 . 9 7
1 6S
3 2 . 0 7
1 7C l
3 5 . 4 5
1 8A r
3 9 . 9 5
1 9K
3 9 . 1 0
2 0C a
4 0 . 0 8
2 1S c
4 4 . 9 6
2 2T i
4 7 . 8 8
2 3V
5 0 . 9 4
2 4C r
5 2 . 0 0
2 5M n
5 4 . 9 4
2 6F e
5 5 . 8 5
2 7C o
5 8 . 9 3
2 8N i
5 8 . 6 9
2 9C u
6 3 . 5 5
3 0Z n
6 5 . 3 9
3 1G a
6 9 . 7 2
3 2G e
7 2 . 6 1
3 3A s
7 4 . 9 2
3 4S e
7 8 . 9 6
3 5B r
7 9 . 9 0
3 6K r
8 3 . 8 0
3 7R b
8 5 . 4 7
3 8S r
8 7 . 6 2
3 9Y
8 8 . 9 1
4 0Z r
9 1 . 2 2
4 1N b
9 2 . 9 1
4 2M o
9 5 . 9 4
4 3T c( 9 8 )
4 4R u
1 0 1 . 1
4 5R h
1 0 2 . 9
4 6P d
1 0 6 . 4
4 7A g
1 0 7 . 9
4 8C d
1 1 2 . 4
4 9I n
1 1 4 . 8
5 0S n
1 1 8 . 7
5 1S b
1 2 1 . 8
5 2T e
1 2 7 . 6
5 3I
1 2 6 . 9
5 4X e
1 3 1 . 3
5 5C s
1 3 2 . 9
5 6B a
1 3 7 . 3
5 7L a
1 3 8 . 9
7 2H f
1 7 8 . 5
7 3T a
1 8 1 . 0
7 4W
1 8 3 . 8
7 5R e
1 8 6 . 2
7 6O s
1 9 0 . 2
7 7I r
1 9 2 . 2
7 8P t
1 9 5 . 1
7 9A u
1 9 7 . 0
8 0H g
2 0 0 . 6
8 1T l
2 0 4 . 4
8 2P b
2 0 7 . 2
8 3B i
2 0 9 . 0
8 4P o
( 2 0 9 )
8 5A t
( 2 1 0 )
8 6R n
( 2 2 2 )
8 7F r
( 2 2 3 )
8 8R a
2 2 6 . 0
8 9A c
2 2 7 . 0
1 0 4R f
( 2 6 1 )
1 0 5D b
( 2 6 2 )
1 0 6S g
( 2 6 3 )
1 0 7B h
( 2 6 2 )
1 0 8H s
( 2 6 5 )
1 0 9M t
( 2 6 6 )
1 1 1U u n( 2 6 9 )
1 1 2U u u( 2 7 2 )
5 8C e
1 4 0 . 1
5 9P r
1 4 0 . 9
6 0N d
1 4 4 . 2
6 1P m
( 1 4 5 )
6 2S m
1 5 0 . 4
6 3E u
1 5 2 . 0
6 4G d
1 5 7 . 3
6 5T b
1 5 8 . 9
6 6D y
1 6 2 . 5
6 7H o
1 6 4 . 9
6 8E r
1 6 7 . 3
6 9T m
1 6 8 . 9
7 0Y b
1 7 3 . 0
7 1L u
1 7 5 . 0
9 0T h
2 3 2 . 0
9 1P a
2 3 1 . 0
9 2U
2 3 8 . 0
9 3N p
2 3 7 . 0
9 4P u
( 2 4 4 )
9 5A m
( 2 4 3 )
9 6C m
( 2 4 7 )
9 7B k
( 2 4 7 )
9 8C f
( 2 5 1 )
9 9E s
( 2 5 2 )
1 0 0F m
( 2 5 7 )
1 0 1M d
( 2 5 8 )
1 0 2N o
( 2 5 9 )
1 0 3L r
( 2 6 0 )
Zeff
INCREASEn
INCREASE
DEC
HIGH :MORE EASILY ATOM FORMS ANIONS
MORE NON-METALLIC CHARACTER TO ELEMENT
MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
MAGNETIC FIELDS CAUSED BY SPINNING ELECTRONS
DIAMAGNETIC:
PARAMAGNETIC:
NO UNPAIRED ELECTRONS
NO ATTRACTION TO APPLIED MAGNETIC FIELD
UNPAIRED ELECTRONS
ATTRACTED TO APPLIED MAGNETIC FIELD
ARRANGE THE FOLLOWING IN INCREASING ORDER:
Si, P, SATOMIC RADIUSIONIZATION ENERGYELECTRONEGATIVITY
< << << <
Na, K, ClATOMIC RADIUSIONIZATION ENERGYELECTRONEGATIVITY
< << << <
Cs, Fe, SATOMIC RADIUSIONIZATION ENERGYELECTRONEGATIVITY
< << << <
S P SiSi P SSi P S
Cl Na KK Na ClK Na Cl
S Fe CsCs Fe SCs Fe S
ENERGY A
B
C
ARRANGE IN ORDER OF:
INCREASING IONIZATION ENERGY
DECREASING ELECTRONEGATIVITY
WHICH IS DIAMAGNETIC AND WHICH IS PARAMAGNETIC?
C IS PARAMAGNETIC
C < A < B
C > A > B
