PERIOD IVPERIOD IV1450-17501450-1750

AP WORLD HISTORY REVIEWAP WORLD HISTORY REVIEW

Smithtown High School WestSmithtown High School West

Age of Exploration

Start of Political Revolutions

Overall ThemesOverall ThemesAbsolutism – centralized government

Global Trade

Consumerism (3 S’s)

Rise of Europe

Coercive Labor

Religious Rivalry

Decline of Nomads

Brainstorm: Use the “global outlook” map. What is going on in the world in Period 4?

Ming Ming DynastyDynasty

► 1368-16441368-1644► Ruled world’s Ruled world’s

most populous most populous statestate

► Restored ethnic Restored ethnic Chinese rule Chinese rule after 400 years’ after 400 years’ foreign foreign dominationdomination

http://acc6.its.brooklyn.cuny.edu/~phalsall/

FounderFounder

► Zhu YuanzhangZhu Yuanzhang► Military commander in revolt Military commander in revolt

against Mongolsagainst Mongols► Became Hongwu emperorBecame Hongwu emperor► Removed chief minister positionRemoved chief minister position► Established a bureaucracy Established a bureaucracy

► Developed Imperial City and the Developed Imperial City and the

Forbidden City Forbidden City ► Killed rivals, ruled through terror Killed rivals, ruled through terror

(public beatings) (public beatings) ► Chose imperial wives from Chose imperial wives from

humble families humble families ► Censored writings Censored writings

http://www.paulnoll.com/China/Dynasty/history-Ming-emperors.html

Peak of cultural grandeur & Peak of cultural grandeur & eleganceelegance

► Confucianism revivedConfucianism revived► Civil service exams Civil service exams

reinstated, expandedreinstated, expanded► Return to scholar-gentry Return to scholar-gentry

dominancedominance

Kaifeng

Zhuxi(Neoconfucian)

Culture Culture

► Principal strength in Principal strength in 1500s-1600s1500s-1600s

► Art & literatureArt & literature NovelsNovels

► SilkSilk► PorcelainPorcelain

http://www.jozan.net/Artikelbilleder/MTA2003/Textile17ct-Ming-noah1_gr.jpg

Foreign relations: Foreign relations: Most dynamic dynastyMost dynamic dynasty

► 1300s-1400s: active in 1300s-1400s: active in conquering neighborsconquering neighbors

► Population growth based on Population growth based on new cropsnew crops

► Chinese goods like paper, Chinese goods like paper, porcelain, and silks were in porcelain, and silks were in demand throughout Asia and demand throughout Asia and Europe. Europeans were Europe. Europeans were allowed to come to Macao and allowed to come to Macao and Canton to do business. Canton to do business.

► Active traders in Indian Ocean Active traders in Indian Ocean (major ports were Hangzhou, (major ports were Hangzhou, Quangzhou, and Guangzhou). Quangzhou, and Guangzhou). Traded for silver with Europe Traded for silver with Europe and Japan.and Japan.

Ming peasant with wheelbarrow

Voyages of discoveryVoyages of discovery

► Zheng HeZheng He► Mongol, eunuchMongol, eunuch► 7 naval voyages, 1405-7 naval voyages, 1405-

14331433

Compared to EuropeansCompared to Europeans

►Zheng He’s ships 400 feet longZheng He’s ships 400 feet long►Santa Maria 85 feetSanta Maria 85 feet

Why did they Why did they stop?stop?

► Interesting but not Interesting but not practicalpractical Giraffes, zebrasGiraffes, zebras

► Glamorous but Glamorous but expensiveexpensive

► Merchants opposed—Merchants opposed—China is rich alreadyChina is rich already

► Scholar gentry Scholar gentry opposedopposed

► waste of money waste of money ► threat to their powerthreat to their power► Confucian bias against Confucian bias against

merchants & trademerchants & trade

Fall of MingFall of Ming

►Poor leadershipPoor leadership► Internal corruptionInternal corruption►Peasant revoltsPeasant revolts►Manchu (Northern nomads) invadedManchu (Northern nomads) invaded

Founded Qing dynastyFounded Qing dynasty

http://www.regenttour.com/china/history/qing.htm

Qing Dynasty 1644-1912Qing Dynasty 1644-1912

►Last dynastyLast dynasty Kangxi EmperorKangxi Emperor

►1654-17221654-1722

JapanJapan

►Governed since 1100s by shogunatesGoverned since 1100s by shogunates Military governmentsMilitary governments

