Periodic Table - Atomic Properties of the Elements
2
speed of light in vacuum 299 792 458 m s −1 Planck constant 6.626 070 15 x 10 −34 J Hz −1 elementary charge electron energy proton mass fine-structure constant 1/137.035 999 Rydberg constant 10 973 731.569 m −1 Boltzmann constant 1.380 65 x 10 −23 J K −1 c h e molar gas constant 8.314 5 J mol −1 K −1 electron volt 1.602 177 x 10 -19 J (exact) 0.510 998 950 MeV 13.605 693 eV R R c R R hc m e c 2 m p 1.602 176 634 x 10 −19 C 1.672 622 x 10 −27 kg 3.289 841 960 x 10 15 Hz eV k P E R I O D I C T A B L E Atomic Properties of the Elements FREQUENTLY USED FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICAL CONSTANTS§ 1 second = 9 192 631 770 periods of radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of 133 Cs speed of light in vacuum 299 792 458 m s −1 Planck constant 6.626 070 15 x 10 −34 J Hz −1 elementary charge electron energy proton energy fine-structure constant 1/137.035 999 Rydberg frequency Boltzmann constant 1.380 649 x 10 −23 J K −1 c Newtonian constant of gravitation 6.674 x 10 −11 m 3 kg −1 s −2 G h 1.054 571 817... x 10−34 J s rad−1 e molar gas constant 8.314 462 618... J mol −1 K −1 electron volt 1.602 176 634 x 10 -19 J (exact) (exact) (exact) (exact) (exact) (exact) (exact) (exact) 0.510 998 950 MeV 13.605 693 123 eV R c R R hc m e c 2 m p c 2 1.602 176 634 x 10 −19 C Avogadro constant N A 6.022 140 76 x 10 23 mol −1 938.272 088 MeV 3.289 841 960 x 10 15 Hz eV k h 117 Ts Tennessine (294) Solids Artificially Prepared Liquids Gases 58 Ce Cerium 140.12 5.5386 ° Atomic Number Symbol Name Ground-state Configuration Ground State Ionization Energy (eV) † Based upon 12 C. () indicates the mass number of the longest-lived isotope. Standard Atomic Weight † (Da) 29 Cu Copper 63.546 7.7264 11 Na Sodium 22.990 5.1391 12 Mg Magnesium 24.305 7.6462 13 Al Aluminum 26.982 5.9858 14 Si Silicon 28.085 8.1517 15 P Phosphorus 30.974 10.4867 16 S Sulfur 32.06 10.3600 17 Cl Chlorine 35.45 12.9676 18 Ar Argon 39.948 15.7596 1 2 S 1/2 H Hydrogen 1.008 13.5984 4 Be Beryllium 9.0122 9.3227 37 Rb Rubidium 85.468 4.1771 55 Cs Cesium 132.91 3.8939 42 Mo Molybdenum 95.95 7.0924 41 Nb Niobium 92.906 6.7589 86 Rn Radon (222) 10.7485 74 W Tungsten 183.84 7.8640 43 Tc Technetium (98) 7.1194 75 Re Rhenium 186.21 7.8335 44 Ru Ruthenium 101.07 7.3605 76 Os Osmium 190.23 8.4382 45 Rh Rhodium 102.91 7.4589 