Performing Urban Landscapes

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Performing Urban Landscapes

A test case in Limassol, Cyprus

D. van de Berkt & V. Francis

for creating physically and mentally sustainable cities



Performing Urban Landscapes

A test case in Limassol, Cyprus

D. van de Berkt & V. Francis

for creating physically and mentally sustainable cities



Colophon

D. (Dianne) van de Berkt

[email protected]

V. (Vivien) Francis

[email protected]

All rights reserved. No part of this

publicaon may be reproduced, stored in

a retrieval system, or transmied, in any

form or any means, electronic, mechanical,

photocopying, recording or otherwise,

without the prior wrien permission ofeither the authors or the Wageningen

University Landscape Architecture

Chairgroup. This publicaon is wrien as a

nal master thesis in landscape architecture

by order of the chairgroup of landscape

architecture at Wageningen University.

Chairgroup landscape architecture

Phone: +31 317 484 056

Fax: +31 317 482 166

E-mail: o [email protected]

www.lar.wur.nl

Post address

Postbus 47

6700 AA, Wageningen

The Netherlands

Vising address

Gaia (building no. 101)

Droevendaalsesteeg 3

6708 BP, Wageningen

Printed by Digigra B.V., Veenendaal

© Wageningen University, 2014

Supervisor:

Dr. Ir. Ingrid Duchhart

Assistent Professor Landscape architecture

Wageningen University

Examiner:

Prof. Dr. Ir. Adri van den Brink

Chair Landscape Architecture


Examiner:

Ir. Renée de Waal

Promovendus


This research was made possible through

the generous funding of Schng NH Bos



This thesis, as part of the MSc program of

Landscape Architecture, shows the work

of its researchers Dianne van de Berkt and

Vivien Francis. It is their pleasure to sharetheir passions, in nding soluons for water

and environmental problems within the

domain of landscape architecture, with you

in this research. An iterave journey of design

research results in a beer understanding of the

role of landscape architects in creang both a

physically and mentally sustainable city: a much

needed development in this urbanising world,

with climate change luring around the corner.

But without the knowledge and inspiraon of

certain people this thesis could not have been

nalised. A big thanks to supervisor Ingrid

Duchhart for her guidance. Also to Bas van

Vliet, Eddy Moors, Wim van der Knaap and

Kees Hendriks, for the brainstorm sessions

leading to the proposal. In Cyprus, the test

case locaon, thanks to: our contact persons

Stella Hadjipanagi and Raymond Francis,

Adriana Bruggeman, Katerina Charalambous

and Marinos Eliades from The Cyprus

Instute, Charalambos Theopemptou (former

Commissioner of Environment), Water Board of

Lemesos, TerraCypria, the interviewees, and the

respondents of the quesonnaire. Appreciaontowards Pieter Germeraad and Roel Dijksma

for sharing their knowledge on water (details),

and Wouter Achterkamp on the Swillgasser

technology.

Last but not least, a thank you fellow students,

friends and family for all the support.

Preface



The amount of people living in cies compared

to in rural areas is increasing. Currently,

these cies are not very sustainable, as they

oen have a linear metabolism of consuminginput and repelling waste. In this thesis, the

physical and mental sustainability of urban

areas is increased through performing urban

landscapes. This is done through two aspects:

1) creang a circular metabolism to close city

cycles for physical sustainability, and 2) by

creang environmental awareness for mental

sustainability. The role of landscape architects

is of great signicance in designing performing

urban landscapes. Not only should the

processes in the landscape funcon, it should

also be aesthecally appealing, and people

should be able to experience everything.

For the rst aspect of creang a circular

metabolism, the researchers of this thesis

propose that the process of stormwater

harvesng and re-use, and the process of energy

producon of organic waste should cooperate.

These topics are chosen because quite some

cies, especially in the Mediterranean Region

and/or in (semi-)arid climates, deal with water

quanty problems. In other words, having too

much stormwater in the winter and too lile

in the summer. Another big linear metabolismproblem is the fact that urban areas create a

large amount of waste, which is passed on to

the rural areas for processing. The connecon

between these processes may not seem

obvious, but this thesis provides insights and

soluons to prove it is possible.

The development of toolboxes, a ‘research

for research’ method, is chosen to enable the

researchers in creang a performing urban

landscape for Limassol (Cyprus), by using the

toolboxes’ design opons. Whilst tesng the

toolboxes in Limassol, it turned out that the

results remained too broad and were not

specic enough, but the lessons learned from

the process gave valuable input for the following

design exploraon. By applying the ‘research

through designing’ method, the design of the

Lile Garyllis Performing Park was made, and

the characteriscs of designing a performing

urban landscape were unravelled.

Summary



Here are some useful insights for reading this

thesis, to start with the term Cyprus. It must

be clear that the island Cyprus and the country

Cyprus are not the same. When Cyprus isdiscussed geographically in this thesis, it is the

island which is debated. But, when Cypriots,

economics, polics or stascs are disputed the

southern Greek part of the island is meant.

Furthermore, when a gure is marked with an

asterisk (*) in its capon, this gure is derived or

adapted from an external source. These external

sources can be found in the list of gures.

The contentBefore starng to read, a brief introducon to

the global content of the six parts of this thesis

is shared here.

Part 1

This rst part gives an introducon to the

theories included and a review on the topic.

Part 2

Before starng the design research, this part

explains why and how this design research has

been conducted.

Part 3The third part summarises all the informaon

on the island Cyprus, the country Cyprus and

the city Limassol that was needed to be able to

conduct the design research.

Part 4

The ‘research part’ of this this can be found in

this part.

Part 5

This part holds the ‘design part’.

Part 6

Finally, the discussion and conclusions are

shared in this sixth part.

Reader’s guide



Preface

Summary

Reader’sguide

Part 1 Introducon

1.1 Scope of this thesis

1.2 Theorecal framework

1.3 Topic review

Part 2 Research structure

3.1 New knowledge

3.2 Purpose

3.3 Research quesons

3.4 Process

Part 3 Cypriots and their island

3.1 Mediterranean Cyprus

3.2 Green mountains and dry plains

3.3 Altered land

3.4 Life on the island

3.5 City of aracon and distracon

3.6 Room for intervenon

3.7 Watershed in distress

3.8 Lile Garyllis

3.9 Points of aenon

Part 4 Geng water and energy to cooperate

4.1 The cooperaon of the two processes

4.2 First sieve: toolbox

4.3 Strengthening role of the urban park

4.4 Second sieve: design exploraons

Part 5 Envisioning Lile Garyllis

5.1 Design inspiraon

5.2 Lile Garyllis Performing Park

5.3 Four Fanaria

5.4 Limassol Network

1

15

25

81

101

Table of contents



Part 6 Findings

6.1 Discussion and conclusion

Listofgures

References

Appendices

155

161

163

173



1



2



3



What?This thesis combines two strategies to make

the expanding urban areas more sustainable.

Physical sustainability by changing the city’s

metabolism from linear to circular, and mental

sustainability by creang environmental

awareness.

How?Landscape architects can play a signicant

role when creang a physically and mentallysustainable city. This by designing a performing

urban landscape. A landscape that is a seng

for closing city cycles, as well as a medium for

creang environmental awareness.

The proposal of this design research is the ability

to cooperate the processes of stormwater

harvesng and re-use, and energy producon

from urban organic waste, and herewith

closing city cycles. By ensuring that people

can experience all steps of the processes in an

aesthec way, also environmental awareness

may be created.

Why?There is a knowledge gap on how to translate

the theory of urban metabolism into design.

Furthermore, there is not a lot of research

on the role of landscape as medium to create

environmental awareness, and no design

examples were found.

Therstchapterofthisthesisgivesalilesneakpreview.Thewell-knownquesonsof‘What?’,

‘How?’and‘Why’areansweredtogiveanideaofwhatthisdesignresearchisabout.

4

1.1 Scope of this thesis



5

1.2 Theoretical framework

Inthischaptertheoryontheoverarchingsubjectsofthisthesisisoutlined[F1.1].

[F1.1]Thetheorecalframework.

Sustainable urban designSustainability is a commonly used word

nowadays, but the meaning remains somewhat

unclear for a lot of people. The reason for this

is that there are many denions. For this

thesis the most commonly used denion

is adopted, namely that the demands of the

present generaon are met, but without losing

the future generaons’ ability to meet their

own demands (Willis, n.d.). Sustainable urban

design, more specically, is concerned with

incorporang sustainability on two scale levels:

in the individual building and in public town

planning (Gosling & Maitland, 1984 cited in

Frey, 1999, p.9).

The urban se ngOver half of the populaon on this planet live in

cies. Between 2009 and 2050 the populaon

of cies is likely to grow from 3.4 billion to 6.3

billion (UN, 2010 cited in While & Whitehead,

2013, p.1325). These increasing urban areas

bring several problems. Biodiversity is, for

example, under pressure due to urbanisaon(Ho, n.d.), and imperviousness can increase

stormwater runo (Gallo et al., 2013) and

therefore increase ood risk (Montenegro

& Ragab, 2013). Cies play a big role in the

currently changing climate. Cies make up

for over 80% of anthropogenic CO2 emissions

globally every year (UNEP/UN-HABITAT, 2005

cited in While & Whitehead, 2013, p.1325),

but they are also amongst the most vulnerable

sites that have to deal with the consequences

of climate change (While & Whitehead, 2013).

Furthermore, several studies show that the

demands of a city are large, with an ecological

footprint reaching further than their borders

(Pincetl, 2012). Baccini (1997) states that 70-

80% of the world’s resources are used by cies.

Thus, cies are both insgator as well as

vicms. Is it therefore a wise decision to try to

make cies more sustainable? Beatley (2000)

and others state that cies play a big role in

making the world more sustainable, especially

by reducing their ecological footprints. “Cies

- through their spaal organisaon, their

management pracces, and the development

of their economic bases – can be the locus for

signicant reducons in demand and pressure

on the planet’s resources and ecosystems”(Beatley, 2000, p.4).



Creang sustainable ciesPreviously, the denion of sustainability used

in this thesis is has been determined, and in

this denion the word demands is used. What

these demands are and how to achieve them

will be discussed now.

There are three demands every generaon

has: 1) social jusce and cultural diversity, 2)the conservaon of air, water and biodiversity,

and 3) economic expansion to conquer poverty

(Willis, n.d.). The concepts oen used for the

three direcons of sustainability are cultural,

environmental and economic sustainability, or

in other words: people – planet – prot (e.g.

Meyer, 2008).

The approach of this thesis to create sustainable

cies is twofold. First of all, by changing the

urban metabolism, and secondly by creang

environmental awareness.

From a linear to a circular metabolism

Changing the urban metabolism is the rst

strategy for creang urban sustainability.

Metabolism means “the sum total of the

technical and socio-economic processes that

occur in cies, resulng in growth, producon

of energy and eliminaon of waste” (Kennedy,

Cuddihy & Engel-Yan, 2007, p.44). Currently,

cies seem to have a linear metabolism of

absorbing inputs (food, energy, goods, water)

and repel outputs (organic waste, emissions,

inorganic waste, waste water) (Meijer etal., 2011). Fundamental for creang a more

sustainable city is adjusng its metabolism

(conceived by Wolman in 1965) from linear to

circular [F1.2]. The city needs to funcon as

an ecosystem, being a self-su cient (Kennedy,

Pincetl & Bunje, 2011) eco-eecve city

reducing its ecological footprint (Newman,

2010). This circular metabolism creates new

inputs from its own outputs, zero emissions,

and clean air and water (Meijer et al., 2011).

The urban metabolism methodology is

praccal and standardised enough for urban

areas to follow (Kennedy & Hoornweg, 2012).

Nevertheless, some guidance is useful. Green

urbanism can help and give guidance for

designing a more sustainable circular city.

Green urbanism is used as a means to describe

cies that are “smart, secure and sustainable”

(Newman, 2010, p. 149). Lehmann (2010)explains that this is achieved due to the

interacon between three main pillars: energy

and materials / water and biodiversity / urban

planning and transport. Cies adapng the

green urbanism framework (Lehmann, 2010,

p.3):

• “respond well to their climate, locaon,

orientaon and context, opmising natural

assets such as sunlight and wind ow,

• are quiet, clean and eecve, with a

healthy microclimate,

• have reduced or have no CO2

emissions, as

they are self-su cient energy producers,

powered by renewable energy sources,

• eliminate the concept of waste, as they

are based on a closed-loop ecosystem

with signicant recycling, reusing,

remanufacturing and composng.”

Both Lehmann (2010) as well as Meijer et al.

(2011) state that there is an importance in

le ng acvies, design components, and cycles

cooperate. Where Meijer et al. (2011, p.539)

emphasise that “an eecve development

would in fact take place within the exisng city[…] it would save the green space outside the

city”.

Creang environmental awareness

“Sustainable landscape design must do more

than funcon or perform ecologically; it must

perform socially and culturally” (Meyer, 2008,

p.16). Therefore, the second strategy for more

sustainable cies is creang environmental

awareness, and landscape design can play a

[F1.2]*Thedierencebetweenalinearandcircularmetabolism.

6



role in this. Meyer (2008, p.10) believes that

“design can alter an individual’s consciousness

and perhaps assist in restructuring her priories

and values”. Nassauer (2012, p.224) adds that:

“because landscapes are visible and inherently

integrave, landscape can be a medium that

synthesises diverse environmental funcons

and human perspecves”. This changing of

environmental ethics “can lead to aenveness,empathy, love, respect, care, concern and

acon” towards sustainable design (Meyer,

2008, p.20). Hence, besides guiding the city

physically towards sustainability, also its users

are directed psychologically towards a dierent

environmental mind-set.

The role of the landscape architectAs became clear in the previous paragraph,

urban design involves buildings and town

planning. Thus, where do landscape architects

play a role? This part elaborates on the role

landscape architects can play when both

the city’s metabolism needs to be altered,

whilst simultaneously creang environmental

awareness. But rst, landscape architecture

as a discipline is explained, the researchers’

landscape architectural lens is shared, and the

importance of urban landscape is described.

Landscape architectural lensThe landscape architectural lens is a profession

orientated theorecal lens, which is oen

used by qualitave researchers to review

their studies (Creswell, 2009). This lens is ofimportance, because it shows the researchers

idea of what landscape architecture stands

for and what it can do. To understand the lens

of the researchers, the terms landscape and

landscape architecture need to be clear.

There are many dierent denions for the

concept landscape. Landscapes are connuously

changing and therefore dynamic (Antrop,

1998; Dramstad & Fjellstad, 2011). Landscapes

are formed by natural processes, human

intervenons, and especially the interacon

between those natural processes and human

intervenons. Mankind has adapted the

landscape in such a way that it is more suitable

for their living and needs (Antrop, 1998).

Therefore, landscape is “the visible result on the

surface of earth of the interacons between man

and nature” (Kerkstra & Vrijlandt, 1988 cited

in Duchhart, 2007, p.16). “Architecture is the

ordering and shaping of space” (Vroom, 1986

cited in Duchhart, 2007, p.15) and landscape

architects see the landscape as this ‘space’.

A specic focus of landscape architecture is

placed on understanding the elements andqualies present in the physical realm (Jauslin,

n.d.). Besides space, acvies are of importance

too in landscape architecture. A landscape

architect adapts already exisng developments,

and creates new forms required for new types

of usage (Vroom and Steiner, 1991 cited in

Duchhart, 2007, p.15).

The researchers of this thesis nd it important

that landscape architects step in when dealing

with environmental problems. Landscape

architecture can contribute in solving problems,

which is the main aspect of the core landscapearchitectural approach ‘design as synthesis’

(Crewe & Forsyth, 2003). To turn these

challenges into opportunies natural processes

can be mimicked and the services of ecosystems

can be used (Meyer, 2008), and a design can be

educang through awareness creaon.

Importance of urban landscapeThe role of the landscape architect in designing

(parts of) cies has become more eminent, this

due to, for example, the landscape urbanism

movement. Landscape urbanism ensured that

landscape is more and more seen as the basic

building block of a city (Thompson, 2012).

First landscape in cies was seen as le-over

places, places unsuitable for buildings. Now

with landscape urbanism, culture and natural

processes help the designer to arrange the

urban form (Steiner, 2011). Together with

the fact that, the in the previous paragraph

menoned, green urbanism is interdisciplinary,

landscape architects now can play a major role

in urban design (Lehmann, 2010).

As landscape was not the basis of urbandesign for long me, green is currenly added

to cies again. This urban greening promotes

more natural vegetaon in cies, for example

for sustaining wildlife (Birch & Wachter, n.d.).

Besides implemenng green in the city solely

because it looks nice and it may aract some

wildlife, green can have more problem solving

funcons. It can act like infrastructure: “a

network of natural and semi-natural areas that

protects and enhances ecosystem services,

regenerave capacies, and ecological

dynamism over long me frames” (Marcucci

& Jordan, 2013, p.184). Besides clearly doing

something for the ‘planet’, green infrastructure

can also improve the quality of life (‘people’)

and increase economic acvity (‘prot’)

(Marcucci & Jordan, 2013). To elaborate, green

infrastructure is the network of all the unbuilt

vegetated spaces in the city (Kambites & Owen,

2006 cited in Schäer & Swilling, 2013, p.247).

It consists of a variety of green features on all

scales: hedgerows, green roofs, oodplains,

rivers, etcetera, but these are only green

infrastructure when they are of high quality

and capable of providing more than just beinggreen space (European Commission, 2013). A

green roof, for example, when designed with

this thought can help with polluon reducon

(Rowe, 2011). Landscape architects can play a

7



and man-made (Meyer, 2008). When showing

how funcon and appearance, and nature and

culture can work together, people can learn

something (Forsyth, Musacchio & Fitzgerald,

2005). Furthermore, it should be experienced

that the landscape is dynamic not stac, it is

oen experienced through movement (Meyer,

2008). Thus, paths are the bookmarks for the

storytelling. They guide along dierent sensoryexperiences (Forsyth, Musacchio & Fitzgerald,

2005). It changes every season, and it changes

over me (Koh, 2013). Lastly, the narrave

should be experienced with all senses, not only

visual (Meyer, 2008).

“The language of landscape is our nave

language. Landscape was the original dwelling;

humans evolved among plants and animals,

under the sky, upon the earth, near water.

Everyone carries that legacy in body and

mind. Humans touched, saw, heard, smelled,

tasted, lived in, and shaped landscapes before

the species had words to describe what it

did. Landscapes are the rst human texts,

read before the invenon of other signs and

symbols.” (Whiston Spirn, 1998, p.125)

When creang a performing urban landscape,

landscape architects are crucial, because of the

interdisciplinary approach of the eld (Meyer,

2008). Although the technical and aesthecal

part of the design are not separable, two

dierent roles can be played by a landscape

architect: the technical landscape architect andthe creave landscape architect.

Technical landscape architect

Whilst using natural processes, the landscape

architect nds its role in eco-engineering.

Infrastructures “funconally integrated with

landscapes become sustainable, mulfunconal

and self-organising with educaonal, aesthec

and even recreaonal eects” (Koh, 2013, p.27).

The funcon helps to experience the aesthec.

Within eco-engineering ve design principles

Important though is the experience of the

performing urban landscape, of both the eco-

technologies as well as aesthecs. In this thesis

narraves are of importance in doing so: stories

about the natural processes, the cultural use,

and the alteraons made to it (Poeiger &

Purinton, 1998). People should experience

the story of nature and culture, as in nature

role in creang or adjusng this variety of high

quality green features, which are capable of

providing more than just being green space.

Experiencing the performing urbanlandscape“Beauful sustainable landscape design involves

the design of experiences as much as the design

of form and the design of the ecosystems.”(Meyer, 2008, p.18)

A performing urban landscape involves the

design of both funcon and appearance:

funcon can ensure direct sustainability, in this

case by creang a circular metabolism, and the

aesthec appearance can help with creang

environmental awareness (Meyer, 2008).

Both funcon and appearance, technique and

aesthecs, need to be intertwined. Therefore,

it is not ‘form follows funcon’ or ‘funcon

follows form’ (Sauerbruch & Huon, n.d.),

but a joint eort of funcon and appearance

[F1.3]. The goal is to create the most appealing

appearance, that allows the processes to

funcon as opmal possible.

Designconsistentwithecological

principles:includeandcopy

naturalstructuresandprocessesin

yourdesign

Designforsite-speciccontext:

every locaonisdierent

Designforefficiencyinenergyand

informaon:letnaturedosomeof

theworkforyou

Acknowledgethevaluesand

purposesthatmovatedesign:

createbenetsforboththesociety

asfornature

Maintaintheindependenceof

designfunconalrequirements:

keepsoluonssimpleandpraccal

8

[F1.3]Thejointeortoffunconandform.

[F1.4]Designprincipleswithineco-engineering.



INFOBOX 1.1: cues for intended natural design

People’s environmental preference towards naturalness is confusing. Using natural processes in

the cultural city, can cause unfamiliarity and rejecon of it. Messy ecosystems do not seem to

be welcome in the urban area (Nassauer, 1995). Forsyth, Musacchio and Fitzgerald (2005) also

state that ‘unaracve’ natural vegetaon needs cues to show it is intended. Van Ruijven (2010)

conducted a research for her Master thesis to nd out what these cues can be, and translated

them into seven design principles [F1.5].

[F1.5]*Designprinciplesforcreangcuesforintendednaturaldesign.

[F1.4] can be disnguished (Bergen, Bolton &

Fridley, 2001).

Creave landscape architect

Within eco-engineering there is already

some aenon for aesthecs. But to full the

creave role of the landscape architect, to fully

experience the aesthecs, some insights on

preferences, elements and qualies are needed.

The ve general environmental preferences are

(Nassar, 1998 cited in Carmona et al., 2010,

p.169):

• Naturalness: environments where natural

elements dominate over built elements

(see infobox 1.1)

• Upkeep/civilies: environments that are

managed, clearly looked aer

• Openness and dened spaces:

environments with a mix including dened

open spaces with views on nice elements

• Historical signicance/content:

environments that raise posive

associaons

• Order: organisaon, coherence, congruity,

legibility, clarity

Besides these general preferences, the

appreciaon of design is also culturally dened

(Meyer, 2008). When applying design elements

and qualies, the common design style needs to

be reviewed, as well as the sense of place andthe site condions (Hansen, 2010). Probably,

because design elements and qualies are

culture- and locaon-bound, dierent literature

sources (Hutchinson, n.d.; Rutledge, 1971; Loidl

& Bernard, 2003; Hansen, 2010; Whing & de

Jong, 2013) do not agree on what these design

elements and qualies should exactly be.

Therefore, a selecon of design elements [F1.6]

and design qualies [F1.7] has been made to

work with during this thesis.

9

Floweringplantsandtrees Architecturaldetailslike

sharpedges

Framing Thecolorwhite

Trimming,mowing,ordering,andlinear

planng

Boldpaerninuse,colorandmaintenance

Levelofculvaonrespondstosite



[F1.6]Fivedesignelementsusedinthisthesis.

[F1.7]Fivedesignqualiesusedinthisthesis.

Scale:relatedtothesurroundings

andanappropriatesizefor

humans(proporons)

Sequence:change/flowinform,

colour,texture,andsizefor

movement/life

Line:thehorizontaland/orvercal

structureformer,straightlinesfor

aformallookandorganiclinesfor

aninformallook

Balance:the(a)symmetryonthe

leandrightside

Colour:acrucialmood-seng

elementofdesign,itcanalsodraw

aenontoacertainfeature

Unity:orharmonyisrealisedby

linkingelementsandfeaturesto

createaclearcomposion

Texture:thefeeland/orlookof

thesurface(neness/coarseness,

roughness/smoothness,heaviness/

lightness)

Emphasis:afocalpointisneeded

tokeeptheaenon

Form:connectedtolines,aslines

shape

Simplicityandvariety:theworking

togetherofrepeon(nochange)

anddiversity(contrasts)

10



Inthischaptertheliteraturereviewonthetopicandaproposionareshared[F1.8].

Cooperaon of two urban resourcesTo create a more sustainable city with a circular

metabolism, open cycles have to be closed

by harvesng resources. There are enough

oulows (waste) that have potenal to be used

again (Agudelo-Vera et al., 2012). Within this

urban harvesng, four strategies are dened

(Agudelo, Rovers & Mels, 2009 cited in Agudelo-

Vera et al., 2012, p.4):

• Mul-sourcing: locally available and

renewable resources (e.g. stormwater,

solar power)

• Cascading: remains of ows, usable for

lower quality purposes (e.g. wastewaterfrom shower as ushwater for toilet)

• Quality upgrading and recycling: on-site

treatment for re-use

• Quality upgrading and closing loops: on-

site treatment of a system without inputs

or outputs

This thesis is based on the last strategy: creang

a circular metabolism by closing city cycles,

without new inputs and as lile outputs as

possible. To do so, the researchers of this thesis

propose that the processes of stormwater

harvesng and re-use, and of energy producon

from urban organic waste have the potenal to

cooperate and strengthen each other.

Urban water: stormwater harvesng andre-use

Water is the largest component of the urban

metabolism (Kennedy, Cuddihy & Engel-Yan,

2007). Therefore, it is a logical choice to make

a water-related process the main topic of this

thesis. This design research focusses on cies

with a water quanty problem. To be more

clear: too lile water in the summer, andmore water than manageable in the winter.

The Mediterranean is an example of a region

dealing with these kind of water problems. The

Mediterranean region has hot/dry summers

[F1.8]Thetopicreviewwithaproposionasresult.

and cool/wet winters (Mediterranean climate,

2014), bringing periods of water scarcity

and extreme events as droughts and oods

(Choukr-Allah, 2012). The coastal areas and

the highly urbanised areas are parcularly

aected by water stress, because of the uneven

distributed rainfall and the seasonal variaons

of water resources (Bixio et al., 2006). On

the other hand, urban areas also suer from

external water dependence, ooding and

stream degradaons (Farreny et al., 2011).

Furthermore, the Mediterranean region is

also one of the most sensive areas regarding

possible consequences of the present climatechange (Calbo, 2010), therefore the situaon

for this region is very distressing. Besides the

Mediterranean region, also other regions suer

from this water quanty problem, for example

regions with a (semi-)arid climate (Montenegro

& Ragab, 2012). According to Angelakis et al.

(1999) and Faa et al. (2005) there is a need

to look for alternave water resources, and

soluons can be found in recycling water.

Most of the water problems such as droughts,

water shortages and oods in dry regions

are related to stormwater. Especially in

cies the paved areas ensure a decrease

of the permeability of soil, and decrease

of inltraon, which results in accelerated

surface runo (increasing oodrisk) and soil

erosion (Niemczynowicz, 1999; Charalambous,

Bruggeman & Lange, 2012). Also, natural

streams are oen channelled in urban areas,

which results in altered ecological systems, and

a fast runo of urban stormwater with high peak

ows (Niemczynowicz, 1999). Furthermore,

runo water from roads may be polluted by

heavy metals which come from brakes and resof vehicles, and drip loss (fuel, gear oil, grease,

brake uid, anfreeze, etcetera) (Göbel, Dierkes

& Coldewey, 2007). Besides this, stormwater

runo from roads can also contain organic

11

1.3 Topic review



compounds (Helmreich & Horn, 2009).

The quanty and quality problems of urban

stormwater runo can be turned into an

opportunity, when this water is harvested

and treated. Besides prevenng droughts and

oods, stormwater harvesng has many other

benets in addion. It may reduce:

• a city’s external water demand (Helmreich& Horn, 2009; Farreny et al., 2011;

Kathijotes, 2012)

• water stress on the area (Farreny et al.,

2011)

• energy use (less groundwater pumping)

(Kathijotes, 2012)

• non-point source pollutant loads

(Niemczynowicz, 1999; Mitchell et al.,

2007; Farreny et al., 2011)

• drinking water consumpon (Abdulla & Al-

Shareef, 2009; Chanan et al., 2010)

And it also may:

• help to alleviate climate change (Farreny

et al., 2011)

• add aesthec and recreaonal values to a

city (Niemczynowicz, 1999; Mitchell et al.,

2007)

Social acceptance

Besides all the benets of stormwater

harvesng, there are some social constraints

which prevent people to implement this. These

social constraints include issues of health and

safety, aesthecs and impacts on recreaon(CSIRO, 2006):

• Odour problems

• Visual impacts

• Noise disturbance

• Health and safety: physical injuries,

contaminaon, vermin

The re-use of stormwater in non-potable

applicaons is publicly accepted. Surveys

inially show strong community support when

it comes to the use of recycled water, but this

supports does decline when people see the

actual project proposal (McArdle et al., 2011).

There are a couple of reasons for the public

opposion to the use of recycled stormwater.

According to McArdle et al. (2011) these

reasons include:

• Concern for public health

• Economic impact

• Environmental impact and social value of

land

Urban waste: energy producon fromurban organic waste

For closing cycles, posive loops and trade-os are necessary (Agudelo-Vera et al., 2011).

Therefore, a second process has been idened

to work together with the process of stormwater

harvesng and re-use. Possibilies are found

in urban environmental quality. To achieve

urban environmental quality quite some topics

can be discussed on dierent scale levels. The

main topics that are present in most, if not all,

scales are: air quality, soil quality, and water

quality. These qualies are oen threatened

by greenhouse gas emissions and/or waste

mismanagement (Anonymous, 2000; D’Alisa, Di

Nola & Giampietro, 2012).

How can both the problem of greenhouse gas

emissions and the management of waste be

addressed? Waste management is seen as

an urban problem, because of the collecon,

shortage of landlls, and limited urban space for

recycling (Gandy, 1994 cited in Uyarra & Gee,

2013). Several references in Aranda Usón (2013,

p.72) emphasise the magnitude of the collecon

and transportaon of urban waste within the

city and towards the locaons where the waste

is processed. This is done by vehicles, which

are aer power plants (USA 32%) the biggest

contributors of greenhouse gas emissions (EPA,

n.d.). Therefore, waste is not only a nuisance

itself, but its management also contributes

to greenhouse gas emissions. Dealing with

waste within cies as an eecve development

(Meijer et al., 2011), could decrease the

magnitude of the transportaon of urban waste

and therefore reduce greenhouse gas emissions

for a small part. The Council of Europe (2007

cited in Aranda Usón et al., 2013, p.72) states

that “the collecon, sorng, transportaon,

processing and recycling of municipal solidwaste in an environmentally friendly manner

can lead to soluons that are sustainable in the

medium and long term, taking into account the

needs of urban development demands”.

Besides this, a dierent management style of

waste could help to reduce greenhouse gas

emissions even further. Due to the lens of the

researchers answers to problems need to be

found in natural processes, hence using the

organic part of the waste. The separaon of

urban organic waste could be rewarding (see

infobox 1.2). Creang energy from urban organicwaste can help to increase the air quality, soil

quality, and water quality (Cheng, n.d.; Basu,

2010). The air, for example, will have a beer

quality due to less greenhouse gas emissions

from power plants, and cars (when changing

to driving on green electricity or gas). Beside

these environmental benets, there are also

two socio-economic benets: 1) All countries

have waste, but not all countries have crude

oil or natural gas. Therefore, a lot of countries

are imporng energy resources from foreign

countries. Producing own renewable biomassenergy will make countries more energy

independent (Cheng, n.d.; Khanal & Lamsal,

n.d.; Basu, 2010), and 2) This shi in waste

management can create local job opportunies

12



(Cheng, n.d.) and thereby improve the economy

(Khanal & Lamsal, n.d.; Basu, 2010). Besides

this, governments can also prot from beer

tax revenue (Khanal & Lamsal, n.d.).

Social acceptance

Besides some technical barriers, there are also

some other barriers that prevent the increase

of energy derived from biomass generally.Rösch & Kaltschmi (1999) describe some of

these barriers, such as: the higher producon

costs of heat and/or electricity from biomass.

