Periodic table elements

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1 Chemistry Special First Edition

description

questions and answers about the elements in the periodic table

Transcript of Periodic table elements

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Chemistry Special First Edition

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Chemistry is an experimental science which aims at the study of matter, its properties and its changing nature. All matter is made up of simple chemical elements or their compounds, each with differential characteristics. A vital process in chemistry is present: from cell to higher organisms vital activity is based on chemical reactions which transform the material and energy is exchanged. And in our daily activities we use what we offer Applied Chemistry: Plastics, computers, batteries, lighting, drinking water, soaps,

detergents, cosmetics, perfumes, textiles, paints, fuels, fertilizers, medicines, prosthetics, drinks... Our way of life would be like if we lacked chemistry.

Classifies, organizes and distributes various chemical elements according to their properties and characteristics, its primary role is to group together elements in a specific order.

What is Chemistry?

The periodic table of the

elements

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The element name is due to the

Irish chemist Robert Boyle (1627-

1691), who used to refer to a

substance that can not be

decomposed into simpler by

ordinary chemical methods. Boyle

said the number of chemical

elements had to be much higher

than the four that were admitting

at the time and had been proposed

by Empedocles (500-430 BC):

water, air, fire and earth. A

chemical element is a pure

substance or chemically defined

species whose intrinsic properties

differentiate it from other

elements.

Thus the gold element has

different properties to the element

iron or oxygen element, which is

not to deny that gold and iron have

more in common with each other

than with oxygen. In general, the

chemical elements can be divided

into two main groups: the metals

(which are the most abundant) and

nonmetals. Boyle was a forerunner

of modern chemistry, as to explain

the chemical transformations

postulated the existence of

different elementary particles.

As of October 2010 was officially

accepted the existence of 112

items, of which only 92 are

naturally occurring. The rest has

been obtained from them in labs

like GSI (Darmstadt, Germany),

which since 1981 have discovered

six new elements: Bohrium, hassio,

Meitnerium, darmstadtium,

roentgenium and copernicium.

If the daily existence of element by

the International Union of Pure and

Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), it

invites its discoverers to propose a

name, which must be based on a

mythological concept, a mineral, a

place, a property or a scientist.

Along with the name, should also

propose the corresponding symbol.

The award of a symbol to each

element was the idea of Berzelius

(1779-1848), who proposed that

consisted in initial Latin name of

the element, followed, if there was

What is an element chemical?

How many ítems chemicals

there?

How do they put the name to

the elements?

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repetition, by another letter

including the name.

For example, the symbol of carbon

is C, the Cl Chlorine, the calcium Ca

... The symbol of an element is of

universal application: it is the same

in all languages, which has enabled

chemists to share information. The

last element is the 112 officially

recognized, which has been

dubbed Copernicium in homage to

Copernicus, and its symbol is Cn.

During period between recognizing

the existence of an element to

authorizing a name, names ending

in "io" atomic number and

constituting Latin provisional

symbol a set of three letters that

come from that name.

What is an atomic number?

Atomic means relative to the atom, the smallest portion which can be divided into

chemical element maintaining their properties. Was thought to be indivisible and

hence its name. All atoms are composed of a central core in which there are positively

charged particles, protons, around which moving other negatively charged particles:

electrons. The atom is electrically neutral, as the load is compensated by the protons of

electrons. Every atom in the number of protons in the nucleus is equal to its orbital

electron, called "atomic", is characteristic of each element and the ordinal of the box

engages in the Periodic Table. Except in one case (hydrogen-1) in the atomic nuclei are

also neutral particles called neutrons, which provide mass but no load. Therefore, given

the fact that there may be atoms of the same element, ie with the same atomic

number, but with different numbers of neutrons and hence different atomic mass. As

occupy the same space in Table are called isotopes.

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The human body is composed of at

least 60 different chemical

elements, many of which are

unknown purpose in the body. Of

these 60, a dozen are present in

larger quantities. Today we will talk

about the chemistry of life, the

chemical composition of our body

and know the 12 chemicals in the

human body in greater abundance.