77 Ir Iridium 192.22 8.9670 46 Pd Palladium 106.42 8.3369 78 Pt Platinum 195.08 8.9588 47 Ag Silver 107.87 7.5762 79 Au Gold 196.97 9.2256 48 Cd Cadmium 112.41 8.9938 80 Hg Mercury 200.59 10.4375 60 Nd Neodymium 144.24 5.5250 62 Sm Samarium 150.36 5.6437 63 Eu Europium 151.96 5.6704 64 Gd Gadolinium 157.25 6.1498 65 Tb Terbium 158.93 5.8638 61 Pm Promethium (145) 5.577 66 Dy Dysprosium 162.50 5.9391 67 Ho Holmium 164.93 6.0215 68 Er Erbium 167.26 6.1077 69 Tm Thulium 168.93 6.1843 49 In Indium 114.82 5.7864 50 Sn Tin 118.71 7.3439 51 Sb Antimony 121.76 8.6084 52 Te Tellurium 127.60 9.0097 53 I Iodine 126.90 10.4513 81 Tl Thallium 204.38 6.1083 82 Pb Lead 207.2 7.4167 83 Bi Bismuth 208.98 7.2855 84 Po Polonium (209) 8.414 85 At Astatine (210) 58 Ce Cerium 140.116 5.5386 59 Pr Praseodymium 5.4702 70 Yb Ytterbium 173.05 6.2542 90 Th Thorium 232.04 6.3067 92 U Uranium 238.03 6.1941 93 Np Neptunium (237) 6.2655 94 Pu Plutonium (244) 6.0258 95 Am Americium (243) 5.9738 96 Cm Curium (247) 5.9914 91 Pa Protactinium 231.04 5.89 97 Bk Berkelium (247) 6.1978 98 Cf Californium (251) 6.2817 99 Es Einsteinium (252) 6.3676 100 Fm Fermium (257) 6.50 101 Md Mendelevium (258) 6.58 102 No Nobelium (259) 6.66 ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° 105 107 106 108 109 111 110 112 Db Dubnium (268) Sg Seaborgium (269) Hs Hassium (269) Bh Bohrium (270) Mt Meitnerium (278) Ds Darmstadtium (281) Rg Roentgenium (282) ° 1s 114 116 3 1s 2 2s Li Lithium 6.94 5.3917 10 Ne Neon 20.180 21.5645 2 He Helium 4.0026 24.5874 9 O Oxygen 15.999 13.6181 8 F Fluorine 18.998 17.4228 7 N Nitrogen 14.007 14.5341 6 C Carbon 12.011 11.2603 5 B Boron 10.81 8.2980 57 La Lanthanum 138.91 5.5769 89 Ac Actinium (227) 5.3802 71 Lu Lutetium 174.97 5.4259 103 Lr Lawrencium (266) 4.96 87 Fr Francium (223) 4.0727 88 Ra Radium (226) 5.2784 104 Rf Rutherfordium (267) 6.02 72 Hf Hafnium 178.49 6.8251 40 Zr Zirconium 91.224 6.6341 39 Y Yttrium 88.906 6.2173 38 Sr Strontium 87.62 5.6949 140.91 56 Ba Barium 137.33 5.2117 73 Ta Tantalum 180.95 7.5496 54 Xe Xenon 131.29 12.1298 19 K Potassium 39.098 4.3407 20 Ca Calcium 40.078 6.1132 21 Sc Scandium 44.956 6.5615 22 Ti Titanium 47.867 6.8281 30 Zn Zinc 65.38 9.3942 31 Ga Gallium 69.723 5.9993 32 Ge Germanium 72.630 7.8994 33 As Se Arsenic 74.922 9.7886 34 Selenium 78.971 9.7524 35 Br Bromine 79.904 11.8138 36 Kr Krypton 83.798 13.9996 23 