But overall, energy derived from biomass

is accepted by the public. If not, people are

oen not familiar with the opportunies and

benets (Rösch & Kaltschmi, 1999). A tude

does change with the type of feedstock. The

use of virgin biomass (grown solely for energy

purposes) is oen seen as negave (Muradov

et al., 2010). Using non-virgin biomass, waste,

as feedstock could be posive for people’s

a tude, but waste as feedstock also brings

INFOBOX 1.2: urban organic waste and its yields

When talking about urban organic waste in this thesis, two resources are selected: 1) organic

waste produced by households, small businesses and hotels, to have a more boom-up approach

to create environmental awareness (Yang et al., 2012), and 2) the organic waste produced due

to the need of city’s vegetaon maintenance (Lyymäki & Sipilä, 2009). For this design research

(peri-)urban agricultural and industrial organic wastes are not taken into account.

Biogas yields from Dutch examples

During biochemical anaerobic digeson two products are created: compost and biogas. Thecompost can be used as ferliser and the biogas can be transformed into electricity and heat or

green gas (Agentschap NL, n.d., p.2):

• 10 m3 biogas can be transformed into 20 kWh electricity and 85 MJ warmth

• 10 m3 biogas can be transformed into 6 kg green gas (100 km of driving)

The amount of biogas produced depends on the composion of the urban organic waste, which

contains organic household waste and waste from urban vegetaon maintenance. The following

rules of thumb are composed with the help of informaon on Dutch potenals:

• Organic household waste:

• 30% of the waste of a household is organic (Appendix 1c-I)

• 100 kg of this organic waste is turned into 10 m3 biogas (Agentschap NL, n.d., p.1-2)

• Urban vegetaon maintenance:

• Vegetaon has dierent amounts of maintenance output [T1.1]

• 100 kg mixed vegetaon maintenance waste is turned into 7 m3 biogas (E-kwadraat

Advies, n.d.)

[T1.1]Thedierentamountsofmaintenanceoutputofvegetaon(seeAppendix1c-I).

Type of vegetaon

Woody 0.67-1.65

Grass 0.25-4

Reed 1.43-7.14

Heather 0.13-2.25

Amount of maintenance

output in kg per m2 per year

some environmental distress. It can be seen as

“dirty, contaminated and non-renewable” and

“hazardous for humans and ecosystems” (Rösch

& Kaltschmi, 1999, p.354).

Furthermore, there could be some social

constraints involving the locaon of the digester

used in the waste to energy process. People’s

a tude towards renewable energy can changeif they are faced with it in their neighbourhood.

They can then suer from the NIMBY eect.

They are in favour of renewable energy sources,

but Not In My Back Yard (NIMBY) (Rösch &

Kaltschmi, 1999).

13



14



15



16



17



The gapIn this case the knowledge gap is twofold.

First of all, there is a gap between the theory

of urban metabolism and its translaon to

design. Secondly, comprehensive knowledge on

the contribuon of appearance to sustainable

landscape design could not be found.

Designing for the urban metabolismKennedy, Pincetl & Bunje (2011, p.1970) state

that “the potenal to use the concept of urban

metabolism in an urban design context is a

relavely new development”. They elaborate

on the only three aempts to design with the

concept of urban metabolism ndable. First,

Oswald and Baccini (2003 cited in Kennedy,

Pincetl & Bunje, 2011, p.1970) start to show in

Netzstadt how morphological and physiological

tools can be used together, how they can be

integrated. For reconstrucng New Orleans

aer hurricane Katrina, John Fernandez,together with students from MIT, used material

ow analysis to come up with more sensive

design regarding ecology (Quinn, 2007 cited

in Kennedy, Pincetl & Bunje, 2011, p.1970).

Students studying civil engineering at the

University of Toronto also created a sustainable

design at neighbourhood scale using the urban

metabolism. These students included green

buildings, sustainable transportaon, and

alternave energy systems in their designs,

examples are: greywater use for toilets,

wastewater sludge as compost, energy

producon from municipal waste for a light rail

system, and y-ash from the waste gasicaon

was used as building material. Thus, a start

has been made in actually designing with the

urban metabolism in mind, but in the landscape

architecture discipline many steps are sll to be

taken.

Designing to create environmentalawareness

Meyer (2008) states that unl now there

has been lile aenon on the fact that the

appearance of landscape can contribute tosustainable landscape design. Besides the

manifesto of Meyer (2008), only the arcle

of Nassauer (2012) states that the landscape

can funcon as a medium. No other literature

was found on how to actually design for this

purpose.

SignicanceThere is need to further develop the role of

urban metabolism within urban planning

and design (Kennedy, Pincetl & Bunje, 2011).

Agudelo-Vera et al. (2011) also state that “thereis a need to develop methodologies to assess

local potenals and provide guidelines for

resource management, considering available

technology, local context characteriscs and

trade-os among ows”. Therefore, this design

research is of signicance, because this thesis

aims to give more insights on how landscape

architects can design with the urban metabolism

in mind. Also, the role of landscape as medium

will be addressed.

This design research will contribute to the

body of knowledge for at least the elds ofwater management, waste management,

renewable energy producon, ecology, and

especially landscape architecture. During the

study landscape architecture at Wageningen

University, one is prepped for thinking

interdisciplinary and in this design research

this is most denitely the case (technical

and creave), and this makes this thesis

academically signicant. The design part of this

thesis ensures that the (design) proposion is

implementable, and this is shown by making a

design in Limassol, Cyprus. This also gives this

research architectonic signicance. Cyprus

will funcon as a test to illustrate how it could

work, but it will also be implementable for

similar cies. This makes the ndings replicable.

Besides dealing with water and waste problems,

the design of a performing urban landscape

can also provide opons to create some

social benets in the urban areas, like opons

for recreaon and cultural development

(educaon). Therefore, this thesis and design

also have social signicance.

“Researchisastructuredinquirythatulisesacceptablesciencmethodologytosolveproblems

andcreatenewknowledgethatisgenerallyapplicable.”(Grinnell,1993citedinKumar,2005,p.7)

Thisnewknowledgeiscreatedwhengapsarepresentintheknowledgecurrentlyavailable,andthereisasignicancetogetridofthisgap(Kumar,2005).

18

2.1 New knowledge



Goal and audienceThe goal of this design research is to show

the municipalies of cies with a stormwater

quanty (and quality) and waste problem,

and more general policy makers, how these

problems can be turned into opportunies.

This by creang a toolbox with design opons

on several scale levels, to enable the designing

of the cooperang city processes (to close city

cycles) within a performing urban landscape.

Besides being an example for a change incity metabolism, the design will also be an

illustrave example of how design can funcon

as medium to create environmental awareness

by experiencing.

Themostvitalthingadesignerdoesistoprovideanexplanaonofwhatitcouldbelike(Cross,

2006),thisisexactlythepurposeofthisthesis.

19

2.2 Purpose



Main research quesonThe main research queson of this thesis is:

Sub research quesonThe following sub research quesons will help

to nd an answer to the main research queson:

1. What are the cooperaon potenals for

the stormwater re-use and urban organicwaste to energy processes?

2. What design opons can be disnguished

for every step in the stormwater re-use

process?

3. What design opons can be disnguished

for every step in the urban organic waste

to energy process?

4. How can these design opons per

process step be applied in the design of a

performing urban landscape in Limassol?

Toachievethepurposeofthisthesis,amainresearchquesonandfoursubresearchquesonswill

helptogainknowledgeonperformingurbanlandscapes.

What are the characteriscs of designing a

performing urban landscape that:

1. plays a strengthening role in the

cooperaon of the stormwater re-use

and urban organic waste to energy

processes to close city cycles,

and

2. is simultaneously a medium for

creang environmental awareness?

20

2.3 Research questions



Knowledge claim and strategyThe knowledge claim adopted during this design

research is the pragmac one. This means that

understanding the problem(s) and nding ways

to solve the problem(s) is important in this thesis

(Creswell, 2009). To understand the problem,

researchers look at many approaches to collect

data and do analysis, mulple methods, dierent

knowledge claims, and dierent assumpons

(Creswell, 2009). Two of the three other

knowledge claims are of importance during this

thesis. The postposivisc knowledge claim is

prominent when the landscape architects fulls

a more technical role, and needs measurements

and calculaons for the design to funcon. The

construcvisc knowledge claim is prominent

when the landscape architect fulls a more

creave role, and needs insights on what the

users nd aesthecally appealing. For this, it is

important to understand the context or se ng

of the design/research area by vising the area

and gathering informaon on the spot. It is also

[F2.1]Combinaonofresearchanddesign.

Thischapterwillsharetheprocessofthisdesignresearch.

21

2.4 Process



Toolbox (research) for designThe term ‘design research’ has been used a few

mes in this thesis. The reason is simple: this

thesis combines research with design [F2.1].

Combining research with design can be done in

three ways (Lenzholzer, Duchhart & Koh, 2013):

• Research for design: research is conducted

to improve the quality of the design and

increase its reliability• Research on design: research is done on

nished designs or the design process

• Research through designing: design is used

as a research method

The intenon was to use the rst way ‘research

for design’, by creang toolboxes as input for

the design (see chapter 4.2 for explanaon why

this was the intenon).

about listening carefully to the inhabitants to

understand the historical and cultural se ngs

of these people (Creswell, 2009).

The research strategy that ts the pragmac

knowledge claim is the mixed methods research

strategy, which combines both qualitave and

quantave research. In this case using a

concurrent embedded strategy. The concurrentapproach is chosen because there is limited

me in the eld, and in this way the data can

be collected simultaneously (Creswell, 2009).

But it is more than just collecng both kind of

data. In this strategy either quantave data

collecon is embedded in qualitave data

collecon, or vice versa (Creswell, 2009). For

this design research data is mainly gained from

qualitave data collecon, with the help of

exisng quantave data (extrapolaon).

22



ApproachThe approach of this design research is twofold,

and input for this is extracted from two of

Milburn and Brown’s (2003) models: concept

test, and analysis synthesis.

Firstly, to nd an answer to the rst sub research

queson the proposion (concept) discussed in

chapter 1.3 about the cooperaon of the twoprocesses is tested, and adapted where needed.

Then the analysis conducted to nd answers to

the second and third research quesons are

used to create toolboxes. Finally, a sieving guide

is used to nd implementable design opons

and to synthesise these for applicaon in design

(fourth sub research queson).

Methods, techniques and taccs

For the rst, ‘concept test’ part of the approach

literature study was conducted to do ‘research

for design’, as well as reference studies for a

lile ‘research on design’. The approach for

the second ‘analysis synthesis’ part is more

extensive. The same literature study and

reference study of the rst part was also used

for sub research quesons 2 and 3. At last,

to be able to sieve the toolboxes to come up

with the implementable design opons and to

synthesise these for applicaon in design, quite

some methods are used to gain knowledge

(the ‘landscapes’ of) of Cyprus and the city

Limassol (see Appendix 2e-I for exact methods,

techniques and taccs per sub research

queson):

• Literature study

• Map study

• Suitability study

• Stascal study

• Interviews

• Quesonnaires

• Fieldwork (e.g. SWOT analysis)

23



24



25



26



27



The MediterraneanCyprus is an island in the Mediterranean region.

The Mediterranean region or Mediterranean

basin is dened as countries bordering the

Mediterranean Sea, including Portugal. This

Mediterranean Sea is surrounded by 18

countries on three dierent connents: Europe,

Asia and Africa [F3.1] (FAO, 2013).

Cyprus is the third largest island in the

Mediterranean region, and is located in the

southeast of the basin (Iacovides, n.d.). On the

island there are two climates: the Mediterranean

climate, and the hot semi-arid climate [F3.2]

(Peel, Finlayson & McMahou, 2007).

[F3.1]LocaonofCypruswithintheMediterraneanregion.

[F3.2]*ThedivisionoftheMediterraneanandhotsemi-aridclimate.

Cyprus,aspartof theMediterraneanregion, isdealingwithquitesomeenvironmental (health)

problems.Besides,waterscarcitybeingthemainproblemontheisland,the landllingofwasteis

athreattoo.

28

3.1 Mediterranean Cyprus



CyprusCyprus is a naturally and culturally aracve

country (see next chapters), resulng in a lot of

tourism on the island (Sharpley, 2002). Besides

these potenals, Cyprus is also dealing with

some environmental (health) problems:

• Water quanty and quality (including

salinisaon) [F3.3] (Birol, Koundouri &

Koundouris, n.d.; Iacovides, n.d.; Seth,n.d.; Howe & Smith, 2010; Christodoulidou

et al., 2012)

• Landlling of waste [F3.3] (Athanassiou

& Zabaniotou, 2008; Savva, Costa &

Charalambides, 2013)

• High amount of greenhouse gas emissions

(Tsilingiridis, Sidiropoulos & Pentalios,

2011; Zachariadis, 2011)

[F3.3]Someenvironmental(health)problemsCyprusisdealingwith.

• Soil quality (including erosion) [F3.3] (Seth,

n.d.; Iglesias, et al., 2011; Cohen, 2012)

• Air quality (Middleton et al., 2008;

Kleanthous et al, 2009)

• Increasing ‘wellness’ diseases, such as:

asthma and allergies (Kolokotroni et al.,

2011)

• Urban heat island eect (especially capital

Nicosia) (Price et al., 1999; Hadjimitsis etal., n.d.)

Obviously, Cyprus is chosen as test case locaon

in this thesis because of the water and waste

problems.

Water quanty

Landlling of waste

Soil erosion

29



the moment the island is at a turning point,

there are already some companies involved in

recycling (Athanassiou & Zabaniotou, 2008), for

example GreenDot (see infobox 3.2).

CO2 emissions

Cyprus is dealing with high CO2 emissions,

especially from energy producon and

transportaon [F3.5] (Tsilingiridis, Sidiropoulos& Pentalios, 2011). Savva, Costa &

Charalambides (2013) see a potenal for

Cyprus’ waste to energy producon, which will

help the CO2 emissions to drop.

Water problemThe most extensive problem Cyprus is dealing

with is the water scarcity. Cyprus is one of the

places in the Mediterranean area that is facing

the biggest water issues, like severe water

scarcity, frequent occurrence of droughts,

limited water resources, unevenly distributed

rainfall, and many small catchments but no

perennial ow (Aletraris, 2012; Charalambous,Bruggeman & Lange, 2012). The main source

of water in Cyprus is precipitaon, but the

amount of this water resource has decreased,

and also approximately 80% of the main water

resources is lost because of direct evaporaon

and transpiraon (Iacovides, n.d.). Besides

this, the precipitaon is unevenly distributed

geographically with the highest amount in the

mountain areas and the lowest in the eastern

lowlands and the coastal areas [F3.4] (WDD,

n.d. a).

Waste problemThe landlling of waste in Cyprus is seen as

large problem, especially now Cyprus is part

of the EU (Savva, Costa & Charalambides,

2013). Not only is waste dumped at controlled

sites, there are ve to six uncontrolled landlls

present (Athanassiou & Zabaniotou, 2008). At

[F3.4]*Unevenlydistributedprecipitaon.

[F3.5]PercentageCO2emissionspercategory.

30



[F3.7]*TheKyreniaTerrane.

CyprusisthethirdlargestMediterraneanisland,withasurfaceof9,251km2.Therearetwomountain

rangesontheisland,KyreniaintheNorthandTroodosinthecentre.Inbetweenthosetworanges

liestheMesaoriaplain.

31

altude from 800 to 1,024 meters above sea

level. The Pentadaktylos is the striking mountain

range forming the west of the terrane (Cyprus

Geological Heritage, 2004; Geological Survey

Department, 2014).

3.2 Green mountains and dry plains

Risen from the seaTo understand how Cyprus is arisen from the

sea the geology and soils are explained before

the tectonic processes, so that the geological

terranes menoned during the explanaon of

the tectonic processes are discussed already.

Geological zones and their soilsCyprus is divided in four geological zones [F3.6]

(Cyprus Geological Heritage, 2004; GeologicalSurvey Department, 2014):

• Kyrenia Terrane (Pentadaktylos)

• Troodos Terrane (Troodos Ophiolite

Complex)

• Mamonia Terrane

• Circum Troodos Sedimentary Succession

(Sediments)

Kyrenia Terrane

The Kyrenia Terrane [F3.7] is the most northern

geological zone of Cyprus, and it is considered

as the most southern poron of the Tauro-

Diraride Alpine Zone. It forms a chain of narrowand steep mountains. It is in contrast with its

surrounding lowlands, because it rises quite

abruptly from these lowlands. The mountain

range runs from Cape Kormakis in the west

to Cape Andreas in the east, and varies in its

[F3.6]*Thefourgeologicalzonesandsoiltypes.

The Kyrenia Terrane is a complex collecon

of sediments from Permian (300 to 250

Ma) to present, and limited metamorphic

and igneous rocks. The terrane is formed bydierent geological formaons. The three main

formaons are the allochthonous Dhikomo,

Sykhari and Hilarion Formaons which have their

own specic characteriscs and appearances

(Cyprus Geological Heritage, 2004; Geological



perennial rivers running radially are feeding the

main aquifers in the foothills and lowlands of

the Troodos (Cyprus Geological Heritage, 2004;

Geological Survey Department, 2014).

The soil orders most common for this terrane

are the same for the Kyrenia Terrane, namely:

• Regosols

• Leptosols

Mamonia Terrane

The Mammonia Terrane [F3.9] consists of

igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic

rocks from the Middle Triassic to the Upper

Cretaceous (230 – 75 Ma). The rocks paced over

during the Maaistrichan, and they only occur

on the southern part of Cyprus in the region

of Pafos (Cyprus Geological Heritage, 2004;


Survey Department, 2014).

The most common soil orders present on this

terrane are:

• Regosols: “Characterised by shallow,

medium- to ne-textured, unconsolidated

parent material that may be of alluvial

origin and by the lack of a signicant soil

horizons (layer) formaon because of dryor cold climac condions. Regosols oen

show accumulaons of calcium carbonate

or gypsum in hot, dry climac zones.”

(Encyclopædia Britannica, 2014)

• Leptosols: “Soils with a very shallow

prole depth (indicang lile inuence

of soil-forming processes), and the oen

contain large amounts of gravel. They

typically remain under natural vegetaon,

being especially suscepble to erosion,

desiccaon, or waterlogging, depending

on climate and topography. Becauseof connual wind or water erosion or

shallow depth to hard bedrock, Leptosols

show lile or none of the horizonaon,

or layering, characterisc of other soils.”

(Encyclopædia Britannica, 2014)

Troodos Terrane

The central part of Cyprus is dominated by the

Troodos Terrane [F3.8] or Troodos Ophiolite

complex, forming the geological core of the

island. There are two regions to be disnguished

within the Troodos Terrane. First there is the

main mass of the Troodos mountain range, andthe second region consists of the Limassol and

Akapnou Forests south of the mountain range.

The Troodos Terrane is formed in the Upper

Cretaceous (90 Ma), on the Tethys sea oor. It is

seen as the most complete, intact and studied

ophiolite of the world (Cyprus Geological

Heritage, 2004; Geological Survey Department,

2014).

The Troodos Ophiolite is a fragment of a fully

developed oceanic crust, and it consists of four

dierent stragraphic units (in ascending order):

Plutonics (mantle sequence and cumulates),Intrusives, Volcanics and chemical sediments.

The Troodos Terrane plays a signicant role

for the water budget of Cyprus. Most of the

rocks are good aquifers due to fracturing. The

[F3.8]TheTroodosTerrane.

[F3.9]TheMamoniaTerrane.

The combinaon of deformaon and alteraon

and the clays and steep topography isconsidered as some of the factors for instability

in the region of Pafos. In addion, earthquakes

played and sll play their own, signicant role in

this region (Cyprus Geological Heritage, 2004;


The most common soil orders of the Mamonia

Terrane are:

• Regosols

• Luvisols: “a mixed mineralogy, high

nutrient content, and good drainage that

make these soils suitable for a wide range

of agriculture, from grains to orchards to

vineyards. Luvisols form on at or gently

sloping landscapes under climac regimes

that range from cool temperate to warm

Mediterranean. Luvisols are technically

characterized by a surface accumulaon

of humus overlying an extensively leached

layer that is nearly devoid of clay and

iron-bearing minerals. Below the laer lies

a layer of mixed clay accumulaon that

has high levels of available nutrient ions

comprising calcium, magnesium, sodium,

or potassium.” (Encyclopædia Britannica,2014)

32



[F3.10]*TheCircumTroodosSedimentarySuccession.

[F3.11]Elevatedlandscape.

Circum Troodos Sedimentary Succession

The area between the Kyrenia Terrane and

the Troodos Terrane, as well as the southern

part of the island, is a zone of autochthonous

sedimentary rocks ranging in age from the

Upper Cretaceous to the Pleistocene (70 Ma

to present). The Circum Troodos Sedimentary

Succession [F3.10] of bentonic clays,

volcaniclascs, melange, marls, chalks, cherts,limestones, calcarenites, evaporites and clasc

sediments (Cyprus Geological Heritage, 2004;


which caused the formaon of the Troodos

Ophiolite. This was followed by the detachment

of the Troodos Ophiolite through a sinistral

rotaon of 90°, and the collision to its southern

and western part of older rocks (230 to 75 Ma).A relavely inacve tectonic period followed

(75 to 10 Ma). Carbonate sediments were

deposited and the sedimentary basis (Leara

and Pachna Formaon) became shallower. The

following important tectonic period (Miocene,

The soil types commonly present are:

• Regosols

• Leptosols

• Luvisols

Tectonic processesThe movement of plates created the elevated

landscape of Cyprus [F3.11], as can be seen

today.

The island of Cyprus is formed by tectonic

processes [F3.12]. It started in the Upper

Cretaceous (100 Ma) with the subducon of the

African plate underneath the Eurasian plate,

33

[F3.12]*TheformaonofCyprus.

1

2

3

4



10-15 Ma) was characterized by the placement

of the Kyrenia Terrane in the northern part of

the Troodos Terrance and the upli of the island

to almost its present posion (Cyprus Geological

Heritage, 2004; Geological Survey Department,

2014).

At the same me as the subducon of the

plates, these plates moved northwards so thattheir southern edges were placed in the area

where the Pentadaktylos Range would nally

be posioned. The Mamonia Terrane and the

Troodos clashed during a period of marine

sedimentaon and relave tectonic inacvity.

The upli of the Troodos started in that same

period which resulted in the creaon of the

island Cyprus. At the end of Miocene (6 Ma)

the Tethys Sea east of Cyprus was closed and

the Mediterranean Sea obtained approximately

its present shape (Cyprus Geological Heritage,

2004; Geological Survey Department, 2014).

During the Messinian, there was a

Mediterranean salinity crisis, caused by its

isolaon from the Atlanc Ocean. This crisis

created condions of extreme seawater

evaporaon and deposion of evaporate

sediments. The opening of Gibraltar resulted in

a re-connecon of the Mediterranean Sea with

the Atlanc Ocean. In combinaon with the rise

of sea level, new sediments were deposited.

During the Pleistocene (2,5 Ma to present)

the island was uplied abruptly. During that

period the Troodos and Pentadaktylos wereeven higher than they are today. This signicant

upli in combinaon with the climate change in

the Pleistocene resulted in extensive erosion of

the ranges (Cyprus Geological Heritage, 2004;


[F3.13]Theninehydrologicalregions,withtheirwatersheds,(ephemeral)rivers,andlakes.

Natural resourcesThe island of Cyprus only has a few natural

resources. The main resource interesng for

this thesis is, of course, water. Besides water,

also minerals and mber resources can be

found on the island.

Water

Cyprus has been dened as one River BasinDistrict in the Water Framework Direcve

(INECO Cyprus, n.d.) A River Basin District is

dened by EEA (2013) as the area of land and

sea, made up of one or more neighbouring river

basins together with their associated ground

waters and coastal waters. Within this one

River Basin District, Cyprus is subdivided into

nine hydrological regions [F3.13]. These nine

hydrological regions are further subdivided

into 70 watersheds, and 387 sub-watersheds

(INECO Cyprus, n.d.). Within these watersheds,

rivers and lakes are located on the surface.

Below the surface, groundwater bodies can be

disnguished.

Rivers

The rivers in Cyprus mostly originate in the

Troodos mountain range, this is where the

most precipitaon falls. Besides this, there is a

seasonal distribuon of stormwater runo, due

to the seasonal distribuon of precipitaon. As

a result most rivers in Cyprus are ephemeral,

lacking perennial ow along their enre length

[F3.13]. Most rivers ow 3 to 4 months a year

(in the winter/spring) and are dry for the rest ofthe year. There are only a few rivers upstream in

the Troodos areas which have a connuous ow

all year: Xero, Diarizos, Kargos, Marathasa,

Kouris, and Germasogeia [F3.14]. (INECO

Cyprus, n.d.; WDD, n.d. a).

34



Lakes

Due to the hot climate on the island, there

are only ve natural lakes [F3.13]. All of these

natural lakes are brackish or salt [F3.15].

Therefore, they are unsuitable as resource of

[3.16]Groundwaterbodies.

[F3.15]SaltlakenearLarnaca.

[F3.14]DownstreamGermasogeiawithoutwater.

potable water (INECO Cyprus, n.d.; WDD, n.d.

a).

35

1

2

3

45

7

89

10

11

13

14

15

16

19

17

18

20

12

6



[F3.17]Sixvegetaonzones.

Groundwater bodies

The groundwater bodies in Cyprus are mostly

used by inhabitants for domesc use and

irrigaon, through springs, wells and boreholes.

Cyprus has 66 aquifers which are grouped into

20 groundwater bodies [F3.16]. Ten of these

aquifers are connected to the sea, making the

water brackish (WDD, n.d. a). Most of these

groundwater bodies are in a poor state (WDD,2010).

MineralsOn the island several minerals can be found,

both metallic as well as non-metallic (CIA, 2013):

• Metallic: copper, pyrites, asbestos

• Non-metallic: gypsum, salt, marble, clay

earth pigment

TimberBesides minerals, Cyprus also has mber as a

natural resource (CIA, 2013).

Vegetal coverCyprus has both endemic and indigenous or

nave vegetaon. Endemic means that these

species only naturally exist in Cyprus, whereas

indigenous or nave mean that they naturally

occur there but also in other countries.

Tsindes, Hadjikyriakou and Christodoulou

(2002) describe the tree and (sub-)shrub

species that can be found in Cyprus, and aer

some calculaons it became clear that 53% of

the tree and (sub-)shrub species in Cyprus are

endemic or indigenous/nave. Whereas theremaining 47% are advenve, culvated or

exoc. The status of the endemic tree and shrub

species of Cyprus is of importance, as 21 species

are included in Annex I of the Convenon for

the Conservaon of European Wildlife and

Natural Habitats (Tsindes, Hadjikyriakou &

Christrodoulou, 2002).

Mountain

Slopes

PlainStreams/marshes

Coast

Saltlakes

Six vegetaon zonesBesides soils, the elevaon and availability

of water is important for the survival of

plant species (Tsindes, Hadjikyriakou &

Christrodoulou, 2002). The researchers of this

thesis found six dierent zones in Cyprus [F3.17]

where specic vegetaon occurs [F3.18], due to

these limitaons.

36



[F3.18]*Somekeyspeciespervegetaonzone.

Saltlakes

Akrori, Larnaca,

Famagusta, etc.

Mostly subshrubs

Mountain

Highest slopes of

Troodes and/or

Kyrenia mountrain

range

Mostly trees

Slopes

Maquis, garigue and

rocky mountainsides

Mostly shrubs

Plain

Mostly shrubs

Streams/

marshes

Moist places, along

rivers, streams and

water channels

Mostly trees and

shrubs

Coast

Mostly shrubs

Pinus nigra J.F. Arnold

subsp. pallasiana (Lamb.)

Holmboe

Indigenous tree (1400-

1900m)

Ephedra fragilis Desf.

subsp. campylopoda (J.C.

Mayer) Asch. et Graebn.

Indigenous shrub

(0-900m)

Prosopis farcta (Banks et

Sol.) J.F.Macbr.

Indigenous shrub

(0-180m)

Salix alba L.

Indigenous tree (0-1000m)

Cichorium spinosum L.

Indigenous subshrub

Halimione portulacoides

(L.) Aellen

Indigenous shrub

37



Juniperus foedissima

Willd.

Indigenous tree (1400-

1950m)

Osyris alba L.

Indigenous shrub

(250-500m)

Zizyphus lotus (L.) Lam.

Indigenous shrub

(0-500m)

Ficus carica L.

Indigenous tree (0-1400m)

Atriplex halimus L.

Indigenous shrub

(0-350m)

Arthrocnemum

macrostachyum (Moric.)

Moris et Delponte

Indigenous subshrub

(0-150m)

Arbutus andrachne L.

Indigenous shrub

(700-1300m)

Bosea cypria Boiss.

Endemic shrubs

(0-650m)

Convolvulus dorycnium L.

Indigenous subshrub

(0-300m)

Nerium oleander L.

Indigenous shrub

(0-900m)

Tamarix dalmaca Baum

Indigenous shrub

Thymelaea hirsuta (L.)

Endl.

Indigenous shrub

(0-50m)

Rosa chionistrae H.Lindb.

Endemic shrub

(1100-1950m)

Capparis spinosa L.

Indigenous shrub

0-900m)

Helichrysum conglobatum

(Viv.) Steud.

Indigenous subshrub

(0-700)

Phragmites australis (Cav.)

Trin. ex Steud

Indigenous shrub

(0-600m)

Lycium schweinfurthii

Dammer

Indigenous shrub

(0-50m)

Halocnemum strobilaceum

(Pall.) Bieb.

Indigenous subshrub

38



10,000 Years of civil history

In this intermezzo the long history of the island Cyprus is explained. The chapter names and content is derived from Antoniadou

(2011).

PrehistoricAge(8200-1050BC)

8200 - 3800 BC

The rst signs of permanent selement date from the Neolithic age. The Cypriots lived in single room dwellings, used stone

tools, made jewellery from picrolite, and ate sh, cereals, lamb and goat (p.5).

3800-2400BC

Some cultural changes took place. The Cypriots started living in mul-room dwellings, started to make copper

jewellery, and started to use a plough for agriculture (p.5).

2400-1650BC

Although the Cypriots grew economically because of the changes, they sll lived in small

villages. Communicaon and trade was kept locally, within the boundaries of the island (p.5).

1650-1050BC

In this period some major changes occurred. The Cypriots established coastal

towns, started mining for copper and other metals, started wring, and began

trading with surrounding regions. Also, there were mainland Greeks coming to

the island to sele there (p.5).

HistoricTimes:GeometricandArchaicPeriods(1050-480BC)

1050-750BC

Cyprus started to get more Greek inhabitants and adopted the

Greek culture and language. Also, iron was becoming more

popular to use for jewellery and tools. Likewise decorated

poery became well known (p.6).

750-480BC

This period was marked by the subjugaon of Cyprus to the Assyrians. The

Cypriot city-kingdoms remained independent as long as they paid tax to the

Assyrian ruler (p.6).

Classical,HelleniscandRomanPeriods(480BC-330AD)

480-310BC

Cyprus was in the middle of the Greco-Persian Wars. The Greek wanted the Persians to leave

all Greek lands, also Cyprus. Although they tried, Cyprus did become part of the Persian

Empire and became an important polical and cultural centre (p.7).

310-30BC

The Persian rule came to an end, because of Alexander the Great. He ruled Cyprus and aer him his successors.

During this period Cyprus was used strategically, as military base (p.7).

30BC-330ADThe Romans took control over Cyprus and exploited the copper mines. Under this occupaon Cyprus had 300 hundred years

of economic growth (p.7).

08200 BCE

39

INTERMEZZO: the civil history of Cyprus



2014 CE

ByzannePeriod(330-1192)330-1192

In the Roman Empire chrisanity was declared the ocial religion, but the church of Cyprus remained fully independent. In

this period (7th century) the Islam did manage to reach the island. In this period new cies were built and others demolished.

Between the 11th and 12th century Leosia became the capital of Cyprus. Cyprus grew in industry, for example silk, wood,

silver and gold (pp.8-9).

FrankishPeriod(1192-1489)

Richard the Lionheart, king of England conquered Cyprus as a base for the Third Crusade. He soon understood

how hard it would be to keep the island and sold it to the Knight Templars. They gave it back to him aer

an uprising on the island. This me Richard sold it to a French nobleman and it remained in French hands

for three centuries. In this period the Catholic church was implemented as the ocial religion. The 14th

century was quite posive for Cyprus with a lot of commercial and economic acvity. The cies Leosia and

Ammochostas (Famagusta) grew and the lace industry ourished (p.10).

