Periodic table elements
description
Transcript of Periodic table elements
1
Chemistry Special First Edition
2
Chemistry is an experimental science which aims at the study of matter, its properties and its changing nature. All matter is made up of simple chemical elements or their compounds, each with differential characteristics. A vital process in chemistry is present: from cell to higher organisms vital activity is based on chemical reactions which transform the material and energy is exchanged. And in our daily activities we use what we offer Applied Chemistry: Plastics, computers, batteries, lighting, drinking water, soaps,
detergents, cosmetics, perfumes, textiles, paints, fuels, fertilizers, medicines, prosthetics, drinks... Our way of life would be like if we lacked chemistry.
Classifies, organizes and distributes various chemical elements according to their properties and characteristics, its primary role is to group together elements in a specific order.
What is Chemistry?
The periodic table of the
elements
3
The element name is due to the
Irish chemist Robert Boyle (1627-
1691), who used to refer to a
substance that can not be
decomposed into simpler by
ordinary chemical methods. Boyle
said the number of chemical
elements had to be much higher
than the four that were admitting
at the time and had been proposed
by Empedocles (500-430 BC):
water, air, fire and earth. A
chemical element is a pure
substance or chemically defined
species whose intrinsic properties
differentiate it from other
elements.
Thus the gold element has
different properties to the element
iron or oxygen element, which is
not to deny that gold and iron have
more in common with each other
than with oxygen. In general, the
chemical elements can be divided
into two main groups: the metals
(which are the most abundant) and
nonmetals. Boyle was a forerunner
of modern chemistry, as to explain
the chemical transformations
postulated the existence of
different elementary particles.
As of October 2010 was officially
accepted the existence of 112
items, of which only 92 are
naturally occurring. The rest has
been obtained from them in labs
like GSI (Darmstadt, Germany),
which since 1981 have discovered
six new elements: Bohrium, hassio,
Meitnerium, darmstadtium,
roentgenium and copernicium.
If the daily existence of element by
the International Union of Pure and
Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), it
invites its discoverers to propose a
name, which must be based on a
mythological concept, a mineral, a
place, a property or a scientist.
Along with the name, should also
propose the corresponding symbol.
The award of a symbol to each
element was the idea of Berzelius
(1779-1848), who proposed that
consisted in initial Latin name of
the element, followed, if there was
What is an element chemical?
How many ítems chemicals
there?
How do they put the name to
the elements?
4
repetition, by another letter
including the name.
For example, the symbol of carbon
is C, the Cl Chlorine, the calcium Ca
... The symbol of an element is of
universal application: it is the same
in all languages, which has enabled
chemists to share information. The
last element is the 112 officially
recognized, which has been
dubbed Copernicium in homage to
Copernicus, and its symbol is Cn.
During period between recognizing
the existence of an element to
authorizing a name, names ending
in "io" atomic number and
constituting Latin provisional
symbol a set of three letters that
come from that name.
What is an atomic number?
Atomic means relative to the atom, the smallest portion which can be divided into
chemical element maintaining their properties. Was thought to be indivisible and
hence its name. All atoms are composed of a central core in which there are positively
charged particles, protons, around which moving other negatively charged particles:
electrons. The atom is electrically neutral, as the load is compensated by the protons of
electrons. Every atom in the number of protons in the nucleus is equal to its orbital
electron, called "atomic", is characteristic of each element and the ordinal of the box
engages in the Periodic Table. Except in one case (hydrogen-1) in the atomic nuclei are
also neutral particles called neutrons, which provide mass but no load. Therefore, given
the fact that there may be atoms of the same element, ie with the same atomic
number, but with different numbers of neutrons and hence different atomic mass. As
occupy the same space in Table are called isotopes.
5
The human body is composed of at
least 60 different chemical
elements, many of which are
unknown purpose in the body. Of
these 60, a dozen are present in
larger quantities. Today we will talk
about the chemistry of life, the
chemical composition of our body
and know the 12 chemicals in the
human body in greater abundance.