V Vanadium 50.942 6.7462 24 Cr Chromium 51.996 6.7665 25 Mn Manganese 54.938 7.4340 26 Fe Iron 55.845 7.9025 27 Co Cobalt 58.933 7.8810 28 Ni Nickel 58.693 7.6399 Cn Copernicium (285) Fl Flerovium (289) Lv Livermorium (293) NIST SP 966 (June 2019) Period 1 6 5 4 3 2 7 For the most precise values and uncertainties visit ciaaw.org and pml.nist.gov/data. 2 S 1/2 1s 2 2s 2 2 S 1/2 2 S 1/2 [Ne]3s 2 [Ne]3s 1 S 0 2 S 1/2 1 S 0 2 S 1/2 1 S 0 2 S 1/2 1 S 0 [Ar]4s 2 [Ar]4s [Kr]5s 2 [Kr]5s [Xe]6s 2 [Xe]6s [Rn]7s 2 [Rn]7s 1 G 4 [Xe]4f5d6s 2 2 D 3/2 3 F 2 2 D 3/2 3 F 2 3 F 2 3 F 2 [Ar]3d4s 2 [Ar]3d 2 4s 2 [Kr]4d5s 2 [Kr]4d 2 5s 2 [Xe]4f 14 5d 2 6s 2 [Rn]5f 14 6d 2 7s 2 4 F 3/2 7 S 3 6 D 1/2 7 S 3 4 F 3/2 5 D 0 [Xe]4f 14 5d 3 6s 2 [Xe]4f 14 5d 4 6s 2 [Kr]4d 4 5s [Kr]4d 5 5s [Ar]3d 3 4s 2 [Ar]3d 5 4s 6 S 5/2 5 D 4 [Ar]3d 5 4s 2 [Ar]3d 6 4s 2 6 S 5/2 6 S 5/2 [Xe]4f 14 5d 5 6s 2 [Kr]4d 5 5s 2 4 F 9/2 [Ar]3d 7 4s 2 4 F 9/2 [Kr]4d 8 5s 3 F 4 2 S 1/2 5 F 5 [Kr]4d 7 5s 5 D 4 [Xe]4f 14 5d 6 6s 2 4 F 9/2 [Xe]4f 14 5d 7 6s 2 2 S 1/2 [Kr]4d 10 5s 1 S 0 [Kr]4d 10 3 D 3 [Xe]4f 14 5d 9 6s 2 S 1/2 [Xe]4f 14 5d 10 6s 1 S 0 2 P 1/2 1 S 0 [Kr]4d 10 5s 2 [Kr]4d 10 5s 2 5p [Xe]4f 14 5d 10 6s 2 1 S 0 [Hg]6p 2 P 1/2 1s 2 2s 2 2p 1 S 0 1s 2 3 P 0 1s 2 2s 2 2p 2 4 S 3/2 1s 2 2s 2 2p 3 3 P 2 1s 2 2s 2 2p 4 2 P 3/2 1s 2 2s 2 2p 5 1 S 0 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 2 P 1/2 3 P 0 4 S 3/2 3 P 2 2 P 3/2 1 S 0 3 P 0 4 S 3/2 3 P 2 2 P 3/2 1 S 0 2 P 1/2 3 P 0 4 S 3/2 3 P 2 2 P 3/2 1 S 0 2 P 1/2 3 P 0 4 S 3/2 3 P 2 2 P 3/2 1 S 0 [Ar]3d 10 4s 2 4p [Ar]3d 10 4s 2 [Ar]3d 8 4s 2 [Ar]3d 10 4s [Ar]3d 10 4s 2 4p 2 [Kr]4d 10 5s 2 5p 2 [Ar]3d 10 4s 2 4p 3 [Kr]4d 10 5s 2 5p 3 [Ar]3d 10 4s 2 4p 4 [Kr]4d 10 5s 2 5p 4 [Ar]3d 10 4s 2 4p 5 [Kr]4d 10 5s 2 5p 5 [Ar]3d 10 4s 2 4p 6 [Kr]4d 10 5s 2 5p 6 [Hg]6p 2 [Hg]6p 3 [Hg]6p 4 [Hg]6p 5 [Hg]6p 6 2 D 3/2 [Xe]4f 14 5d6s 2 1 S 0 [Xe]4f 14 6s 2 [Ne]3s 2 3p [Ne]3s 2 3p 2 [Ne]3s 2 3p 3 [Ne]3s 2 3p 4 [Ne]3s 2 3p 5 [Ne]3s 2 3p 6 [Xe]4f 13 6s 2 [Xe]4f 12 6s 2 [Xe]4f 11 6s 2 [Xe]4f 10 6s 2 [Xe]4f 9 6s 2 [Xe]4f 7 5d6s 2 [Xe]4f 7 6s 2 [Xe]4f 6 6s 2 [Xe]4f 5 6s 2 [Xe]4f 4 6s 2 [Xe]4f 3 6s 2 [Xe]4f5d6s 2 [Xe]5d6s 2 [Rn]5f 14 7s 2 7p [Rn]5f 14 7s 2 [Rn]5f 13 7s 2 [Rn]5f 12 7s 2 [Rn]5f 11 7s 2 [Rn]5f 10 7s 2 [Rn]5f 9 7s 2 [Rn]5f 7 6d7s 2 [Rn]5f 7 7s 2 [Rn]5f 6 7s 2 [Rn]5f 4 6d7s 2 [Rn]5f 3 6d7s 2 [Rn]5f 2 6d7s 2 [Rn]6d 2 7s 2 [Rn]6d7s 2 2 D 3/2 1 