Chemical composition of the

human body

Knowing how and what elements

make up the human body is critical

to understand their behavior,

physiological mechanisms and how

their structures interact. An

estimated 96% of our body is

composed of 4 elements, in

particular oxygen, carbon,

hydrogen and nitrogen, primarily in

the form of water.

The remaining 4% is made up by a

few other items and we could say

that 99% of the body is composed

of six elements: oxygen, carbon,

hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and

phosphorus. Then expand some

details.

The 12 chemicals in the human

body

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The 12 elements

Oxygen (65%)

We all know how important water

is to life and 60% of body weight is

water. Oxygen (O, 8) ranks first in

the list and makes up 65% of the

body.

Carbon (18%)

Carbon (C, 6) is one of the most

important elements for life.

Through the carbon, this may be

formed and broken with a

minimum amount of energy, it

enables dynamic organic chemistry

that occurs at the cellular level.

Hydrogen (10%)

The hydrogen (H, 1) is the most

abundant chemical element in the

universe. In our bodies something

very similar happens along with

oxygen into water ranks third on

this list.

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Nitrogen (3%)

Present in many organic molecules,

nitrogen (N, 7) constitutes 3% of

the human body. Is, for example,

amino acids that make up proteins

and nucleic acids of our DNA.

Calcium (1.5%)

Of the minerals that make up the

body, calcium (Ca, 20) is the most

abundant and is vital to our

development. Is practically along

the whole body, in the bones and

teeth for example. Moreover, they

are very important in the

regulation of protein.

Phosphorus (1%)

Phosphorus (P, 15) is also very

important to the bony structures of

the body where abounds.

However, also predominate in ATP

molecules providing energy to

cells.

Potassium (0.25%)

Although it occupies only 0.25% of

our body, potassium (K, 19) is vital

to the operation. Help in regulating

the heartbeat and electrical nerve

signaling.

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Sulfur (0.25%)

Sulfur (S, 16) is equally essential in

numerous organisms chemistry. It

is located in the amino acids and is

essential for protein shape.

Sodium (0.15%)

Electrolyte is another vital when it

comes to electrical nerve signaling.

Sodium (Na, 11) also regulates the

amount of water in the body, being

an equal component essential to

life.

Chlorine (0.15%)

Chlorine (CI, 17) normally found in

the human body to negative ion

mode, ie as chloride. This is an

important electrolyte to maintain

normal fluid balance in the body.

Magnesium (0.05%)

Again, in the bone structure and

muscles and is very important in

both. Magnesium (Mg, 12), in turn,

is necessary in many metabolic

reactions essential for life.

Iron (0.006%)

Although iron (Fe, 26) ranks last in

the list, it is still paramount. It is

essential in the metabolism of

almost all living organisms. It is

found in hemoglobin, carries

oxygen in red blood cells.

Others

Other chemical elements that

constitute the human body are

copper, zinc, selenium,

molybdenum, fluorine, iodine,

manganese, cobalt, lithium,

strontium, aluminum, silicon, lead,

arsenic and vanadium, among

others negligible proportions. In

fact, little is known about the

functions that many of these

elements play in our body.

It is very interesting to know what

makes up our body on a chemical

level and how everything is

intrinsically related to launch this

very complex machine we call the

human body in, do not you think?

Are you surprised to know that in

your body there are different

amounts of these elements?

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The diamond is not the hardest

natural material

authorCarlos Martin | February 18,

2009

Diamante one of the classic

questions of Trivial and TV's days

are numbered, and that in the

classic What is the hardest

material? The diamond will not be

a correct answer. We've talked in

the past of materials, mainly

artificial or compounds harder than

diamond, but this time, we are

facing another natural substance,

dubbed Lonsdaleite.

Also made of carbon, like diamond,

has proven a 58 percent harder

than the gemstone, or at least, that

say in the journal New Scientist.

The team that has discovered, led

by Zicheng Pan at Shanghai

University, has conducted stress

tests that determine these data,

and also tell us that this type of

material (the lonsdaleites) rarely

formed when meteorites

containing graphite hit Earth.