Chemical composition of the
human body
Knowing how and what elements
make up the human body is critical
to understand their behavior,
physiological mechanisms and how
their structures interact. An
estimated 96% of our body is
composed of 4 elements, in
particular oxygen, carbon,
hydrogen and nitrogen, primarily in
the form of water.
The remaining 4% is made up by a
few other items and we could say
that 99% of the body is composed
of six elements: oxygen, carbon,
hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and
phosphorus. Then expand some
details.
The 12 chemicals in the human
body
6
The 12 elements
Oxygen (65%)
We all know how important water
is to life and 60% of body weight is
water. Oxygen (O, 8) ranks first in
the list and makes up 65% of the
body.
Carbon (18%)
Carbon (C, 6) is one of the most
important elements for life.
Through the carbon, this may be
formed and broken with a
minimum amount of energy, it
enables dynamic organic chemistry
that occurs at the cellular level.
Hydrogen (10%)
The hydrogen (H, 1) is the most
abundant chemical element in the
universe. In our bodies something
very similar happens along with
oxygen into water ranks third on
this list.
7
Nitrogen (3%)
Present in many organic molecules,
nitrogen (N, 7) constitutes 3% of
the human body. Is, for example,
amino acids that make up proteins
and nucleic acids of our DNA.
Calcium (1.5%)
Of the minerals that make up the
body, calcium (Ca, 20) is the most
abundant and is vital to our
development. Is practically along
the whole body, in the bones and
teeth for example. Moreover, they
are very important in the
regulation of protein.
Phosphorus (1%)
Phosphorus (P, 15) is also very
important to the bony structures of
the body where abounds.
However, also predominate in ATP
molecules providing energy to
cells.
Potassium (0.25%)
Although it occupies only 0.25% of
our body, potassium (K, 19) is vital
to the operation. Help in regulating
the heartbeat and electrical nerve
signaling.
8
Sulfur (0.25%)
Sulfur (S, 16) is equally essential in
numerous organisms chemistry. It
is located in the amino acids and is
essential for protein shape.
Sodium (0.15%)
Electrolyte is another vital when it
comes to electrical nerve signaling.
Sodium (Na, 11) also regulates the
amount of water in the body, being
an equal component essential to
life.
Chlorine (0.15%)
Chlorine (CI, 17) normally found in
the human body to negative ion
mode, ie as chloride. This is an
important electrolyte to maintain
normal fluid balance in the body.
Magnesium (0.05%)
Again, in the bone structure and
muscles and is very important in
both. Magnesium (Mg, 12), in turn,
is necessary in many metabolic
reactions essential for life.
Iron (0.006%)
Although iron (Fe, 26) ranks last in
the list, it is still paramount. It is
essential in the metabolism of
almost all living organisms. It is
found in hemoglobin, carries
oxygen in red blood cells.
Others
Other chemical elements that
constitute the human body are
copper, zinc, selenium,
molybdenum, fluorine, iodine,
manganese, cobalt, lithium,
strontium, aluminum, silicon, lead,
arsenic and vanadium, among
others negligible proportions. In
fact, little is known about the
functions that many of these
elements play in our body.
It is very interesting to know what
makes up our body on a chemical
level and how everything is
intrinsically related to launch this
very complex machine we call the
human body in, do not you think?
Are you surprised to know that in
your body there are different
amounts of these elements?
9
The diamond is not the hardest
natural material
authorCarlos Martin | February 18,
2009
Diamante one of the classic
questions of Trivial and TV's days
are numbered, and that in the
classic What is the hardest
material? The diamond will not be
a correct answer. We've talked in
the past of materials, mainly
artificial or compounds harder than
diamond, but this time, we are
facing another natural substance,
dubbed Lonsdaleite.
Also made of carbon, like diamond,
has proven a 58 percent harder
than the gemstone, or at least, that
say in the journal New Scientist.
The team that has discovered, led
by Zicheng Pan at Shanghai
University, has conducted stress
tests that determine these data,
and also tell us that this type of
material (the lonsdaleites) rarely
formed when meteorites
containing graphite hit Earth.