TheVeneansinCyprus(1489-1571)

Aer the French the Veneans came to conquer Cyprus. Cyprus was producing a lot of

goods from agriculture and industry, which were shipped from the port of Ammochostos

(Famagusta). At the end of this period Larnaka became the most important port of Cyprus

and the port of Lemesos started to develop. It were the Veneans who built the forfying

walls around Leosia as a protecon against the Oomans (p.11).

TheOomanEmpire(1571-1878)

The Oomans took over Cyprus anyway, with the

fall of Ammochostos (Famagusta). For the rst me

in the history of Cyprus a Muslim community was

established on the island, but the Orthodox church

of Cyprus was also given privileges. Cyprus did have a

hard me under this rule, but there were also some

posive social aspects connected to it (p.12).

BrishRule(1878-1960)

There was a secret treaty going on between Great Britain and the

Oomans and this resulted in Great Britain taking over. The Cypriots

expected greater things to happen, but actually this rule prevailed

an economic recession. There were some uprisings because of harsh

colonial measures from the Brish. This resulted into an independent

Republic of Cyprus (p.13).

TheCyprusRepublic,theTurkishinvasion,EuropeanUnionentry(1960-today)

1960-1973

The Archbishop Makarius III was assigned as rst President of the Republic and Cyprus

became a member of the United Naons. Two Brish military bases were established

on the island. From 1964, there were always conicts between the Greek and Turkish

inhabitants (p.14).

1974-today

In 1974 the Turkish military invaded the island and took over 37% of the island. Around 200,000 Greek

Cypriots had to ee the northern part of the island. The Turkish troops sll occupy this part of the island. In

2004 Cyprus became a member of the European Union (p.14).40



Using the islandApproximately 1,340 km2 (14.5%) of Cyprus is

culvated (Hadjiparaskevas, 2005). But how is

the rest of the island used?

Landuse per geological zoneMap study and eldtrips tell that Cyprus has

a big variety in land uses [F3.19]. However,

there are three dierent kind of land uses

that are the most common on the island. The

biggest category is the non-irrigated arableland, which can be found all over the island.

The second biggest form of landuse in Cyprus is

sclerophyllous vegetaon, located on the slopes

of the two mountain ranges. The coniferous

forest is the third biggest land use form in

Cyprus, and this category can be mostly found

in the higher mountain areas of Troodos and

Kyrenia. Within the geological zones certain

landuses are more common [F3.20].

Kyrenia Terrane

On the mountain range the most common

landuses are sclerophyllous vegetaon [F3.21] and coniferous forest. In the lower areas

towards the south, lots of non-irrigated arable

land can be found. In the northern coast area,

connuous and disconnuous urban fabric is

common.

[F3.19]Landusepertheme.

Troodos Terrane

The Troodos area mostly consists of

sclerophyllous vegetaon [F3.21] and coniferous

forest.

Mamonia Terrane

This geological zone is quite diverse in its

landuse. It consists mostly of sclerophyllous

vegetaon [F3.21], vineyards, connuous

and disconnuous urban fabric, and complex

culvaon paerns.

Circum Troodos Sedimentary Succession

In the western part of this terrane, lots of non-

irrigated arable land can be found, while in

the eastern part of this terrane sclerophyllous

InthischaptertheculturaladaptaonsofthelandthatcreateabeersengforlivingonCyprus

arediscussed.

[F3.21]* The in every geological zone occurringsclerophyllousvegetaon.

41

3.3 Altered land



Housing

Due to a census (Appendix 3s-I) being held

in 2001 and in 2011, the development of thehousing in Cyprus can be discussed. In 2001

as well as in 2011, most people lived in a two-

person household. Household size is decreasing

though, with an average household size of 3.06

persons in 2001, and 2.76 persons in 2011

[F3.23]. Typically Cypriots live in a convenonal

living quarter (99.5%), mostly in singles houses

or apartments [F3.24].

[F3.20]*Landusepergeologicalzone.

vegetaon [F3.21] is the most common land

use. Furthermore, two big areas of connuous

and disconnuous urban fabric can be found,namely Limassol and Nicosia. But also some

areas of agriculture with natural vegetaon,

complex culvaon paerns, fruit trees, and

berry plantaons are spread out over this

geological zone.

DwellingThe, in six administrave districts divided, island

with in total 840,407 inhabitants, is urbanising.

Around 2005, Cyprus was, with 2.61%, the

second highest performing European country in

urban growth (Tosics, n.d.). The majority (67%)

of the people on the island live in an urbanse ng [F3.22] (Appendix 3s-I).

[F3.22]Divisionofruralandurbanliving,peradministravedistrict.

[F3.23]Averagehouseholdsize.

73%59%

77%

70% 100%67%

33%30%

23%27%

41%

42



WaterAs already menoned earlier, Cyprus is dealing

with water scarcity. Cyprus has e few natural

lakes and only some rivers that ow all year

round, but these sources are not su cient for or

suitable as domesc, irrigaon and inltraon

water. In this paragraph the Cypriot water needs

and where it comes from, are discussed. Also,

the potenal of stormwater harvesng as a

more sustainable water resource is discussed.

Water inputCyprus loses a lot of its natural water when

no acons are taken [F3.25]. This is why the

Cypriots adapted the natural water system

into a system that meets their water demand.

Meanwhile also other sources than stormwater

[F3.24]TypesofconvenonallivingquartersCypriotslivein.

are available on the island [F3.26].

Surface water

A big part of the cultural water process in Cyprus

are the dams and reservoirs, called surface

water. The rst dam (an earth-ll dam) in Cyprus

was built at Kouklia in 1900, and between 1945

and 1958, 15 more dams were built of which

13 are gravity dams and two are earth-ll dams.

Aer the establishment of the Cyprus Republic

in 1974, more dams were constructed. The

reservoirs are mainly lled by the inow of water

from rivers, which takes place during the winter.

The reservoirs and storage basins are structured

with the objecve to provide water for drinking

or irrigaon, and have the possibility to dry out

and they oen do in reality. Each dam is under

[F3.25]Waterschemes:noaconandculturalintervenon.

[F3.26]Thewaterresources.

Sea Sea

Annualwatersupply

2670

Annualwatersupply

2670

Balance‘useable’

370

Balance‘useable’

370

Groundwater

135

Groundwater

135

Surfacewater

235

Surfacewater

235

Diversions

15

Pumping&springs

139

Damreleases

127 Losses

48L o s s e s

7 0

Evaporaon(86%)

2300

Evaporaon(86%)

2300

Recharge

45

Recharge

45

E x c e s s p u m p i n g - 2 9

43



Re-use

In Cyprus there are several wastewater

treatment plants of various sizes [F3.29].

Eliades (2010) describes that there are at least

eight urban wastewater treatment plants with

capacies ranging from 2,100 to 400,000 m3 per

day, and six rural ones with capacies ranging

from 200 to 500 m3 per day. The recycled

water is mostly used for the irrigaon of crops(Iacovides, n.d.).

the supervision of the corresponding District

O ce of the Water Development Department

in Cyprus, this District O ce is also responsible

for the maintenance of the dam (WDD, 2009a).

Of the 108 dams and ponds of Cyprus [F3.27],

35 are regarded as large dams [F3.28] with a

capacity of 281.1 hm3. Four of those large dams

are groundwater recharge and ood protecon

dams and there are 42 small dams with acapacity of 16.1 hm3 of which 32 are recharge

and ood protecon dams. Furthermore, there

are 26 ponds with a capacity of 2.5 hm3 (INECO

Cyprus, n.d.; WDD, 2009a).

Groundwater

The groundwater bodies, discussed and showed

in in the previous chapter, also form a source for

drinking and irrigaon water.

Desalinaon

In Cyprus desalinaon plants are seen as a

necessity, because they cannot rely solely on

stormwater. The rst one was built at the shore

of Dhekelia in 1997 (Iacovides, n.d.) and ve

others followed (Theopemptou, 2013).

These plants have to deal with two major

negave aspects: costs and energy consumpon.

Desalinaon plants are a big investment, and

cost a lot of money even when they are not

operang. Besides this, a desalinaon plant

uses 4.5 kWh to produce one m3 of freshwater.

In 2012 this resulted in an energy consumpon

of 4% of the total energy consumpon that year(Theopemptou, 2013).

[F3.27]Locaonofthedams.

[F3.28]Oneofthelargedams:Kouris.

[F3.29]*WastewatertreatmentplantnearLimassol.

44



Water use

The main water users in Cyprus are agriculture

and the households [F3.30] (Appendix 3s-I).

Households

The households in Cyprus use the most water

for ushing the toilet, and bathing or showering

[F3.31] (WDD, 2002).

[F3.30]Waterusebycategory.

[F3.31]*Averagehousehold’swaterconsumpon.

[F3.32]Wateruseinm3perinhabitantperyear. [F3.33]Waterpricein€perm3.

Interesng to see is the dierence between

Cyprus (water scarcity) and the Netherlands

(water abundance), regarding water use

per inhabitant and the water price. In the

Netherlands the inhabitants use less water

than the inhabitants of Cyprus, also the use is

increasing in Cyprus whereas it is declining in the

Netherlands [F3.32] (Appendix 3c-I). The water

prices (without taxes and xed charges) have

decreased in the Netherlands and increased in

Cyprus, but striking is the dierence in water

price in Cyprus between 2007 and 2011 [F3.33]

(Appendix 3c-I).

Stormwater harvesng potenalIn Cyprus 48 million m3 of stormwater is lost to

the sea [F3.25]. With this amount of water the

inhabitants of Cyprus could have irrigated their

gardens, washed their car and clean outdoor

spaces, and ushed their toilets in 2003 and

sll there would be 14,442,000 m3 water le

(Appendix 3c-I). Furthermore, Cyprus is no

stranger to harvesng stormwater (see infobox

3.1).

As menoned in the previous chapter Cyprus

has problems with the condion of theirgroundwater bodies. Opmally 48 million m3

less groundwater needs to be pumped up if

stormwater is harvested in a more e cient

way. Also, harvesng the stormwater from

urban areas could reduce urban oods and the

amount of pollutants going into the sea.

45



INFOBOX 3.1: Cyprus and stormwater harvesng

The dams and reservoirs the Cypriots created on their island are of course a form of stormwater harvesng. But the rst

dam was built in 1900 (WDD, 2009), so how did they get the water they needed before that me? They also harvested

rainwater, just in a dierent way [F3.34].

[F3.34]*Historicalimagesofstormwaterharvesng.

[F3.35]Lofou.

In the period of Frankish and Venean rule, during the Middle Ages (1192-1571), the walled towns in Cyprus collectedthe rainwater channelling it, and stored it underground (WDD, 2003). Remains of this can sll be found. The cisterns

used for underground storage are a tradion in a lot of Cypriot villages, and there is willpower to re-invent them again

(Theopemptou, 2013).

In comparison to the dams and reservoirs that Cyprus has, this ancient way of harvesng stormwater seems very outdated

and superuous. Theopemptou (2013, p.32) does not agree and states: “Water projects do not always have to be big and

of naonal scale. Any alternave source of water however small and humble, can contribute to a greener and friendlier

surrounding and a beer quality of life!”

LofouA specic example of a village that used to rely on rainwater harvesng is Lofou [F3.35]. This old isolated village got its

name from its locaon, the hills (CCL, n.d.). In this village stormwater has been collected on the roofs of buildings and

retained in underground laying cisterns (Theopemptou, 2013).

46



Waste to electricityAlthough the problems this thesis is dealing

with are water and waste, this paragraph will

mostly be about electricity. The reason for this

is that with the organic waste energy is going

to be produced, and in Cyprus energy is mostly

consumed in the form of electricity (47.4%)

[F3.36] (Appendix 3s-I).

Electricity inputCyprus generates its own electricity. In 2003 this

was only done with oil, but now also renewable

energy sources [F3.37] (solar, wind, biomass,

etc.) are used. Cyprus depends on other

countries for their oil, with more renewable

energy sources they would become more

independent (Kythreotou, Tassou & Florides,

2012).

Fossil fuels

Cyprus currently has three ‘regular’ energy

plants [F3.38] which run on crude oil, and are

in charge of the Electricity Authority of Cyprus.

These power staons are located at Dhekelia

[F3.36]Typesofenergyconsumed.

[F3.37]Theelectricityresources.

(1950s, capacity: 460 megawa), Moni (1960s,

capacity: 270 megawa), and Vasilikos (2000s,

capacity: 868 megawa) (EAC, n.d.).

[F3.38]Locaonofelectricitysources.

Wind

The rst wind park in Cyprus was constructed

in 2010, today there are 5 of them [F3.38] with

a total capacity of 146,700 kilowa (Appendix

3s-I).

Solar In Cyprus they divide the photovoltaic

systems into two types: photovoltaic parks

and photovoltaic units on public buildings/on

schools/for the military. The rst now has 1,694

systems with a total capacity of 30,026 kilowa,

and the laer now has 57 systems with a total

capacity of 758 kilowa (Appendix 3s-I).

Biomass

At this moment biomass is mostly processed by

farmers in Cyprus. The rst biomass unit was

built in 2007 and currently there are 13 biomass

plants on the island [F3.38] with a total capacityof 9,714 kilowa (Appendix 3s-I).

Electricity useThe produced electricity in Cyprus is used

by several categories of which households

47



[F3.39]Electricityusepercategory.

[F3.40]Averagehousehold’selectricityconsumpon.

Organic waste potenalAs menoned before Cyprus is dealing with

waste problems, but is currently busy with

recycling plans. Although organic waste is not

generally separated in Cyprus (Appendix 3i-V)

the amounts produced do have potenals.

With the 221,310 tons of organic waste that

was available in 2007 (43% of total municipalwaste) (Appendix 3s-I), 44.3 GWh electricity

could have been generated. Looking at the

carbon footprint, this could have saved 37,446

tons of CO2 (Appendix 3c-I).

Eleheriou (2007) states that 39% of the

municipal solid waste in Cyprus contains food

residues, besides this 14% is yard trimmings.

Together this makes 53% (instead of 43%

calculated before), which means more than

half of the municipal solid waste in Cyprus is

organic. With this percentage, the amount oforganic waste in Cyprus would not have been

221,310 tons of organic waste, but 271,461

tons of organic waste (Appendix 3c-I). Obviously

with this bigger amount, more electricity can be

produced and a larger amount of CO2 emissions

can be reduced.

Unl now Cyprus is not separang the organic

waste stream, although other streams are

separated (see infobox 3.2).

and commercial/public use are the biggest

consumers [F3.39] (Appendix 3s-I).

[F3.41]ElectricityuseinkWhperinhabitantperyear. [F3.42]Electricityprice€perkWh.

Households

Electrical appliances and lighng consumes

the most electricity in households [F3.40]

(Appendix 3s-I).

Aer comparing the water use and price in

Cyprus and the Netherlands, the same is done

for the electricity.

In the Netherlands the inhabitants use less

electricity than the inhabitants of Cyprus, also

the use is increasing in Cyprus whereas it is

steady in the Netherlands [F3.41] (Appendix 3c-

I). The electricity prices (including taxes) in the

Netherlands are quite steady whereas they are

increasing in Cyprus [F3.42] (Appendix 3c-I).

48



INFOBOX 3.2: Cyprus and waste separaon As menoned in the rst chapter of this part, there are some recycling programs on the island, of which GreenDot is

the biggest player with a coverage of 85% of the populaon (Appendix 3i-V). GreenDot originally started with recycling

industrial waste, but since 2007 they also focus on household waste (Appendix 3i-V). For households there are three

waste streams to separate (GreenDot, n.d. a):

• PMD stream: plasc boles, asks and PET, PE and HDPE jars, metal packaging (aluminium and steel) and paper

based drink packages (tetra).• Paper stream: dry cardboard boxes and packaging paper containers, newspapers, magazines, o ce paper and

adversing leaets.

• Glass stream: glass boles, jars and other glass packaging of all colours.

These three streams are seen as the most eecve way to separate waste, therefore GreenDot (n.d. a) states that their

system is both eecve and e cient.

On the 1st of february 2010 GreenDot started to collect the three streams of recyclables in Nicosia and Limassol, sharing

this with the inhabitant through a informaon leaet telling what goes in which stream [F3.43] (GreenDot, n.d. b).

[F3.43]*ThreestreamsofrecyclablesinNicosiaandLimassol.

Organic wasteAs you can see, organics are not a waste stream at GreenDot. There are some pilots ongoing dealing with separang

organic waste, for example by the company Kypros & Zena Kyprianou Ltd. Their pilot’s results are as following (Appendix

3i-IX):

• For the pilot 700 households declared willingness of parcipaon, around 50% does really parcipate.

• The average weight of organic waste collected per household is 20 kg per week.

• The incenve for collaboraon is the promise of cheaper electricity in the future.

• There is some signs of Cypriots becoming more sustainable, so that also helps to get people parcipang.

This pilot and assumpons from GreenDot (Appendix 3i-V) show that Cyprus is ready for another step in waste separaon,

organic waste has too much potenals to not be separated. Some details, like storage and collecon, should be thought

through though.

49



The appendices with the code ‘3i’ refer to interviews. During the on-site research in Cyprus 13 unstructured, open-ended

interviews (Kumar, 2005) were conducted, face-to-face or via email (Appendix 3i-I). The interviewees were approached

through ps of other people or through interviewees of already conducted interviews, so-called snowballing (Kumar, 2005).

CodingThe qualitave data gained from the 13 interviews is coded to sort and analyse their contents (Appendix 3i-XVI) (Creswell,

2009). “Coding is the assigning of codes (that have been previously dened or operaonalized in a codebook) to raw data.

This allows researchers to engage in data reducon and simplicaon.” (Decuir-Gunby, Marshall & McCulloch, 2011, p.138).

First, like Creswell (2009) suggests, categories and themes are made to connect the codes to. Also, these categories, as well

as the themes, are linked to each other [T3.1]. Together the categories and themes make the codes (Appendix 3i-XV), for

example, Energy (category) - Problem (theme). There are also ve codes that are not connected to a theme, but are important

subjects for this thesis within the categories, for example, Riversystem within the category Water.

[T3.1]Codesusedfortheanalysisofthecontentoftheinterviews.

INTERMEZZO: interviews

Categories

Themes

Loose codes

Energy

Organic waste

Environment

Biodiversity

Economy

Foreigners

Water

Riversystem

Social/General

Seng

Habit/Approach

Awareness

Problem

Change/Future

plan

Polics/Policy

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

50



Divided islandThe current economic crisis is called the New

Cyprus Problem, but what is the actual Cyprus

Problem? Aer becoming independent in

1960, the Turkish inhabitants took over a part

of Cyprus again in 1974. A neutral United

Naons ‘Green Line’ is dividing the island in

two now: the northern Muslim Turkish part,

and the southern Greek part [F3.46] (Alpar

Atun & Doratli, 2009). Two of the menoned

administrave districts are divided by the

border: Nicosia and Famagusta. The capital city

Nicosia is also divided, and is therefore the last

divided city of Europe [F3.47] (Iacovides, n.d.).

Besides the Green Line taking up an area of

the island, there are also two Sovereign Base

Areas of the United Kingdom (as menoned in

the previous paragraph): Akrori and Dhekelia[F3.46] (Army, n.d.).

Economic developmentSince the United Kingdom was once ruling

Cyprus (1878-1960) and two army bases are sll

located there, there were quite some people

from the United Kingdom who rered here.

Although living in Cyprus was cheap, it did give

the island some economic support. In the 1970s

the tourist sector took o in the Mediterranean,

and therefore also in Cyprus. This had more

impact on the island, because more hotels

and holiday homes were being built. But, it

was posive for the economy. Due to the

disbandment of the Soviet Union, the Russians

came to the island. They came to Cyprus as

it was seen as a tax heaven, because then

Cyprus as a naon island had its own currency,

taxes, and policies. The Russians brought a

lot of money to the island and this changed

Cyprus. Businesses were erupng everywhere,

especially in the nancial sector and in real

estate. The economy was in bloom. Joining the

EU in 2003 did not change this, but joining the

euro ve years later did. The prices went up,

and this had a big impact on the local people.

The Russian were rich enough to overcome this,but the locals noced the costs rising 20 to 30%

(Appendix 3i-IV). First o, Cyprus did not show

signs that the global crisis was aecng them

like it aected other EU countries. But then,

Money maersCyprus always was an aracve base for

dierent quests and a good place for trade.

Starng with their independence in 1960 Cyprus

had to deal with their economy themselves, but

the economy kept on depending on ‘foreigners’

(Appendix 3i-IV). Most of these foreigners work

in the service sector, in which most of the gross

domesc product (GDP) (2012: 82.3%) is earned

[F3.44] (CIA, 2013).

[F3.44]SectorsandtheGDPearnedinthem.

in 2009, it did reach Cyprus, and once more in

2012 when Greece was hit. Due to the crisis

in Greece, Cyprus’ debt became even bigger,

because they had invested money in Greece.

Cyprus is the h Eurozone government that

has requested an economic bailout program

(Index Mundi, 2013). This New Cyprus Problem

has aected the locals a lot. Although Cyprus

is sll listed as a high-income economy (The

World Bank, n.d.), they are struggling aer

the crisis that hit them in 2012. Petro (2013)states that there are average pay cuts of 25%

and unemployment has increased with 40%.

Also, the economy is expected to keep shrinking

unl 2015, with Cyprus being the only Eurozone

country with a declining GDP [F3.45] in 2014.

[F3.45]DecliningGDP.

Besides the elaborated natural and cultural landscape, this chapter focusses on the Cypriot

‘landscape’ofeconomy,polics,andsociallife.

51

3.4 Life on the island



[F3.46]TheGreenlinedividingtheislandintwo,andtwosovereignbases:AkroriandDhekelia.

Environmental policiesThe Greek southern part of Cyprus, the locaon

of this thesis, is under control of the Parliament

of Cyprus with the leading president Nicos

Anastasiades (since 24th of February 2013)

(Department of IT Services, 2013). The House of

Representaves of Cyprus (edion 2011) has 56occupied seats, and interesng for this thesis:

only one seat is occupied by the ‘Green Party’

[F3.48] (NSD, 2011).

[F3.47]TheGreenLinethroughNicosia.

[F3.48] Division of the seat in the House of

Representaves.

Why menon this ‘Green Party’ or Ecological

and Environmental Movement? Clearly, this

thesis tries to turn the environmental problems

of water and waste into opportunies.

Therefore, it is good to know in what direcon

the environmental policies are going, and

will go in the future. Theopemptou, former

Commissioner of the Environment, states in an

interview (Appendix 3i-XIV) that the Parliamentknows there are environmental issues, because

they have to keep to EU limits and regulaon

now. The Cypriot government is ge ng beer

in making policies, but there tends to be a lot of

loopholes in them. The EU Direcves, regarding

the environment, are well-known, but the

translaon to naonal legislaon is di cult. But,

there are certain people, like the Commissioner

of Environment, that keep on pushing on correct

environmental legislaon. Also, Cyprus has a

strong non-integrated local authority level. The

Cypriot government is steering to a process withmore transparency and parcipaon (Costa,

n.d.). However, Hadjipanagi (Appendix 3i-VI)

thinks that the government is this too busy with

the Cyprus Problem and the economic status, to

deal with environment properly.

Finding actual environmental policies is hard

though. Some policies on landscape, water, and

energy are found, and shared here.

Landscape

Seven points or ideas on landscape policy are

shared by the Department of Town Planningand Housing (2008, p.5):

1. “Introducon of landscape management

concepts for sustainable development and

quality of life.

2. Consolidaon of development tendencies

Nicosia

Pafos

Limassol

Kyrenia

Famagusta

Larnaca

Akrori

Dhekelia

52



consumpon by 2020.

The CypriotIn 2011 southern Cyprus counted 840,407

inhabitants, with most people aged between

20 and 40 years (Appendix 3s-I). Most of these

people are Cypriot (79.4%) [F3.49] (Appendix

3s-I). More than half of the populaon aged

15 and older have at least an upper secondaryeducaon level, which results in a low share of

illiterate people (1.3%) (Appendix 3s-I).

and containment of urban sprawl.

3. Formulaon of an integrated naonal

policy on alternave forms of tourism.

4. Provision of measures and incenves for

sensible rural development.

5. Establishment of mechanisms for the

coordinaon of infrastructure and public

works impacts on landscapes.

6. Creaon of a detailed inter-sectorallandscape database.

7. Promoon of the idea of the

Mediterranean basin as a unifying

landscape.”

It seems that Cyprus is quite on top of its

landscape policy, but less is true. In 2008 the

Department of Town Planning and Housing

stated what their rst steps would be. First

of all, Cyprus should idenfy and assess its

landscapes, and think about tools for: protecon,

management and planning (Department

of Town Planning and Housing, 2008). Can

therefore be concluded that a landscape policy

is something new for the island?

Water

In the 1960s Cyprus’ moo on stormwater was

‘Not a drop in the ocean!’, due to this many

dams were built and Cyprus became one of

the countries in the world with the most dam

development (Iacovides, n.d.). Currently, their

moo seems to have turned 180 degrees,

as their new moo says: ‘Not dependent on

rainfall anymore!’, which means the creaon ofdesalinaon units (Kotsila, 2010; WDD, 2010).

Furthermore, the Water Frame Direcve

2000/60/EC (WFD) demands Cyprus to focus on

“the prevenon of further deterioraon of all

water and the achievement of a ‘good status’ by

the end of 2015” (WDD, n.d. b).

Energy

In 2008, the percentage energy from renewable

sources (RES) was 3.1% and with a target of

13% in 2020, Cyprus sll has a long way to go

(Tsilingiridis, Sidiropoulos & Pentalios, 2011).

The government Cyprus therefore came up

with the following naonal targets (Tsilingiridis,

Sidiropoulos & Pentalios, 2011, p.3292):

• 6% indicave target for the electricity

producon from RES by 2010.

• 2.5% indicave target for biofuels in

overall transport petrol and diesel

producon by 2010.

• 10% (above requirements) indicave

target for energy saving by 2016.

• 13% compulsory target for REScontribuon to the nal energy

consumpon by 2020.

• 10% compulsory target of biofuels share

in the overall transport petrol and diesel

[F3.49]NaonalieslivinginsouthernCyprus.

Their characteriscsA foreigner living in Cyprus states that the Greek

Cypriot is a nice person, but they do tend to be

hot-blooded (Appendix 3i-IV). They are a very

masculine folk, who like nice cars (and driving

them to anywhere), houses, shoong, etcetera.

They are protecve and sort of self-centred.

A Cypriot said that because Cyprus is a small

island they are prejudiced and think theyare the centre of the world (Appendix 3i-VI).

Many people conquered and exploited Cyprus,

therefore, they also tend to be suspicious

nowadays. They do not feel a lot for new ideas,

and examples and experiences need to be set

before it will be copied. In other words, they

like to mimic the acons of their neighbours,

friends, family, etcetera. Cypriots are also

hospitable. Their family is very important for

them, and they like eang and drinking together.

Cypriots do like spending their money on nice

things (for their children), like cars. Because of

the situaon created in 1974, a lot of people

lost many belongings, and now they want their

children to have a beer and richer life.

View on environment and landscapedesignIn three interviews the environmental lens

of the Cypriot was discussed (Appendix 3i-IV;

Appendix 3i-VI; Appendix 3i-XIV) and the stories

told are quite similar. Due to the history of others

conquering Cyprus, the Cypriot now thinks that

they are nally entled to what the island has

to oer, and therefore very much lives in thepresent. Consequently, environmental problems

(in the future) are not a hot item. Family,

income and business, and health care, are more

important aspects in life than the environment.

53



Environment does not seem a priority on the

island, although they are nocing the eects of

climate change. The only way to get the Cypriot

interested in environmental issues is if they gain

something from it personally, if they can earn

or save money with it. The only environmental

aspect the Cypriot acknowledges is the fact that

water is scarce on the island, but this does not

necessarily mean that everyone handles it in asparingly way. Theopemptou (Appendix 3i-XIV)

and Hadjipanagi (Appendix 3i-VI) state that

the younger generaon is ge ng a lile beer

though. The environment gets more aenon in

INFOBOX 3.3: Cyprus and landscape design

Clearly landscape design can be found on the island, it might just not be that obvious. Besides the two urban parks present

in Limassol and Nicosia, cultural elements in the landscape can tell something about what colour, lines, textures, forms,

and scales (design elements) are commonly used in Cyprus and thus probably what the Cypriots like. To be able to make

the illustrave design in this thesis ng in the (urban) landscape and the inhabitants appreciave towards it, a design

language for Cyprus is generated. In this design language the ndings for colour, textures, and scales are described in word

and showed with photographs. The ndings for lines and forms are taken together and are also translated into symbols.

Design languageObservaons have taught that the colour used in ‘design’ are quite neutral. A lot of earthy grey and brown shades are

used, alongside the pale greens and yellows of the vegetaon [F3.50]. The pops of colour can primary be found in the

owers and fruits of vegetaon. The textures and materials the Cypriots use are wood, stones/rocks from the mountains,

stucco, concrete, and glass [F3.51]. The scale of designed landscape in Cyprus in quite uniform and small scale [F3.52]. In

urban forms like Limassol or Nicosia some higher buildings can be found, but no shocking skyscrapers.

[F3.53]LinesandshapesinCypriotterraces. [F3.54] Lines and shapes in Cypriot

plantaons.

[F3.55]LinesandshapesinCypriotparks. [F3.56]Linesandshapesofalteringthe

naturalinCyprioturbanareas.

[F3.50]Useofcolours.

The rst lines and shapes are found in Cyprus’ cultural landscape design, which are the terraces [F3.53], and plantaons

[F3.54]. The terraces consist of evenly spread steps following the organic lines of a mountain slope. The plantaons are

more straight-forward with trees planted in lines or grids. In urban (park) design in Cyprus other lines and shapes are

found, namely the crossing units [F3.55], and the altering of the natural [F3.56]. In parks in Nicosia and Limassol, raonal

and organic units are used crossing each other. In the urban form natural parts, for example riverbeds, are altered in a way

making them more raonal and less place consuming.

[F3.51]Useoftexturesandmaterials. [F3.52]Useofscale.

educaon, for example recycling at elementary

schools. Also environmental centres are opened

for the educaon of, for example teachers.

Landscape design was only discussed in one

interview (Appendix 3i-X), but not a lot was said

about it (see infobox 3.3). The reason for this

is that design is something new in Cyprus, and

new things in Cyprus needs me and paencefor it to become a habit. But, the current

Commissioner of the Environment did state

that this might be the right me to show what

a design can do.

54



[F3.57]CurrentGreaterLimassolandtheamountofinhabitants.

DevelopmentLogically, when the acreage of a city increases

[F3.58] so does the number of inhabitants

[F3.59], and vice versa. Limassol as well as

the nearby villages expanded, and they grew

together into Greater Limassol.

Current urban developmentThe development of Greater Limassol brings

us to the present day. The fabric of the

city nowadays is discussed in four themes:

infrastructure, buildings, water, and vegetaon

[F3.60]. Also the ‘pearls’ in and around Limassol

are discussed.

Infrastructure

Besides the highway running through Limassol,

there are also B-roads (regional roads) [F3.61]

in the city. These B-roads are always two-waytra c roads and oen have double lanes.

Furthermore, there are bigger city roads,

mostly two-way tra c roads, and smaller ones

which are oen one-way tra c roads.

1883 1927

1937 1947

1957 1965

1981

[F3.58]TheincreasingacreageofthecityLimassol.

Thetleof thischapteris derived froman interviewconducted inCyprus (Appendix3i-IV),and

describestheagglomeraonLimassol.Attheendof2011GreaterLimassolhadaround180,000

inhabitants (Appendix 3s-I), and consists of 8 municipalies or communies: Limassol, Kato

Polemidia,PanoPolemidia,MesoGeitonia,AyiosAthanasios,Germasogeia,Mouagiaka,andAyiosTychonas[F3.57].