►1300-early 1400s1300-early 1400s Order breaking downOrder breaking down Independent feudal states in conflictIndependent feudal states in conflict

Nobunaga (1534-1582)Nobunaga (1534-1582)

►One of first daimyosOne of first daimyos Innovative & fierceInnovative & fierce Extensive use of Extensive use of

firearmsfirearms►After his defeat, his After his defeat, his

generals gained generals gained control of Japancontrol of Japan

►Toyotomi Hideyoshi Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1536-1598)(1536-1598)

http://www.wicknet.org/history/togden/Chapters/Chapter%208%20and%209/Chapters%208%20and%209%20Pictures/hideyoshi.jpg

Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543-Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543-1616)1616)

►11stst of 15 Tokugawa of 15 Tokugawa shoguns 1603shoguns 1603 Capital at Edo Capital at Edo

(Tokyo)(Tokyo) Brought all Brought all

daimyos under his daimyos under his authorityauthority

Civil wars endedCivil wars endedhttp://samourais.free.fr/S_HistoireJapon.html

““The nightingale does not The nightingale does not sing!”sing!”

► Nobunaga Nobunaga ““We will kill We will kill

it.”it.”► Toyotomi Hideyoshi Toyotomi Hideyoshi

““We will We will wait.”wait.”

► Tokugawa Ieyasu Tokugawa Ieyasu ““We will We will

teach it.”teach it.” http://www.uccash.com/graphics.htm

TokugawTokugawa yearsa years

►Great Peace Great Peace through through dictatorshipdictatorship

►Monopoly on Monopoly on gunpowder gunpowder technologytechnology

►Rigid class Rigid class systemsystem

http://www.hogaku.it/storia/azuchi_momoyama/map2.gif

Restricted Europeans’ access to Restricted Europeans’ access to JapanJapan

► 1500s: Portuguese, 1500s: Portuguese, Spanish Dutch Spanish Dutch arrived arrived

► Traders & Traders & missionariesmissionaries Francis XavierFrancis Xavier

► By 1614, up to By 1614, up to 300,000 converts 300,000 converts 10% of population10% of population

► http://www.frontpagemag.com/articles/Printable.asp?ID=3993http://www.frontpagemag.com/articles/Printable.asp?ID=3993

http://www.kostecki.de/en/chegada.htm

“Portuguese arrive in Japan”Thomas Kostecki

Shoguns distrusted Shoguns distrusted ChristianityChristianity

►Restrictions began Restrictions began 1580s1580s Missionaries ordered Missionaries ordered

to leaveto leave 1590s persecution 1590s persecution

beganbegan Banned 1614Banned 1614

http://cue.stanford.edu/journal/entry.cgi?index=382

Monument to Nagasaki martyrs

1649 Japan closed to 1649 Japan closed to foreignersforeigners

►By 1630s, Japanese By 1630s, Japanese ships forbidden to sail ships forbidden to sail overseasoverseas

►Only Nagasaki open Only Nagasaki open to foreign merchantsto foreign merchants Dutch post on Deshima Dutch post on Deshima

IslandIsland

►Western books Western books bannedbanned

http://www.hendrick-hamel.henny-savenije.pe.kr/images/deshima.jpg

Shogunate’s Shogunate’s accomplishmentsaccomplishments

► Peace restoredPeace restored► Population grewPopulation grew► Roads, canals, internal economy grewRoads, canals, internal economy grew

► Tokugawas dynamic through mid-1700sTokugawas dynamic through mid-1700s Inflexibility Inflexibility Mid-1800s: Japan forced open by foreign powers Mid-1800s: Japan forced open by foreign powers

(U.S. Commodore Perry)(U.S. Commodore Perry) Tokugawa rule ended 1868Tokugawa rule ended 1868

The Rise and Decline of the The Rise and Decline of the Gunpowder EmpiresGunpowder Empires

Mughal and Ottoman EmpiresMughal and Ottoman Empires

1450-17501450-1750

Rise of Mughal India / Rise of Mughal India / Major LeadersMajor Leaders

Babur (r. 1526-1530)

• Military general who led his people to victory

• Writer, loved music and art

• Did little to administer the empire

Akbar (r. 1556-1605)

• Great military commander

• Expanded the dynasty to twice the size of what it was

• Reformed government

• Accepted Hinduism –

•allowed intermarriage, no tax on non-Muslims, Hindus allowed high gov’t positions, allowed Hindu temples to be built