Despite this hardness and on the
other hand, boron nitride has also
proved to be a 18% harder than
diamond performing the same
tests (although in this case it is a
compound), and is more versatile
than diamond and Lonsdaleite,
since oxygen is stable at higher
temperatures diamond. And this
makes it ideal to place it on the tip
of cutting and drilling tools
operating at high temperatures.
10
New method for producing hydrogen clean and practical
Some engineers have developed a
new method to produce a clean
hydrogen, which could be a key
step towards ending the
dependency that human
civilization has on fossil fuels, and
thus avoid the problems of
inexorable depletion of oil and
other fuels finite, and the serious
environmental impact that has the
widespread use of these polluting
fuels.
Hydrogen is abundant on Earth,
but not pure. And extract and
store molecular hydrogen to use
as fuel for vehicles and in various
industrial applications is expensive
and complicated. Another major
constraint is that a byproduct of
most current methods to produce
hydrogen carbon monoxide is
toxic to humans and animals.
The research team Titilayo "Titi"
Shodiya, working in the laboratory
of Professor Nico Hotz, in the Pratt
School of Engineering at Duke
University in Durham, North
Carolina, USA, has been
demonstrated in the laboratory by
a technologically innovative new
catalytic approach is feasible to
reduce the levels of carbon
monoxide to almost zero.
These scientists have also shown
that hydrogen can be produced
from processing certain types of
fuel, at temperatures much lower
than by conventional methods,
which provides a more practical
option for hydrogen production.
The ultimate goal of this research
is to develop a convenient and
clean way to generate hydrogen
for use in fuel cells.
11
Most abundant chemical elements in nature
Hydrogen
Hydrogen (Greek, "water maker),
symbol M, is a reactive gaseous
element, tasteless, colorless and
odorless. Its atomic number is 1
and belongs to group 1 (or IA) of
the periodic system.
The free state hydrogen is found
only in very small amounts in the
atmosphere, even in interstellar
space abounds in the Sun and
other stars, being in fact the most
common element in the universe.
In combination with other
elements is widely distributed on
Earth, where the most abundant
and important compound of
hydrogen is water, H2O. Hydrogen
is found in all living matter
components and many minerals. It
is also an essential part of all
hydrocarbons and a variety of
other organic substances. All acids
contain hydrogen, one of the
defining features of the acids is its
dissociation in solution, producing
hydrogen ions
It is the lightest gas that exists and
has been used to inflate balloons
and blimps. However, burns easily
and several airships like the
Hindenburg, eventually destroyed
by fire. Helium, which has a 92% of
the lifting capacity of the hydrogen,
and it is not flammable, is used in
place whenever possible. Hydrogen
is typically stored in steel cylinders
under pressures from 120 to 150
atmospheres. Hydrogen is also
used in cutting torches, melting
and soldering.
12
Helium
Helium (Greek helios, "sun"),
symbol I, is a gaseous element, an
inert, colorless and odorless. It
belongs to group 18 (or VIIIa) of
the newspaper, and is one of the
noble gases. Its atomic number is
2.
It is the second most abundant
element in the universe after
hydrogen. At sea level, the helium
in the atmosphere occurs at the
rate of 5.4 parts per million. The
ratio increases slightly to greater
heights. About one part per million
of atmospheric helium is helium-3,
currently seen as a decay product
of tritium, a radioactive isotope of
hydrogen with mass 3. The
common isotope of helium,
helium-4, probably comes from
alpha emitters rocks. Natural gas,
which contains an average of 0.4%
helium, is the largest commercial
source of helium.
Because it is incombustible, helium
is a gas suitable for raising the
hydrogen balloon in the air is 92%
of the lifting power of hydrogen,
although weighs twice as much.
Helium is used to pressurize and
stiffen the structure of the rocket
before takeoff, and for pressurizing
the liquid hydrogen tanks or other
fuels, in order to force the fuel in
the rocket engines. Is useful for this
application because it is in a
gaseous state even at the low
temperature of liquid hydrogen.
