Period 5: Industrialization and Global Integration, c. 1750-1900

Chapter 23: “Revolutionary Changes in the Atlantic

World, 1750-1850”

pp. 569-596

Mrs. Osborn

RHS APWH

Question of Periodization

• Periodization: AP World History is broken into six

chronological periods of study.

• Period 5 (Ch 23-29): Industrialization and Global

Integration, c. 1750-1900 (20% of AP Exam)

• Key Concept 5.1 Industrialization and Global Capitalism

• Key Concept 5.2 Imperialism and Nation-State Formation

• Key Concept 5.3 Nationalism, Revolution, and Reform

• Key Concept 5.4 Global Migration

Key Concept 5.3

Nationalism, Revolution, and Reform

• The eighteenth century marked the beginning of an intense

period of revolution and rebellion against existing

governments, and the establishment of new nation-states

around the world. Enlightenment thought and the resistance of

colonized peoples to imperial centers shaped this revolutionary

activity. These rebellions sometimes resulted in the formation

of new states and stimulated the development of new

ideologies. These new ideas in turn further stimulated the

revolutionary and anti-imperial tendencies of this period.

AP Key Concepts. You should be able to…• Explain how The rise and diffusion of Enlightenment thought that questioned established traditions in all

areas of life often preceded the revolutions and rebellions against existing governments (AP Key Concept

5.3.I).

• Describe the ideas of Enlightenment thinkers influenced resistance to existing political authority, as

reflected in revolutionary documents (AP Key Concept 5.3.IC).

• Describe how American colonial subjects led a series of rebellions, which facilitated the emergence of

independent states in the United States, Haiti, and mainland Latin America. French subjects rebelled

against their monarchy (AP Key Concept 5.3.IC).

• Explain the demands for women’s suffrage and an emergent feminism challenged political and gender

hierarchies (AP Key Concept 5.3.IVB).

Important AP Key Terms• Enlightenment

• Benjamin Franklin

• George Washington

• Joseph Brant

• Constitutional Convention

• Estates General

• National Assembly

• Declaration of the Rights of Man

• Jacobins

• Maximillian Robespierre

• gens de couleur

• Napoleon Bonaparte

• Toussaint L’Ouverture

• Congress of Vienna

• Revolutions of 1848

GLORIOUS REVOLUTION –

1688/1689 (Refer to Ch 18)

• ENGLISH BILL OF RIGHTS

– Parliament superior to monarch

– “Power of the purse”

• LIMITED MONARCHY

– Constitution or legislative body limits monarch’s powers.

• HABEAS CORPUS

– Must know charges before someone is imprisoned.

Prelude to Revolution: The 18th-Century Crisis

Colonial Wars and Fiscal Crises• Colonial wars between Spanish,

Portuguese & Dutch in Americas & Asia.

• Seven Years War (1756-1763) [French & Indian War in America]

– Prussia, Austria, Russia, France, & Britain

• Fought on 3 continents

– Europe, India (Asia), & North America

• Treaty of Paris, 1763

• WINNER: Britain – huge empire! BUT, wars are $$$ new revenue (taxes) needed protests from colonies.

• JOHN LOCKE “Social contract” with government whose job is to protect life, liberty, and property (Natural Rights); People can revolt if mistreated by government; Influenced the American and French Revolutions

• ROUSSEAU Wrote The Social Contract,

advocated the will of the majority & the common

good

• VOLTAIRE Attacked corrupt government,

inequality; supported freedom of speech; believed

monarchs could be agents for change.

The Enlightenment Thinkers(also refer to Ch. 18)

• RENE’ DESCARTES (“I think, therefore I am”) Human reasoning (logic) best road to understanding.

• MONTESQUIEU Wrote The Spirit of the Laws, introduced ideas of separation of powers and checks and balances

• MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT The Vindication of the Rights of Women, called for equal education for girls.

• BEN FRANKLIN intellectual/scientific accomplishments & political career symbolized power of the individual & vast potential of America.

Enlightened Despotism

• Some monarchs tried to incorporate enlightenment ideas such as religious tolerance, scientific academies, and social reform, but never political reform

• Included

Frederick the Great

(Prussia)Catherine the Great

(Russia)

Joseph II

(Austria)

The Enlightenment, Intellectuals & the Arts• Women disseminated Enlightenment

ideas wealthy Parisian women, held

SALONS at which Enlightenment

thinkers gathered.

• Enlightenment ideas attractive to the

expanding middle class in Europe and

in the Western Hemisphere.