Despite this hardness and on the

other hand, boron nitride has also

proved to be a 18% harder than

diamond performing the same

tests (although in this case it is a

compound), and is more versatile

than diamond and Lonsdaleite,

since oxygen is stable at higher

temperatures diamond. And this

makes it ideal to place it on the tip

of cutting and drilling tools

operating at high temperatures.

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New method for producing hydrogen clean and practical

Some engineers have developed a

new method to produce a clean

hydrogen, which could be a key

step towards ending the

dependency that human

civilization has on fossil fuels, and

thus avoid the problems of

inexorable depletion of oil and

other fuels finite, and the serious

environmental impact that has the

widespread use of these polluting

fuels.

Hydrogen is abundant on Earth,

but not pure. And extract and

store molecular hydrogen to use

as fuel for vehicles and in various

industrial applications is expensive

and complicated. Another major

constraint is that a byproduct of

most current methods to produce

hydrogen carbon monoxide is

toxic to humans and animals.

The research team Titilayo "Titi"

Shodiya, working in the laboratory

of Professor Nico Hotz, in the Pratt

School of Engineering at Duke

University in Durham, North

Carolina, USA, has been

demonstrated in the laboratory by

a technologically innovative new

catalytic approach is feasible to

reduce the levels of carbon

monoxide to almost zero.

These scientists have also shown

that hydrogen can be produced

from processing certain types of

fuel, at temperatures much lower

than by conventional methods,

which provides a more practical

option for hydrogen production.

The ultimate goal of this research

is to develop a convenient and

clean way to generate hydrogen

for use in fuel cells.

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Most abundant chemical elements in nature

Hydrogen

Hydrogen (Greek, "water maker),

symbol M, is a reactive gaseous

element, tasteless, colorless and

odorless. Its atomic number is 1

and belongs to group 1 (or IA) of

the periodic system.

The free state hydrogen is found

only in very small amounts in the

atmosphere, even in interstellar

space abounds in the Sun and

other stars, being in fact the most

common element in the universe.

In combination with other

elements is widely distributed on

Earth, where the most abundant

and important compound of

hydrogen is water, H2O. Hydrogen

is found in all living matter

components and many minerals. It

is also an essential part of all

hydrocarbons and a variety of

other organic substances. All acids

contain hydrogen, one of the

defining features of the acids is its

dissociation in solution, producing

hydrogen ions

It is the lightest gas that exists and

has been used to inflate balloons

and blimps. However, burns easily

and several airships like the

Hindenburg, eventually destroyed

by fire. Helium, which has a 92% of

the lifting capacity of the hydrogen,

and it is not flammable, is used in

place whenever possible. Hydrogen

is typically stored in steel cylinders

under pressures from 120 to 150

atmospheres. Hydrogen is also

used in cutting torches, melting

and soldering.

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Helium

Helium (Greek helios, "sun"),

symbol I, is a gaseous element, an

inert, colorless and odorless. It

belongs to group 18 (or VIIIa) of

the newspaper, and is one of the

noble gases. Its atomic number is

2.

It is the second most abundant

element in the universe after

hydrogen. At sea level, the helium

in the atmosphere occurs at the

rate of 5.4 parts per million. The

ratio increases slightly to greater

heights. About one part per million

of atmospheric helium is helium-3,

currently seen as a decay product

of tritium, a radioactive isotope of

hydrogen with mass 3. The

common isotope of helium,

helium-4, probably comes from

alpha emitters rocks. Natural gas,

which contains an average of 0.4%

helium, is the largest commercial

source of helium.

Because it is incombustible, helium

is a gas suitable for raising the

hydrogen balloon in the air is 92%

of the lifting power of hydrogen,

although weighs twice as much.

Helium is used to pressurize and

stiffen the structure of the rocket

before takeoff, and for pressurizing

the liquid hydrogen tanks or other

fuels, in order to force the fuel in

the rocket engines. Is useful for this

application because it is in a

gaseous state even at the low

temperature of liquid hydrogen.