One potential use is as helium heat
transfer medium in nuclear
reactors because remains
chemically inert and non-
radioactive in the conditions inside
the reactors.
13
Lithium
Lithium, Li symbol, is a metallic,
silvery white, chemically reactive,
and the lightest weight of all
metals. Belongs to the group 1 (or
IA) of the periodic system, and is
one of the alkali metals. Its atomic
number is 3.
Lithium ranked 35th in abundance
among the elements in the crust.
There exists in nature in the free
state, but only in compounds,
which are widely distributed. The
metal is used as a deoxidizer and
for removing unwanted gases
during the production of non-
ferrous castings. The lithium vapor
is used to prevent the carbon
dioxide and oxygen to form an
oxide layer in furnaces for heat
treatment of steel. Among the
lithium compounds are important
hydroxide, used to remove carbon
dioxide in the ventilation systems
of spaceships and submarines, and
hydride, used to inflate jackets;
equivalent of heavy hydrogen
(deuterium), is used to
manufacture the hydrogen bomb.
Lithium carbonate, a common
mineral, is used in the treatment of
manic-depressive psychosis
14
Beryllium
Beryllium, symbol Be, is a metallic
element, gray, brittle, with atomic
number 4. Beryllium is called its
principal mineral, beryl, a silicate of
beryllium and aluminum.
Beryllium, one of the alkaline earth
metals, ranks 51 in abundance
among the natural elements of the
Earth's crust.
Adding beryllium to some alloys
are often obtained products with
high heat resistance, improved
corrosion resistance, higher
toughness, higher insulating
properties and better casting
quality. Many supersonic aircraft
parts are made of beryllium alloys,
for its lightness, rigidity and little
delay. Other applications use their
resistance to magnetic fields, and
their ability to not produce sparks
and conduct electricity. Beryllium is
widely used in so-called
multiplexing systems. On a small
scale, a single thread made of
beryllium components of high
purity can carry hundreds of
electronic signals.
Since X-rays pass easily through
pure beryllium, the element is used
in the windows of X-ray tubes And
beryllium oxide, the beryllia, are
also used in nuclear power
generation as moderators in the
core of nuclear reactors, due to the
tendency to retard or beryllium
neutron capture.
15
Boron
Boron, symbol B, is a semi-metallic
element, brittle and hard with
atomic number 5. Boron is the
group 13 (III A) of the periodic
low concentrations is a necessary
element for plant growth, but too
much is toxic. Research suggests
that in addition nutritionally
important for bone in humans and
other vertebrates.
Pure boron as normally prepared is
a powder, but can be prepared by
dissolving the crystalline form
boron in molten aluminum and
cooling it slowly.
Boron has important applications
in the field of nuclear energy. Is
used in particle detectors, due to
its high absorption of neutrons is
used as a control absorbent in
nuclear reactors as a constituent
material of the neutron shield.
16
Carbon
Carbon, symbol C, is crucial for the
existence of living organisms, and
has many important industrial
applications. Its atomic number is
6, and belongs to group 14 (or IVA)
of the periodic system.
The three forms of elemental
carbon existing in nature
(Diamond, graphite and
amorphous carbon) are solids with
extremely high melting points, and
insoluble in all solvents at ordinary
temperatures. The physical
properties of the three forms differ
significantly due to differences in
crystal structure. In diamond, the
hardest material known, each atom
is bonded to four others in a three
dimensional structure, while
graphite is loosely bound sheets of
atoms arranged in hexagons.
Carbon has the unique ability to
bond to other carbon atoms to
form compounds and cyclic chain
complex. This property leads to an
almost infinite number of carbon
compounds, the most common
being those containing carbon and
hydrogen. His first compounds
were identified in the early
nineteenth century in living matter,
and because of that, the study of
carbon compounds chemical called
'organic'
Carbon is an element widely
distributed in nature, but is only
0.025% of the Earth's crust, where
it exists mainly in the form of
carbonates. Carbon dioxide is a
major component of the
atmosphere and the main carbon
17
source is incorporated into living
matter. Through photosynthesis,
plants convert carbon dioxide into
organic carbon compounds, which
are then consumed by other
organisms
The isotope carbon-13 and carbon-
14 are used as tracers (see Isotopic
Tracer) in biochemical research.
