1. The Periodic Tableand the ElementsPenny SquiresPisgah High School 2005 3.3 Periodic Table9.17.00 1:37 PM

2. The Periodic Table and the ElementsWhat is the periodic table ?What information is obtained from the table ?How can elemental properties be predicted base on the PT ?3.3 Periodic Table 9.17.00 1:37 PM 3. Dmitri Mendeleev (1869)In 1869 Mendeleev and Lothar Meyer (Germany)published nearly identical classification schemesfor elements known to date. The periodic table isbase on the similarity of properties and reactivitiesexhibited by certain elements. Later, HenriMoseley ( England,1887-1915) established thateach elements has a unique atomic number, whichis how the current periodic table is organized.http://www.chem.msu.su/eng/misc/mendeleev/welcome.html 3.3 Periodic Table 9.17.00 1:37 PM 4. Periodic LawThe Periodic Law states that when elements arearranged in order of increasing atomic number their physical and chemical properties show aperiodic pattern.3.3 Periodic Table 9.17.00 1:37 PM 5. The Periodic Table A map of the building block of matter. 118IA VIIIA1 H 1 2IIAPeriodic Table13 IIIA 14IVA15VA16 VIA17 VIIAHe 21.007974.0026345 67 8 9 102Li BeBC NO FNe 6.939 9.0122 10.811 12.0112 14.0067 15.9994 18.9984 20.17911 12 34 5 6789 10 11 1213 141516 17183Na MgIIIBIVB VBVIBVIIB VIIIBIB IIBAlSiP SClAr22.9898 24.30526.9815 28.086 30.9738 32.064 35.453 39.94819 202122 23 24 25 2627 28 2930 31 323334 35364 K CaScTiVCrMn FeCoNiCuZn Ga GeAsSeBr Kr39.102 40.08 44.956 47.90 50.942 51.996 54.9380 55.847 58.9332 58.7163.54 65.37 65.37 72.59 74.9216 78.96 79.909 83.8037 383940 41 42 43 4445 46 4748 49 505152 53545Rb Sr YZrNbMo Tc RuRhPdAgCd In SnSbTe I Xe 85.4787.62 88.905 91.22 92.906 95.94[99]101.07 102.905 106.4 107.870 112.40 114.82 118.69 121.75 127.60 126.904 131.3055 565772 73 74 75 7677 78 7980 81 828384 85866Cs BaLaHfTa W Re Os Ir PtAuHg Tl PbBiPoAt Rn132.905 137.34 138.91 178.49 180.948 183.85 186.2 190.2 192.2 195.09 196.967 200.59 204.37 207.19 208.980 [210][210] [222]87 8889 104 105106 107 108 1097Fr RaAcKu http://www.chemsoc.org/viselements/pages/periodic_table.html [223][226] [227] [260]3.3 Periodic Table9.17.00 1:37 PM 6. ArrangementThe modern Periodic Table is arrangedaccording to atomic number.Remember that it is the atomic number,or nuclear charge, that determines the identity of the element. 3.3 Periodic Table9.17.00 1:37 PM 7. Periodic Table Expanded ViewThe way the periodic table usually seenis a compress view, placing the Lanthanides and actinides at thebottom of the stable.3.3 Periodic Table 9.17.00 1:37 PM 8. Periodic Table: Metallic arrangementLayout of the Periodic Table: Metals vs. nonmetals 118IA VIIIA213 14 1516171IIAIIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA2 3 4 56 789 10 11 123IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIBIB IIB4 Nonmetals5 Metals673.3 Periodic Table9.17.00 1:37 PM 9. METALS Hard and Shiny3 or less valence electrons Form + ions by losing e-Good conductors of heat and electricity 3.3 Periodic Table 9.17.00 1:37 PM 10. NONMETALS Gases or dull, brittle solids 5 or more valence electronsForm - ions by gaining e-Poor conductors of heat and electricity 3.3 Periodic Table 9.17.00 1:37 PM 11. Metalloids Appearence will vary3 to 7 valence electronsForm + and/or - ionsConduct better than nonmetals but not as well as metals3.3 Periodic Table9.17.00 1:37 PM 12. Periodic Table: The three broad Classes Main, Transition, Rare EarthMain (Representative), Transition metals, lanthanides and actinides (rare earth) 3.3 Periodic Table9.17.00 1:37 PM 13. Reading the Periodic Table: ClassificationNonmetals, Metals, Metalloids, Noble gases 3.3 Periodic Table9.17.00 1:37 PM 14. Across the Periodic Table Periods: Are arranged horizontally across theperiodic table (rows 1-7) 1 These elements have the same number of valence shells. 