• LITERATURE: The NOVEL – fiction

(Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe,

about a Shipwreck on a tropical island)

• MUSIC: MOZART (First symphony at

age 7 - most famous composer in

history); BACH (works for organ &

choir); HANDEL (The Messiah)

GAINSBOROUGH: Chasing a Butterfly

(English, 1756)

TEST

COMPARE & CONSTRAST

CHARTAmerican & French Revolutions

TYPE OF GOVERNMENT

AMERICA

• George III – constitutional monarchy

• Power shared (royal governors in colonies)

• Colonies allowed the right of assembly

(House of Burgesses, etc.)

TYPE OF GOVERNMENT

FRANCE

• Louis XVI – Absolute monarchy

• Powers were arbitrary & tyrannical

REASONS FOR CONFLICT

AMERICA

• MERCANTILISM - Britain dependent on colonial raw materials and cash products (drains $$ from colonies)

• Subjects wanted equality before the law

• ENLIGHTENMENT IDEAS (Locke, Montesquieu, Rousseau)

REASONS FOR CONFLICT

FRANCE

• Subjects wanted equality before the law

• Bad economy: low wages, high taxes (to pay for helping in American Revolution), high cost of food

• Monarch’s lavish spending

• Govt. unable to balance income and expenses (deficit spending)

• ENLIGHTENMENT IDEAS

CHARACTERISTICS

OF PEOPLE AMERICA

• No legal social class structure

• Classified mainly by occupation

• Educated and non-educated

• Experience with “self-governing” (House of Burgesses, etc.)

• Independent minded

CHARACTERISTICS

OF PEOPLE FRANCE

• Social orders:

• 1ST ESTATE: Clergy (Roman Catholic Church)

• 2ND ESTATE: Nobility (owned 20% of all land)

• 3RD ESTATE: Everyone else - 97% pop.

– Top of 3rd Estate bourgeoisie (middle class)

• Majority poor and illiterate

• Not independent minded

What does this cartoon show about French society prior to the

revolution?

ACTIONS & EVENTS LEADING

TO REVOLUTION AMERICA

• Wars with Amerindians Slow down settlement (Proclamation of 1763 & Quebec Act of 1774)

• Pay off war debt Stamp Act (tax on printed material) & other taxes

• PROTEST Boston Massacre; Boston Tea Party; Thomas Paine (Common Sense) call for independence

• 1776 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE

ACTIONS & EVENTS LEADING

TO REVOLUTION FRANCE

• 1788 hail storm damages grain crops food shortages & high prices

• Pay off war debt King calls Meeting of Estates-General to raise taxes (particularly on the poor)

• 3RD Estate breaks away, takes Tennis Court Oath forms the NATIONAL ASSEMBLY

• King sends in troops to arrest members of National Assembly

• PROTEST STORMING OF THE BASTILLE (becomes symbol of Revolution) (July 14, 1789)

• King & Queen arrested, taken to Paris

The Awakening of the 3rd Estate

What message is the author of the picture trying to convey?

Storming the Bastille (July 14, 1789)

RESULTS AMERICA

• AMERICAN REVOLUTION (1775-1783)

• French enter as allies (will cause $$$ problems for Louis XVI of France)

• Victory at Yorktown Treaty of Paris, 1783

• 1787 U.S. CONSTITUTION (ENLIGHTENMENT IDEAS)

1. Locke (self-government)

2. Rousseau (will of majority)

3. Montesquieu (separation of powers)

4. Voltaire (freedom of speech)

STUART: Portrait of George Washington

(American, 1796)

TEST

RESULTS FRANCE

• FRENCH REVOLUTION (1789-1799)

• DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN (based on Declaration of Independence)

• Constitution creates LIMITED MONARCHY

• 1791: Declare war on Prussia & Austria for trying to intervene (lasts over 20 years) (France losing people blame King Louis XVI Revolts and murder)

• Radical revolutionaries (sans-culottes & Jacobins) take control of National Assembly

• National Convention – end monarchy REPUBLIC (execute Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette)

• REIGN OF TERROR led by Robespierre

• NAPOLEON TAKES POWER

Neo-classicism

Jacques-Louis

David

The Death of Marat

(French, 1793)

TEST

REIGN OF TERROR, 1793-1794

• War and famine riots & violence

• COMMITTEE OF PUBLIC SAFETY

• Maximillien ROBESPIERRE

• Guillotine thousands beheaded

• Thousands more in prison

• Eventually Robespierre tried for treason and executed.