One potential use is as helium heat

transfer medium in nuclear

reactors because remains

chemically inert and non-

radioactive in the conditions inside

the reactors.

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Lithium

Lithium, Li symbol, is a metallic,

silvery white, chemically reactive,

and the lightest weight of all

metals. Belongs to the group 1 (or

IA) of the periodic system, and is

one of the alkali metals. Its atomic

number is 3.

Lithium ranked 35th in abundance

among the elements in the crust.

There exists in nature in the free

state, but only in compounds,

which are widely distributed. The

metal is used as a deoxidizer and

for removing unwanted gases

during the production of non-

ferrous castings. The lithium vapor

is used to prevent the carbon

dioxide and oxygen to form an

oxide layer in furnaces for heat

treatment of steel. Among the

lithium compounds are important

hydroxide, used to remove carbon

dioxide in the ventilation systems

of spaceships and submarines, and

hydride, used to inflate jackets;

equivalent of heavy hydrogen

(deuterium), is used to

manufacture the hydrogen bomb.

Lithium carbonate, a common

mineral, is used in the treatment of

manic-depressive psychosis

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Beryllium

Beryllium, symbol Be, is a metallic

element, gray, brittle, with atomic

number 4. Beryllium is called its

principal mineral, beryl, a silicate of

beryllium and aluminum.

Beryllium, one of the alkaline earth

metals, ranks 51 in abundance

among the natural elements of the

Earth's crust.

Adding beryllium to some alloys

are often obtained products with

high heat resistance, improved

corrosion resistance, higher

toughness, higher insulating

properties and better casting

quality. Many supersonic aircraft

parts are made of beryllium alloys,

for its lightness, rigidity and little

delay. Other applications use their

resistance to magnetic fields, and

their ability to not produce sparks

and conduct electricity. Beryllium is

widely used in so-called

multiplexing systems. On a small

scale, a single thread made of

beryllium components of high

purity can carry hundreds of

electronic signals.

Since X-rays pass easily through

pure beryllium, the element is used

in the windows of X-ray tubes And

beryllium oxide, the beryllia, are

also used in nuclear power

generation as moderators in the

core of nuclear reactors, due to the

tendency to retard or beryllium

neutron capture.

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Boron

Boron, symbol B, is a semi-metallic

element, brittle and hard with

atomic number 5. Boron is the

group 13 (III A) of the periodic

low concentrations is a necessary

element for plant growth, but too

much is toxic. Research suggests

that in addition nutritionally

important for bone in humans and

other vertebrates.

Pure boron as normally prepared is

a powder, but can be prepared by

dissolving the crystalline form

boron in molten aluminum and

cooling it slowly.

Boron has important applications

in the field of nuclear energy. Is

used in particle detectors, due to

its high absorption of neutrons is

used as a control absorbent in

nuclear reactors as a constituent

material of the neutron shield.

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Carbon

Carbon, symbol C, is crucial for the

existence of living organisms, and

has many important industrial

applications. Its atomic number is

6, and belongs to group 14 (or IVA)

of the periodic system.

The three forms of elemental

carbon existing in nature

(Diamond, graphite and

amorphous carbon) are solids with

extremely high melting points, and

insoluble in all solvents at ordinary

temperatures. The physical

properties of the three forms differ

significantly due to differences in

crystal structure. In diamond, the

hardest material known, each atom

is bonded to four others in a three

dimensional structure, while

graphite is loosely bound sheets of

atoms arranged in hexagons.

Carbon has the unique ability to

bond to other carbon atoms to

form compounds and cyclic chain

complex. This property leads to an

almost infinite number of carbon

compounds, the most common

being those containing carbon and

hydrogen. His first compounds

were identified in the early

nineteenth century in living matter,

and because of that, the study of

carbon compounds chemical called

'organic'

Carbon is an element widely

distributed in nature, but is only

0.025% of the Earth's crust, where

it exists mainly in the form of

carbonates. Carbon dioxide is a

major component of the

atmosphere and the main carbon

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source is incorporated into living

matter. Through photosynthesis,

plants convert carbon dioxide into

organic carbon compounds, which

are then consumed by other

organisms

The isotope carbon-13 and carbon-

14 are used as tracers (see Isotopic

Tracer) in biochemical research.