18IA VIIIA213 14 1516171IIAIIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA 2nd Period234 56 789 10 11 123 IIIBIVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIBIB IIB45 6th Period673.3 Periodic Table9.17.00 1:37 PM 15. s blockp blockd block f block 33.3 Periodic Table 9.17.00 1:37 PM 16. Down the Periodic Table Family: Are arranged vertically down the periodic table(columns or group, 1- 18 or 1-8 A,B) These elements have the same number electrons in the outer most shells, the valence shell. 1 18IAVIIIA2 Alkali Family: Alkali Family: 13 14 1516171IIA11e- in the valence shell e- in the valence shell IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA23 4 56 7 89 1011 123 IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIBVIIIB IB IIB4Halogen Family: Halogen Family:5 77e- in the valence shell e- in the valence shell67 3.3 Periodic Table9.17.00 1:37 PM 17. Infamous Families of the Periodic Table Notable families of the Periodic Table and some important members:Alkali HalogenNoble GasAlkaline Chalcogens 1IA (earth)18 VIIIA2 13 14 1516171IIA Transition Metals IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA2 3 4 5 6 789 10 11 123IIIB IVB VBVIB VIIB VIIIBIB IIB4567 3.3 Periodic Table 9.17.00 1:37 PM 18. Hydrogen: A Unique Element 1s1 Shown Over Group 1A & 7AHydrogen is neither an alkali metal nor ahalogen However, hydrogen does show reactions that are similar to both alkali metals and halogens H.+ . Cl :H : Cl :Hydrogen can also gain an electron to form an ion with a 1 - chargeH. +e-H:- or H- called hydride3.3 Periodic Table9.17.00 1:37 PM 19. Group 1A:Alkali MetalsReact with water easily to lose a valence electron.Forma +1 ionSoftFoundin nature combined with other elementsGoodconductors of heat and electricity 3.3 Periodic Table9.17.00 1:37 PM 20. Group 2A: Alkaline Earth MetalsFormscompounds with Oxygen (Oxides)React with waterShiny solids that are heavier than AlkalisReact with Oxygen or other metals found in the earthLose valance electrons to form +2 ions Ca (g) Ca+ (g)+ e- First Ionization Step Ca+ (g)Ca2+ (g) +e-Second Ionization Step 3.3 Periodic Table 9.17.00 1:37 PM 21. Group 3A: Boron GroupAlways found combined with other elements in nature.Found as oxides in the earths crust.B, Al, Ga, and In form +3 ionsTl only forms a +1 ion 3.3 Periodic Table 9.17.00 1:37 PM 22. Group 4A: Carbon Group Few rules apply to this group!!!!3.3 Periodic Table 9.17.00 1:37 PM 23. Group 5A: Nitrogen GroupWidevariety of Chemical and Physical properties.Nforms a 3 ionBi forms a +3 ion 3.3 Periodic Table9.17.00 1:37 PM 24. Group 6A: Oxygen Group orChalcogensAct like nonmetalsTend to gain 2 e- to form 2 ions.Can also share 2 e- 3.3 Periodic Table 9.17.00 1:37 PM 25. Group 7A: HalogensFormcompounds with almost all metalsSalts (NaCl)Havedifferent Physical propertiesVeryreactive and found combined in natureTendto share or gain 1 e- to form a 1 ion3.3 Periodic Table9.17.00 1:37 PM 26. Group 8A: Noble GasesColorlessUnreactiveLast to be discoveredRarely react (1st time was in a lab in 1962) 3.3 Periodic Table 9.17.00 1:37 PM 27. Rare Earth Metals1. Lanthanides Named because they follow lanthanumSilvery metals with high melting pointsFound mixed in nature very hard to seperate2. Actinide Named because they follow actiniumRadioactive elementsOnly 3 exist in nature the rest are synthetic 3.3 Periodic Table 9.17.00 1:37 PM 28. Transition MetalsShare conductivity, luster and malleability with other metals.Closein atomic size, electronegativity and ionization energyDifferent physical properties (determined by their electron configuration)Can lose 2 e- to form +2 ion or 3 to form a +3 ionIfthey form more than one type of ion the element will have a different color when combined. 