• Created the Din-i-Ilahi

Major LeadersMajor LeadersJahangir (r.1605-1627)• Patron of the arts• Not the best ruler• Jahangir indulged in courtly luxuries, such as opium• Strong political and artistic influence of his wife, queen Nur Jahan

Aurangzeb (r. 1658-1707)

Shah Jahan (r.1628-1658)• Patron of the arts• Taj Mahal for his wife

• Restored Jaziya, the tax on non-Muslims.• Razed temples, built mosques on their foundations. • Forbade building of new temples, banned music at court, abolished ceremonies

Mughal Military PowerMughal Military Power

►Massive armies, cavalry, artillery, no Massive armies, cavalry, artillery, no navynavy

►Firearms purchased from Europeans, Firearms purchased from Europeans, limited local productionlimited local production

►Troops poorly trained – conscripted Troops poorly trained – conscripted from poorfrom poor

Form of GovernmentForm of Government

• Emperor had absolute power

• Vazirs – royal officials

• Patrons of the arts

• Wives of emperors gained power

• Anyone could gain high office

Religious Beliefs / PolicyReligious Beliefs / Policy

• Belief in God – Islamic

• Muslim and Hindu subjects

• Akbar and the Din-i-Ilahi faith

• Aurangzeb – Did not tolerate Hindus

Major AchievementsMajor Achievements• Enormous army

• Cotton textiles

• Polo

• Artwork – influence from Europe

• Taj Mahal, Red Fort, Akbar’s Tomb

• Literature: Baburnama (literally: "Book of Babur“)

• Emperors neglect people

• Bureaucracy was corrupt

• Army backwards in technology and tactics

• High taxes on people

• Lack of tolerance for Hinduism

• Tried to conquer all of India

• Peasant uprisings

• European intervention

Ottoman RiseOttoman Rise

► Void left by Mongols Void left by Mongols taken up by Ottomanstaken up by Ottomans

► Osman led group of Turks in the Anatolian Peninsula

► Cavalry, Janissaries Cavalry, Janissaries dominate along with a dominate along with a strong naval fleetstrong naval fleet

► Conquer Constantinople, Conquer Constantinople, make it their capitalmake it their capital

► Considered the “terror of Considered the “terror of Europe”Europe”

Ottoman Military MightOttoman Military Might

►Adopted firearms readily – easily Adopted firearms readily – easily defeated Muslim rivals, Hungarydefeated Muslim rivals, Hungary

► Initially they had superior technologyInitially they had superior technology►15th Century - Build navy to ward off 15th Century - Build navy to ward off

Europeans, gain control of Europeans, gain control of Mediterranean (Significance?)Mediterranean (Significance?)

Major LeadersMehmet II

Mehmet II: 1444-1481- Called “The Conqueror”• 1453 – 80,000 soldiers laid siege to Constantinople and conquered the Byzantine Empire.• Renamed city Istanbul and made it the capital. • The Topkapi Palace “Iron Gate”

“What a city we have given to plunder and destruction.”

Turks vs Europeans

Major LeadersSuleyman the Magnificent

Suleyman: (1520-1566) – The Greatest Sultan• Expanded Empire into Romania, Hungary, and parts of Austria.• Turkish Naval Fleet rules the eastern Mediterranean• Patron of the arts, built bridges, public baths, schools and mosques.

Major Achievement

The Suleimaniye Mosque

The Ottoman Centralized The Ottoman Centralized BureaucracyBureaucracy

SULTANSULTAN

Local Administrators& Military

Local Administrators& Military

Landowners / Tax CollectorsLandowners / Tax Collectors

MuslimsMuslims JewsJews

ChristiansChristians

Led by Sultan – Absolute power

Chief minister, or adviser, to the SultanGrandVizier

Viziers

GrandVizier

Viziers

Positions were based on merit, not birth.

Provincial Governors (Beys)And Military elite -

The Janissaries

Provincial Governors (Beys)And Military elite -

The Janissaries

Heads of Individual

Religious Millets

Heads of Individual

Religious Millets

Process of succession was not distinct –

could cause conflict

Who do you think had the real power?

Religious Beliefs and Policies• Ottomans were Sunni Muslims

• Sultans claimed the title of Caliph – guided and maintained Islamic Law• Religious advisors – Ulema – set up schools

Conversations between Christians and Muslims

• Tolerant of Non-Muslims• Non-Muslims had to pay a tax, Jiyza, but could freely practice religion• Janissaries protected religious minority

Social Structure/Role of Women• Four main Occupational Classes: peasants,

artisans, merchants, pastoral peoples. • Merchants were most privileged, exempt from taxes and gov’t regulations.