G 4 2 D 3/2 3 F 2 4 I 9/2 5 I 4 5 I 8 4 I 15/2 ° 4 I 15/2 5 I 8 6 H 5/2 7 F 0 8 S 7/2 9 D 2 6 H 15/2 2 F 7/2 3 H 6 1 S 0 2 F 7/2 3 H 6 9 D 2 6 H 15/2 7 F 0 8 S 7/2 6 L 11/2 5 L 6 4 K 11/2 Lanthanides Actinides Group 1 IA 2 IIA 3 IIIB 4 IVB 5 VB 6 VIB 7 VIIB 9 VIII 8 10 11 IB 12 IIB 13 IIIA 14 IVA Physical Measurement Laboratory www.nist.gov/pml Standard Reference Data www.nist.gov/srd 15 VA 16 VIA 17 VIIA 18 VIIIA 113 Nh Nihonium (286) 115 Mc Moscovium (289) 118 Og Oganesson (294) 9.3175 6.8 7.8 7.7 7.6 [Rn]5f 14 6d 3 7s 2 [Rn]5f 14 6d 4 7s 2 [Rn]5f 14 6d 5 7s 2 4 F 3/2 [Rn]5f 14 6d 6 7s 2 2 P 1/2 ° 5/2 4 0 § For the most accurate values of these and other constants, visit pml.nist.gov/constants. 1 S 0 1 S 0
Transcript of Periodic Table - Atomic Properties of the Elements
speed of light in vacuum 299 792 458 m s−1
Planck constant 6.626 070 15 x 10−34 J Hz −1 elementary chargeelectron energyproton massfine-structure constant 1/137.035 999Rydberg constant 10 973 731.569 m−1
Boltzmann constant 1.380 65 x 10−23 J K−1
che
molar gas constant 8.314 5 J mol−1 K−1
electron volt 1.602 177 x 10-19 J
(exact)
0.510 998 950 MeV
13.605 693 eV
RR cR
R
hc
mec2
mp
1.602 176 634 x 10−19 C
1.672 622 x 10−27 kg
3.289 841 960 x 1015 Hz
eVk
P E R I O D I C T A B L E
Atomic Properties of the ElementsFREQUENTLY USED FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICAL CONSTANTS§
1 second = 9 192 631 770 periods of radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of 133Cs
speed of light in vacuum 299 792 458 m s−1
Planck constant 6.626 070 15 x 10−34 J Hz−1
elementary charge
electron energyproton energyfine-structure constant 1/137.035 999Rydberg frequency
Boltzmann constant 1.380 649 x 10−23 J K−1
c
Newtonian constant of gravitation 6.674 x 10−11 m3 kg−1 s−2G
h1.054 571 817... x 10−34 J s rad−1
e
molar gas constant 8.314 462 618... J mol−1 K−1
electron volt 1.602 176 634 x 10-19 J
(exact)(exact)(exact)(exact)(exact)(exact)(exact)(exact)
0.510 998 950 MeV
13.605 693 123 eVR c
R
R hc
mec2
mpc2
1.602 176 634 x 10−19 C Avogadro constant NA 6.022 140 76 x 1023 mol−1
938.272 088 MeV
3.289 841 960 x 1015 Hz
eV
k
h
117Ts
Tennessine(294)
Solids
ArtificiallyPrepared
LiquidsGases
58CeCerium140.12
5.5386
°
AtomicNumber
Symbol
Name
Ground-stateConfiguration
Ground State
IonizationEnergy (eV)
†Based upon 12C. () indicates the mass number of the longest-lived isotope.