Limassol

101,000

Ayios

Tychonas

3,455

Mouagiaka

2,939

Germasogeia

13,421

Ayios

Athanasios

14,347

Meso

Geitonia

14,477

Kato Polemidia

22,369

Pano

Polemidia

3,470

55

3.5 City of attraction and distraction



Water

There is almost no surface water in the urban

area of Limassol. There are three ephemeral

rivers ‘running’ through the city: Garyllis

(Polemidia dam), Vathias (no dam) [F3.62],

and Germasogeia (Germasogeia dam). Along

these rivers there is a high risk of oods when

stormwater is available (Appendix 3i-XI).

Buildings

Along the B-roads and bigger city roads, higher

buildings with commercial funcons can befound [F3.61]. Somemes these buildings are

only used by businesses, and somemes there

are apartments above shops, restaurants or

other businesses. Along the coast there are

56

areas where a lot of hotels, restaurants and

tourist shops can be found. In the old town,

(tourisc) shops, restaurants, and some other

businesses can be found. Furthermore, there

is a lot of industry where the new harbour is

located, and also some industry in other areas in

in the city. In the areas in between the B-roads

and bigger city roads, people tend to live in

houses oen not more than three stories high.

[F3.59]TheincreasingnumberofinhabitantsofLimassol.

[F3.61]B-roadwithhigherbuildingwithcommercial

funconinLimassol.

[F3.60]Theurbanfabric.

Infrastructure

Buildings

Water

Vegetaon

[F3.62]Vathiasriver.



Pearls in and around Limassol

As a coast town, Limassol is obviously bordered

by the sea. Located northwards of the Akrori

bay, Limassol has more to oer than the

Mediterranean sea. Limassol is surrounded by

[F3.63]Citrussinensisasstreettrees.

Vegetaon

Although there are oen single trees in the

urban streets of Limassol, there is not a lot

of surface vegetaon. Larger amounts of

vegetaon can mostly be found along the

coast boulevard, some parks, and along

one of the three rivers (Germasogeia). The

following species are observed as street trees

oen occurring in the urban area of Limassol:Cupressus sempervirens, Citrus sinensis,

Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Ficus benjamina

[F3.63].

scenical and cultural ‘pearls’ [F3.64], locaons

of signicance to the islands appearance and

culture, for example: Akrori salt lake, the

citrus plantaons (westwards), and the Troodos

mountain range (northwards). These pearls can

also be found within the city, for example: the

old harbour, the botanic garden, and several

churches.

Stormwater characteriscsGreater Limassol has one organisaon which

is responsible for the stormwater drainage

system (separate system from wastewater),

namely the Sewerage Board of Limassol -

Amathus (Appendix 3i-III). This organisaon

is very acve and tries to look for soluons to

create beer circumstances for stormwater

in Greater Limassol, for example by creang

stormwater lagoons (unl now only an idea)

(Christou, 2012). Currently, the stormwater

is led to the sea via the dry rivers and drains

[F3.65], but more detailed data on the system

is not available.

QuantyChristou (2012) states that rainfall intensies

are increasing in Limassol, and the risk of oods

occurring will grow. Furthermore, the drains in

the city will not be su cient in the future. He

states that around 21,000,000 m3 of stormwater

is lost to the sea in Limassol every year. This

57

[F3.64]*PearlsinandaroundLimassol.

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

5

5

6

6

7 7

8

8

910

910111213

14

15

16

11-15

16



[F3.66]AverageprecipitaonpermonthinLimassol.

First o all, the current characteriscs of waste

collecon. In Limassol, large street containers

are used where inhabitants can throw their

non-plasc, non-paper, and non-glass waste

in. Observaon showed that these containers

oen do not have an intended locaon, they just

linger on the sidewalks. Furthermore, there are

two problems with the containers. People tend

to leave them open [F3.68], so the abundance

of stray cats make a mess looking for food.

Besides these open container causing horrible

odours, the containers somemes cannot be

closed at all due to too much waste.

[F3.67]Soapywaterbeingdischarged

amount of stormwater is produced by the on

average 407.5 mm (1991-2005) precipitaon

[F3.66] that falls in Limassol (Meteological

Service, n.d. a).

QualityWhat the exact quality of the urban stormwater

of Limassolis, is not clear. At some heavy rain

occasions, stormwater gets into the wastewater

cycle ending in the wastewater treatment plant,

instead of going to the sea. When this happens

dierent pollutants than with solely wastewater

can be measured at the plant. The stormwater

quality is said not to be that high (Appendix

3i-III). Besides this, observaons made clear

that soapy water from (dish)washing machines

on balconies is discharged on the streets via the

drainpipes [F3.67].

Urban (organic) waste characteriscs

As organic waste is not separated in Limassol,not much can be said directly on the urban

organic waste. To give some informaon on

waste in Limassol, two aspects will be discussed

though.

[F3.65]Adrainendingonthebeach.

[F3.68]Anopencontainer,lingeringonthesidewalk.

58



The second aspect that is discussed is the

organic waste potenal of the households in

Limassol. Limassol could have produced 10

of electricity per year from its approximately

50,000 tons of urban organic waste (Appendix

3c-II).

Human comfort

The comfort people experience whilst beingoutside is of importance when designing an

urban landscape where people can recreate

etcetera (see chapter 4.3). Three things are

looked at: temperature, wind and humindity.

Only in May and October the temperature is

comfortable in Limassol [T3.2]. In November

unl April it feels cool, and in the summer

months June, July, August and October it

feels warm. Especially July and August are

uncomfortable due to high dew points.

[T3.2]HumancomfortinLimassol.

Air temperature C +

feel

(1)

Wind speed +

direcon

(1)(2)

Humidity +

dew point C

(3)(4)(5)

J a n u a r y

F e b r u a r y

M a r c h

A p r i l

A u g u s t

M a y

S e p t e m b e r

J u n e

O c t o b e r

J u l y

N o v e m b e r

D e c e m b e r

13

cool

3

block

60-

77%

4-9

com-

fort

13

cool

3

block

58-

73%

4-10

com-

fort

15

cool

3

block

55-

69%

5-11

com-

fort

18

cool

3

block

58-

68%

7-14

com-

fort

22

com-

fort

3

free

55-

68%

11-17

com-

fort

26

warm

3

free

57-

70%

14-21

com-

fort

28

warm

3

free

57-

72%

17-24

un-

comf.

28

warm

3

free

57-

74%

17-24

un-

comf.

26

warm

3

free

55-

69%

13-21

com-

fort

23

com-

fort

3

free

52-

69%

10-18

com-

fort

19

cool

3

block

56-

73%

7-14

com-

fort

15

cool

3

block

60-

80%

5-11

com-

fort

(1) = (Haby, n.d. a) | (2) = (Windnder, n.d.) | (3) = (Haby, n.d. b) | (4) = (Meteorological Service, n.d. b) | (5) = Weatherspark, n.d.)

59



A quesonnaire was made with general quesons (Q1-6), and quesons about water (Q7-10) and energy (Q11-14) use in

households. This English quesonnaire was translated into Greek for beer understanding under the Greek Cypriots.

Goal, distribuon and responseThe goal of this quesonnaire is to nd out what the opinions (and habits) are of Cypriots and foreigners who live in Limassol

(for at least 6 months a year). The inial idea was to distribute the quesonnaire on the street, at dierent locaons and at

several me slots. Whilst trying this, it became clear that this is quite dicult in Cyprus. People tend to be in their cars or in

restaurants/bars/shops, not ‘loose’ on the street. Therefore, the quesonnaire was digitalised and put online using Qualtrics.

com, to distribute the quesonnaire via email and Facebook. People were reached using contact persons on the island.

So-called snowballing (Kumar, 2005) made sure the quesonnaire reached 122 people, of which 33 living in Limassol [T3.3]

(Appendix 3q-I).

[T3.3]RespondentsfromLimassolandNicosia.

INTERMEZZO: questionnaire

Limassol TOTALNicosia

Cypriots

TOTAL

Foreigners

27

33

6

53

63

10

80

96

16

60



The inhabitants’ thoughtsThis paragraph discusses the results of the

33 quesonnaires lled in by inhabitants of

Limassol. It should be noted that these results

are probably biased (Appendix 3q-I), but

the single (Appendix 3q-II) and cross results

(Appendix 3q-III) are interesng to compare and

share anyway.

Green in- and outside limassolIn Limassol most Cypriots have a garden and

a balcony, where foreigners oen only have a

balcony. Both state that plants are the main

component of their outside space. Observaon

has learned though that a lot of gardens have

some plants, but are mostly paved.

Furthermore, both Cypriots as the foreigners

say there is public green in the proximity of

their homes. The researchers of this thesis are

surprised by this opinion, and believe that theCypriots and foreigners might have a dierent

denion of public green, because not a lot of

usable surface green was observed. Cypriots

and the foreigners like meeng people in public

green and nd public green important, but when

free for most of the day Limassol is le to visit

nature outside the city to do so. Interesng is

that both Cypriots and the foreigners would like

to visit nature more oen. Observaon shows

that both the public green in Limassol, as well

as nearby nature is not used very much during

weekdays and –nights. Also, only approximately

half of both Cypriots and foreigners go outsidewhen the weather is hot.

Awareness in LimassolCypriots believe that economy is more important

subject than nature or culture at the moment,

they would like to see that nature becomes the

most important subject in the future though.

There was not enough response from foreigners

to draw a conclusion from them.

How aware are Cypriots of their water and

energy use habits? Hadjipanagi states that

Cypriots are very aware of the water they use

(Appendix 3i-VI). The quesonnaires state

dierently when ndings on water and energy

are compared to actual stascs from Cyprus.

To make a long story short, almost no Cypriots

or foreigners’ opinion on what units in their

households uses the most and the least water

and energy, corresponds to the stascs of

Cyprus on these subjects. Interesng to share is

that both Cypriots and foreigners had dierent

opinions on the consumpon, and also it

somemes diered between housing types.

Alteraons on their homesA conclusion that can be made from the previous

ndings is that the environmental awareness is

not very high aer all. But, the future may bring

change, only if people are willing to adapt their

habits.

Most Cypriots accept alteraons on their houses

for stormwater harvesng, and most Cypriots

would like to have direct benets from this (less

want indirect benets). All foreigners accept

alteraons on their houses for stormwater

harvesng, not everyone wants direct benets(e.g. receiving water for gardening) but all

would like to have indirect benets (e.g. greener

neighbourhood). Most Cypriots are prepared to

separate organic waste, but they do like to have

(in)direct benets from it (more indirect, than

direct). All foreigners are prepared to separate

organic waste, a minority would like to have

direct benets (e.g. gas for cooking) but most

would like indirect benets (e.g. cleaner air).

61



of Limassol is tested upon its suitability for the

stormwater harvesng and re-use, and energy

producon from urban organic waste processes.

StructureFirst, the objecve part of the suitability study is

conducted, then the subjecve part, and nally

objecve and subjecve are combined [F3.69].

In this thesis the design locaon is not chosen solely based on the researchers’ opinion. The

locaonwiththemostpotenalsforthestepsofthestormwaterharvesngandre-use,andenergy

producon fromurbanorganic waste processes (thuswhere there is room for intervenon) is

selectedbyconducngasuitabilitystudy.

62

3.6 Room for intervention

A suitability studyLand suitability is dened as “the tness of a

given type of land for a specied kind of land

use” (FAO, 1976 cited in Bouma, Storrvogel &

Sonneveld, 2011, p.34-2). This denion of land

suitability is mainly based upon the suitability

of a specic soil type for a specic agricultural

land use. However, in this thesis, the urban land

[F3.70]UrbanlandscapeunitsofLimassol.

[F3.69]Structureofthesuitabilitystudy.

Water

Energy

SubjecveObjecve

Objecve combined with subjecve

Water&Energycombined Floods

Subjecve

combined Quanty

Awareness

Biodiversity

Objecveand

subjecvecombined

SubjecveObjecve

+ =



ObjecveFor the objecve part urban landscape units in

three categories (urban, peri-urban, and water)

[F3.70] are used to evaluate if that locaon

is suitable for a certain step in the processes

(Appendix 3e-I).

The steps important within the process

of stormwater harvesng and re-use are:harvesng, detenon, treatment, and retenon.

The suitability of these process steps in a

certain urban landscape unit is shown by the

colour. Where green stands for most suitable,

red stands for least suitable [F3.71].

[F3.71]ObjecvestormwatersuitabilityofLimassol.

For energy producon from organic waste the

steps are: urban organic waste availability (not

a real step, but used instead of harvesng,

because harvesng waste can be done

everywhere in the city, but the availability can

dier), storage, pre-treatment, and digeson[F3.72].

[F3.72]Objecve urbanorganicwastesuitabilityof

Limassol.

Combining water and energy

A locaon is wanted where both the suitability

of stormwater and urban organic waste is as

high as possible. When combining the suitability

map for stormwater with the suitability map for

urban organic waste, it is chosen to let the one

for stormwater weight heavier than the one

for urban organic waste. The reason for this is

that waste is prey much available everywhere,whereas stormwater is dealing with gravity,

therefore it is draw to certain points [F3.73].

[F3.73]CombinedobjecvesuitabilityofLimassol.

SubjecveBesides the objecve suitability, the researchers

of this thesis also found some informaon they

found important to incorporate: data on ood

risk, stormwater quanty, the urban density,

and biodiversity (Appendix 3e-II). These four

aspects are combined into the subjecve

suitability of Limassol [F3.74].

[F3.74]SubjecvesuitabilityofLimassol.

[F3.75]Thelocaonwiththemostpotenals.

Clearly, the ephemeral riverbeds of Limassol

are subjecvely seen as an suitable locaon.

But not only subjecvely, as Levick et al. (2008)

state that ephemeral rivers can play a signicant

role in stormwater harvesng (in (semi-)arid

regions), especially when their watersheds are

taken into account.

Choosing a locaonThe last step of the suitability study is to

combine the objecve and the subjecve

suitability [F3.75]. The area of the most west

laying ephemeral river in Limassol, the Garyllis

river, is seen as most suitable locaon for

intervenon.

63



Thesuitabilitystudyhelpedwithndingthewatershedinneedofhelp.Thischapterdiscussesthis

watershedoftheGaryllisriver.

64

[F3.79]ThedumpsitenearthePolemidiadam.

3.7 Watershed in distress

DevelopmentThe original Garyllis river of approximately

50 km long with a watershed area of 103 km2

(WDD, n.d. c), starts in the Troodos mountain

range and ends in Akrori Bay [F3.76].

Three branches and a damThis river underwent quite some changes

[F3.76], starng with addional branches in

approximately 1900 (Appendix 3i-XI).

[F3.76]DevelopmentoftheGaryllisriver.

[F3.77]ThePolemidiadam.

[F3.78] The wall between thewestbranch and the

originalbranch.

Before1900

1900

Today

1965

In 1965 the Polemidia dam (earthll) was

created [F3.77]. This dam’s purpose is retaining

irrigaon water, and has a reservoir surface of

110,000 m2 (WDD, 2009b). The Garyllis river

downstream of this dam is approximately 9.6

km long, and lies completely in the borders of

Greater Limassol. The dam is in hands of the

Water Development Department, but is not

acvely managed. When the dam overows,

which it does approximately once every ten

years (Appendix 3i-XIII), this water reaches thecity through the western branch [F3.76], due to

a wall created in the original branch [F3.78].



transformaon of the old city centre, and the

plans for the mulfunconal seaside park) costs

22 to 24 million Euro of which 85% is paid with

EU funds (Hassapi, 2008). So, what are the

characteriscs of this, not so cheap, linear park?

Posive and negave aspects of the park

design

Although there is a design for this watershedalready, an illustrave design is sll made for this

locaon, to show how it could have been done

dierently. To not wipe away the current ideas

totally, the objecves (Limassol Municipality,

n.d. a; Limassol Municipality, n.d. b) and the

drawings [F3.80] of the plan are analysed to

nd the posive aspects [T3.4] and the negave

aspects [T3.5] of this project.

[T3.4]Posiveaspectsoftheproject.

Posive aspects Reason

“Construcon of a cycling and pedestrian path”

“Installaon of lighng giving a welcoming air to

the park so that it can also be used during the

evenings”

“Renovaon of the exisng bridges andconstrucon of new wooden ones in various

points around the park. These bridges will

enable all pedestrians or cyclists to move across

the banks of the river”

There are almost no cycling paths in Limassol, a posive development for

slow tra c.

Safety and management is important.

Quite some bridges make sure that everyone can get where they wantto go.

65

Current state and useWWD (2010) states that the (ecological) status,

as well as the potenals of the Garyllis river

are poor. Furthermore, as already menoned

in the previous chapter, the area of the Garyllis

river is dealing with high ood risks (WHO,

2010). Addionally, the water coming from the

Polemidia dam is polluted, because the area

around the dam is used as dumpsite [F3.79] (Appendix 3i-V; Appendix 3i-XIII).

Garyllis Linear ParkBesides all the negave statements given on the

current state and use of the Garyllis river, there

are also some more posive developments

ongoing. Currently, the Garyllis Linear Park is

created downstream of the dam [F3.80]. The

development of this park (together with the

[F3.80]*LocaonofGaryllisLinearPark,withimageshowitshouldlooklikeinthefuture.



[T3.5]Negaveaspectsoftheproject.

Negave aspects Reason and what is learned from it

“The works currently taking place, aim at the

reformaon of the present unaended riverbed

of the Garyllis river”

“Planng of trees”

“Visual and funconal linking of the river to the

domesc areas it runs through”

“Pedestrian crossings for the safe access of the

public to and from the various trac points”

“It will be widely used by school and university

students and generally by many young people”

“Finally, it will greatly contribute to the

reformaon of an abandoned, unappreciated

and misunderstood area and it will bring a newwind of change to the neighbourhoods which

have only a few parks”

“Arrangement of small squares and playgrounds

in various places, which will be suitable for

public gatherings and social events, based onthe exisng width of the bank of the river. These

areas shall also be used as areas for rest by the

pedestrians and visitors”

“Preservaon of the morphology of the natural

surroundings and the physiognomy of the bank

of the river without constraining the natural

ow of the river”

“Construcon of walls where necessary”

“The Garyllis River is known as an important

geophysical natural point. Its reformaon not

only as a pedestrian’s path and a cyclist’s path

but also as a linear park will benet both thesurrounding housing areas and the broader

river area”

“It will create and develop the cyclist and

pedestrian paths of the city, aiming at aracng

visitors and tourists to enjoy a new, dierent

route”

Plans show no riverbed, as there is always water in the renders. Water is

scarce in Cyprus, therefore the riverbed should be designed just as nicely

as the sides.

Nothing is wrong about planng trees of course, but the fact that mostly

exoc species are planted is not so posive for the ecology of Cyprus.

Therefore, besides exoc also nave species should be planted.

Many parts of the river within the linear park are tunnelled. Therefore,

the river is not only not visible but cannot funcon opmally. Of course

tunnelling is needed at some locaons, but more visible river is more

linking the river to its surroundings.

Crossings are of course important for safety, but in this design they tend

to be the points where the path of the park is lost. These crossings should

also funcon as clear entrees to the park.

The school and university students using the park for transportaon is

one thing. It would be even beer if the park would play an actual role in

their educaon.

Yes, the new park could “bring a new wind of change”, but this could be

exploited beer. A performing landscape seems more posive.

At rst sight this objecve seems posive, but all acvies are intended

and there is no room for unintended acvies. Also, most acvity sites

consist of concrete without vegetaon therefore lacking human comfort.The park needs places for unintended acvies, without using concrete

all the me.

Natural surroundings and a natural ow are not created by concrete.

Furthermore, a less smooth surface can help to slow down the stormwater

in the river.

The use of concrete walls in a park that is already quite enclosed, seem to

only make it feel more enclosed. Openness is also aracve, this should

be kept in mind.

The plans of the linear park will bring benets, but more benets can be

taken. The park can have more funcons than in this project. The scarce

space should be used as best as it can be used. A performing landscape

would bring much more benets.

Yes, the paths in the park create a dierent route. But when the path is

taken, the only safe and pleasant way back is the same route. Therefore,

the paths of the path should be part of a bigger network of paths.

66



InthepreviouschapteritbecameclearthatthedownstreamGaryllisriverconsistsoftwoparts

nowadays.Thewaterbearingwesternbranchandthe ‘Y’-shapedremnantoftheoriginalbranch

andthedugonefromaround1900.This‘Y’-shapedpart,bytheresearchersofthisthesisnamed

LileGaryllis,wasaccordingtothesuitabilitystudythemostsuitableforandinneedofintervenon.Therefore,furtherfocusinlaidonthissub-watershed.

67

3.8 Little Garyllis

Mise en scèneThe borders and elevaon of the Lile Garyllis

watershed are calculated by Eliades of The

Cyprus Instute [F3.81] (Appendix 3c-III). He

states that this urban watershed is heavily

modied, and that the borders are dened by

manmade diversions and pipe networks.

The watershed of Lile Garyllis is located within

the boundaries of the municipality of Limassol,

near the old city centre. The southern part

actually lays within the old town, therefore

many pearls are located in or in the proximity of

the watershed [F3.82].

[F3.81]ThebordersandelevaonofLi leGaryllis.

Roads, paths and bridgesWithin the borders of Lile Garyllis roads for

fast tra c are forming a sort of grid in the

newer northern part of the watershed, and

more organic shapes in the older southern part

[F3.83]. Slow tra c can nd its place on the

narrow sidewalks along roads, or on the already

constructed paths in the linear park. Bridges for

mixed tra c, fast tra c, and slow tra c cross

the riverbed.

5. 4m

9.9m

1 4. 4m

18.8m

23. 4m

27.8m

32.3m

36.8m



brought to the river via underground pipes.

Some of these inlets of the stormwater drainage

system into the river could be located [F3.86],

but there are probably more (especially in the

eastern branch of the Lile Garyllis, where none

were found by the researchers). Furthermore,

some stormwater will reach the river by surface

runo (see infobox 3.4 for quanve data).

Christou (2012) and own assumpons point outthere are three crical zones in Lile Garyllis

when it comes to stormwater. At these locaons

high amounts of water are let into the riverbed

or a boleneck is created by the tunnelling.

Public and private greenSome shrubs and trees can be found on private

grounds, but most vegetaon is public. Some

streets have a few trees in them, but most green

can be found in and near the riverbed where

most water is available. When maintaining this

public green organic waste is produced, andthis, just like the organic waste from the Lile

Garyllis households, has potenal to produce

biogas (see infobox 3.5).

More specic informaon on the vegetaon in

and near the Garyllis river can be found in the

next paragraph.

68

[F3.82]ThesurroundingsofLi leGaryllis.

Buildings and empty plotsThe spaces between the roads are mostly lled

by plots, whether with or without buildings. In

the north more higher buildings can be found

in the grids, and in the south a bigger amount

of lower buildings can be found placed more

organically [F3.84]. Quite some empty plots

dene the appearance of the watershed.

There are no planning laws on how long theseplots can be le empty, therefore there is no

guaranty that they will ever be lled (Appendix

3i-XI). Currently, a lot of empty plots are used

in a negave way, for example as dump site,

for storage, or for parking. The organic waste

derived from the Lile Garyllis households has

potenals to produce biogas (see infobox 3.5).

FaciliesIn the watershed of Lile Garyllis some facilies

can be found: schools (e.g. the Limassol

Technical School), sport and play, restaurants,and sanitary facilies [F3.85].

StormwaterAs already stated, detailed data on the

stormwater drainage system of Limassol is

lacking. Therefore, some assumpons have to

be made for Lile Garyllis, to be able to design

at this locaon. These assumpons are that

the stormwater is collected on the streets, and

8

8

9

9

13 13

15

15

OLDCITYCENTRE



69

[F3.83]Roads,pathsandbridgesofLi leGaryllis.

[F3.84]Buildingsizeandthelocaonoftheemptyplots.



70

[F3.85]Availablefacilies.

[F3.86]Inletsofstormwaterintotheriverandcricalzones.



INFOBOX 3.5: urban organic waste of Lile Garyllis

Two exisng sources and one oponal source of urban organic waste can be found in the

watershed. The households as well as the public green produce organic waste, and the empty

plots could potenally do the same when planted with vegetaon, and maintained [T3.8]

(Appendix 3c-III).

Amount of precipitaon in mm / day Amount of days

(1980-2010)

Mean amount of

days per year

2 - 9.9 718 23.16

10 - 17.9 226 7.29

18 - 25.9 84 2.7126 - 33.9 38 1.23

34 - 41.9 22 0.71

42 - 49.9 14 0.45

50 - 57.9 5 0.16

58 - 65.9 1 0.03

66 - 73.9 1 0.03

74 - 81.9 1 0.03

71

INFOBOX 3.4: stormwater of Lile Garyllis

The calculaons of Eliades (Appendix 3c-III) are used to recalculate (Appendix 3c-III) the

stormwater characteriscs of the watershed. Two aspects are looked at: the watershed’s mean

runo (m3/month) [T3.6], and how many days per year the watershed has to deal with a certain

amount of rainfall (so-called peak ows) [T3.7] (Appendix 3c-III).

[T3.6]Thewatershed’smeanruno(m3 /month).

[T3.7]Meanamountofdaysperyearwithacertainamountofrainfall.

[T3.8]Urbanorganicwasteavailability.

Month Precipitaon in mm Runo in mm Runo in m3

January 83.76 51.82 55,592.41

February 72.43 44.05 47,256.77

March 41.09 23.59 25,307.31

April 15.99 7.58 8,131.81

May 5.64 2.56 2,747.44

June 0.59 0.23 246.74

July 0.67 0.42 450.58

August 0.00 0.00 0.00

September 2.27 1.32 1,416.09

October 21.23 12.61 13,527.99

November 56.33 36.91 39,596.99

December 88.08 57.41 61,589.35

TOTAL 388.08 238.50 255,862.39

Source Potenal amount of

organic waste

Biogas yield in m3

Households 987,413 89,741

Park 195,757 13,708

Empty plots 95,922 6,717



72

Ambiance of the riverMulple locaons along the Lile Garyllis have

a dierent atmosphere, the ambiance changes

along the river. Therefore, these ambiances are

analysed. It should be taken into account though

that the riverbed and riverbanks are currently

under construcon due to the creaon of the

linear park. The analysis of the river’s ambiance

is a snapshot, thus although the future can bepromising the current situaon is evaluated.

[F3.87]Naturalriverbed.

[F3.88]Semi-solidriverbed.

[F3.89]Solidriverbed.

Eight aspectsFor the analysis of the ambiance of the river, eight

aspects are taken into account, namely: type of

riverbed, use of riverbanks, mul-funconality

of the riverbed, accessibility of the riverbed and

riverbanks, vegetaon, spaciousness, legibility,

and safety (Appendix 3e-II).

[F3.90]Tunnelledriverbed.



Type of riverbed

The natural riverbed of the Lile Garyllis

consists of natural (sediment) stones [F3.87].

Somemes the riverbed is adjusted by people

making it semi-solid (oen with natural

materials) [F3.88] or solid (concrete) [F3.89]. It

also occurs that there is no riverbed at all, here

the river is tunnelled [F3.90].

[F3.92]Riverbanks:boulevard/private.

[F3.93]Riverbanks:private/road

[F3.94]Riverbanks:private.

Use of riverbanks

The riverbanks are used in four dierent ways.

The parts of the linear park where there is only a

path for cycling and walking is called boulevard

in this thesis. This boulevard is combined with

a more spacious park [F3.91] or with private

grounds [F3.92]. At the end of the river, near

the old harbour, there is no boulevard. Here the

use of the riverbanks is private and road [F3.93].

73

[F3.91]Riverbanks:boulevard/park.



[F3.97]Riverbedasgarden.

[F3.95]Riverbedasdumpsite.

[F3.96]Riverbedasschoolyard.

At the beginning of the most eastern branch the

only use of the riverbanks is private grounds

[F3.94].

Mul-funconality of the riverbed

Besides being a riverbed the Lile Garyllis

somemes funcons as dumpsite [F3.94],

schoolyard for the Logos School [F3.95], or

garden [F3.96].

74



Accessibility of the riverbed and riverbanks

The boulevard of the linear park can be accessed

at many places. Because one can actually get on

the boulevard without any eort, it is not very

clear that one has actually entered the linear

park.

For the riverbed accessibility ve opons are

chosen: low [F3.98] – medium/low – medium[F3.99] – medium/high – high [F3.100]. The

riverbed is accessible when there is not too

much vegetaon blocking the way and the

banks are not too steep.

[F3.100]Highaccessibilityoftheriverbed.

[F3.98]Lowaccessibilityoftheriverbed.

[F3.99]Mediumaccessibilityoftheriverbed.

75



[F3.101]Novegetaon.

[F3.102]In:no/banks:sometrees/shrubs.

[F3.104]In:grass/banks:sometrees/shrubs.

[F3.103]In:no/banks:lotsoftrees/shrubs.

Vegetaon

In case of vegetaon there are six opons for

vegetaon in the riverbed and on the riverbanks

at Lile Garyllis: none [F3.101], in: no / banks:

some trees/shrubs [F3.102], in: no / banks: lots

of trees/shrubs [F3.103], in: grass / banks: some

trees/shrubs [F3.104], in + banks: some trees/

shrubs [F3.105], and in + banks: lots of trees/

shrubs [F3.106].

76



Spaciousness

Oen the space around the river is enclosed

due to buildings [F3.107], but somemes it is

more spacious [F3.108].

[F3.108]Spacious.

[F3.107]Enclosed.

[F3.105]In+banks:sometrees/shrubs.

[F3.106]In+banks:lotsoftrees/shrubs.

77



Legibility

For legibility there are the same ve opons: low

[F3.109] – medium/low – medium[F3.110] –

medium/high – high. For the legibility to be high

there should not be too much (unorganised)

vegetaon, the path should not go too far from

the river, the river should not be too shallow,

and the river should not be fenced at places

where there is no danger.

Safety

For the safety along the river again ve

opons are chosen: low [F3.111] – medium/

low – medium [F3.112] – medium/high –

high [F3.113]. The safety was esmated by

looking at the availability of street lighng, the

organisaon of the vegetaon (density), the

feeling of being locked-in (availability of exits),

and the type of use along the riverbanks (e.g.parking, high walls).

78

[F3.109]Lowlegibility.

[F3.110]Mediumlegibility.

[F3.111]Lowsafety.

[F3.112]Mediumsafety.



SWOT

Every me one of these eight aspect changes

a sub-area within Lile Garyllis is created

(Appendix 3e-II). According a SWOT analysis

the sub-areas are assigned as currently having

strengths and weaknesses, and for the future

opportunies and threats [F3.114] (Appendix3e-II). This is done to nd the sub-areas within

the Lile Garyllis watershed that need extra

aenon.

79

[F3.114]Strengths,weaknesses,opportuniesandthreats.

[F3.113]Highsafety.



Thischaptersummarisestheinformaonthatisimportantforthenextpartof thisthesis.Thisis

doneperchapter,discussingtheissueshortly,andprovidingthepagenumberwheretheinformaon

wasgivenrst.

80

3.9 Points of attention

3.1 Mediterranean Cyprus• Cyprus has many more environmental

problems than only water and waste.

3.2 Green mountains and dry plains• Soils is Cyprus are oen shallow and not

so ferle.

• River system of mostly ephemeral rivers.

• A lot of calcareous soils, make it not wise

to let stormwater inltrate in urban areasaer treatment.

3.3 Altered land• Urbanisaon is high in Cyprus, cies (thus

Limassol as well) might expand in the

future.

3.4 Life on the island• A lot of cars on the island.

• There was no Cypriot design language, but

used colours, lines, textures, forms, and

scales could be used to create one.

3.5 City of aracon and distracon• The pearls in and around Limassol should

be exploited more. For example, in a

survey the Akrori salt lake is said to be

known by 71.2% of the respondents, but

only 29.2% has every visited the salt lake

(Birol, Koundouri & Koundouris, n.d.).

• Something should be done about the

state and locaons of the street (waste)

containers.

3.6 Room for intervenon• The area of the Garyllis river is dealing

with both ash as well as urban oods.

3.7 Watershed in distress• Besides the dam cung the Garyllis river

in two, the downstream part again consist

of two parts of which the west branch is

water bearing.

