Period 51844-1877

Key Concept 5.1 “The United States became more connected with the world as it pursued an expansionist foreign policy in the Western Hemisphere and emerged as the destination for

many migrants from other countries.”

• Manifest Destiny• Opens issue of slavery

expansion

Reasons to go West

• Economic and religious• California gold rush- 49ers• Homestead Act- 160 acres of land to anyone who lived

on and cultivated for 5 years = mass movement west after Civil War

• Pacific Railway- constructed a railroad to Pacific Coast • Mormons- After founder Joseph Smith killed in 1844,

Brigham Young led Mormons to Utah to escape persecution

• Mexican-American War= Mexican Cession• Debates over slavery• Free-soil party• Compromise of 1850 & popular sovereignty

Impacts of Western Migrations

• Hispanics and American Indians• Mariana Vallejo-Mexican leader in CA supported

American control; helped transition CA from Mexico to US

• Sand Creek Massacre (1864) - CO militia attacked Cheyenne and killed over 100

• Little Big Horn- (Custer’s last stand)- Natives attacked and killed Custer and all his men

Looking to expand trade beyond its own borders

• Asia- economic advantages• Clipper ships- fast moving sailing ships allowed to open

trade with Asia• Commodore Matthew Perry- US naval commander who

played key role in opening Japan to West• Missionaries in China

Key Concept 5.2 “Intensified by expansion and deepening regional divisions, debates over slavery and

other economic, cultural, and political issues led the nation into civil war.”

• Slavery debates in newly acquired territories intensified sectionalism

• Abolitionism• Publications (William Lloyd Garrison, The Liberator)• Underground RR• Secret network of northerners helping fugitive slaves

escape; Harriet Tubman ‘Moses’

• Uncle Tom’s Cabin- Harriet Beecher Stowe; bestseller; abolition movement increases; British public anti-slavery

South’s response to abolitionism

• Peculiar Institution- Southern term for slavery; slavery seemed too harsh of a term

• John C. Calhoun- S. Carolina; argued in favor of slavery; states’ rights;

• Minstrel shows- entertainment of white performers in blackface; Jim Crow popular character

Attempts to solve slave debate in West

• Wilmot Proviso- proposed to ban all slavery from acquired Mexican territory- opened slavery debate

• Compromise of 1850-

• CA free state

• Popular sovereignty in NM and UT

• Stronger fugitive slave law

• End slave trade in DC

• Settled TX border dispute

• Kansas-Nebraska Act- KS and NB open to popular sovereignty; leads to Bleeding Kansas

• Dred Scott v. Sandford- Af-Am. not citizens but property; property protected anywhere in US

• Freeport Doctrine- S. Douglas; territory could exclude slavery by creating laws that made it impossible

• Harper’s Ferry- federal arsenal in VA; John Brown hoped to capture and lead slave rebellion- failed and hung for treason

New Politics

• Republican Party- 1854; formed after the Whig party split over KS-NB Act; Northern and Western party; oppose extension of slavery into W.

• Lincoln-Douglas Debates- series of debates; Douglas won senate; thrust Lincoln into national spotlight

• Election of 1860- led to Southern secession• Lincoln- Illinois Republican- no slavery in new territories

• Crittenden Compromise- failed effort at protecting slavery south of 36 30; compromise not supported by Lincoln

• S. Carolina secedes

• Confederate State of America- Jefferson Davis

Key Concept 5.3 “The Union victory in the Civil War and the contested Reconstruction of the South settled the issues of slavery and secession, but left unresolved many questions about the power of the federal government and citizenship

rights.”

• North v. South• North• Manufacturing and huge pop. growth- Immigrants• Conscription• Opposition- NYC draft riots “rich man’s war but poor

man’s fight”

• South• Agriculture (cotton) and slow pop. Growth• Conscription• Opposition- some farmers refuse to fight

Why did the Union prevail?

• Military leadership• Grant, Sherman, total war

• Strategies• Anaconda Plan

• Greater resources• Industrialized North

CW altered power relationships between states and federal gov’t and among

branches… and leaving largely unchanged social and economic patterns

• Emancipation Proclamation- abolish slavery in all rebelling states.; purpose of the war was changed

• 13th amendment- abolish slavery

• 14th amendment- citizenship

• 15th amendment- manhood suffrage

Reconstruction- “largely unchanged social and economic patterns.”

• Sharecropping- freedmen worked on farms and exchanged labor for using land and housing• Had to borrow $ to get started• High rates• Usually perpetual debt

• Black Codes• Laws passed in S. states after CW restricting rights and activities

of blacks; define status as inferior to whites

• Civil Rights Act of 1875-• Prohibited racial discrimination in jury selection, transportation

and businesses open to public- S. Court declared this unconstitutional in 1883

• Freedmen’s Bureau- federal agency to aid former slaves in transition to freedom

Reconstruction cont’d• Radical Republicans- opposed moderation or conciliation

toward the South; supported civil rights for freed slaves; tried to limit presidential power and increase congressional power• Impeachment of Andrew Johnson

• Robert Smalls- former slave; served in House of Reps.

• Hiram Revels- Miss. minister; 1st Af-Am to serve in Senate

• Carpetbagger- derogatory term used by white southerners to describe northerners who came to the South after the CW

• Scalawag- derogatory term used by white southerners to describe other white southerners who cooperated with the Republican Party during Reconstruction.

Reconstruction cont’d• KKK- secret organization in South after CW used

violence and intimidation factors to restore southern white power

• Redeemers- Southern Democrats who brought the Democratic Party back to power; suppressing Black Reconstruction

• Plessy v. Ferguson- separate but equal

• Local tactics- poll taxes, grandfather clauses, literacy tests

Women’s rights during Reconstruction Era

• Divided women’s rights movement• Frederick Douglass- favored black suffrage prior to

women’s suffrage• Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth C. Stanton, Victoria

Woodhull- feared women woulnt get suffrage for a long time.