• Women treated better than other Islamic states (Turkish traditions)• Could own and inherit property• Were not forced to marry and could seek a divorce• Some gained political power as officials and governors

Major Achievements• Restored city of

Constantinople (Istanbul)

• Turned Hagia Sophia into a Mosque

Islamic Calligraphy

Prayer rugs and textiles

Scholars in astronomy and medicine. (Galata

Observatory, 1557)

Bazaars, hospitals, ceramics,

silk

Decline of Ottoman Empire

• The Siege of Vienna – Suleyman’s forces were

turned back in 1529

• The Battle of Lepanto, 1571

• Major naval battle between Spanish and

Ottomans• Spanish victory gave

hope to Christian empires that Turks could be

stopped.

Decline of Ottoman Empire

• Sultans lose power to Vizier’s and Janissaries

• Vague process of succession • Internal government corruption

• Empire became too large to control• Loss of loyalty – no more land to

conquer and give away

• Lack of military technology

• Economy suffered• Silk Road Trade

monopoly ended – European water

routes• Inflation due influx

of silver• Did not industrialize

– craft guilds

Age of Exploration and the Rise of Europe

MotivationMotivation

Gold – Wealth and prestige for the crown

Glory – Glory for their nation, Individual Glory and

fame

God – Great Missionary Spirit to justify actions and gain new followers

Need for new forms of revenue Take over trade from Muslims and Italians who dominated Mediterranean

Iberian

Gold – Wealth for individual and trading company

Calvinists – wealth was a sign of God’s good grace.

Glory – Individual fame and fortune

God – Search for religious freedom (Puritans were persecuted)

Competition developed with Iberian nations

Northern European

1. Crusades led to increased trade between Europe and the Middle East.

2. The Ottoman Empire controlled the trade routes to the east. The Europeans were forced to seek alternative trade routes to Asia.

How did it all start?

How will the Europeans get

around the Ottomans?

Portugal - Bartholomeu Dias rounded the Cape of

Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa

- Vasco Da Gama established an all water route to India

- Seized port cities, or trading enclaves, like Goa, Malacca, Mombasa, and

Canton

- Brazil was founded by Pedro Cabral in 1500

- Had a monopoly on trade in the Indian Ocean until the Dutch arrived in the 1600s.

Location

In the early 1400s, the Portuguese led

the way

Iberian

The success of Portuguese explorations led Spain to begin its own voyages.  

- Columbus discovered the Americas for Spain. Sent conquistadors to Central and South America

- Balboa discovered the Pacific Ocean

- Magellan was the first to circumnavigate the globe, Spain settled Philippines

- Cortes conquered the Aztec empire in Mexico

- Pizarro conquered the Inca empire along the Andes Mountains in Peru.

LocationIberian

The Spaniards attack the Aztecs

The Spaniards capture the Inca King

Dutch and British

- Northern areas of the Americas – settlements and search for a “north-west passage.”

- Caribbean Islands – Sugar islands

- British controlled Port villages in India – Madras, Bombay, and Calcutta

- Dutch – Trade routes and colonies in S.E. Asia: Indonesia, Strait of Malacca, Japan, and China (Only European nation allowed to trade with Japan)

- British later replace Dutch (New York, South Africa, India, Malacca)

Location

1707 map of Japan that depicts

William Adams’ visit with

Tokugawa Ieyasu in 1600

Northern European

Oversight InstitutionOversight Institution

The Crown – Monarch and Church received 20% of profits! Mercantilism.

Relied of King and Pope to make decisions. Resulted in slow, ineffective process of rule

Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494: Pope made decision to split New World possessions into spheres of interest between Spain and Portugal.

Iberian

Trading companies received charters from King

East and West India Companies develop – Privately funded ventures with goal of making a profit.

Mercantilism existed, but development of capitalism began.

Decisions can be made much faster by the settlers: Mayflower Compact

Northern European

European Empires: 1660European Empires: 1660

Impact of ExplorationPositive Effects:

• New trade: led to weakening of the feudal system, rise in Middle Class, and population growth in Europe.• Animals: horses, cattle, chicken, sheep were brought to New World• Global Trade: Truly Global Trade! Emerged resulting in cultural diffusion Colonies developed and settled by Europeans searching for freedom and opportunity

The World in 1600The World in 1400

• Mercantilism: economic policy that created a favorable balance of trade for the parent country.  • Colonies: served as a source for raw materials, and as an exclusive market for the parent country. 