• River is dry most of the year, thus riverbed

is visible.

3.8 Lile Garyllis

• Three water crical zones can be found inLile Garyllis.

• The empty plots have a potenal to be

used dierently.

• Especially the spaciousness changes the

ambiance of the river.

• Some sub-areas have more opportunies

for change and others are more in need to

be changed.



81



82



NB.

Itshouldbeclearthatduringthedesignprocessthecooperaonpotenal,whichisgoingtobe

discussedinchapter4.1,wasresearchedbeforevisingCyprusandthereforebeforetheconductofalltheanalysesfoundinPart3aswell.Alsothetoolboxesinchapter4.2weredevelopedbefore

goingtoCyprus.Asshouldbecomeclear,theanalysessharedinPart3weredonetomakesieving

thetoolboxespossible.Theseresultscanalsobefoundinchapter4.2.Whathappenedhereaercan

befoundinchapter4.3and4.4.

83



ltraon trenches or basins”, and they “are

designed to remove ne suspended solids and

dissolved pollutants”. A biolter system exists

of a soil-based lter media [F4.1]. An eecve

lter media is ne sand or sandy loam, because

according to Braeres et al (2008, p.3931) “they

provide adequate support for plant growth, and

display minimal leaching”. This soil-based lter

media needs to be planted with species which

maximise nutrient removal. Wetland-type

bioltraon systems have proved to remove

pollutants such as nitrate (N) and phosphorus

(P) from stormwater runo. The outcome of the

study of Braeres et al. (2008) shows that the

presence of vegetaon has large eect on the

removal of nitrate (NOx) and total nitrogen (TN).

However, plant species for a biolter should not

only be chosen on their treatment performance,

but also, according to Read et al. (2008, p.894)

“on their capacity to survive in potenally

stressful growth condions. Plants must be able

to survive the intermient we ng and drying

regime”. In the case of this thesis, whilst using

natural processes, eorts will be made to ndsuitable nave species for this purpose. Besides

removing nutrients from stormwater runo, a

biolter can also improve the urban landscape

(Read et al., 2008). Underneath the vegetated

lter media a perforated pipe should be

installed for collecng the treated water, when it

is retained culturally (not naturally in an aquifer)

(Braeres et al., 2008; Read et al., 2008). When

retaining water, electricity is needed for it to be

pumped up again when needed.

INFOBOX 4.1: Detenon versusretenon

In this thesis the terms detenon and

retenon are used. To prevent confusion the

dierence is explained in here. For storing

dirty water, which sll needs to go through

the natural treatment, the term detenon is

used. For the storage of treated water, the

end product, the term retenon is used.

Bioltraon as treatment

As explained in chapter 1.2, the lens of the

researchers includes nding soluons in

natural processes. Therefore, because urban

stormwater is polluted (Niemczynowicz, 1999),

a natural system is used for the third step in the

process: the treatment. The system used in this

thesis is the biolter system.

Due to rapid urbanisaon, the bioltraon

treatment technology is increasingly used

(Braeres et al., 2008; Read et al., 2008). The

reason for this is the exibility of the technologyin terms of size, locaon, conguraon, and

appearance (Braeres et al., 2008). These

biolter systems are, according to Ha, Delec

& Fletcher (2007, p.201) dened as “vegetated

4.1 The cooperation of the two processes

The processesIn this paragraph the processes are specied,

and the steps within the processes are shared

to nd links between the two processes.

Stormwater harvesng and re-useAccording to Chanan et al. (2010, p.2855)

stormwater harvesng is dened as “the

pracce of collecng water from surfaces on

which rain falls, and storage of this water for

later use”. Mitchell et al. (2007) and Abdulla

& Al-Shareef (2009) describe the steps to be

taken in the process:

1. Harvesng

2. Detenon (see infobox 4.1)

3. Treatment

4. Retenon (see infobox 4.1)

5. Re-use

Between these steps a conveyance system of

guers, pipes and/or channels is needed for

transportaon.

Theresearchersthoughtthatthetwoprocessesofurban stormwaterharvesngandre-use, and

energyproduconfromurbanorganicwastehaveacooperaonpotenal.

[F4.1]*Seconofabioltraonsystem.

The study of Braeres et al. (2008) showsthat the depth of the lter media [F4.1] does

not signicantly inuence the removal of

nutrients. Braeres et al. (2008) studied three

dierent lter areas, namely 1%, 2% and 4%

84



[F4.2] Filter area should at least be 2% of the

catchmentarea.

Reference project: Waterplein, Roerdam

In the northern part of Roerdam ‘Het

Waterplein’ (‘The Water Square’) [F4.3] is

designed and built by DE URBANISTEN. This

water square is an example of the detenon

step in the process.

There are three dierent basins to collect rain

water on the Benthemplein, namely two shallow

basins and one deeper basin (De urbanisten,

n.d.). In case of heavy rain, the water will be

transported from the immediate surroundings

and then it will be collected in the two shallow

basins of the Benthemplein. The transportaonwill take place through large stainless steel

guers which are running across the squares.

Whenever it is raining longer, the water will

also be collected from the larger area around

the square and transported into the deepest

basin (De urbanisten, n.d.; Roerdam climate

iniave, n.d.). When it is dry again, the water

will be drained o and the square can be used

for all kind of acvies. Furthermore, the square

has many dierences in height, so it is possible

to sit almost everywhere. The three basins

oer many opportunies for sports and play

(Roerdam climate iniave, n.d.). The deepest

basin is designed as a sports eld as well as a

theatre (De urbanisten, n.d.). The areas that

are designed to ood are painted in dierent

shades of blue and all the transport guers

are made of shiny stainless steel. Furthermore,

the square is planted with high grasses and

colourful owers and exisng large trees are

included in the design.

When vising this square, the building was sll

ongoing [F4.4]. Therefore, it was quite hard to

imagine what the nal result would look like.However, some parts of the design stood out,

for example, the mul-funconality of deepest

basin as it can be used as sports eld, as well

as detenon basin. This ensures that the square

[F4.3]* Visualisaon of the design of The Water

Square.

[F4.4] Picture of the current state of The Water

Square.

can be used all year long. On the other hand,

the square is quite open, mostly made out of

concrete and there is lile green. This ensures

stormwater runo instead of inltraon. This

is a pity, because urban greening is also a

form of stormwater harvesng and detenon.

Furthermore, green features, as will discussed

in Part 4, can ensure higher human comfort in

cies. This will denitely get more aenon in

this thesis than is the case at The Water Square.

Energry producon from urban organicwaste

To produce energy from urban organic waste

two processes can be chosen: biochemical

(natural) or thermochemical (chemical).

Besides the wish to involve natural processes in

the soluons, literature agrees that in the case

of this thesis a biochemical process would be

the beer choice. Foust et al. (2009) state that

economically and environmentally it does not

maer greatly which process is chosen. But, Das

& Veziroǧlu (2001) state that natural producon

processes (biochemical) are thought to be more

environmental friendly and use less energy (Das& Veziroǧlu, 2001). Therefore, as the researchers

want to shorten the distance between waste

producon and waste processing, the social

constraints of the locaon of the digester might

of the catchment area. The results of the tests

showed that the lter area should be at least

2% of the catchment area [F4.2], because the

performance increases with increasing lter

area (Braeres et al., 2008).

85



molecules of the organic waste biogas and

compost is produced. Also, dirty water

is a by-product of this process (Basu,

2010; Swillgasser, n.d.). The biogas can be

transformed into electricity and heat, or

green gas (Agentschap NL, n.d).

Reference project: Swillgasser, Cuijk

An example of an anaerobic digester is theSwillgasser. Hotel Van Der Valk in Cuijk is tesng

this waste to energy producon unit since 2010.

The Swillgasser turns the food waste (swill)

from the hotel kitchen into biogas, water and

compost [F4.5]. All three products can be re-

used for 100%. A Cradle to Cradle soluon to

eliminate waste on the spot (Swillgasser, n.d.).

The Swillgasser is an anaerobic digester, which

is absolutely air sealed. Therefore, there should

be no smell nuisance. Also, the bacteria used in

the process are bred especially for this purpose,

to make sure the dierent types of organic

waste are processed. This process only takes a

few days (Swillgasser, n.d.). The Swillgasser, in

this arrangement, can be useful when at least

100 m3 organic waste is available per year, with a

maximum of 150 m3 organic waste per year. The

digester is small in size, it ts in a 20 container

[F4.6] (Swillgasser, n.d.; Appendix 4i-I).

be less of a problem when choosing the natural

process over the chemical opon.

Biochemical anaerobic digeson

There are four steps in the process of urban

organic waste to energy in the case of

biochemical anaerobic digeson:

1. Collecon: Virgin feedstock oen is just

available certain mes of the year (forexample the availability of potato in the

autumn), therefore a lot needs to be

transported in once and over a greater

distance. Nevertheless, urban organic

waste is everywhere and always available,

therefore transportaon is more frequent,

over a shorter distance, and on a smaller

scale (Veal, n.d.).

2. Pre-treatment and storage: The size and

shape of this storage space depends on

the type of feedstock and the way it is

collected (and pre-treated) (Veal, n.d.).

Again there is probably a dierence

between virgin and waste feedstock. Virgin

feedstock is available on large scale but

less frequently, therefore it needs more

storage space than the always available

waste feedstock. Feedstock can be stored

before or aer pre-treatment (making the

feedstock smaller) and wet storage has

more successful results than dry storage

with certain feedstocks (Heenhaus, n.d.).

3. Conversion: The organic waste is mixed

with water and bacteria, which use the

oxygen in the waste to break it down(Basu, 2010; Swillgasser, n.d.).

4. Product: During the breaking down of the

[F4.5]*TheprocessoftheSwillgasser.

86



Because the Swillgasser is an on-the-spot

soluon, it is an interesng unit for this thesis.

Also because the researchers want to situate

the unit within the urban area, the idea that

it is used in a hotel is posive. During the visit

to and tour through the Swillgasser, by Wouter

Achterkamp (Appendix 4i-I), the most important

aspect learned was that it is only obligatory to

keep the top and one meter buer around the

unit free for eventual explosion hazard. But,

no actual nuisance is experienced from the

biogas unit and it is totally safe. Also alternave

feedstock than the now used swill can be

processed. In the case of urban organic waste

it would be slightly more woody material, and

this could slow down the process considerably

and reduce the amount of biogas produced

[F4.7] (Appendix 4i-I). The water used by the

Swillgasser is slightly contaminated at the endof the process, but clean enough to be cleaned

in an aerobic treatment plant or wastewater

wetland (Appendix 4i-I).

[F4.6]The20 containerinwhichtheSwillgasseris

located.

[F4.7]*Biogasyieldofdierentfeedstock.

87



The potenalThe conducted research conrmed the

proposion of the researchers. The two

processes do have links [F4.8], therefore they

could cooperate.

[F4.8]Thecooperaonbetweenthestormwaterharvesngandre-useprocess,andtheenergyproduconfrom

organicwasteprocess.

88



4.2 First sieve: toolbox

The toolbox(es)The toolbox for the two processes actually

consists of two toolboxes, for each of the

processes one.

The makingThe literature reviewed to understand the two

processes, and to nd links where they could

cooperate, was also used to idenfy the several

opons within a process step. These opons

form the toolbox for stormwater harvesng andre-use [F4.9], and for energy producon from

urban organic waste [F4.10]. Three scale levels

are taken into account: household (small),

street (medium) and watershed (large), to make

it widely implementable.

DETENTION AND DELAY TREATMENT

SMALL SCALE oof ond Greenroof

iverbedand

Street

Balcony

Bypass

Vercalbiolter

Vercalbiolter

Horizontalbiolter

Tankabove

Greenroof

Dam

Garden

eservor

Weir

Tank

er ca o er

Swale

Smallobstacles

Smallobstacles

Horizontal

b

Pond MEDIUM SCALE

LARGE SCALE

HARVESTING RETENTION CONSUMER TRANSPORTATION

Tank amily Gully

Guer

Guer

ipeabove

Pipeabove

gr

Pipeabove

g

ublicgreen

ublicgreen

ublicgreen

u cgreen

Publicbuilding

Pipeunderground

Pipeunderground

P peun erground

Inltraon

By oot

Inltraon

Smallscale

s

Inltraon

Bigscaleservice

Several

eighbourhood

Tank

Tank

u

Tankabove

Tankabove

Tankabove

Aquifer

A ui er

Aquifer

[F4.9]Toolboxforstormwaterharvesngandre-use.

The sievingTo nd ng design opons for a certain

locaon (in this case Limassol, Cyprus), the

opons were sieved following ten phases:

1. Choose a city with the water and waste

problems described in part 1.

2. Dene the region this city is dealing with.

3. Analyse the natural landscape of this

region.

4. Analyse the cultural landscape of this

region.

5. Analyse the economic, polical and social

‘landscape’ of this region.

6. Zoom in to the city, and analyse the urban

structures.

7. Conduct a suitability study to nd suitable

Therstideawastocreateatoolboxenablingtodesignwiththetwoprocesses.Thiswasnotvery

benecialforthedesign,butitdidgivesomeinteresngresultsfortheresearch

household

street

watershed

89



SMALL SCALE

MEDIUM SCALE

LARGE SCALE

Neighbourhood

opons remained aer sieving.

• DESIGN OPTIONS: A lot of them are not

(directly) designable (oen technical and

not scenical).

Posive aspects

The sieving did also result in two posive

aspects:

• LOCATION: The advantage of nding asuitable locaon during the sieving.

• ANALYSES: The intensive analyses

conducted ensured that the researchers

gained a tremendous amount of

knowledge about Cyprus and especially

Limassol. This knowledge is (partly) shared

in the previous part, and chapter 3.9 sums

up the most important and/or striking

points learned.

locaons.

8. Choose a locaon.

9. Analyse this locaon in further detail,

including SWOT analysis.

10. Filter the design opons.

Besides the analyses, also interviews and

quesonnaires were used to help lter the

design opons.

Designing with the resultsThe sieving of the toolboxes (for input see Part

3) for the chosen locaon in Limassol, and

trying to design with them aerwards, gave

some interesng (negave and posive) results.

Issues

The issues that came up are the following:

• SCALE LEVELS: As a landscape architect

the small and medium scale levels

used, are less interesng than the most

extensive scale level (watershed), because

only recommendaons can be made.

Furthermore, there could have been even

more extensive scale levels: city level and

regional level.

• SIEVING: The sieve was to ne, nearly all

STORAGE PRE-TREATMENT DIGESTER PRODUCT

Kitchenwaste Housecontainer

Riverbedand

sides

Gardenwaste

Storageunit

Underground

container

Processor

Processor

Endofthestreet

Chopper

Onitsown

Byhand Insidehouse Electricity

Electricity

Electricity

Processor Gas

Gas

Gas

Nearhouse

Chopper

Streetcontainer

FEEDSTOCK CONSUMER TRANSPORTATION

Fuel

Fuel

Fuel

Family Byfoot

Smallscale

service

Bigscaleservice

Publicgreen

Publicgreen

Publicgreen

Publicgreen

Publicbuilding

Network/grid

Network/grid Several

households

Compost

Compost

Compost

Heat

Heat

Heat

[F4.10]Toolboxforenergyproduconfromurbanorganicwaste.

household

street

watershed

90



[F4.11]Matchesbetweenthetoolboxes.

STORAGE PRE-TREATMENT DIGESTER PRODUCTFEEDSTOCK CONSUMER TRANSPORTATION

DETENTION

AND DELAY

TREATMENT

HARVESTING

RETENTION

TRANS-

PORTATION

CONSUMER

iverbedand

ypass

Verca l

iolter

orizontal

iolter

am

eservoir

Weir

Small

bstacles

ue r

ipeabove

round

ublicgreen

ublicgreen

ipe

nlt raon

igscale

servce

Neigh-

bourhood

Tank

nderground

Tankabove

Aquifer

Neigh-

bourhood

Riverbedand

sides

Storage unit Processor Chopper Onitsown Electricity Gas Fuel Bigscale

service

PublicgreenPublicgreen Network/

grid

Compost Heat

sides

Publicgreen

Publicgreen

Bigscale

servce

Neigh-

bourhood

91

A bigger role for the consumerWhen drawing lines from dierent steps in the

processes that can ‘feed’ each other [F4.8],

links can be made between the processes.

These links are less obvious when looking at

the toolboxes (only large scale, as the small

and medium scale are found to be hard to

design as a landscape architect) for the two

processes. But some matches can be found in

the rst step (harvesng/feedstock), the last

step (consumer), and in the transportaon

between steps [F4.11]. The most interesng

match found, is the one of the consumer. The

consumer could play a bigger role, when chosen

public green as consumer it can also play a role

in harvesng and as feedstock.



92

organic waste and irrigaon water.

Furthermore, a park can funcon educaonal

and for the creaon of environmental awareness

through experience (see chapter 1.2).

The new proposion, therefore, is that the

design of an urban park can play an important

role in strengthening the cooperaon of the

processes of the stormwater harvesng and

energy producon from urban organic waste,

and in creang environmental awareness.

Urban parksBefore going on with the research, the concept

of urban parks will be explained a lile more.

The two main quesons here to be answered

Green infrastructureAs described in in chapter 1.2, green

infrastructure involves a network of vegetaon

with mulple purposes. An urban park can be

the performing urban landscape needed for the

placement of the processes of stormwater

harvesng and re-use, and energy producon

from urban organic waste will give the park

several purposes, and it will help in closing

city cycles [F4.12]. Besides this an urban park

aracts visitors, this means it can funcon as

medium to create environmental awareness.

The urban park will funcon as main consumer:

the treated water can be used as irrigaon

water, the compost from the energy producon

as ferliser, and the electricity and/or green

gas for street lightning, pumping the water,

maintenance, and/or road transport of urban

4.3 Strengthening role of the urban park

Theconsumercouldplayabiggerroleinthecooperaonbetweenthestormwaterharvesngand

re-useprocess,andtheenergyproduconfromurbanorganicwasteprocess.

[F4.12]Howanurbanparkcanhelpandinclosingcitycycles.



93

are:

• What is an urban park and what is it used

for?

• How is an urban park designed?

Park meaning and useThe Oxford diconary states that a park is “a

large public garden or area of land used for

recreaon. Hayward and Weitzet (1984 cited inMcCormack et al., 2010, p.712) state that urban

“parks oer a unique se ng within the urban

landscape, providing opportunies for physical

acvity, enjoyment of nature, social interacon,

and escape”. Due to a frequency analysis by

Chiesura (2004) the role of the urban park

becomes a lile more clear. Most people go

to an urban park to relax or to feel freedom.

This to compensate the stress of daily life and

to regenerate. Furthermore, urban parks are

used for escaping the city, for example, the

sounds. Finally, the urban park is also used to

re-strengthen spiritually.

Designing a parkThe guidelines for designing urban parks shared

here are derived from Rutledge’s Anatomy of a

Park (1971). Rutledge’s eight elaborated design

principles do have some overlap with what is

discussed in chapter 1.2 on the performing

urban landscape.

Umbrella consideraons

• Everything must have a purpose: all

INFOBOX 4.2: human comfort

Outdoor human comfort is of importance (Cohen, Potchter & Matzarakis, 2013). In designing an urban park choosing the

vegetaon is important, because it can help in creang a higher human comfort regarding sun and wind (Rutledge, 1971;

Forsyth, Musacchio & Fitzgerald, 2005; Mahmoud, 2011; Cohen, Potchter & Matzarakis, 2012). When talking about sun

and human comfort it is mostly about thermal comfort, and vegetaon can create shade for cooling or a backdrop for

warming [F4.13]. Wind also has an thermal role: vegetaon can guide winds, where more wind feels cooler and less wind

feels warmer. Besides the thermal component, wind also has an carrying role: wind brings odours, noise, and polluon

[F4.13] (Rutledge, 2971; CROW, 2012).

[F4.13]*Createhumancomfort:theuseofvegetaonforsunandwindregulaon.

WIND

SUN

GENERAL

Movement of the wind Free wind

Blocked sun

Blocked wind 60% density of the crown

Trees best in line with under-

growth (crowns meet 60%)

Broad leaves + waxy/

leathery leaves + needles

Reected sun

THERMAL COMFORT

Summer (when ‘hot’) Winter (when ‘cold’)

AIR POLLUTION REDUCTION WITH VEGETATION

choices need to be supported by thorough

and logical reasoning (do not forget the

inuence of natural forces such as wind

and sunlight)

• Design must be for people: create for

human benet and comfort (see infobox

4.2)

• Both funcon and aesthecs must be

sased: balance between costs andhuman values

Aesthec consideraons

• Establish a substanal experience:

acknowledge the eects and dominance

of lines, forms, textures, and colours (also

of enclosure)

• Establish an appropriate experience: the

‘why’ should be clear, it should suit to the

personality of space, personality of user,

personality of funcon, and to scale

Funconal consideraons

• Sasfy technical requirements: test

locaon for size, quanes, orientaon to

the natural forces, and operang needs

(e.g. management)

• Meet needs for lowest possible cost:

keep costs as low as possible, also taking

maintenance and lifespan into account

• Provide for supervision ease: create

do’s instead of don’ts, create owing

circulaon, design for safety, and

discourage unwanted behaviour



94

through designing) will be used (see Part 5)

to create a ng design of an urban park in

Limassol.

Design oponsThe third issue was that a lot of design opons

were not (directly) designable. Therefore,

the steps of the two processes, are looked at

in a dierent way: what can and needs to be

designed? These designable features of the

processes and of urban parks, can be used to

design with in the design exploraons.

Stormwater harvesng and re-use

In chapter 4.1 the stormwater harvesng and

re-use process was discussed shortly. In this

paragraph the designable features of this

process are elaborated in eight steps [T4.1]

Using the issuesThe three issues that came up aer sieving

with the toolboxes: scale levels, sieving and

toolbox elements, are used to the researchers’

advantage in designing an urban park for

Limassol, Cyprus.

Scale levelsThe most extensive scale level (watershed) of the

toolboxes is used to make the performing urban

park design. Aenon will be given to detailling,

but also the even more extensive scale levels

(city/regional scale) are of importance.

SievingSieving by doing analyses, and using interviews

and quesonnaires did not work out too well.

A second sieve of design exploraons (research

4.4 Second sieve: design explorations

Aerdealingwithamalfunconingrstsieve,the issuesandotherndingsareusedtocomeup

withabeerworkingsecondsieve.

[T4.1]Designablefeaturesforthestormwaterharvesngandre-useprocess.

Steps Explanaon

Harvesng Stormwater can be harvested from four types of surfaces: impervious private (e.g. roofs), pervious

private (e.g. vegetated gardens), impervious public (e.g. roads), and pervious public (e.g. grasseld). The only thing that can be done for all these surfaces, is to give it a certain slope. In this way

the water can be collected for further transportaon.

Transport 1 + delay The rst transportaon makes sure that the stormwater is brought to the detenon facilies. This

transportaon can be done through: pipes, guers, swales, and streams. During heavy precipitaon

the stormwater might needs to be delayed, so it does not enter the detenon facilies all at once.

First of all, the journey of the water can be lengthened, and secondly, the water can have to deal

with resistance during its journey.

Detenon To prevent oods and create a buer for treatment, the water is detained. This can be done near

the collecon site or at a collecon point more at the end of the catchment area. The facilies used

for this can be a (open, potenally shaded) pond or a closed tank. When a pond is used the design

principles for mosquito control (infobox 4.3) should be taken into account, because of the open

water.Transport 2 + delay The second transportaon has the same characteriscs as the rst transportaon.

Treatment When using the bioltraon system to treat the stormwater, there are two opons: vercal and

horizontal. When using a vercal biolter the treated water is inltrated and is kept in an aquifer

potenally for re-use. In this case the treated water needs to be directly used in the urban park,

therefore the horizontal biolter is used. In this case the treatment facilies have an impermeable

layer underneath to prevent the treated water to inltrate.

Transport 3 The third transportaon consists of drainpipes that collect the treated water at the boom of the

horizontal biolter, and bring this water to the retenon facility.

Retenon Airght and (sun)lightless underground cisterns or tanks above ground are used to store the treated

water in (see infobox 4.4).

Transport 4 The last transportaon is needed for the treated water to reach its desnaon. In this case the

urban park and the digester are the consumers of the treated water. Therefore, pipes for irrigaon

are needed, and/or paths when irrigaon is done by hand.



95

INFOBOX 4.3: mosquito control

When dealing with open water, there is a chance mosquitos lay their eggs in it, and form a

nuisance. Therefore some design principles for mosquito control [F4.14] are shared in thisinfobox (Hermens, Van der Salm & Van der Zwet, 2010).

[F4.14]Designprinciplesformosquitocontrol.

INFOBOX 4.4: water preservaon

When preserving water for re-use there is no nuisance of mosquitos, because the water is kept in

a closed tank to keep it clean. There is another problem to deal with though: algae. When water

is stored, stands sll, and there is a high concentraon of nitrates and phosphates, algae may

form which is bad for human health (LG Sound, n.d.). Ways to reduce or get rid of algae include:

airght seal (Zagermann, Huchzermeyer & Rath, n.d.), no (sun)light (Praccal Fishkeeping, 2011),

no nutrients in the water to feed on, or even ultrasonic vibraons (LG Sound, n.d.).

(Webster & Day, 1993; CSIRO, 2006; Göbel et

al., 2007; Ha et al. 2007; Braeres et al., 2008;

Abdulla & Al-Shareef, 2009).

Flowingwater

Designslopes

Includemechanicalaerators

Preventisolatedsmallpools

Providerocklayer

Minimizeshallowdepths

Maximumwidth

Submergeddrainpipes

Max.3’ofslopevegetaon

Inltratewithin48hours

Max.3’

wrong

wrong

right

right

Max.50’

Min.1’

Min.2.5:1

Min.4’

Max.4:1



96

Energy producon from urban organic waste

Besides the previous stormwater harvesng

and re-use process, the energy producon

from urban organic waste process also has

some designable features. Although less than

the previous process, these features are also

elaborated in six steps [T4.2] (Swillgasser, n.d.;

Veal, n.d.; El Bassam, 1998).

[T4.2]Designablefeaturesfortheenergyproduconfromurbanorganicwasteprocess.

Urban parks

Urban parks consist of more clearly designable

features than the two processes. In this thesis

the design features for urban parks are divided

in eight themes and discussed shortly [T4.3]

(Rutledge, 1971; Gehl, 1996 cited in Carmona

et al., 2010); McCormarck, 2010).

[T4.3]Designablefeaturesforurbanparks.

Theme Explanaon

Parking A park needs one or more areas where cars can be parked. If there is a bicycle path running through

the park, bicycle parking is needed at locaons where people might want to have a stop.

Entrees The park should have clear boundaries and entrees.

Paths Paths bring people from one site to another in the park, preferably through walking or cycling.

Acvies In this thesis two types of acvies are disnguished: intenonal and unintenonal acvies. With

intenonal acvies is meant, that the locaon is designed for a certain acvity, for example a

playground for children. Sites for unintenonal acvies can also be designed, but not for a specic

type of acvity, for example a grass eld where one can play football, sunbath, etcetera.

Seang It is pleasant for people to be able to sit on arranged seang in a park. In this thesis two types

of seang are discussed. Seang is somemes needed for the acvity itself, for example to eat.

Otherwise seang can be used to look at something (e.g. during resng), for example a grandstand

at a football game.

Open water An oponal feature in an urban park is open water. Open water can come in many forms, and three

categories are formulated in this design research. First of all, streams (channels, rivers, etcetera) can

ow through the park. Secondly, a pond (or lake) can be situated within the park. Finally, the park

can contain water elements (waterfalls, fountains, etcetera).

Management + safety The management and safety of a park is important for people to feel pleasant there. In this thesis

lighng, railings, bins, and sanitary facilies are of importance.

Vegetaon Vegetaon is divided into three categories in this thesis: trees, shrubs, and grasses. Trees are

aesthecally important, but also play a big role in creang human comfort in the park. Alteraons

with shrubs and grasses can give the park’s vegetaon more variety.

Steps Explanaon

Harvesng Aer collecon of the urban organic waste by the households and the maintainer of urban green,

the waste is brought to a container. This container is posioned in the streetscape, for all people

accessible. Besides the design of the container itself, the locaon of the container can also be

designed.

Transport 1 The waste needs to be transported from the container to the pre-treatment and storage facilies.

This can be done by sustainable vehicles, using the exisng roads. At the locaon of the pre-

treatment and storage an ‘inlet port’ is needed.

Pre-treatment +storage

The pre-treatment and storage takes place in a built unit, for example a container or an actualbuilding.

Transport 2 When the pre-treatment and storage are located within the same built unit as the digester this

transportaon does not really exist. When dealing with two separate built units though, within the

urban park, the paths need to be used for transportaon. Again an ‘inlet port’ is needed.

Digester The digester is also located in a built unit, just like the pre-treatment and storage.

Transport 3 Finally, the products of the process need to be distributed. The electricity and gas can go into the

network, or gas can be picked-up at site. When this is the case, a pick-up point needs to be designed.

The compost available from the process, is used in the park. For this distribuon the paths are used.



97

Exploring the possibiliesIn this paragraph an explanaon is given on

how the design exploraons in this thesis were

conducted. Also, an example is given on two

dierent scale levels. Finally, the conclusion

for this thesis is drawn, based on the design

exploraons executed by the researchers.

Design exploraonsIn Part 2 the structure of this thesis was shared.

The three ways of combining research with

design were discussed, and it was made clear

that this design research would use toolboxes

to conduct ‘research for design’. Aer the

toolbox sieving, it became clear that ‘research

for design’ would not be sucient to come to a

design. Therefore, ‘research through designing’

is applied to be able to create a performing

urban park.

Research through designing is stated to bethe most important form of research for

design-related professions like architecture

and city planning. It is a form of prospecve,

exploratory, and crosslinking research

(Roerdamse Academie van Bouwkunst, n.d.).

Design exploraons are used for tesng spaces

and/or composion elements (designable

features). Within these exploraons themes

can be followed. During every step, opons

are created and the eects are evaluated

(Steenbergen, Meeks & Nijhuis, 2008). Both

creang only a few opons, as well as creang

a large amount of opons are weak strategiesleading to poor design soluons. When creang

too lile opons, the designer becomes too

xated too quickly on the soluons. When

creang too many opons, the designer loses

too much me on organising the opons which

could have been used for evaluang (Cross,

2006). Therefore, in this thesis an amount of

three to ve opons are used to reveal spaal

potency. Drawing plays a crucial role in in this

process (Steenbergen, Meeks & Nijhuis, 2008).

ApproachThe rst phase in the design exploraons

was to place and globally scale and shape

the designable features on the Lile Garyllis

watershed scale level. Once this was done the

second phase, the elaboraon of the design on

a larger scale, was started: Four Fanaria. On this

scale level a more in-depth design was made.

The designable features were already placed

and globally scaled and shaped on the Lile

Garyllis scale level. However, on the Four Fanaria

scale level this was further opmised technically

and aesthecally. Thereaer, in the third phase,

the Lile Garyllis design was adjusted with thehelp of the exploraons on the Four Fanaria

scale level. Zooming in even further, detailed

elaboraons of the Four Fanaria design were

made in the fourth phase. These details showed

that some adjustments were needed on the

Four Fanaria scale level, which were conducted

in the h phase. In the nal phase the Lile

Garyllis design was adjusted again with this

input.

All in all, this iterave design process with

design exploraons resulted in the most opmal

design, technically as well as aesthecally, onthree scale levels.

ExamplesIn this report one example of a design

experiment on the Lile Garyllis scale level and

one example on the Four Fanaria scale level will

be given. In Appendix 4e-I and Appendix 4e-II

two more examples for both scale levels are

shared.

Lile Garyllis

On this scale level the researchers of this thesis

tried to, inter alia, place the designable features

of the stormwater harvesng and re-use

process. When using a biolter as treatment,

its size should be 2% of the watershed surface

(see chapter 4.1). Therefore, the biolter

surface needed in this watershed has a size of

21,455.97 m2 (Appendix 4c-I). It turned out to be

impossible to treat the stormwater in one place

in the watershed, because of the lack of large

surface areas (downstream) [F4.15]. Therefore,

several locaons for water detenon, treatment

and retenon were appointed. This resulted in

four sub-watersheds within the Lile Garylliswatershed [F4.16].