Carbon-14 is also used in a
technique called carbon-14
method (see dating), to estimate
the age of fossils and other organic
matter. This isotope is continuously
produced in the atmosphere by
cosmic rays, and is incorporated
into all living matter. As 14C decays
with a period of
half-life of 5760 years, the ratio of
carbon 14 to carbon 12 in a
specimen given, provides a
measure of approximate age.
18
Nitrogen
Nitrogen gas is a toxic, colorless,
odorless and tasteless. Can be
condensed in the form of a
colorless liquid which, in turn, can
be compressed as a colorless
crystalline solid. Nitrogen occurs in
two isotopic forms natural
artificially radioactive isotopes
have won four.
It is extracted from air by passing
air through hot copper or iron, the
oxygen is separated from air
leaving the nitrogen mixed with
inert gases. Pure nitrogen is
obtained by fractional distillation
of liquid air. Liquid nitrogen having
a boiling point lower than the
liquid oxygen, nitrogen distilled
before allowing to separate.
Nitrogen makes four-fifths
(78.03%) of the volume of air. Is
inert and acts as a diluting agent of
oxygen in the combustion process
and respiration. It is an important
element in plant nutrition. Certain
soil bacteria fix nitrogen and
transform
Most of the nitrogen used in the
chemical industry are obtained by
fractional distillation of liquid air
and used to synthesise ammonia.
From this ammonia prepare a
variety of chemicals, such as
fertilizers, nitric acid, urea,
hydrazine and amines. Ammonia is
also used to produce nitrous oxide
(N2O), a colorless gas commonly
known as laughing gas. This gas,
mixed with oxygen, is used as a
surgical anesthetic.
Liquid nitrogen has widespread
application in the field of
cryogenics as cooling agent. Their
use has increased with the advent
of ceramic materials that become
superconductive at the boiling
point of nitrogen (see
Superconductivity).
19
Oxygen
Oxygen, symbol O, is slightly
magnetic gaseous element,
colorless, odorless and tasteless.
Oxygen is the most abundant
element on Earth
Oxygen makes up 21% by volume
or 23.15% by mass of the
atmosphere, 85.8% by mass of the
oceans (pure water contains 88.8%
oxygen), 46.7% in mass of the crust
(as a component of most rocks and
minerals). Oxygen accounts for
60% of the human body. It is found
in all living tissues. Almost all plants
and animals, including humans,
need oxygen, either in the free or
combined, to stay alive. See
Breath.
There are three known structural
forms of oxygen: ordinary oxygen,
which contains two atoms per
molecule and whose formula is O2,
ozone, which contains three atoms
per molecule and whose formula is
O3, and a non-magnetic pale blue,
the O4 contains four atoms per
molecule and readily decomposes
ordinary oxygen. There are three
stable isotopes of oxygen: oxygen
16 (atomic mass 16) is the most
abundant. Represents 99.76% of
ordinary oxygen and was used in
the determination of atomic
masses to the 1960s
Using large amounts of oxygen in
the welding torches at high
temperature, in which the mixture
of oxygen and another gas
produces a flame with a
temperature much higher than
that of the burning gases in air.
Oxygen is administered to patients
with respiratory problems and also
those flying at high altitudes,
where the low oxygen
concentration does not allow
20
normal breathing. The oxygen-
enriched air is used to make steel
in open-hearth furnaces.
High purity oxygen is used in the
metal fabrication industries. It is
very important as a liquid
propellant guided missiles and
rockets.
Fluorine (Latin fluo, 'flow') of
symbol F, is a gaseous element,
chemically reactive and poisonous.
Group is in the 17 (or VIIa) of the
periodic table, and is one of the
halogens. Its atomic number is 9