• 1799: Napoleon Bonaparte takes power

Napoleon Bonaparte 1769-1821

NAPOLEON• Declares himself emperor in 1804 (Authoritarianism)

• Restored stability – strengthened govt.

• Civil Code of 1804 (Napoleonic Code) - system of laws based on Enlightenment ideas (but denied basic rights to women & restricted speech and expression)

• Nationalism pride in France as a nation

• Successful in war - advancement based on merit

• Defeated many countries & places friends & relatives on thrones. (Weakened Spain – allowed for Latin American Revolutions)

• Needs $$$ - Louisiana Purchase – 1803

Third of May (Spanish, 1808) by GOYA

TEST

NAPOLEONIC WARS & END OF

AN EMPIRE, 1804 – 1815• Invades RUSSIA - Russia’s three allies

• Dec. - Jan. - Feb.

• Napoleon defeated by Russia, Austria,

& Britain at the Battle of Nations

• Exiled to Elba, but escapes…

• Comes back ONE HUNDRED

DAYS

• Defeated by British at WATERLOO

• Exiled for good to St. Helena, died in

1821

• French Monarchy restored (Louis

XVIII)

Europe’s Reaction – Restoring the Old Order

• Congress of Vienna - 1815:

– Restored former rulers & European borders from before the war

– The Holy Alliance: Russia, Prussia, and Austria made all the

decisions

– Sought a Balance of Power to keep France from doing this again

– “Concert of Europe” – ok to send troops into another country to

maintain peace (Principle of Intervention)

– Abolished slave trade in Europe

The Rise of NATIONALISM• Idea that each ethnic group

should have its own

government and homeland

• Congress of Vienna did not

address this new idea

• Nationalist groups arose in

Europe over the next 30 years

but were never successful at

overthrowing the government.

• Greece did gain independence

from Ottoman Empire in 1830.

France restored the

constitutional monarchy the

same year. (Les Miserables)

What future problem might

arise because of

nationalistic feeling in

Europe?

The Rise Nationalism

1st cause of…

WORLD WAR I (1914-1918)

Revolutions of 1848

• Causes: Desire for national

self-determination &

democratic reform

• Failed Revolutions occurred

in Italy, Germany, Austria,

and Hungary.

• Only in France was the

monarchy was overthrown

and replaced by an elected

president, Louis Napoleon

Latin American Road to Independence• The American and French

Revolutions taught that people had rights and a voice in government.

• During the Napoleonic Wars Latin America governed itself.

• The King of Spain tried to restore his rule after the wars but Latin America refused.

• 1794-1804: HAITIAN REVOLUTION - Slave rebellion against the French under the leadership of Toussaint L’Ouverture. (First independent nation in Latin America) (More to come during the 1820s! See Ch. 25)

Comparative Perspectives• The American Revolution

1. The expense of colonial wars led to the imposition of new taxes on colonials.

2. Resentment over taxation led the British American colonies to fight & win their

independence.

3. New American government reflected the democratic ideals of the Enlightenment.

• The French Revolution

1. France created a more radical form of representative democracy than the one found

in America and suffered more violence as well.

2. Events in France led to the Haitian Revolution and Haiti’s independence.

3. Entrenched elite forces within, and foreign intervention from without, made the

French and Haitian Revolutions more violent and destructive than the American

Revolution. In France, chaos led to the rise of Napoleon.

• Aftermath of Revolution

1. Conservative retrenchment after Napoleon prevailed in the short term in Europe, but

nationalism and liberalism could not be held in check for long.

2. The new social classes arising with industrial capitalism ultimately demanded a new

social and political order. The new political freedoms were limited to a minority.

Women could not participate until the twentieth century, and slavery endured until

the second half of the nineteenth century in America.

18th Century Wars & RevolutionsGreat for Review! Click on the images for videos

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS1. What roles did Enlightenment thought and folk cultures play in the making of

the eighteenth-century revolutions?

2. Was there a relationship between the ways in which the British and French

monarchs approached the ideas of the Enlightenment and the outbreak of

revolution?

3. What factors might explain the different outcomes of the American, the French,

and the Haitian revolutions?

4. How and why did the policies of the French revolutionary regimes change

between 1789 and 1799?

5. What were the goals of the Conference of Vienna? To what extent were those

goals achieved?

6. In the nineteenth century, democratic reform succeeded in the United States

and Britain, a nationalist revolution freed Greece from the Ottoman Empire,

and a revolution of the middle and working classes overthrew the French

monarchy in 1848. Why were these movements toward democracy and national

self-determination successful, while reformers and revolutionaries in Hungary,

Italy, Bohemia, Austria, and Germany failed?