StandardAtomic
Weight†(Da)
29CuCopper63.546
7.7264
11NaSodium22.990
5.1391
12Mg
Magnesium24.305
7.6462
13Al
Aluminum26.982
5.9858
14Si
Silicon 28.085
8.1517
15P
Phosphorus30.974
10.4867
16S
Sulfur 32.06
10.3600
17Cl
Chlorine 35.45
12.9676
18ArArgon39.948
15.7596
1 2S1/2
HHydrogen
1.008
13.5984
4Be
Beryllium9.0122
9.3227
37Rb
Rubidium85.468
4.1771
55CsCesium132.91
3.8939
42Mo
Molybdenum95.95
7.0924
41NbNiobium92.906
6.7589
86RnRadon(222)
10.7485
74W
Tungsten183.84
7.8640
43Tc
Technetium(98)
7.1194
75Re
Rhenium186.21
7.8335
44Ru
Ruthenium101.07
7.3605
76OsOsmium190.23
8.4382
45RhRhodium102.91
7.4589
77Ir
Iridium192.22
8.9670
46Pd
Palladium106.42
8.3369
78Pt
Platinum195.08
8.9588
47AgSilver107.87
7.5762
79Au
Gold196.97
9.2256
48CdCadmium112.41
8.9938
80HgMercury200.59
10.4375
60Nd
Neodymium144.24
5.5250
62Sm
Samarium150.36
5.6437
63Eu
Europium151.96
5.6704
64Gd
Gadolinium157.25
6.1498
65TbTerbium158.93
5.8638
61Pm
Promethium(145)
5.577
66Dy
Dysprosium162.50
5.9391
67Ho
Holmium164.93
6.0215
68Er
Erbium167.26
6.1077
69TmThulium168.93
6.1843
49InIndium114.82
5.7864
50Sn
Tin118.71
7.3439
51Sb
Antimony121.76
8.6084
52Te
Tellurium127.60
9.0097
53I
Iodine126.90
10.4513
81Tl
Thallium 204.38
6.1083
82PbLead207.2
7.4167
83Bi
Bismuth208.98
7.2855
84Po
Polonium(209)
8.414
85At
Astatine(210)
58CeCerium140.116
5.5386
59Pr
Praseodymium
5.4702
70Yb
Ytterbium173.05
6.2542
90Th
Thorium232.04
6.3067
92U
Uranium238.03
6.1941
93Np
Neptunium(237)
6.2655
94Pu
Plutonium(244)
6.0258
95Am
Americium(243)
5.9738
96CmCurium(247)
5.9914
91Pa
Protactinium231.04
5.89
97Bk
Berkelium(247)
6.1978
98Cf
Californium(251)
6.2817
99Es
Einsteinium(252)
6.3676
100FmFermium
(257)
6.50
101Md
Mendelevium(258)
6.58
102No
Nobelium(259)
6.66
° ° °
° °
° °
°
°
° ° ° ° ° ° °
°
°
° °
° °
° ° ° °°
105 107 106 108 109 111 110 112DbDubnium
(268)
SgSeaborgium
(269)
HsHassium
(269)
BhBohrium
(270)
MtMeitnerium
(278)
DsDarmstadtium
(281)
RgRoentgenium
(282)
°
1s
114 116
3
1s22s
LiLithium 6.94
5.3917
10NeNeon
20.180
21.5645
2HeHelium4.0026
24.5874
9O
Oxygen15.999
13.6181
8F
Fluorine18.998
17.4228
7N
Nitrogen 14.007
14.5341
6C
Carbon 12.011
11.2603
5B
Boron 10.81
8.2980
57La
Lanthanum138.91
5.5769
89Ac
Actinium(227)
5.3802
71Lu
Lutetium174.97
5.4259
103Lr
Lawrencium(266)
4.96
87Fr
Francium(223)
4.0727
88RaRadium(226)
5.2784
104
RfRutherfordium
(267)