98

[F4.16]Thefourcreatedsub-watershedswithintheLi leGarylliswatershed.

[F4.15]Alocaonlargeenoughtoconductallthetreatmentisnotavailable.



99

Four Fanaria

This locaon near the old city centre, is the

locaon chosen for the digester on the Lile

Garyllis scale level. Reasons for this are the

proximity of a water retenon facility and

the proximity of the old city centre, which

means that it is close enough for people to get

aracted to come visit and therefore create

environmental awareness (Lehmann, LaneKeller & Farley, 2008).

Several opons for locang and designing a

place for this digester have been tested and

reviewed. Locang the digester in the east

created more opportunies for the design

around the building [F4.17], but turned out not

being the most logical place for experiencing

the cooperaon between the processes as it

goes against the natural elevaon and ow of

the water (which is needed in the digester). The

locaon in the lower part of the area turned out

the be the most logical and best locaon for the

digester [F4.18], with a design based on exisng

(sight)lines from the surrounding buildings.

FindingsThe following ndings play a role in jusfying

the design as it can be found in Part 5.

Order

The rst nding has to do with the order of

placing and globally scaling and shaping of

the designable features. This was done in the

following sequence:1. Treatment: One treatment locaon was

not possible because of the size, therefore

four locaons of adequate size (which

simultaneously were the water problem

zones) were chosen, creang four sub-

watersheds.

2. Retenon: One retenon site was not

possible because of the size, therefore

every treatment locaon also funcons as

retenon site.

3. Digester: Several digesters in the Lile

Garyllis watershed are not viable,

therefore one digester is located in sub-

watershed 3 where it is near to the old city

centre.

4. Detenon: One detenon site within every

sub-watershed was not possible due to

size, therefore several sites (empty plots

and areas for mulfunconal use (car

parks, sports elds, etcetera) near the

river and spacious parts in the park) are

used to detain water.

5. Delay: Elements to delay the water are

located before most of the ‘entrees’ of the

detenon and treatment sites for safety,also to slow it down for the experience.

6. Pre-treatment and storage: The Lile

Garyllis watershed is not that big, thus one

pre-treatment and storage locaon (near

the digester for the experience) is enough.

7. Urban organic waste harvesng: To

make the eort for people as lile as

possible (maximum of 50 m distance),

urban organic waste can be le behind

at several harvesng locaons on empty

plots, spacious streetscape or areas for

mulfunconal use (car parks, sports

elds, etcetera).8. Urban park: Some urban park features are

present throughout the whole park, other

are oen clustered at locaons where a lot

is happening (stormwater detenon and

treatment).

There are several reasons why, in the case of this

locaon, this order was followed. Apparently,

the placing and globally scaling and shaping

of the designable features of the stormwater

harvesng and re-use process has a priority

over doing this for the designable features

of the energy producon from urban organic

waste process and of an urban park. There

are two reasons for this. Firstly, the designable

features of the stormwater harvesng and re-

use process are the most space consuming, and

therefore not a lot of opons where available.

Secondly, the Lile Garyllis watershed is dealing

with a 1% slope, and therefore the stormwater

will always ow naturally towards the sea. When

natural processes need to be experienced, it is

not wise to go against this ow. The designable

features which can be found in urban parks

are placed and globally scaled and shaped last,because they oen react on the designable

features of the two processes.

Joint eort of funcon and appearance

In chapter 1.3 the concept of an performing

landscape is shared, a landscape in which both

funcon and appearance is of importance. In

this chapter it became clear that funcon and

appearance should form a joint eort, none of

them was superior, and together they should

strive for the most opmal soluon. During

the design exploraons is became clear that,

although it was not ‘form follows funcon’,

funcon slightly had the upper hand at the

beginning. Aer this aesthecs became more

signicant, geng everything important to

be experienced as nicely as possible. In the

last phase funcon and appearance where

opmised together.



100

[F4.18] The most logical and best locaon for the

digester.

[F4.17]Oponsforlocangthedigesterintheeast.



101



102



103



5.1 Design inspiration

104

Therstchapteroftheenvisioningpartofthisthesiswilldiscussthestarngpoint,withfourinspiring

principleswhichleadtotheconceptandthedesignstyle.

Four inspiring principlesBased upon analyses of the formaon of Cyprus

and Limassol, the history and characteriscs

of the Lile Garyllis watershed and the

current design for the Garyllis Linear Park, the

researchers of this thesis disnguished four

principles which they nd important to include

in the design.

ConneconThe aim of the current design for Lile Garyllis

is to aract visitors and tourists to enjoy a

new and dierent route along the Garyllis

river (Limassol Municipality, n.d. a; Limassol

Municipality n.d. b). As menoned before, this

route is only linear, so the only safe and pleasant

way back is the same route. Therefore, creang

connecons between the linear routes in the

design is important for this thesis. Furthermore,

it is ensured that the Lile Garyllis PerformingPark is part of a larger network of walking and

cycling paths [F5.1].

[F5.1]Theconneconprinciple.



105

NaturalnessDuring the analysis of the exisng vegetaon

in the Lile Garyllis watershed, it became clear

that most trees could be found close to the

river. Quite logical, because this is the place

where most of the scarce water is collected.

In the design for Lile Garyllis, this natural link

between water and vegetaon is more clearly

expressed, to emphasis the exisng naturalnessin an urban context [F5.2].

ExperienceThe main goal of this thesis is to show how a

performing urban park can be designed, in

which the processes of stormwater harvesng

and re-use, and energy producon from urban

organic waste can cooperate. It is important

for people to understand this by experiencing

the cooperang processes, to also create

environmental awareness. This should not be

only a visual experience, but also by hearing,

feeling and smelling it. Paths through the urban

park play a big role in guiding people through

this experience [F5.3].

IdentyDuring the analysis of the history of the Garyllis

river, it became clear that the western river

branch is the original (predominantly natural)

and the other two are dug around 1900

(therefore manmade). For the experience

and understanding the identy of the Garyllis,

it is important to tell the historical story of

this watershed by giving the original branch anatural appearance and the manmade branch

a more cultural appearance. In the end both

branches should form an uniform urban park,

but the appearance of the two branches will

slightly dier due to vegetaon and material

choice [F5.4].

[F5.2]Thenaturalnessprinciple.



106

[F5.3]Theexperienceprinciple.

[F5.4]Theidentyprinciple.



General

For the general design style the design language

(see infobox 3.3) is used. Also observaons from

the Pedieos Park in Nicosia are used to come

up with a general design style for this design.

Important is to use materials and vegetaon

common for the island.

The general ‘rules’ followed are:• The main path (3.5 m wide) is shared by

pedestrians and cyclists, and is made of

loam or wood.

• The riverbed always has a natural

appearance: semi-solid with natural

stones.

• All benches are made in the same style

with metal and wood, but dierent designs

are possible.

• A set of bins, railings and lighng is used

throughout the park, where possible

clustered together.• Natural rocks from the mountains are used

as water delaying elements.

• Wood is used for all weirs.

• All water treatment basins have a concrete

base.

• Place specic vegetaon on locaons

where it can increase human comfort.

• When using very wild natural vegetaon,

make sure it is ‘framed’.

• Where water stands sll for a while

Concept and design styleThis paragraph shares the concept and design

style. The concept is the rough design of Lile

Garyllis Performing Park, and the design style

includes the guidelines the researchers followed

during designing.

The concept

By using the four principles described inthe previous paragraph, the design concept

can be created [F5.5]. The concept shows a

park with lots of vegetaon close to the river

branches. The western river branch has a

natural appearance and the eastern branch

has a more cultural appearance. Within the

park the processes of stormwater harvesng

and re-use, and energy producon from urban

organic waste are percepble. The combinaon

of these elements form a park that is accessible

at many spots and it is possible to walk or cycle

several routes through the park. This conceptwill be further elaborated into a design for Lile

Garyllis.

The design styleAs menoned the design style consists of the

guidelines used to elaborate the concept into a

more detailed design. The design style can be

disnguished into a general design style for the

whole park, and a more specic design style per

river branch (natural/manmade).

107

[F5.5]Theconcept.



(detenon, delay, treatment, retenon),

more and specic vegetaon is located.

• At the area(s) of energy producon where

compost is generated, lush owering

grasses, plants and/or bushes are placed.

Specic

The slight dierence between the appearances

of the two river branches, natural andmanmade, is expressed by the choice of

vegetaon, materials and construcons. Also,

the riverbed plays a role in arculang the

dierences between the branches [T5.1].

Natural

Mainly indigenous or

endemic species

Vegetaon

Mainly natural rocks,

stones, coarse-lled

gabions

Materials

Concrete is covered

with natural rocks -

organic shapes

Slopes of 45˚ or less:

natural, with stones

or coarse-lled

gabions

Construcons

Riverbed

Manmade

Mainly exoc,

advenve or

culvated species

Mainly wood,

concrete, sleek-lled

gabions

Concrete is visible,

use of wood

construcons like

pergola’s - raonal

shapes

Slopes of more than

45˚: with stones,

sleek-lled gabions or

concrete

108

[T5.1]Theguidelinesforthedierentriverbranches.



5.2 Little Garyllis Performing Park

A green oasisLile Garyllis Performing Park turns the

surroundings of the Garyllis river into a green

oasis [F5.6]. Three connecons between the

two river branches with a slightly dierent

identy, ensure that several routes can be

walked or cycled. Connecons to the larger

network (see chapter 5.4), make sure that even

bigger routes can be followed and that the park

is not isolated.

Furthermore, the tunnelled river has been

restored where enough space was available,

so that the ‘backbone’ of the Lile Garyllis

Performing Park may be experienced as much

as possible. Also, where possible connecng

empty plots and mulfunconal areas (car

parks, sports elds, etcetera) are incorporated

in the park playing their roles in the processes.

109

Thedesignexploraon,togetherwiththeconceptandthedesignstyleresultedinthenaldesign

ofLileGaryllisPerformingPark.Firstthedesignwillbediscussed,andthentheatmosphereofthe

dierentsub-watershedswillbeshared.



[F5.6]LileGaryllisPerformingPark.

110



Stormwater harvesng and re-use process

The designable features of seven of the eight

steps of the stormwater harvesng and re-

use process can be found in the design of

Lile Garyllis Performing Park [F5.7]. The first

step ‘harvesng’ is not included, because only

suggesons can be made for this step.

Treatments

Through the design exploraons it became

clear that four sub-watersheds, with four

treatment sites needed to be created. These

treatment facilies with several concrete basins

use biofilters to clear the polluted stormwater.

Three of these treatments are located on sites

which are currently dealing with water quanty

problems, therefore problems are turned into

opportunies. Water is let into these treatments

with (solar powered) weirs. Before and aer

every weir the riverbed should be reinforced, to

prevent erosion.

Detenons

In total 12 detenon sites are located, which

can hold up to 51,000 m3 of stormwater (peak

precipitaon of 57.9 mm per day) (Appendix

5c-I). This means that when looking at the

stormwater peaks of the last 30 years, these

detenon sites would only be insuffi cient once

every ten years. Three of these detenon sites

can be used as car park, seven are located within

the riverbed, and two are used differently. Weirs

(possibly solar powered) are also used to let

water in and out of these detenons.

Retenons

Airght and (sun)lightless underground cisterns

are located underneath the four treatment

facilies, to retain the treated water. These

cisterns can hold all the excess water treated

in the wet winter period, to be used for park

irrigaon in the dry summer period, and the

energy producon process throughout the year.

Transports + delays

The first transportaon to the detenon sites is

done by the exisng stormwater drainage system

discharging its water into the Garyllis river. The

riverbed is also used for the second transport

to the treatment sites. Several locaons in the

riverbed have water delaying natural rocks, to

make sure that the stormwater does not enter

detenons or treatment sites with high speed.

Furthermore, the third transport is not directlyvisible to the eye, as the drainpipes bringing

the water to the cisterns for retenon are

incorporated in the treatment facility. Finally,

during the last transportaon pipes bring the

treated water to a collecon point. When used

for irrigaon, small electric vehicles are filled to

irrigate the park.

111



[F5.7]Thestormwaterharvesngandre-useprocessinthepark.

112




process

The designable features of five of the six steps


waste process can be found in the design of

Lile Garyllis Performing Park [F5.8]. The fourth

step ‘transport 2’ is not included, because pre-

treatment and storage are located within the

built unit of the digester.

Pre-treatment, storage and digester

For an easier experience of the process of urban

organic waste to energy, the pre-treatment,

storage and digester are located in one built

unit located in sub-watershed 3. This unit is big

enough to turn 27% (300,000 kg) of the urban

organic waste of Lile Garyllis watershed into

56.76 MWh electricity a year (no gas on this

locaon due to the absence of a gas network)

(Appendix 5c-I). This electricity can be used for

lighng, maintaining and irrigang the park.

The park can also use the compost produced

in the energy producon from urban organic

waste process. The reason for not processing

all the waste at this locaon is the size of the

built unit and the legislaon connected to large

renewable energy source units within the built

environment (Appendix 3i-VIII). For creang

environmental awareness the digester should

be close to people (see chapter 3.4), but for

social acceptance there should be no nuisance.

Therefore, this digester is a kind of show

digester, and the remaining 73% of the waste

is processed elsewhere in the recreaonal

network (see chapter 5.4).

Harvesng

Containers in 46 locaons make sure no one

has to walk more than 100 m to deposit their

organic waste. These containers are located

on empty plots, spacious streetscapes, and

mulfunconal areas (car parks, sports fields,

etcetera). Trees or other vegetaon is added on

these locaons to create a more appealing site,

than just a waste container. This will also help in

creang human comfort on locaon.

Transports

For the first transport an inlet port needs to

available at the site of the built unit with the

pre-treatment, storage and digester. The second

and final transport is feeding the electricity to

the exisng network, and using small electric

vehicles for distribuon the compost throughthe park using the park paths.

113



[F5.8]Theenergyproduconfromurbanorganicwasteprocessinthepark.

114



white, yellow, green, orange, red, brown and

black.

Urban park

All designable features of urban parks can be

found in the design of Lile Garyllis Performing

Park [F5.9].

Parking

There are five car parks available near the park.

Furthermore, it is custom in Cyprus to park

along streets were possible. Besides this there

is a possibility to park bikes near the digester,

where also a new locaon will be created

for ‘Nextbike bicycle rental’ which is already

available on several other locaons in Limassol.

Entries and paths

An ongoing 3.5 m wide path for pedestrians

and cyclists can be found in the park, with clear

entrances at significant locaon.

Acvies

Both intenonal and unintenonal acvies are

disnguished in the park.

Seang

At interesng locaons, such as treatment sites,

there is the opportunity to sit down. As Cypriots

like to eat together, also picknick tables will be

placed throughout the park.

Open water

In the case of this urban park, the Garyllis river

is the back-bone of the park. The riverbed is

designed with great care (see Appendix 5e-I for

slope types), because the river is not oen filled

with water. The outer bends are oen madeof cascading gabions, for: strength, character

(inspired by the terraced landscape), the idea of

a full river (because oen only a lile water is

running through there), and/or for seang.

Management+safety

Throughout the park lighng, railings and bins

can be found, where possible clustered (see

chapter 5.3). Also, three sanitary facilies are

located, including one at the site of the digester.

Vegetaon

The trees and shrubs used in the Lile Garyllis

Performing Park thrive on elevaons beneath

100 m and can already be found on the island

(besides some of the species in the biofilters).

The species in this park are chosen for one or

more specific roles they can play (see Appendix

5i-II). They can be posive for human comfort,have a role in filtering stormwater (with the

capacity to be able to survive very wet and very

dry seasons (Read et al., 2008), have aesthec

values, or help in telling a certain story. It is

noted that certain roles are only played in

certain seasons.

Furthermore, the trees and shrubs are chosen

for the flower and seed/fruit colour scheme of:

115



[F5.9]Theurbanparkfeatures.

116



The atmosphereFour atmospheric visualisaons will show how

the ambiance differs in the four sub-watersheds,

and therefore between the two river branches

[F5.10].

Sub-watershed 1

Through this sub-watershed the original Garyllis

river branch flows, therefore the atmosphere

is as natural as possible. Stones drape the

unnatural concrete base of the treatment

facility, and trees and bushes (mostly indigenous

or endemic) are mixed and scaered [F5.11].

Sub-watershed 2

This sub-watershed is located where the branch

was dug around 1900. For the atmosphere this

means that the design is slightly more raonal.

Concrete is used for the riverbed and pergolas

are used to neatly guide vegetaon (mostly

exoc, advenve or culvated) in narrow places

[F5.12].

Sub-watershed 3

The third sub-watershed is interesng, because

here the original and the manmade river

branches meet. Therefore, the atmosphere is

a mixed with, for example, raonal and freely

scaered vegetaon of all sorts (see chapter

5.3) [F5.13].

Sub-watershed 4

Finally, through the fourth sub-watershed

the original branch flows again, thus the

atmosphere becomes more natural again. Not

as natural as the first sub-watershed though,

because of the locaon near the cultural old

city centre. Therefore, vegetaon (mostly

indigenous or endemic) is spread more freely,

but the concrete base of the treatment facility

is not covered up, for example [F5.14].

117



118

[F5.10]LileGaryllisPerformingParkwiththelocaonsofthefouratmosphericvisualisaons.

FourFanariadetails



119

[F5.11]Thestormwatertreatmentfacilityinsub-watershed1,andthecurrentstateofthislocaon.

[F5.12]Theuseofpergolastocreateagreeneratmospherewherethereislilespaceinsubwatershed2,and

thecurrentstateofthislocaon.



120

[F5.13]Oneof thedetenon sitesof sub-watershed3which isamulfunconal footballeldwith seang

arrangement,andthecurrentstateofthislocaon.

[F5.14]Delayingthewater,forwhichthroughouttheparknaturalrocksareused,insub-watershed4,andthe

currentstateofthislocaon.



5.3 Four Fanaria

The experienceHopefully it is clear by now, the experience

is important in a performing urban park.

Therefore, this paragraph tells the stories of the

two processes, but rst some other elements

important for the experience are discussed.

The role of the paths

As menoned in chapter 1.2, paths areimportant for the experience as they navigate

people to certain parts of the park, for example

the Lile Garyllis Performing Park Infopoint and

sanitary facilies located in the energy building.

Throughout the park two types of paths can

be disnguished: one for both pedestrians and

cyclists, the other only for pedestrians.

The pedestrian and cycling paths

Throughout the park a 3.5 m wide loam path

is designed for pedestrians and cyclists to share

[F5.44]. This loam path becomes a woodenbridge crossing the treatment facility on an

even (ground) level [F5.45], with railings almost

everywhere because of the dangerous height

dierences [F5.46]. This wooden path allows

the pedestrians and cyclists on there to have

views from above into the treatment basins.

The pedestrian paths

There is also a loam pedestrian path with a

width of 2.5 m in the Four Fanaria area [F5.47].

This path runs parallel to the river on the

opposite site of the treatment facility, giving

the pedestrians the opportunity to experience

the river and to enjoy the view from along the

treatment facility.

To go into the second and third treatment basin,

wooden steps can be taken to go onto the

wooden 1.5 m wide pedestrian paths [F5.48],

these have railings when crossing the river and

at the steps [F5.49]. These wooden pedestrian

paths in the treatment basins makes the

experience of the biolter more intense, and

also the height dierences between the basins

can be experienced through the steps that haveto be taken [F5.24].

The role of the vegetaonThe vegetaon is of great importance in Lile

Garyllis Performing Park. As already menoned

in the previous chapter, species are chosen for a

certain role they play.

In the area of Four Fanaria these roles are as

following:

• Deciduous trees that provide shade in the

summer, but let sun through in the winter:

e.g. Gleditsia Triacanthos.

• Evergreen trees and shrubs that block

wind from the east, to create a more

pleasant me in the winter (the west is le

more open for free wind in the summer):

e.g. Juniperus phoenicea.

• Deciduous and evergreen trees and shrubs

that help to reduce air polluon, especially

along roadsides: e.g. Sambucus nigra.

• Trees and shrubs with aesthec values:

e.g. Albizia julibrissin for the owers, or

Vitex agnus-castus for the smell.• Trees and shrubs that tell a story, e.g.

Ficus carica telling there is water present,

the Citrus sinensis sharing something on

culture.

• And nally, a mix of species for the

ltering of the stormwater, e.g. Phragmites

Australis.

121

ThischapterzoomsinontheareaoftheFourFanariabridge [F5.15].LookingattheLileGaryllis

Performingparkonalargerscale,thisshowshowthecooperaonofthestormwaterharvesngand

re-use,andtheenergyproduconfromurbanorganicwasteprocessescanbeexperiencedinthe

designofthepark.



[F5.15]FourFanariabridge,thelocaonofthethirdtreatmentfacility.

122



The narratves of processes

First of all, this sub-paragraph shares the stories

of the two processes separately, and then how

they are consolidated in the design.

Stormwater harvesng and re-use

First the story of the stormwater harvesng and

re-use process is presented, starng with the

detenon site nearest to treatment facility 3.

Several schools are located in the Lile Garyllis

watershed, including the Technical School. Their

football field is used as detenon site in sub-

watershed 3 [F5.16].

[F5.16]The football field of the Technical School

funconingasadetenonsite.

[F5.17] Natural rocks delaying the water before

reachingtheweir.

[F5.18]Weirguidingthewater.

[F5.19]Waterenteringthetreatmentbasinthrougha

guer with ‘balements’.

[F5.20]Plantscleaningthewater.

[F5.21]Gravelshowinginvisibledrainage.

The experience of the detenon site is quite

simple when there is water in it, because it is

not possible to play football. When the water is

released from this detenon site, natural rocks

in the riverbed ensure that the water is slowed

down towards the weir [F5.17].

This can be experienced by hearing and seeing

the water. At the weir it is decided if water is

let into the treatment facility or if it should stay

in the riverbed and run towards the sea when

the capacity of the facility is reached [F5.18].

This is visible of course. When water enters the

treatment facility it runs through a guer with

‘balements’ [F5.19], because of the pressure

lile waterfall can be seen and heard. This water

flows through the plants where it disappears in

the filter [F5.20], but the plants can be seen

and smelled. For a beer experience, different

species are used within one treatment basin,

creang several more comprehensible sizes

‘fake’ basins of gabions within one treatmentbasin (see Appendix 4e-II)

The collecon of the treated stormwater cannot

be seen directly, but for the experience a strip of

gravel indicates where the drainpipes collecng

the water are located [F5.21].

123

This consecuon from guer to drainpipes is

repeated for the second and third treatment

basin. The drainpipes of the first basin deposit

the water into the guer of the second

treatment basin, and the drainpipes of the

second into the guer of the third [F5.22].

[F5.22] Water entering the nexttreatmentbasin’s

gue r.

This lile waterfall created can of course be

seen and heard. These three treatment basins

are necessary to have a large enough surface

for the water to be treated enough. Although

the Lile Garyllis watershed has a slope of 1%



[F5.23]Retainingthetreatedwater.

towards the sea, this means that quite some

height dierences are present [F5.24]. When

the treated water enters the retenon site

underneath the basins [F5.23] the story of

stormwater harvesng and re-use ends for now

[F5.25].

124



[F5.24]Seconofthethreetreatmentbasinsandtheirheightdierences.

A

125



[F5.25]Overviewofthestormwaterharvesng

andre-useprocess.

126

A’

A ’

A



With electric vehicles this waste is brought

to the inlet port at the back of the energy

building to be offl oaded [F5.27], because of the

orientaon of the building it’s backside can sll

be seen. Aer this, the urban organic waste is

pre-treated and stored for further use, which

can be seen behind the ‘beginning’ of the glass

façade of the energy building [F5.28].


The story of the process of energy producon

from urban organic waste is next. The urban

organic waste is harvested at mulple locaons

in the watershed [F5.26], which can be seen and

hopefully not smelled.

[F5.26]Urbanorganic wasteharvesngat anempty

plot.

[F5.27]Sustainablevehiclebringingtheurbanorganic

wastetotheenergybuilding,parkedintheinletport.

[F5.28] Pre-treatment and storage, which can be

seenthroughthe‘beginning’oftheglassfrontofthe

building.

[F5.29]Alsothedigesterwithinthebuildingcanbe

seen.

[F5.30] The turbine creang energy can againbe

seenworkinginthebuilding.

[F5.31]Atthe‘end’ofthebuildingtheotherproduct

ofthisprocess,compost,isstored.

Further along this glass façade the digester can

be seen [F5.29].

The biogas created during anaerobic digeson

is transformed into electricity by a turbine

behind the glass façade [F5.30], and the other

product – compost – is stored at the ‘end’ of

the glass façade [F5.31]. With this also the story


waste process ends for now [F5.32]. Maybe the

Technical School (see stormwater story) can

play a role in the management of the digester

and generator.

127



[F5.32]Overviewoftheenergyproduconfromurbanorganicwasteprocess.

128



Besides this direct link between the two

processes, there are other points of cooperaon.

In chapter 4.2 and chapter 4.3 it became

clear that the two processes could especially

cooperate in design when having a mutual

consumer: an urban park. The Lile Garyllis

Performing Park gives input for the waste to

energy process of course, but it also gets back

from both water and energy processes. Thetreated water can be retrieved at the energy

building by electric vehicles for irrigaon [F5.34],

because there is enough treated stormwater to

irrigate the enre park and to use otherwise

(Appendix 5c-II).

The cooperaon between the two processes

During the anaerobic digeson of the waste to

energy process 105 m3 water is needed per year,

and also the used water is discharged (Appendix

5c-II). The treated water from the water process

is suitable to use, therefore a visual water pipe

comes up from the retenon and enters the

digester [F5.33]. Also a pipe with used water

goes back to the first treatment basin to be

treated again.

[F5.34]Theuseofthetreatedwaterthroughelectric

vehiclesirrigangthepark.

[F5.35]Theuseofthecompostinthepark,distributed

byelectricvehicles.

[F5.36] Showing of electricity leaving the energy

building,byusingachainofLEDstotheparklighng

infrontoftheenergybuilding.

[F5.37] Emphasise on the presenceof water and

compostat theFour Fanarialocaon, bymore lush

floweringplantsinthispartofthepark.

[F5.33]The useofthe treatedwaterin theenergy

building,and thedischarge ofusedwaterinto the

treatmentfacility.

Of the electricity produced at the show digester

an amount of 17.4 MWh per year is used bythe digester itself (Appendix 5c-II). The rest of

the electricity could, for example, be used by

the menoned electric vehicles which will also

distribute the compost throughout the park

[F5.35].

These vehicles can of course be seen, but the

presence of water, electricity and compost can

also be experienced differently. The electricity

leaving the building can be seen at night, when

a large amount of LEDs in front of the energy

building show for what the electricity can be

used for: the park’s lighng [F5.36]. On the

remaining 39.36 MWh electricity of the show

digester, 27% of the lighng of the park could

work for a year (Appendix 5c-II).

The occurrence of water and compost can be

experienced by the choice of lush flowering

vegetaon at Four Fanaria [F5.37]. With this

the experience of the cooperaon between the

two processes, with the strengthening role ofan urban park, should be clear [F5.38].

129



[F5.38]Overviewofthecooperaonoftheprocesses,withtheurbanparkplayingthestrengtheningrole.

130



Experience the experienceThis paragraph gives a sneak preview on what

this experience looks like. Four visualisaons,

give an idea on how Lile Garyllis Performing

Park can be experienced every season. The

first visualisaon shows an overview of how it

looks when crossing the treatment site, at the

first treatment basin, on the pedestrian and

cycling path [F5.39]. The second visualisaon

visualises how pedestrians can see the river

and the energy building before going down into

the second treatment basin [F5.40]. The third

visualisaon demonstrates what pedestrians

can see when they have entered the third

treatment basin, walking between the plants of

the biofilter [F5.41]. The last visualisaon shares

the view when standing at the river and looking

at this third treatment basin, experiencing the

height differences [F5.42].

[F5.39]Crossingthefirstbasinofthe treatmentfacility,theloampedestrianandcyclingpathbecomesa woodenbridgeenablingan

overviewoveralltreatmentbasins.

131

SPRING

SUMMER



AUTUMN

WINTER

132



[F5.40]Thenorthernpedestrianbridgeallowspeoplewalkingalongthetreatmentsitetoenterthesecondtreatmentbasin,givingthema

viewoftheriverandtheenergybuilding.

SPRING

SUMMER

133



AUTUMN

WINTER

134



[F5.41]Forfullexperiencepedestrianscanenterthetwoofthreetreatmentbasins,givingthemthechancetowalkbetweentheplantsof

thebiolter.

SPRING

SUMMER

135



AUTUMN

WINTER

136



[F5.42]Sing(ongabionsteps)orwalkingalongtheriver(onthepedestrianpath)givestheopportunitytotakeintheviewfromalongthe

treatmentsite,experiencingtheheightdierences.

SPRING

SUMMER

137



AUTUMN

WINTER

138



Technical designThis paragraph gives some technical informaon,

like measurements and used materials [F5.43].

[F5.44]Seconofthepedestrianandcyclingpath,ofloam.

[F5.45]Seconofthepedestrianandcyclingpath,ofwoodwithoutrailings.

Paths

The technical details of the paths described in

the rst paragraph can be found here [F5.44]-

[F5.49].

pathwood:350cm

wood:250cmwearer:40cm

10cm 10cm

4 c

m

8 c

m

2 0 c

m

3 0 c

m

2 2 c

m

6 2 c

m

3 c

m

wearer:40cm

pathloam:350cm

loam:320cmconcrete:15cm concrete:15cm

4 5 c

m

1 5 c

m

3 0 c

m

ground level

ground level

A A’

B B’

139



[F5.43]Detailedmapoftheareaaroundtheenergybuilding.

140

A

A’

B

B’

C

C ’

D

D’

E

E ’

F

F ’

G

G’

H

H ’



[F5.46]Seconofthepedestrianandcyclingpath,ofwoodwithrailings.

141

pathwood:350cm

pole:7cm pole:7cm

rail:3cm

4 9 4 c

m

4 0 c

m

2 0 c

m

3 0 c

m

1 0 0 c

m

4 c

m

2 9 2 c

m

8 c

m

1 0 c

m

rail:3cm

ground level

C C’



[F5.47]Seconofthepedestrianpath,ofloam.

pathloam:250cm

loam:220cmconcrete:15cm concrete:15cm

3 0 c

m 1 0 c

m

2 0 c

m

concretewall:20cm

ground level

D D’

142



[F5.48]Seconofthepedestrianpath,ofwoodwithoutrailings.

pathwood:150cm

wood:100cmwearer:20cm

5cm

1 8 c

m

2 c

m

3 0 c

m

2 0 c

m

4 0 c

m

4 4 c

m

6 c

m 3 c

m

1 4 3 c

m

5cm

wearer:20cm

ground level

E E’

143



[F5.49]Seconofthepedestrianpath,ofwoodwithrailings.

pathwood:150cm

pole:7cm

rail:3cm rail:3cm

pole:7cm

1 0 c

m

3 1 3 c

m

2 1 3 c

m

1 0 0 c m

ground level

F F’

144



[F5.50]Seconshowingtherelaonshipbetweentheriverandthethirdtreatmentbasin.

Around the third basinSome technical details regarding the river, the

energy building, and some features located

around the third basin can be found here.

River

The river has cascading gabions on one side,

inspired by the Cypriot terraced landscape. The

other side is more natural [F5.50].

G

gabions:150cm

concrete:15cm

gabion:50cm gabi on:50cm gabion:50cm

3 9 0 c

m

1 5 0 c

m

1 5 0 c

m

4 0 c

m

2 0 c

m

3 0 c

m

145



riverbed:296cm slope:154cm basinborderconcrete:50cm

river:450cm

ground level

G’

146



[F5.51]Seconshowingtherelaonshipbetweentheenergybuildingandthethirdtreatmentbasin.

concrete:15cm

pathloam:220cm

concrete:15cm

6 9 0 c

m

3 0 c

m

6 0 c

m

5 0 c

m

2 5 0 c

m

3 0 0 c

m

H

147



basinborderconcrete:50cm

trimmedgrass:450cm

gravelwithdrainpipes:100cm

‘square’:700cm

concrete:10cm

ground level

Building

At the end of the third treatment basin

the energy building is posioned, with the

opportunity for seang in front of it [F5.51].