3.3 Periodic Table 9.17.00 1:37 PM 29. Periodic Tablee- configuration from the periodic periodic table 118IA VIIIA2 13 14 15 16171 HIIA IIIA IVA VAVIA VIIA He1s11s22 Li Be B BC NOFNe2s12s2 2p12p 2p 2p4 1 23 2p5 2p63 Na Mg 3 IIIB 4IVB 5VB6 VIB7 VIIB 89VIIIB1011IB 12 IIB Al Si P S ClAr3s13s2 3p13p2 3p3 3p43p5 3p64 KCaSc Ti VCr Mn Fe Co Ni CuZn Ga Ge AsSeBeKr4s14s2 3d13d2 3d3 4s13d5 3d53d63d7 3d8 4s13d10 3d10 4p1 4p2 4p3 4p4 4p5 4p65 Rb Sr Y ZrNb MoTc Ru Rh NiAg CdIn SnSbTeI Xe5s15s2 4d14d2 4d3 5s14d5 4d54d64d7 4d8 5s14d10 4d 10 5p1 5p25p3 5p45p55p66 Cs BaLa Hf Ta W Re OsIrNi Au HgTl PbBi Po AtRn6s16s2 5d15d2 5d3 6s15d5 5d5 5d6 5d7 5d8 6s15d10 5d 10 6p1 6p26p3 6p4 6p5 6p67 Fr RaAc RfDb Sg BhHs Mt7s17s2 6d1 6d26d3 7s16d5 6d56d66d73.3 Periodic Table9.17.00 1:37 PM 30. Periodic Table: electron behaviorThe periodic table can be classified by the behavior of their electrons West (South) Mid-plainsEast (North)METALSMETALLOID NON-METALS Alkali Noble gasAlkaline HalogensTransitionCalcogens These elementsThese elementsThese elements tend to give up will give up e- ortend to accept e - and formaccept e- e - and form 1 CATIONSANIONS18IA VI AII2 1314 15 16 171IAI IIIA I AVVA VA I VIIA2 3 45 67 89 10 11123 II IB I B VVB VBI VI IBVI BII IBIB I45673.3 Periodic Table 9.17.00 1:37 PM 31. 2. Trend in Atomic RadiusAtomic Radius:The size of at atomic species asdetermine by the boundaries of thevalence e-.Largest atomic species are thosefound in the lower left corner sincethese atoms have the largest n. 3.3 Periodic Table 9.17.00 1:37 PM 32. Trend in Ionic RadiusIonic Radius:Atoms can gain or lose electrons toform ions.Electrons are negative so if they gainor lose one they will have a charge.(Cation = lose to form + ion/becomessmallerandAnion = gains to form ion/becomeslarger)3.3 Periodic Table 9.17.00 1:37 PM 33. Ionic Radius (cont.) 3.3 Periodic Table 9.17.00 1:37 PM 34. 3. Trend in Ionization EnergyIonization potential:The energy required to remove thevalence electron from an atomicspecies. Largest toward top rightcorner of PT since these atoms holdon to their valence e- the tightest.3.3 Periodic Table 9.17.00 1:37 PM 35. 4. Trend in Electron AffinityElectron Affinity:The energy releasewhen an electron isadded to an atom.Most favorabletoward NE corner ofPT since these atomshave a great affinityfor e-.3.3 Periodic Table 9.17.00 1:37 PM 36. Summary of TrendPeriodic Table and Periodic Trends1. Electron Configuration 3. Ionization Energy: Largest toward NE of PT4. Electron Affinity: Most favorable NE of PT2. Atomic Radius: Largest toward SW corner of PT 3.3 Periodic Table 9.17.00 1:37 PM 37. SummaryPeriodic Table: Map of the Building block of matter TableType: Metal, metalloid and NonmetalType Groupings: Representative or main, transition and Lanthanide/ActanidesFamily: Elements in the same column have similarFamily chemical property because of similar valence electrons Alkali, Alkaline, chalcogens, halogens, noble gasesPeriod: Elements in the same row have valence electrons in the same shell.3.3 Periodic Table 9.17.00 1:37 PM