6.02
72Hf
Hafnium178.49
6.8251
40Zr
Zirconium91.224
6.6341
39Y
Yttrium88.906
6.2173
38Sr
Strontium87.62
5.6949
140.91
56BaBarium137.33
5.2117
73Ta
Tantalum180.95
7.5496
54XeXenon
131.29
12.1298
19K
Potassium39.098
4.3407
20CaCalcium40.078
6.1132
21Sc
Scandium44.956
6.5615
22Ti
Titanium47.867
6.8281
30Zn
Zinc65.38
9.3942
31GaGallium69.723
5.9993
32Ge
Germanium72.630
7.8994
33As SeArsenic74.922
9.7886
34
Selenium78.971
9.7524
35Br
Bromine79.904
11.8138
36KrKrypton83.798
13.9996
23V
Vanadium50.942
6.7462
24Cr
Chromium51.996
6.7665
25Mn
Manganese54.938
7.4340
26FeIron
55.845
7.9025
27CoCobalt58.933
7.8810
28NiNickel58.693
7.6399
CnCopernicium
(285)
FlFlerovium
(289)
LvLivermorium
(293)
NIST SP 966 (June 2019)
Perio
d
1
6
5
4
3
2
7
For the most precise values and uncertainties visit ciaaw.org and pml.nist.gov/data.
2S1/2
1s22s2
2S1/2
2S1/2
[Ne]3s2[Ne]3s
1S0
2S1/21S0
2S1/21S0
2S1/21S0
[Ar]4s2[Ar]4s
[Kr]5s2[Kr]5s
[Xe]6s2[Xe]6s
[Rn]7s2[Rn]7s
1G4
[Xe]4f5d6s2
2D3/23F2
2D3/23F2
3F2
3F2
[Ar]3d4s2 [Ar]3d24s2
[Kr]4d5s2 [Kr]4d25s2
[Xe]4f145d26s2
[Rn]5f146d27s2
4F3/27S3
6D1/27S3
4F3/25D0
[Xe]4f145d36s2 [Xe]4f145d46s2
[Kr]4d45s [Kr]4d55s
[Ar]3d34s2 [Ar]3d54s
6S5/25D4
[Ar]3d54s2 [Ar]3d64s2
6S5/2
6S5/2
[Xe]4f145d56s2
[Kr]4d55s2
4F9/2
[Ar]3d74s2
4F9/2
[Kr]4d85s
3F42S1/2
5F5
[Kr]4d75s
5D4
[Xe]4f145d66s2
4F9/2
[Xe]4f145d76s2
2S1/2
[Kr]4d105s
1S0
[Kr]4d10
3D3
[Xe]4f145d96s
2S1/2
[Xe]4f145d106s
1S02P1/2
1S0
[Kr]4d105s2 [Kr]4d105s25p
[Xe]4f145d106s2
1S0
[Hg]6p
2P1/2
1s22s22p
1S0
1s2
3P0
1s22s22p2
4S3/2
1s22s22p3
3P2
1s22s22p4
2P3/2
1s22s22p5
1S0
1s22s22p6
2P1/23P0
4S3/23P2
2P3/21S0
3P04S3/2
3P22P3/2
1S0
2P1/23P0
4S3/23P2
2P3/21S0
2P1/23P0
4S3/23P2
2P3/21S0
[Ar]3d104s24p[Ar]3d104s2[Ar]3d84s2 [Ar]3d104s [Ar]3d104s24p2
[Kr]4d105s25p2
[Ar]3d104s24p3
[Kr]4d105s25p3
[Ar]3d104s24p4
[Kr]4d105s25p4
[Ar]3d104s24p5
[Kr]4d105s25p5
[Ar]3d104s24p6
[Kr]4d105s25p6
[Hg]6p2 [Hg]6p3 [Hg]6p4 [Hg]6p5 [Hg]6p6
2D3/2
[Xe]4f145d6s2
1S0
[Xe]4f146s2
[Ne]3s23p [Ne]3s23p2 [Ne]3s23p3 [Ne]3s23p4 [Ne]3s23p5 [Ne]3s23p6
[Xe]4f136s2[Xe]4f126s2[Xe]4f116s2[Xe]4f106s2[Xe]4f96s2[Xe]4f75d6s2[Xe]4f76s2[Xe]4f66s2[Xe]4f56s2[Xe]4f46s2[Xe]4f36s2[Xe]4f5d6s2[Xe]5d6s2
[Rn]5f147s27p[Rn]5f147s2[Rn]5f137s2[Rn]5f127s2[Rn]5f117s2[Rn]5f107s2[Rn]5f97s2[Rn]5f76d7s2[Rn]5f77s2[Rn]5f67s2[Rn]5f46d7s2[Rn]5f36d7s2[Rn]5f26d7s2[Rn]6d27s2[Rn]6d7s2
2D3/21G4
2D3/23F2
4I9/25I4