H’

148



[F5.52]Detailoftheroundbenchesinfrontoftheenergybuilding.

seangwood:300 cm

treecrown:500cm

3 3 c

m

2 5 0 c

m

5 0 0

c m

5 c

m

149



Some features

The seang in front of the energy building

[F5.52], and a cluster of fence, lighng and bin

is shared here [F5.53].

[F5.53]Detailoftheclusteringoffence,lighngandbin.

binmetal:40cm

lighngpo lemetal: 10cm

6 cm 6 cm

8 0 c

m

3 c

m

2 2 9 c

m

4 8 c

m

150



5.4 Limassol Network

Connecng pearlsThe somemes neglected pearls in and around

Limassol, menoned in chapter 3.5, will get

more aenon with the Limassol Network

connecng them with pedestrian and cycling

routes [F5.54]. The inhabitants and visitors of

Limassol can experience Limassol and its close

surroundings whilst walking and cycling. A great

opportunity for sightseeing, especially for the

tourists of the cruise ships entering the port ofLimassol or of other boats in the Old Harbour

(which are two of the pearls connected).

Type of routeThe network will consist of four dierent types

of routes. A pedestrian route in the Old City

Centre and of course in Lile Garyllis Performing

Park [F5.55], and three types of cycling routes

connecng the more scenical pearls [F5.56]-

[F5.58].

[F5.54]Fourtypesofroutesconnecngthepearls.

151

Inchapter5.1itbecameclearthatLileGaryllisPerformingParkshouldbepartofalargernetwork

ofwalkingandcyclingpaths.InthischapterthewesternpartofthislargerLimassolNetworkis

discussed.



[F5.55]Pedestrianrouteintheoldcitycentre,forexampleguidedbycolouredpavingstone.

[F5.56]Cyclingroutewithfasttraffic,forexampleguidedbycolouredpoles.

[F5.57]Cyclingroutealongsidefasttraffic,forexampleguidedbycolouredborder.

[F5.58]Solocyclingroute,forexampleguidedbycolouredsignsontrees.

152



[F5.59]Varietyofslopesanddistancestochoose.

Slopes and distancesIn Cyprus they are not very used to cycling yet.

To ensure that people know what they may

expect, routes can be planned with informaon

on the elevaons and distances [F5.59].

153



[F5.60]Locaonswithopportuniesfornewpearls,forexampleanenergyfarm.

New pearlsBesides connecng exisng pearls, there are

also opportunies for new pearls to develop

along the Limassol Network [F5.60]. In chapter

5.2 it becomes clear that the digester located

in the Lile Garyllis watershed will only process

27% of the watershed’s urban organic waste.

The remaining 73% of the waste can be digested

on a dierent locaon on the edge of the city:an urban organic waste farm.

When using an anaerobic digester, this new

pearl could produce biogas for 150.14 MWh

of electricity or 45,040.75 kg green gas from

the remaining 73% of the watershed’s urban

organic waste. When also the organic waste of

the rest of the households of Greater Limassol

would be processed 10.16 GWh electricity or

934,855.30 kg green gas could be produced in

total (Appendix 5c-III).

The park could of course use extra electricity

from this urban organic waste farm, as the

show digester cannot produce enough for all

the lighng and electric vehicles. But another

great consumer for the produced electricity of

green gas would be cars. The car-loving Cypriots

could easily drive electric or on green gas on

this (small) island, saving them 50% or more

of the costs (driving electric) than when using

petrol (Appendix 5c-III).

154



155



156



157



6.1 Discussion and conclusion

ResultsThe ndings of this design research are the

answer to the main research queson, as stated

in chapter 2.3:

To nd an answer toolboxes (as a result of

‘research for design’) were primarily developed

to design with (aer sieving). This rather linear

way of designing turned out to be insucient.

This rst sieve was unfruiul and designing withit impossible, although some interesng results

were found. The most pronounced ndings

where that: 1) not all design opons where

designable, and 2) there should be a common

consumer.

Although the rst sieving was not that fruiul

for design purposes, it was the way that needed

to be walked to come to the second round of

sieving. Learning once again that the design

process just is not linear, but iterave. For this

second sieving the urban park was chosen as

the main consumer for the product of both

processes, and design exploraons helped to

place and globally scale all designable features,

and make everything aesthecally appealing for

the experience in the park. Two major ndings

were done: 1) there was an order in placing and

globally scaling and shaping of the designable

features, and 2) funcon did slightly have a

upper hand over appearance. In the case of

Limassol (Cyprus), the placing and globally

scaling and shaping had the hierarchy of: rst

water, then waste to energy, and nally the

designable features of urban parks. The slopeon which Limassol is posioned had a role in

this, and making use of the natural ow of the

stormwater towards the sea. This also explains

the second point a lile of funcon having a

slight upper hand over appearance. In chapter

1.2 it is stated that there should be a joint eort

between funcon and appearance, and none

should prevail when designing a performing

urban landscape. But, the processes should

funcon for them to be experienced. When

dealing with gravity and limitated space, in the

case of Limassol, not a lot of funconal opons

were possible. Therefore, the funconality in

general should be correct before looking at the

aesthecs.

The aim of the toolboxes was that it would

be more replicable for other cies with

similar problems, but were not successful for

design purposes. The more fortunate design

exploraons are not as re-usable copy-paste,

but do give interesng results that can be used

when designing a performing urban park for

other urban areas. The nal design of Lile

Garyllis Performing Park, shared in Part 5, is an

example of how a not yet exisng performing

urban park would funcon and look like.

RelevanceThe knowledge gap described in chapter 2.1,

discusses the only three aempts to design

with the concept of urban metabolism. They are

all very technical though, including buildings,

transportaon and energy systems. None of

these aempts used green infrastructure as

a means to change the metabolism. It seems

urban metabolism is seen as a technical topic, as

mainly students of technical disciplines engage

in it. But, it seems that landscape architects are

able to play a signicant role in changing the

urban metabolism, especially when landscape is

also used for creang environmental awareness.

LimitaonsEvery research has its limitaons, and this

design research certainly has some as well.

The rst limitaon discussed here is, is the use

of the toolboxes. Although the results of the rst

sieve could be used during the second sieve,

the toolboxes used up a lot of precious me.

Especially, in coming up with an alternave to

be able to design anyway. Furthermore what

was seen as the most extensive scale level in thetoolboxes, watershed level, is actually not that

extensive. When designing a sustainable city,

one watershed will not do the trick. However,

a beginning was made with the Lile Garyllis

By discussing the results and giving the nal conclusion this thesis will come to an end.

What are the characteriscs of designing a

performing urban landscape that:

1. plays a strengthening role in the

cooperaon of the stormwater re-use

and urban organic waste to energy

processes to close city cycles,

and

2. is simultaneously a medium for

creang environmental awareness?

158



watershed, creang a seng people can get

used to.

The third limitaon involves the way the

analyses were conducted. The analyses were

inially executed to sieve the toolboxes. During

the use of the analyses in the design exploraon

some were found insucient. The stay in Cyprus

would have been organised dierently knowingdesign exploraons would be necessary to

come up with a design, and maybe a second

visit would have been wise. Also, the original

idea was to sieve the toolboxes for both the

cies Limassol as Nicosia, to be able to compare

the results. In the end, this was labour intensive

and a lot of analyses conducted for Nicosia

were le unused. The me and eort spend on

Nicosia could have been spent on the analyses

of Limassol, or on the design. Further idened

limitaons in the analyses were, for example,

the chance the quesonnaires and interviews

were biased through the use of snowballing

and probably because of social desirability.

Also, the interviews were not really structured,

and therefore hard to compare. Furthermore,

residents should have played a larger role in

the analyses, for example during the SWOT.

Now the SWOT is based on the opinion of the

researchers, but to ensure acceptance it would

have been beer to consult the residents for

their opinions. They are the ones that should

use the park, and therefore be content with the

design.

The last limitaon shared here is the one of

‘success’. The Lile Garyllis Performing Park

should both close city cycles and therefore

make a start in changing the metabolism,

as well as create environmental awareness.

The changed metabolism’s, in this case the

cooperaon of two processes, success rate

can be calculated according to the design

on paper. With a unexecuted design its

success can sll be determined. This is not

the case for documenng the eects on

people’s environmental awareness. It does

not seem possible to esmate the impact on

environmental awareness with only a design on

paper.

Recommendaons for furtherresearchSurely a lot more research needs to be done in

creang a circular metabolism, and especially in

how the landscape can be a medium for creang

environmental awareness. It would be very

interesng if a city would develop and create a

performing urban landscape, and a longitudinal

‘research on design’ could be conducted. Thisseems the only way the ‘landscape as medium’

part can be assessed.

Final wordsThe amount of people living in cies will almost

double between now and 2050. It is of utmost

importance to make urban areas and the people

living in them more sustainable. In this thesis

the increasing role of the landscape architect

in urban design has been outlined. Is the de

turning, will landscape architects be the most

important players in designing cies? One thingshould be clear by now: when a performing

urban landscape needs to be designed,

the interdisciplinary landscape architect is

indispensable.

159



160



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• Adapted from Van Ruijven, 2010

• Adapted from Peel, Finlayson & McMahou, 2007

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All/43CA34467BC412EAC2256FB3003528 7E/$le/GeologicalMapOfCyprus_250k_

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• Adapted from hp://www.cyprusgeology.org/english/images/2_F12.htm

• Derived from hp://www.picstopin.com/2093/pinus-nigra-j-f-arnold-subsp-pallasiana-

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%7Cfoto%7C TSB62422*jpg/

• Derived from hp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Juniperus_foedissima,_

Alada%C4%9Flar_Mountains_1.jpg

• Derived from hp://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B-

B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%

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• Derived from hp://www.moa.gov.cy/moa/fd/fd.nsf/All/88FD99B0E2B20D9FC22577A700351C18 ?OpenDocument

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html

• Derived from hp://www.natureofcyprus.org/detailinfo.aspx?cid=5&recid=205&rowid=51&

• rowcount=1&pageindex=10&pagesize=5

• Derived from hp://www.panoramio.com/photo/2645774

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• Derived from hp://www.teline.fr/eng/Photographs/All-Families/Rhamnaceae/Ziziphus-lotus

• Derived from hp://www.panoramio.com/photo/55013220\

• Derived from hp://www.west-crete.com/dailypics/crete-2010/4-25-10.php

• Derived from hp://geordstoree.com/photos/trees-hedgerows-foliage/

• Derived from hp://www.visoora.com/photos-nature/photo-mon-guier-cus-carica.html

• Derived from hp://www.wellgrowhor.com/Page/LandscapePlants/ShrubImageList/

Shrub%20Images%20N.htm

• Derived from hp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Phragmites_australis-2009_09_09_01.

JPG

• Derived from hp://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cichorium_spinosum

• Derived from hp://www.biolib.cz/en/image/id179640/

• Derived from hp://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamarisken

• Derived from hp://ora.huji.ac.il/browse.asp?lang=en&acon=thread&t=1329

• Derived from hp://www.visoora.com/photos-nature/photo-obione-faux-pourpier-1-

halimione-po.html• Derived from hp://www.teline.fr/eng/Photographs/All-Families/Amaranthaceae/

Arthrocnemum-macrostachyum

• Derived from hp://www.riomoros.com/2012/11/la-bufalaga-thymelaea-hirsuta.html

• Derived from hp://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halocnemum_strobilaceum

161



• Adapted from hp://www.moa.gov.cy/moa/wdd/wdd.nsf/all/

BC9D5276341051AFC2257987002F1BDE/$le/Ekthesi_prosdiorismou.pdf?openelement

• Adapted from hp://www.moa.gov.cy/moa/wdd/wdd.nsf/all/BC9D5276341051AFC2257987002F1BDE/$le/Ekthesi_prosdiorismou.pdf?openelement

• Derived from hp://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/newcaledonia/image/1643_34.jpg

• Derived from hp://www.cybarco.com/uploads/images/3t3n6.jpg

• Adapted from WDD, 2002

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Iacovides_I.-The_Cyprus_experience_in_planning_water_resources_management-Past_and_

future.pdf

• Derived from hp://www.greendot.com.cy/cmslikethis/uploadedContent/downloadsFiles/

InformaveBooklet(Limassol)1304600004.pdf


• Derived from hp://kibrisdogusinsaat.com/tr/dogus-insaat-neden-guzelyurt-

• Derived from hp://cyprusbirdingtours.com/birdwatching-in-cyprus/passage-migrants/

• Derived from hp://andydyke.wordpress.com/2010/01/09/a-few-days-away/

• Derived from hp://www.aloizou.com.cy/newsleer/Issue57July2014.htm

• Derived from hp://www.panoramio.com/user/2115910?with_photo_id=23760330


• Derived from Limassol Municipality, n.d. b

• Adapted from Braeres et al., 2008

• Derived from De urbanisten, n.d.

• Adapted from Swillgasser, n.d.

• Adapted from hp://www.bronot.nl/images/opbrengstschema-biogas.jpg

• Adapted from Van de Wetering, 2007

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APPENDICES

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Content

In the text references to a certain appendix are given as: Appendix 2e-I. The rst number tells to which part

the appendix belongs, the following leer shares the category, and the roman number on the end tells

which appendix it is within the category.

Part 1c Calculaons I Calculaons chapter 1.3

Part 2e Extra informaon I Methods, techniques and taccs

Part 3

c Calculaons I Calculaons chapter 3.3

II Calculaons chapter 3.5

III Calculaons chapter 3.8

e Extra informaon I Suitability study

II SWOT analysis

i Interviews I Characteriscs

II Transcript Andreou

II Transcript Constandinides

IV Transcript Francis

V Transcript GreenDot

VI Transcript Hadjipanagi

VII Transcript Hellicar

VIII Transcript Kordatos

IX Transcript Nicolaidou

X Transcript Panayiotou

XI Transcript Sergides

XII Transcript TerraCypria

XIII Transcript The Cyprus Instute

XIV Transcript Theopemptou

XV Codebook

XVI Results per category

q Quesonnaire I Characteriscs

II Single results

III Cross results

s Stascs I Cyprus

II The Netherlands

Part 4

c Calculaons I Calculaons chapter 4.4

e Extra informaon I Design exploraons Lile Garyllis scale level

177

179

183

185

191

193

196

197

206

211

221

222

223

226

229

233

236

238

240

241

242

244

246

247

254

258

272

277

283

293

305

307

309

310

175



II Design exploraons Four Fanaria scale level

i Interviews

I Transcript Achterkamp

Part 5c Calculaons I Calculaons chapter 5.2



e Extra informaon I Slope types

II Vegetaon list

313

316

319

321

322

324

326

327

176



177



PART 1

178



I Calculaons chapter 1.3

1.PercentageorganicwasteintheNetherlands

2.Thedierentamountsofmaintenanceoutputofvegetaon

1. Percentage organic waste in the Netherlands

2. The dierent amounts of maintenance output of vegetaon

c Calculations

Amount of organic waste in kg = 2,706,000,000 (1) = 30%

Amount of waste in kg 9,043,000,000 (2)

(1) = (Platform Groene Grondstoffen, 2007; CBS, 2013a)

(2) = (CBS, 2013a)

Type of

vegetation% dry matter Citations / Calculations

kg dry

matter / ha /

year

kg / ha /

year

kg / m2 /

year

Wood (1) (2) between

35% and 58%

(2, p.23) "Tolkamp et al. (2006) geven een

variatie aan voor de bossen van

Staatsbosbeheer van de bijgroei van

spilhout van gemiddeld 3,2 tot 9,6

m3/ha/jaar, met een gemiddelde van 7,5

m3/ha/jaar. De gemiddelde bijgroei van

spilhout voro het totale Nederlandse bos

bedraagt volgens de houtoogststatistiek

(Dirkse, 2006) ca. 8 m3/ha/jaar, maar

daarin zijn een aantal minder productieve

bosvormen niet opgenomen. Als we

uitgaan van deze gemiddelde bijgroei van

spilhout van 7,5 m3/ha/jaar (waarbij

Staatsboshebeer als representatief voor

het Nederlandse bos (incl. areaaltoename

tot 2020) bijna 2,7 miljoen m3 spilhout

per jaar. Een m3 hout bevat gemiddeld0,52 ton ds (droge stof) biomassa, zodat

de biomassabijgroei ca. 1,4 miljoen ton

ds spilhout per jaar bedraagt."

(Calculation: 1,400,000 * 7.5 / 2,700,000

= 3,889)

3,889 between

6,705 and

16,506

between 0.67

and 1.65

(2, p.23) "De productie van hout uit

landschapselementen (spilhout en taken

tophout) wordt geschat op 8 m2/ha/jaar

(bijgroeigegevens Staatsbosbeheer naar

Tolkamp et al, 2004). De totale productie

bedraagt daarmee ca. 76.500 m3/jaar,ofwel ca. 40.000 ton ds biomassa per

jaar." (Calculation: 40.000 * 8 / 76.500 =

4.183)

4,183

179



Grass (5) (6)

between 20%

and 40%

(1, p.14) "De spreiding van biomassa van

graslanden met een natuurdoelstelling

varieert hier van 1-5 ton droge stof per

hectare. Dit wordt ondermeer bevestigd

door Vermeer (1985) en het

begrazingsmodel van Lotz en Poortier

(1983) gepubliceerd in Beije et al. (1994).

De jaarlijkse opbrengst van maaisel van

natuurlijk beheerde graslanden en

bermen wordt geschat op resp. 2 en 5

ton droge stof per ha per jaar in Kuiper

en Caron (2003). Uit uitgebreid Vlaams

onderzoek (Anonimus, 1998) blijkt dat de

biomassaproductie van grassen in

bermen varieert tussen de 3 en 8 ton

droge stof per ha (zie tabel 3)."

between

1,000 and

8,000

between

2,500 and

40,000

between 0.25

and 4

(2, p.29) "Waneer wordt gestopt metbemesting en er een beheer van maaien

en afvoeren wordt toegepast, daalt die

productie en kan afnemen tot 1 tot 5 ton

ds per ha per jaar (verschillende bronnen

in Tolkamp et al, 2006), afhankelijk van

het bodemtype. De totale en gemiddelde

productie van de graslanden is door

Tolkamp et al. berekend op 5,2 ton ds

biomassa per ha per jaar."

between1,000 and

5,200

Reed (4) can be

35%, but not

stated as

‘truth’

(1, p.14) "Afhankelijk van het toegepaste

beheer (plantdichtheid, nat of droof

branden), aantastingen door insecten en

de uitputting van nutriënten bedraagt de

bovengrondse biomassaproductie 5.5 -

17.5 ton/ha/jr (Van der Toorn, 1982;

Mook, 1982). Echter volgens de meeste

onderzoekers op het gebied van riet is

het onwaarschijnlijk dat de oogstbare

hoeveelheid aan biomassa beduidend

hoger zal liggen dan 10 ton ds/ha/jaar

(NRLO, 1982)."

between

5,500 and

17,500

between

14,286 and

71,429

between 1.43

and 7.14

(2, p.28) "Het productieniveau van riet van

productierietland wordt geschat op 6,6

ton ds biomassa per ha per jaar

(gegevens Tolkamp et al, 2006)."

6,600

(3) (Calculation: 121433000 (98.075 ton

ds spilhout + 23.358 ton ds takhout) /

23131 (ha bos met een oppervlakte van

kleiner dan 0,5 ha) = 5250)

5,250

(3) (Calculation: 17996000 (9.906 ton ds

spilhout + 8.090 ton ds hakhout en

struiken) / 3115 (ha houtwal) = 5777)

5,777

180



Heather No data

found,

estimation of

40% is used

(heather is

dry plant)

(1, p.24) "De gemiddelde jaarlijkse

drogestof opbrengst van heide binnen de

doeltypen varieert van 2.6 ton

(ds/ha/jaar) voor heide in duinvalleien tot

9 ton voor het doeltype “Open water

multifunctioneel”."

between

2,600 and

9,000

between

1,250 and

22,500

between 0.13

and 2.25

(2, p.31) "De jaarlijkse productie van een

hectare heide is sterk afhankelijk van het

stadium waarin de heide zich bevindt. De

bovengrondse bijgroei van biomassa

bedraagt, afhankelijk van de bodem en

het ontwikkelingsstadium van de heide

0,5 - 5 ton ds biomassa per jaar. Tolkamp

et al (2006) schatten de

biomassaproductie op gemiddeld 2,15

ton ds biomassa per ha per jaar op basis

van Diemont (1997)."

between 500

and 5,000

(3, p.72) "Op basis van de aanname dat

50% heide is vergraste en 50% niet is

vergraste velden gaat met een

gemiddelde droge-stof-opbrengst van 3,2

ton ds/ha/jaar."

3,2

(1) = (Tolkamp et al., 2006)

(2) = (Spijker et al., 2007)

(3) = (De Vries et al., 2008)

(4) = (Daatselaar, Hoogendam & Poppe, 2009)

(5) = (Klein Teeselink, n.d.)

(6) = (Anonymous, n.d.)

(4, p.18) "Grandiek et al (2007) en De Blaeij

en Reinhard (2008) gaan uit van een

opbrengst van 25 ton droge stof per ha

per jaar, wat nogal hoog is vergeleken

met buitenlandse bronnen: Hansson en

Fredriksson (2004) gaan uit van 10 ton

droge stof per ha, en ook andere

buitenlandse bronnen noemenopbrengsten in een range van 10 tot 15

ton. Ook Van Herk en Koning (2009)

noemen opbrengsten van 5 tot 15 ton

droge stof per hectare."

between

5,000 and

25,000

181



182



183



184

PART 2



185

I Methods, techniques and taccs

e Extra information

Method, techniques and taccSub research queson Strategy

What are the cooperaon potenals

for the stormwater re-use and urban

organic waste to energy processes?

What design opons can be

disnguished for every step in the

stormwater re-use process?

LITERATURE STUDY

Collecon techniques:

arcles, scienc books, researches, websites

Collecon taccs:

scienc databases, Google

Analysis techniques:

skimming/scanning, reading thoroughly and marking usable

parts, making literature tree

Analysis taccs:

hardcopy versions and marker

Reference study: LITERATURE STUDY


websites

Collecon taccs:

Google




Analysis taccs:


Reference study: FIELDWORK

Collecon techniques:satellite images, observaons and taking pictures on site

Collecon taccs:

Google Earth, senses and camera


matrix comparing design features in Dutch cies with the

cies of interest

Analysis taccs:

paper and pens

Reference study: INTERVIEW


open-ended, unstructured

Collecon taccs:in person: notes, email: text (tables)



parts

Analysis taccs:


LITERATURE STUDY



Collecon taccs:


Analysis techniques:skimming/scanning, reading thoroughly and marking usable


Analysis taccs:


Qualitave

Qualitave

Qualitave

Qualitave

Qualitave



186

What design opons can be

disnguished for every step in the

urban organic waste to energy

process?



websites

Collecon taccs:

Google




Analysis taccs:hardcopy versions and marker


Collecon techniques:websites

Collecon taccs:

Google




Analysis taccs:




satellite images, observaons and taking pictures on site

Collecon taccs:




cies of interest

Analysis taccs:

paper and pens




Collecon taccs:Google Earth, senses and camera



cies of interest

Analysis taccs:

paper and pens

LITERATURE STUDY



Collecon taccs:





Analysis taccs:


Qualitave

Qualitave

Qualitave

Qualitave

Qualitave

Reference study: INTERVIEW



Collecon taccs:

in person: notes, email: text (tables)

Analysis techniques:skimming/scanning, reading thoroughly and marking usable

parts

Analysis taccs:


Qualitave



187

How can these design opons per

process step be applied in the design

of a performing urban landscape`in

Limassol?

Landscape and urban analysis: LITERATURE STUDY


arcles, books, researches, websites

Collecon taccs:

scienc databases, Google, contact persons


skimming/scanning, reading thoroughly and marking usableparts, making literature tree

Analysis taccs:


Landscape and urban analysis: MAP STUDY


websites, hardcopy

Collecon taccs:

Google (Earth), contact persons


lisng and visualising relaons (using integrated model of

Duchhart)

Analysis taccs:paper and pens, computer program: Illustrator

Landscape and urban analysis: FIELDWORK



Collecon taccs:



matrix comparing found data from literature and maps with

reality (geng feeling for the island)

Analysis taccs:

paper and pens

Landscape and urban analysis: STATISTICAL STUDY


arcles, websites, hardcopy

Collecon taccs:

scienc databases, stascal databases, contact persons


calculang needed informaon

Analysis taccs:

paper and pens, computer program: Excel

Landscape and urban analysis: INTERVIEWS


open-ended, unstructuredCollecon taccs:

in person: notes or recorded, email: text (maps, tables)


coding transcripts

Analysis taccs:

computer program: Word (digital marking)

Qualitave

Qualitave

Qualitave

Quantave

Qualitave

Landscape and urban analysis: QUESTIONNAIRES (only

urban)


Closed, structured (in English and Greek)

Collecon taccs:

Online (Qualtrics) via snowballingAnalysis techniques:

single results and cross tables

Analysis taccs:

Computer program: SPSS

Quantave



188

Suitability study: LITERATURE STUDY


arcles

Collecon taccs:

scienc databases, contact persons


skimming/scanning, reading thoroughly and marking usableparts, making literature tree

Analysis taccs:


Suitability study: MAP STUDY


already collected

Collecon taccs:

already collected


lisng and visualising relaons

Analysis taccs:

paper and pens, computer program: Illustrator

Watershed analysis: LITERATURE STUDY


arcles, websites

Collecon taccs:

Google




Analysis taccs:


Watershed analysis: MAP STUDYCollecon techniques:

already collected

Collecon taccs:

already collected



Analysis taccs:

paper and pens, computer program: Illustrator

Watershed analysis: FIELDWORK



Collecon taccs:Google Earth, senses and camera


matrix comparing found data from literature and maps with

reality (geng feeling for the watershed)

Analysis taccs:

paper and pens

Qualitave

Qualitave

Qualitave

Qualitave

Qualitave

Watershed analysis: REFERENCE STUDY


website

Collecon taccs:

Google

Analysis techniques:reality check, matrix with (un)usable design features

Analysis taccs:

paper and pens

Qualitave



189

Watershed analysis: STATISTICAL STUDY


arcles, websites, hardcopy

Collecon taccs:

stascal databases, contact persons


calculang needed informaon

Analysis taccs:

paper and pens, computer program: Excel

Watershed analysis: INTERVIEWS



Collecon taccs:

in person: notes or recorded, email: text (maps, tables)


coding transcripts

Analysis taccs:

computer program: Word (digital marking)

SWOT analysis: FIELDWORK

Collecon techniques:satellite images, notes observaons and taking pictures on

site

Collecon taccs:

Google Earth, paper and pens, senses and camera



Analysis taccs:

computer program: Illustrator

Form analysis: FIELDWORK



Collecon taccs:Google Earth, paper and pens, senses and camera


lisng and visualising shapes

Analysis taccs:

paper and pens

Quantave

Qualitave

Qualitave

Qualitave



190



191



192

PART 3




1.Wateruseperinhabitant

2.Waterpriceperm3

3.ThestormwaterpotenalCyprus

4.Electricityuseperinhabitant

5.ElectricitypriceperkWh

6.TheorganicwastepotenalCyprus

1. Water use per inhabitant

2. Water price per m3

c Calculations

The Netherlands

2003 2007 2011

Total water use households in m3 (1) 815,400,000 789,400,000 783,000,000

Number of inhabitants (2) 16,192,572 16,357,992 16,655,799

Water use in m3 / person / year 50.36 48.26 47.01

Water use in L / person / day 138 132 129

Cyprus

2003 2007 2011

Total water use households in m3 (3) 65,800,000 73,900,000 80,600,000

Number of inhabitants (3) 722,900 776,400 862,000

Water use in m3 / person / year 91.02 95.18 93.50

Water use in L / person / day 249 261 256

(1) = (CBS, 2013b)

(2) = (CBS, 2013c)

(3) = (Appendix 3s-I)

The Netherlands

2003 2007 2011

Amount of water in m3 (1) 138 81 54

Total costs in € (1) 173.35 100.11 66.60

Price in € / m3 1.26 1.24 1.23

Cyprus

2003 2007 2011

Variable costs in € / m3 (2) 0.17-0.31 0.19-0.34 0.48-0.77

Price in € / m3 0.24 0.27 0.62

(1) = (Appendix 3s-II)


193



3. The stormwater potenal Cyprus

4. Electricity use per inhabitant

5. Electricity price per kWh

m3

Amount of stormwater lost to the sea in m3 48,000,000

Amount of water used by households for irrigating garden (= 14%) (1) (2) 9,212,000

Amount of water used by households for cleaning outdoor (= 9%) (1) (2) 5,922,000

Amount of water used by households for flushing the toilet (=28%) (1) (2) 18,424,000

Stormwater excess 14,442,000

(1) = (WDD, 2002)


The Netherlands

2003 2007 2011

Total electricity use households in kWh (1) 23,300,000,000 24,261,000,000 23,628,000,000

Number of inhabitants (2) 16,192,572 16,357,992 16,655,799

Electricity use in kWh / person / year 1,438.9 1,483.1 1,418.6

Electricity use in kWh / person / day 3.9 4.1 3.9

Cyprus

2003 2007 2011

Total electricity use households in kWh (3) 1,295,000,000 1,608,000,000 1,723,000,000

Number of inhabitants (4) 722,900 776,400 862,000

Electricity use in kWh / person / year 1,791.4 2,071.1 1,998.8

Electricity use in kWh / person / day 4.9 5.7 5.5

(1) = (CBS, 2013d)

(2) = (CBS, 2013c)

(3) = (IEA, n.d. a; IEA, n.d. b; IEA, n.d. c)


The Netherlands

2003 2007 2011

Costs in € / kWh first period (1) 0.1758 0.2180 0.1740

Costs in € / kWh second period (1) 0.1781 : 0.1838

Price in € / kWh 0.18 0.22 0.17

Cyprus

2003 2007 2011

Costs in € / kWh first period (2) 0.1052 0.1376 0.2050

Costs in € / kWh second period (2) 0.1098 0.1339 0.2413

Price in € / kWh 0.11 0.14 0.22

(1) = (Appendix 3s-II)


194



6. The organic waste potenal Cyprus

Total amount of municipal waste (2007) 512,190,000

Amount of organic waste (2007) in kg (1) 221,310,000 = 43%

Electricity yield in kWh (2) 44,262,000

CO2 emissions in grams / fossil fuel kWh (3) 893CO2 emissions in grams / biomass kWh (4) 47

Fossil fuel Biomass

CO2 emissions 44,620,000 kWh in kg 39,525,966 2,080,314

CO2 emissions saved in kg 37,445,652

in kg

Total amount of municipal waste (2007) 512,190,000

Amount of organic municipal waste from food residues (39%) 199,754,100

Amount of organic municipal waste from yard trimmings (14%) 71,706,600 = 53%Total amount of organic municipal waste 271,460,700


(2) = infobox 1.2

(3) = (Fridleifsson et al., 2008)

(4) = It is often said that biomass energy production is carbon-neutral, but this does not

seem correct (Perry, Klmes & Bulatov, 2008). In The UK carbon footprints of biomass

energy production are found. These depends on the type of biomass used: “5

gCO2/kWh for high-density wood gasification to 93 gCO2/kWh for combustion of low-

density miscantus” (Perry, Klemes & Bulatov, 2008, p.1491). Because organic waste is

composed from different types of biomass, the average is taken (of the found 5 and

93) of 47 grams of CO2 carbon footprint for biomass energy production.