Carbon-14 is also used in a

technique called carbon-14

method (see dating), to estimate

the age of fossils and other organic

matter. This isotope is continuously

produced in the atmosphere by

cosmic rays, and is incorporated

into all living matter. As 14C decays

with a period of

half-life of 5760 years, the ratio of

carbon 14 to carbon 12 in a

specimen given, provides a

measure of approximate age.

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Nitrogen

Nitrogen gas is a toxic, colorless,

odorless and tasteless. Can be

condensed in the form of a

colorless liquid which, in turn, can

be compressed as a colorless

crystalline solid. Nitrogen occurs in

two isotopic forms natural

artificially radioactive isotopes

have won four.

It is extracted from air by passing

air through hot copper or iron, the

oxygen is separated from air

leaving the nitrogen mixed with

inert gases. Pure nitrogen is

obtained by fractional distillation

of liquid air. Liquid nitrogen having

a boiling point lower than the

liquid oxygen, nitrogen distilled

before allowing to separate.

Nitrogen makes four-fifths

(78.03%) of the volume of air. Is

inert and acts as a diluting agent of

oxygen in the combustion process

and respiration. It is an important

element in plant nutrition. Certain

soil bacteria fix nitrogen and

transform

Most of the nitrogen used in the

chemical industry are obtained by

fractional distillation of liquid air

and used to synthesise ammonia.

From this ammonia prepare a

variety of chemicals, such as

fertilizers, nitric acid, urea,

hydrazine and amines. Ammonia is

also used to produce nitrous oxide

(N2O), a colorless gas commonly

known as laughing gas. This gas,

mixed with oxygen, is used as a

surgical anesthetic.

Liquid nitrogen has widespread

application in the field of

cryogenics as cooling agent. Their

use has increased with the advent

of ceramic materials that become

superconductive at the boiling

point of nitrogen (see

Superconductivity).

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Oxygen

Oxygen, symbol O, is slightly

magnetic gaseous element,

colorless, odorless and tasteless.

Oxygen is the most abundant

element on Earth

Oxygen makes up 21% by volume

or 23.15% by mass of the

atmosphere, 85.8% by mass of the

oceans (pure water contains 88.8%

oxygen), 46.7% in mass of the crust

(as a component of most rocks and

minerals). Oxygen accounts for

60% of the human body. It is found

in all living tissues. Almost all plants

and animals, including humans,

need oxygen, either in the free or

combined, to stay alive. See

Breath.

There are three known structural

forms of oxygen: ordinary oxygen,

which contains two atoms per

molecule and whose formula is O2,

ozone, which contains three atoms

per molecule and whose formula is

O3, and a non-magnetic pale blue,

the O4 contains four atoms per

molecule and readily decomposes

ordinary oxygen. There are three

stable isotopes of oxygen: oxygen

16 (atomic mass 16) is the most

abundant. Represents 99.76% of

ordinary oxygen and was used in

the determination of atomic

masses to the 1960s

Using large amounts of oxygen in

the welding torches at high

temperature, in which the mixture

of oxygen and another gas

produces a flame with a

temperature much higher than

that of the burning gases in air.

Oxygen is administered to patients

with respiratory problems and also

those flying at high altitudes,

where the low oxygen

concentration does not allow

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normal breathing. The oxygen-

enriched air is used to make steel

in open-hearth furnaces.

High purity oxygen is used in the

metal fabrication industries. It is

very important as a liquid

propellant guided missiles and

rockets.

Fluorine (Latin fluo, 'flow') of

symbol F, is a gaseous element,

chemically reactive and poisonous.

Group is in the 17 (or VIIa) of the

periodic table, and is one of the

halogens. Its atomic number is 9