5I84I15/2
°4I15/25I8
6H5/27F0
8S7/29D2
6H15/22F7/2
3H6
1S02F7/2
3H69D2
6H15/27F0
8S7/26L11/2
5L64K11/2
Lant
hani
des
Act
inid
es
Group1IA
2IIA
3IIIB
4IVB
5VB
6VIB
7VIIB
9VIII
8 10 11IB
12IIB
13IIIA
14IVA
Physical Measurement Laboratory www.nist.gov/pml
Standard Reference Data www.nist.gov/srd
15VA
16VIA
17VIIA
18VIIIA
113 Nh Nihonium
(286)
115 Mc
Moscovium(289)
118Og
Oganesson(294)
9.3175
6.8 7.8 7.7 7.6[Rn]5f146d37s2 [Rn]5f146d47s2 [Rn]5f146d57s2
4F3/2
[Rn]5f146d67s2
2P1/2°
5/2 40
§ For the most accurate values of these and other constants, visit pml.nist.gov/constants.
1S0
1S0
NISTory of the Periodic Table
1995
1988 Cesium:The frequency of microwaveradiation from this atom inatomic clocks such as the NIST-F2 (2014), is used to define the second.
Potassium andRubidium:
JILA researchers married these elements into an ultracold gas of molecules and demonstrated striking predictions of quantum physics by hitting the atomswith “rulers of light” knownas frequency combs(Nobel Prize 2005) and trapping them in webs oflight known as optical lattices.
Deuterium:
This rare heavy isotope of hydrogen was concentrated at NIST and then identifiedby Columbia University's Harold Urey (Nobel Prize 1934). On the left is a deuterium lamp; the light on the right comes from the NIST SURF IIISynchrotron Ultraviolet Radiation Facility.
Krypton:Wavelengths of light from this atom, measured by NISTresearchers, defined the o�cial meter until 1983.
Sodium:NIST scientists usedlasers to cool a gas ofthese atoms to more thantheoretically expected totemperatures even closer to absolute zero. (Nobel Prize 1997)
Rubidium:These atoms were used byresearchers at JILA (NIST-CU Boulder)to create the first Bose-Einstein condensate (Nobel Prize 2001).
1931
1960
1967
2008
Design by: Natasha Hanacek/NIST
2010/2011
Individual ions of these atoms were probed in a
NIST trap to create "quantum logic" clocks that
measured the second more precisely than before and tested Einstein's general theory of relativity. Such quantum manipulations were recognized in the 2012 Nobel Prize.
Beryllium andAluminum:
Image Credit: NIST
Image Credit: H.Mark Helfer/NIST Image Credit: NIST/JILA/CU-Boulder
Image Credit: J. Amini/NIST
Image Credit: Steven Burrows and Ye/Jin groups/JILA
Image Credit: Neil Tucker/Wikimedia
Image Credit: Uwe Arp/NIST
www.nist.gov