Negative Effects: • Massive Destruction: Millions of natives died due to disease brought by Europeans, or by colonization. 

The Triangle TradeThe Triangle Trade

Atlantic Slave Trade: Africans faced a diaspora, or forced movement of its people, as slavery became the dominant labor force in the Americas. 

AfricaAfrica

► Forced migration of over 15 million peopleForced migration of over 15 million people► African kingdoms reorient their economies African kingdoms reorient their economies

to do business with Europeans (guns for to do business with Europeans (guns for slaves) slaves)

► Benin, Asante, KongoBenin, Asante, Kongo► CentralizedCentralized► East Africa East Africa

Swahili trading cities Trade with Ottomans – ivory, gold, silver, people

Americas 1450-1750Americas 1450-1750► Conquest – arrival of Spanish in western Conquest – arrival of Spanish in western

hemispherehemisphere

► Population impacts: disease, racial Population impacts: disease, racial intermingling (Castas system)intermingling (Castas system) Peninsulare, Creole, Mestizo, Mulatto, Peninsulare, Creole, Mestizo, Mulatto,

African, Native American and ZambosAfrican, Native American and Zambos

► Columbian exchangeColumbian exchange

► Colonial societiesColonial societies

► Encomienda SystemEncomienda System

Empires: RussiaEmpires: Russia► Mongol occupation stalled Russian unification Mongol occupation stalled Russian unification

and developmentand development

► Increasing absolutist rule and territorial Increasing absolutist rule and territorial expansion by 16expansion by 16thth Century – Ivan the Terrible Century – Ivan the Terrible

► Multicultural EmpireMulticultural Empire

► Boyars, Cossacks, serfsBoyars, Cossacks, serfs

► Role of Russian Orthodox ChurchRole of Russian Orthodox Church

► Peter the Great accelerated westernization Peter the Great accelerated westernization processprocess

Land Based Empire Land Based Empire vs. Sea Based vs. Sea Based

EmpiresEmpires

Land Based Land Based Sea BasedSea Based

► Self-defense extremely Self-defense extremely importantimportant

► Ottoman, Russian, Mughal, MingOttoman, Russian, Mughal, Ming► Relatively LargeRelatively Large► Expensive Expensive

Focused on Focused on agricultureagriculture and notand not industryindustry

► Many were located in arid & Many were located in arid & uninhabitable areauninhabitable area

► Involved in forced laborInvolved in forced labor► Power was centralizedPower was centralized► Between 1500 and 1800 had Between 1500 and 1800 had

the largest administrative and the largest administrative and economic systems because they economic systems because they were more of a threat to each were more of a threat to each otherother

► Few strategic concernsFew strategic concerns► Spain, Portugal, EnglandSpain, Portugal, England► Relatively SmallRelatively Small► Self-sufficient Self-sufficient ► Settled in profitable Settled in profitable

areasareas► Involved in forced laborInvolved in forced labor

Increasingly brutalIncreasingly brutal► Power “divided” amongst Power “divided” amongst

landslands► Benefited from private Benefited from private

investors or joint-stock investors or joint-stock companiescompanies

Cultural and Intellectual Cultural and Intellectual DevelopmentDevelopment

►Scientific RevolutionScientific Revolution

►EnlightenmentEnlightenment

►Patronage of the ArtsPatronage of the Arts

ComparisonsComparisons

Be able to compare the following:Be able to compare the following:► Imperial systems: European monarchy Imperial systems: European monarchy

vs. a land-based Asian empirevs. a land-based Asian empire

► Coercive labor systemsCoercive labor systems

► Empire building in Asia, Africa and Empire building in Asia, Africa and EuropeEurope

► Russia’s interaction with the west Russia’s interaction with the west compared to otherscompared to others

Do You Know Your Stuff?Do You Know Your Stuff?

Using the regions below, explain how each exemplifies the ‘Big Picture’ themes of the time period.

Ming China - Tokugawa Japan - Ottoman Empire - Mughal Empire - Western Europe - Africa -

Americas - RussiaAbsolutism

Global Trade

Consumerism (3 S’s)

Rise of Europe

Coercive Labor

Religious Rivalry

Decline of Nomads