195




1. Organic household waste potenal Limassol

2007

Amount of inhabitants Cyprus (1) 776,400

Amount of inhabitants Limassol (1) 180,000 = 22%

Total amount of municipal organic waste in kg (1) 221,310,000

Amount of municipal organic waste Limassol in kg 48,688,200

2011

Amount of inhabitants Limassol (1) 180,000

Number of people in one household (1) 2.76

Number of households 65,217.4

Amount of organic waste / household / year (2) 780

Amount of organic waste Limassol in kg 50,869,565

Total amoung of organic waste Limassol in kg 50,000,000

Electricity yield in kWh (3) 10.000.000


(2) = infobox 3.2 (15 kg per week is used for cities, instead of the 20 kg per

week for rural areas)

(3) = infobox 1.2

196




1.GaryllisandPedieosmicro-watershedreportMarinosEliades,TheCyprusInstute

2.LileGarylliswatershed:recalculatedruno

3.LileGarylliswatershed:recalculatedpeakflow

4.LileGarylliswatershed:urbanorganicwaste

1. Garyllis and Pedieos micro-watershed report Marinos Eliades, The Cyprus Instute

197



198



199



200



201



202



2. Lile Garyllis watershed: recalculated runo

Minimum runoff per month

Month Precipitation in mm Runoff in mm Runoff in m3

January 9.4 4.64 4,977.78

February 12.1 3.52 3,776.25

March 0 0 0

April 0 0 0

May 0 0 0

June 0 0 0

July 0 0 0

August 0 0 0

September 0 0 0

October 0 0 0

November 0 0 0

December 8.4 2 2,145.60

TOTAL 29.9 10.16 10,899.63

Mean runoff per month


January 83.76 51.82 55,592.41

February 72.43 44.05 47,256.77

March 41.09 23.59 25,307.31

April 15.99 7.58 8,131.81

May 5.64 2.561 2,747.44

June 0.59 0.23 246.74

July 0.67 0.42 450.58

August 0 0 0September 2.27 1.32 1,416.09

October 21.23 12.61 13,527.99

November 56.33 36.91 39,596.99

December 88.08 57.41 61,589.35

TOTAL 388.08 238.50 255,862.39

Maximum runoff per month


January 277.9 184.96 198,424.77

February 161 103.2 110,712.78March 172.8 116.96 125,474.49

April 60.4 37.76 40,508.86

May 33.7 18.24 19,567.84

June 7.1 3.92 4,205.37

July 18.3 13.04 13,989.29

August 0 0 0

September 30.3 18.64 19,996.96

October 97.1 70.32 75,439.18

November 237.4 170.72 183,148.13

December 278.1 192.08 206,063.10

TOTAL 1374.10 929.84 997,530.77

Runoff in m3 Runoff in mm * surface of 1,072,798.3 / 1000

203



3. Lile Garyllis watershed: recalculated peak ow

Little Garyllis watershed: recalculated peak flow

Amount of

precipitation

in mm / day

80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92

2 - 9.9 34 27 30 33 24 21 26 24 38 18 12 23 14

10 - 17.9 5 13 3 9 9 10 8 8 8 5 5 13 9

18 - 25.9 4 7 4 3 4 2 2 3 7 3 2 3 0

26 - 33.9 0 2 0 1 3 0 0 5 2 0 1 6 1

34 - 41.9 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 1

42 - 49.9 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2

50 - 57.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

58 - 65.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

66 - 73.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

74 - 81.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

# of days 44 50 37 47 40 34 36 43 55 28 21 45 27

93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05

2 - 9.9 15 27 18 27 25 32 21 23 28 26 26 18 20

10 - 17.9 8 5 7 6 7 8 2 7 8 7 7 11 6

18 - 25.9 1 1 0 1 4 2 2 2 2 1 5 5 4

26 - 33.9 0 4 2 1 0 0 0 2 3 0 0 0 1

34 - 41.9 0 3 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 3 0

42 - 49.9 0 3 0 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

50 - 57.9 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

58 - 65.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

66 - 73.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

74 - 81.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

# of days 25 43 27 40 36 43 26 36 42 35 39 37 31

06 07 08 09 2010

2 - 9.9 23 16 15 18 16

10 - 17.9 5 10 3 11 3

18 - 25.9 0 4 1 5 0

26 - 33.9 0 2 0 1 1

34 - 41.9 1 1 1 2 0

42 - 49.9 0 0 0 2 0

50 - 57.9 0 0 0 0 0

58 - 65.9 0 0 0 0 1

66 - 73.9 0 0 0 0 1

74 - 81.9 0 0 0 0 0

# of days 29 33 20 39 22

0.03

0.03

5

1

1

1

# of daysMean # of

days

0.45

0.16

0.03

23.16

7.29

2.71

1.23

0.71

718

226

84

38

22

14

204



4. Lile Garyllis watershed: urban organic waste

Households

Estimate of acreage municipality Limassol in km 34

Amount of inhabitants municipality Limassol (1) 101,000

Estimate of acreage Little Garyllis in km 1.07

Amount of inhabitants Little Garyllis 3,179

Amount of inhabitants Little Garyllis 3,179


Number of households 1152


Amount of household organic waste Little Garyllis in kg 897,413

Biogas yield in m3 (3) 89,741Electricity yield in kWh (3) 179,482

Vegetation maintenance

Estimate of acreage park in m2 89,285

Wood 25% (1.16 kg / m2) (4) 25,893

Grass 25% (2.13 kg /m2) (4) 47,544

Reed 25% (4.29 kg / m2) (4) 95,758

Heather 25% (1.19 kg / m2) (4) 26,562

Amount of vegetation output Little Garyllis Park 195,757

Biogas yield in m3 (3) 13,708

Electricity yield in kWh (3) 27,417

Empty plots

Estimate of acreage empty plots in m2 43,750

Wood 25% (1.16 kg / m2) (4) 12,688

Grass 25% (2.13 kg /m2) (4) 23,297

Reed 25% (4.29 kg / m2) (4) 46,922

Heather 25% (1.19 kg / m2) (4) 13,016

Amount of vegetation output 95,922

Biogas yield in m3 (3) 6,717

Electricity yield in kWh (3) 13,434

205



I Suitability study

Table: suitability of steps in a certain urban landscape unit

Table: objecve suitability

WATER

Harvesting Detention Treatment Retention

Urban

Building density Low * *** *** ***

Medium ** ** ** **

High *** * * *

Vegetation Line ** ** * *

Square *** *** *** ***

Street *** ** ** **

Peri

Agriculture * * * *

Other *** *** *** ***Water

Waterbed *** *** * *

Waterbank *** *** *** ***

ENERGY

Urban organic waste

availability Storage Pre-treatment Digester

Urban

Building density Low * *** *** ***

Medium ** ** ** **

High *** * * *

Vegetation Line *** - - -

Square *** *** *** ***Street - - - -

Peri

Agriculture * * * *

Other * *** *** ***

Water

Waterbed ** - - -

Waterbank *** *** *** ***

WATER

Harvesting Detention Treatment Retention

Vegetation - square *** *** *** ***

Peri-urban - other *** *** *** ***

Waterbank *** *** *** ***

Street *** ** ** **

Building density - medium ** ** ** **

Waterbed *** *** * *

Building density - low * *** *** ***Vegetation - line ** ** * *

Building density - high *** * * *

Peri-urban - agriculture * * * *

e Extra information

206



Table: subjecve suitability

ENERGY

Urban

organic waste

availability

Storage Pre-treatment Digester

Vegetation - square *** *** *** ***

Waterbank *** *** *** ***Building density - medium ** ** ** **

Building density - low * *** *** ***

Peri-urban - other * *** *** ***

Building density - high *** * * *

Peri-urban - agriculture * * * *

Vegetation - line *** - - -

Waterbed ** - - -

WATER AND ENERGY

Vegetation - square *******

Peri-urban - other *******

Waterbank *******

Building density - medium ******

Waterbed *****

Building density - low ****

Vegetation - line ***

Building density - high **

Peri-urban - agriculture *

* = highest amount is green, lowest is red

Criteria

Flood Flash and urban floods ***

Flash floods **

No floods *

Quantity Dam overflows ***

Dam **

No dam *

Awareness Building density - high ***

Building density - medium **

Building density - low *

Biodiversity Little and potential ***

Little and no potential **

Lots *

207



Map: (subjecve) flood (green = most suitable/ red = least suitable)

Suitability riverparts

# Flood Quantity Awareness Biodiversity

Garyllis 1 * ** * ***

2 * ** ** ***

3 *** ** ** ***

4 *** ** *** ***

Vathias 5 *** * *** ***

6 *** * ** ***

Germasogeia 7 * *** ** **

8 * *** * **

Ranking

#

Garyllis 4 ********

3 *******

Vathias 5 ******

6 *****

Germasogeia 7 ****

8 ***

Garyllis 2 **

1 *

208



Map: (subjecve) quanty (green = most suitable/ red = least suitable)

Map: (subjecve) awareness (green = most suitable/ red = least suitable)

209



Map: (subjecve) biodiversity (green = most suitable/ red = least suitable)

Table: objecve and subjecve suitability combined

Note: the more ‘*’ the more suitable it is.

#

Garyllis 4 ********

3 *******

Vathias 5 ******

6 *****

Germasogeia 7 ****

8 ***

Garyllis 2 **

1 *

210



II SWOT analysis

Map: type of riverbed

211



Map: use of the riverbanks

212



Map: mul-funconality of the riverbed

213



Map: accessibility of the riverbed and the riverbanks

214



Map: vegetaon

215



Map: spaciousness

216



Map: legibility

217



Map: safety

218



Table: reasoning strengthopportunity - weakness/opportunity - strength/threat - weakness/threat

Strength & opportunity Weakness & opportunity Strength & threat Weakness & threat

2. + 3. This is a clear part of

the river, because of the

clear riverbed and

vegetation on the sides.

The relation with its

surroundings can be

improved and it can be

made more aesthetic.

1. The vegetation and

dump material make this

part unclear and messy.

With some maintenance it

would already become

more clear and nice.

6a. This part of the riverbed

is used by a school as a

playground, which is a nice

variation. However, this is

also a threat because it can

be dangerous to play in a

riverbed and it can also

disrupt the natural flow.

4. Here the riverbed is very

shallow and it is very

enclosed by houses and

gardens at both sides.

Therefore, there are no or

little opportunities for

change.

18. The last visit-able part

of the eastern river branch

is quite clear. The river isvisible, but the relation

with its surroundings can

be improved and it can be

made more aesthetic.

5. The gardens of the

houses next to the river are

located at the same level asthe river itself, which

makes it unclear that there

is a river. By creating a

stronger relation between

the gardens and the river,

this part can be made more

clear.

8. There is a park created in

this part, which is a

welcome variation of scenery. However, the river

is underground which

causes a lack of relation.

7. In this part the river

disappears (is going

underground). Therefore, itis unclear where the

boulevard continues. There

are also no or little

opportunities to improve

this.

27. The river has some

more space here and is

visible, this is an area

where interventions are

possible. Preferable

increase the aesthetics.

6. This is a messy part,

because of stuff which is

dumped in the riverbed

and because the adjacent

houses use the riverbed

partly ad their garden. An

opportunity would be to

create a more park like

setting, because there is

room for it and it would

make it more clear (they

are already busy with a sort

of park).

9. This is a strange situation

with an alternation of solid

riverbeds and tunnels.

Furthermore, this is a very

unsafe part too. It is very

narrow, which results in no

or little opportunities for

change.

10. + 11. Lots of concrete

constructions in the

beginning and erosion

further downstream. There

is room for a nice park like

setting, which would be an

opportunity.

13. + 14. This part of the

river is very solid and

enclosed by roads and

houses. There is no

vegetation and no room for

change.

12. This is a very bare and

basic part of the river, with

lots of concrete used and

there is no vegetation. With

some improvements like a

adding vegetation to the

boulevard, this part could

be more aesthetic.

15. This is a strange part

(corner) of the river. It is

enclosed by a big road and

a big building, which makes

it nearly invisible. There is

no room for alternations.

219



16. There is a shallow

riverbed which is not very

legible. However, there isroom to make this part

more clear and nice.

17. The last area of the

eastern river branch where

there is no park, becausepeople's back gardens are

located in the riverbed.

19. This area does have a

riverbed, but it cannot be

seen because of the large

amount of trees. These

trees are an opportunity

through, as they are

already mature.

24. + 25. Very narrow part

of the river (is also

tunnelled), and due to the

housing there are not a lot

of possibilities for change.

20. + 21. + 22. + 23. The

river is tunnelled here, and

no relation to the river can

be found. There is enough

space to revive the river

though.

26. Narrow part of the

river, but there might be

enough space to create

more connection to the

river.

28. Quite nice area, but not

accessible at the moment.

220



i Interviews

I Characteriscs

During our stay in Cyprus 13 unstructured, open-ended interviews (Kumar, 2005) were conducted, face-to-face or via email.

IntervieweesAll interviewees have given permission to use their names in this thesis.

ContactThese interviewees were approached by us through ps of other people or through interviewees of already conducted

interviews, so-called snowballing (Kumar, 2005). This approach was necessary because contacng people in Cyprus is hard

without inial contact via someone else. Potenal contacts (especially from municipalies) were oen hesitant, because of

the fact that foreign students want to look into things.

MediumName Experse / NGO / Instute

Victoras Constandinides

Harris Kordatos

Raymond Francis

Kyriakos Parpounas &

Constannos Savva

Leios Sergides & Anthina

Papatheodoulou

Stella Hadjipanagi

Maria Nicolaidou

Ioanna Panayiotou

Christakis Sergides

Charalambos Theopemptou

Face-to-face

Face-to-face, Email

Face-to-face

Face-to-face

Face-to-face

Email

Face-to-face

Face-to-face, Email

Face-to-face, Email

Face-to-face

Face-to-face

Senior Technician Sewerage Board of Limassol Amathus

Cyprus Energy Agency

Raymond Francis

General manager and Technical manager at GreenDot

Cypriot

Kypros & Zena Kyprianou Ltd.

Commissioner of Environment

City planning, history of Limassol

TerraCypria

Hydrology, The Cyprus Instute

Former Commissioner of Environment

Adriana Bruggeman &

Katerina Charalambous

Evangelos Andreou EmailThesis on woody ora in Nicosia

Marn Hellicar EmailBirdlife Cyprus

221



II Transcript Andreou

Interviewer: Dianne van de Berkt & Vivien Francis

Interviewee: Evangelos Andreou

Thesis on woody ora in Nicosia

Medium: Email

Locaon: -

Date: 9 December 2013Duraon: -

Hello,

Unfortunately my Thesis is in Greek and I do not have much me to translate it now.

In few words, We recorded dierent kinds of woody ora one can meet in Nicosia, the ecology status of them and problems

in several rows of trees on the sides of the roads.

The trees of the roadsides have been recorded and counted and the 10 most common are:

Ficus microcarpa, Brachychiton diversifolius, Olea europaea, Washingtonia lifera, Schinus terebinthifolius, Tipuana pu,Cupressus sempervirens, Cercis siliquastrum, Robinia pseudoacacia, Casuarina cunninghamiana.

For other species we recognised them but not counted the total populaon of one each o dierent species. I hope I could

help you more but I do not have know enough me. If you need more help send me an email.

Tell my regards to Athina and Leios

Evangelos

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III Transcript Constandinides


Interviewee: Victoras Constandinides

Senior Technician Sewerage Board of Limassol Amathus

Medium: Face-to-face, recorded

Locaon: Starbucks, Germasogeia, Limassol

Date: 22 November 2013Duraon: approximately 15 minutes

Informaon before interview started:

Google: Sustainable, Urban, Drainage, System, or SUDS, with Cyprus and you nd a lot of informaon.

V = Victoras

S = Students (Dianne or Vivien)

S: We were curious if the sewerage board is only responsible for Limassol or for the Greater Limassol.

V: It is responsible for the Greater Limassol and for the municipalies around Limassol, like Germasogeia, Agios Athanasios,

Agios Tychonas, [...], Meso Geitonia, Polemidia. Around Limassol, all this area.

S: The stormwater collecon system in Limassol, how old is that?

V: From the me that the town was constructed, especially from the old city there is a drainage system along the streets. You

can nd it, I mean it is very old.

S: And is it distributed everywhere or are there part that do not have stormwater drainage?

V: We do not collect the drainage water, it goes all into the sea. But, there are some new, that is to have some retenons

ponds. One is going to be, there are some studies, one is going to be north of Limassol in [...] area. They are thinking to make

it in a schoolyard, and below to have some special pipes and collect everywhere, the drainage water there. And then it willstay for some period and when the rain stops, it will allow it to go to the sea. But these are studies, they did not implement

anything yet.

S: Okay, so you said the water all goes to the sea?

V: All of it yes, by gravity.

S: And can you tell something about the quality of the water, do you know if it is very much polluted because of the streets?

V: You know is Cyprus we do not have rain, too much rain. The rst rain is very polluted, because it collects all the [...] toxics

from the street, all these things. So, we see it is very polluted. We know it is very polluted, because some of it comes through

the sewerage system and goes to the plant and we have seen increased levels so far. Especially [...], because of the car

emissions. Because we have a period of, let say six months, we have rain. When the rst rain is, all the pollutants on the street

goes through the drainage to the sea.

S: Yes we saw it last week, with the sort of medium heavy rainfall. We saw like that the water was white brown with rubbish.

V: Yes, white, brown, dark, yes.

S: We saw some rivers here in Limassol, some dry rivers, and what is the role of them in the drainage system?

V: Ah, okay, So, in the mountains we have, Troodos mountain, it will snow in the winter period of 3 months and the snow melts

it goes through these rivers downwards. There are a lot of dams, so we collect the water, but aer the dams when we do not

have overow, it is dry. Or upwards, when there is no snow and no rain, again it is dry. So, these rivers are used to, when there

is rain or snow, collecon of the water in the dams.

S: Okay, and is the urban area connected to those rivers? Does the system end in the river and let the river take it to the sea

or does the system itself take it to the sea?

223



V: Usually, most of the me we do not have an overow because we have a shortage of water. Although there is the

Germasogeia dam, that if there is a good season, like let say I am not sure last year or the year before, we have overow. It

means that it does not go to the sea, because when it overows it has, lets say, ten kilometers unl it, so it goes down but

almost never reaches the sea.

S: But, when it rains and the drainage system here collects the water, does the system itself take it to the sea or do you also

somemes have the system dump into the river? Like the drainage goes into the river and the river takes it.

V: The rivers are in the mountains, but there are some small rivers. And you can see, lets say 100 meters from here there isa kind of river. But this is connected to dam, Germasogeia dam, on the hill. So, these rivers when it rains, well not river it is

called something else. A river is always with water. These are called something else. So, when it rains all the rainwater is going

into this thing and to the sea.

S: So, also from the city, it goes in the river and then it goes to the sea?

V: Yes, we saw many mes these rivers full of water. When, because, okay, some of it is collected in the streets, but a lot of it

goes to these kind of rivers.

S: Okay! so, we were wondering if the Sewerage Board also has like maps of where this drainage is?

V: If you go to this thing, this, this, and this. And you, there are ... Because I was searching last night trying to nd it local. There

are two studies, one is the master plan of Limassol, with the drainage, the masterplan it is called, for the Sewerage Board of

Limassol. And there are a lot of maps in it, it is Greek and English. There are texts in English and some of them are in Greek.

If you can nd someone to help you …

[Interupon]

V: But here you can nd a lot a lot of informaon, with a lot of maps and in the masterplan there is informaon about the

drainage system, policies, a lot of things.

S: I do not know, maybe you have something to tell about … You said you know a lot about biomass energy?

V: Biomass, I know everything. Because we have, in the plant, we have biogas producon, because of the anaerobic sludge. It

produces 2003 liters per day. From that we produce power. 4500 kWh a day. Which is 40% of the need of power of the plant.So we gain back 40% of the power. This in general. If you want to go more in detail I can.

S: What I think is interesng for us, we are actually looking into two kinds of things for biomass energy like as input. And that

is maintenance, so maintenance of green in the streets. If they capture that and use it. And if organic waste has any potenal.

Because we heard, everyone is pung everything in one bin and if they would separate, then we could create a lot of biomass

energy with the organic part of the waste.

V: We are trying to do.. they plan to collect the garbage. Produce biogas and then produce power. There are biomass units,

especially farmers, but they have cows. So, they have their own. There are now about 20 units, they use electricity from manure

from the cows or pigs. The plants, originally was Limassol the adapted methods and we got.. I worked for the environmental

department of the government because of this new product, new idea. But now there is in Pafos also, they have a small unit

and they are going to start also in Larnaca. A plant. And most of them, all of them, they are using the electricity for their own

needs, because if you want to buy electricity it is very expensive, you like holland. It is for us like 22, 23, 24, 25 cents, so it is

beer to use it for yourself instead of buying electricity. Because if you want to sell the electricity it is only 11,5 cents. So, it is

beer to use it instead of selling it. That is the idea.

S: So these are more situated in the rural area, because of the farms? And they use it themselves?

V: Yes

S: Do you think there are opportunies within the city? For example, in the Netherlands people now start to have small

digesters for an apartment block for example.

V: It is very dicult to have an intown digester. Some small companies we have. They have a small reactor, not a reactor but

what you said. Electricity, but you do not have many. And then you need there own plant, which is not allowed in the cityand it is very dicult. Beer to, all the sewage go to the plants and we treat it there and produce there biogas. Now the new

thing is photovoltaics. I do not know in the Netherlands, but in Germany I know they have a lot. In Greece they have a lot. In

the Netherlands, I do not know.

224



S: We do not have sun.

V: Ha ha ha, in Germany the do not have either and they have a lot of solar panels.

S: They have a lot of subsidies for doing it and they do have more sun than we do I think. And more space, we are only a small

country.

225



IV Transcript Francis


Interviewee: Raymond Francis

Foreigner living in Cyprus for 4 years


Locaon: Apartment, Mouagiaka, Limassol


R = Raymond


S: We would like to know what kind of people Cypriots are.

R: Cypriots are nice people, accept they have a history of home-grown Cypriot versus UK Cypriot. So, this all comes from

history, from 1974, on the split. A lot of people ran away, trying to nd a beer living. Most of them, there are Cypriot all over

the world, in South Africa, in America, in England, but the biggest concentraon is probably in the UK. Because, they had anentlement to go to the UK as Cyprus was a protecve of the UK. It was made independent at this me the split happened

between the Greek speaking and the Turkish speaking. Because, Cyprus, like many islands in the Mediterranean, they have

been occupied over centuries by other naonalies: Turkish, French, English, Italian. And like most of these islands they have

become very protecve of their own culture and their way of life. But, it also makes them very much aware of how they have

been exploited or how they are not been able to fulll their own culture, because of you know being occupied by al these

other people, or peoples. With regards to business, Cyprus unlike most of the islands in the Med, they are quite exceponal.

Inasmuch that for many many years, up unl them joining the EU, they were being looked at as being an oshore opportunity

for business.Where most of the other islands in the Med, they belong to a naon. In other words, Crete belongs to Greece,

Mallorca belongs to Spain, etcetera etcetera etcetera. But, Cyprus is an independent naon. So, that makes a big dierence

in what they can and cannot do. Up unl joining the euro, they had their own currency, being the Cyprus Pound. That gave

them exibility, in other words, they could value their currency as they wanted on the open market. So, Cyprus has, shall we

say, enjoyed to a certain extend an evoluon from their independence. First of all, there was a very large expat, UK expat,

present here. Because of the army bases, which sll are UK terrain. In other words, it is owned by the UK. Both army andairforce, both here in Limassol and in Famagusta sll belong to the UK. But you have a lot of people rering from the army

etcetera etcetera, and it was cheap to live here. It was cheap to have an apartment or a small house to rere to. The weather

was good, they knew the island. So, there was a certain amount of economical support for the island. But it did not, it did

not bubble. In other words, the economical levels remained steady. Because there was not enough English or others, actually

residing here, or becoming pensioned here, or taking a second house here. It did not have a great impact on the island. Then

of course, from 1974 the tourist industry started building up in the whole Med, more people traveling etcetera etcetera,

throughout Europe, on holidays and this and the other, holiday homes. So, they had a lile bit of an upside. Why, because

they had their own currency, property was cheap, land was cheap. But, again no bubble. But then what happened is, you had

the disbandment of Russia. And Cyprus being a tax-heaven as such, its own currency, its own taxes, its own laws. There was

a lot of money of dierent shades, of money, if you know what I mean by shades. I mean, good money, grey money, black

money. Call it dierent shades of money, owed into Cyprus and also through Cyprus. So, Nicosia was built on a basis of a

nancial centre, not a tourist centre, not a residence centre, but a nancial centre. Many many banks here, all the banks, all

the European banks were here processing these funds.

S: So if Nicosia is a nancial centre, what is Limassol then?

R: It is commercial because of the port.

S: Port and tourists?

R: And tourists. Limassol is commercial. Many many banks here, because the expats from whatever country they are do

not reside in Nicosia. Nicosia is not an aracve place to live, it is too hot, it is this and the other. There is no aracon and

distracon. Whereas the coastal places, and Limassol being the major coastal resort, place to live, became also a type of

secondary commercial enty. Banks etcetera etcetera, especially with the shipping. Shipping has always found a big place

here, because it is a transit between the eastern part of the Mediterranean. Because it has also a free-port, it has ‘dwang vrij’.You understand ‘dwang vrij’, with other words, they have a zone in which goods can come in, be remixed, and go out without

actually entering Cyprus. It is a toll-free area. It was very aracve. Now, when the line of Russian money started coming in,

then you had two things which happened. You had the commercial banking which took o in a big way, but also you had

property and prices of ground going up. And it all became very sexy for people to have a bank account here, to have

226



a second residence here, etcetera etcetera. And that all came to an end, in one way, by Cyprus joining the euro, not by joining

the EU, but by joining the euro. The cost of living for the locals went up by 20 or 30%. It did not mean that much for the

Russians who had the big money, because it makes no dierence they just had enough money. You can see all the buildings,

all the property around, extravaganza. But, for the local people it was an opportunity. They started sending their children tom

they could aord to send their children to beer schooling. A lot of their children went to universies outside of Cyprus.

But the problem is either they stayed abroad, or if they came back they all wanted to be managers. So, one of the problems

with the level of educaon here, is that you have a mix of educaon and mentally. And this is a big problem in Cyprus. They

have this external educaon, but this Mediterranean sort of ‘avrio, avrio’, you will get it done tomorrow. At the same me of

course, when you have this explosion in economy, you have get a lot of mists, a lot of people trying to make money on theback of other people. You get an inbalance. For example, if you take Holland, France, Germany, England. They have grown up

over hundreds of years in their legislaon and their controls on this and that. There is corrupon everywhere. But, when a

country grows up so fast there are, there is not enough controls in place. So, it is manipulated. That manipulaon is from top

to boom, through the banking, through economics, through who you know, who can sign, who can do this and who can do

that. So, this has been a big problem for Cyprus, to get their legislaon in place. It is coming, but it is sll not there.

S: And what does this mean for the environment here?

R: What it means for the environment is that ... First of all, do they recognise an issue called environment? They know their

island. They are very self-centred in one way. They are very nice people, but they are very protecve. So they do not, they

do not see a problem themselves in the environment. Are you with me? They do not necessarily idenfy with environmental

issues. But if you take environment and you make that broader, just take nature itself. From the 750 000 inhabitants of

Cyprus, Greek Cyprus, there are 100 000 gun licences. And the male populaon is cars, and shoong, it is very masculine,

very macho tendency. You know, you do as I say and not as I do. You know. So, it is, the problem is it is a Mediterranean hot

blooded existence. They are hot blooded, even the women. When they have an argument, they have an argument. But then

it is forgoen tomorrow and they will have another argument about something else. You know, you have seen the Greek,

the ‘Greek Fat Wedding’. A lot of people say it is just a lm, but it is like that. It really is like that. And a lot of people do not

understand it. They are very lovable, but very hot blooded. But when it comes to business and the environment. First of all

come the family and the business. So, environment will always come second, or third, or fourth, or h. It is not on their list

of priories. Yes you will see it in the newspaper, yes you will have all this bla bla polical spin, but at the end of the day what

do they do about it? But, that is not necessarily only here. What is Greece dong about it, what is Spain doing about it? All

of these Mediterranean countries, what is Turkey doing about it? You know, if you see the newspaper today, where they are

saying that the acid factor in the seawater is increased to such an extend that twenty thirty species are dying per day in the

sea. Just think about the polluon that is been dumped into the sea from countries like Turkey, who is not developed at all.

Well, they are developed, but you will see what the developments are, but what is sll going into the Med? It is the same ashere. What is actually being processed from the sanitary and what is sll going into the Med? Nobody knows. So, environment

is, I do not think it is there on the top of their list. Economy is on the top of their list, employment is on the top of their list. But

even when you come to look at medicare, there is no medicare here. Well, you have a general hospital and you have doctors.

When you go to the doctor you have to pay. There is no central insurance system here. So, then you have to start lisng your

priories in life. Priority is an income, medicare. So, environment comes right down the list. When in fact all the other things

are not in place.

S: How do you think we can make environment go up in the list?

R: I think, the only way you can get environment going up in their list is by EU subsidies. In other words, if they do not have to

pay for it they will denately get it done. But, if you expect them to pay for it, you are never going to get it done.

S: And if they can gain something from it?

R: What gain, what gain do you, what gain would you say they would get from it? What your values are, are not necessarily

their values.

S: No, but if they can get something. Like they pay for water, if they use less water because of something we do, and therefore

pay less money.

R: That is an equaon. They are very much aware of the water problem in Cyprus. And I will point out, what you see in the

bay there is not a boat, it is waterport. Three four year ago they had such a drought, that they had to tank in from Greece.

These tankers ooaded in this waterport, which was then pumped up to go into the drinking water plant, not into the lake.

But, then they found out that they build this thing and the actual pipeline was so 40 meters to short. So, ve tankers went

sour, the water went sour. You know, when water standing sll in a container is only good for … So, they had to pump thewater then into the lake. So that the lake would self process the water again. So, they could not pump it directly into the …

You understand? So, it is not a priority with them. They are aware of the water problem, but it is not their, it is not a major

issue for them. They do not think so. Unl they do not have it and then they start complaining. But in fact, they could have

done something about it years ago. But, there are a lot of countries that have similar problems. Not necessarily water, for

227



example waste disposal, which is an environmental issue. There are three major environmental issues: how you create

energy, you water process, and your waste disposal process be it your toilet waste or your, lets say physical household waste.

Here, they are sll using landll, which is again the EU rules. So, they are having to pay a ne every month, because they are

using landlls. Now, several companies have proposed several types of alternaves. But it all comes to who is going to pay

for it? Because, at the present moment they have a tax on the household for waste collecon, which are the green bins on

the street. People then put their plasc in and stu and it goes to the landll. They will not tolerate, because they do not

have the income base, to for them now to start paying an extra 5 or 10 euros a month for the waste to be processed through

a processing plant. You understand? So, it just goes into a landll, and it is not like the landll is now constructed in such a

way you can tap it for gas and have a biogas. No, it is just landll. So, what is more important, is the landll issue a problem,greater than the waste of water problem, or the process of toilet waste, or the medicare system, or the educaon system?

So, you have to try and nd at what level they place. Water, as an example, or waste. You have to nd out what is important to

them rst. And then, when it is important to everybody else, the only way it is going to be solved is by external funds coming

in and nancing this.

228



V Transcript GreenDot


Interviewee: Kyriakos Parpounas & Constannos Savva

General manager and Technical manager at GreenDot


Locaon: Oce of GreenDot, Strovolos, Nicosia

Date: 11 December 2013Duraon: approximately 35 minutes

G = GreenDot


G: The main aspect of our work is packaging, packaging waste. We were formed by the industry in 2004. But actual operaons,

planning and operaons, began mid 2005 and of course it was an outcome of the acceptance of Cyprus in the EU. So, since

2002 we have the legislaon on responsibility of packaging. It was the, it was basically the transposion of European legislaon

to a local legal framework. And of course the industry had to decide what to do with packaging. Companies need to recover

in Cyprus certain percentages of their packaging waste and they can either do it individually or join organisaons, non-protorganisaons, who then run the recycling systems for them. But, they are funded through them, through the packaging fees.

The local commerce created GreenDot Cyprus. We were accredited in 2006. So, a few months ago we have ended our rst

term of accreditaon. And now we are running on our second term of accreditaon and we represent around 900 companies.

And of course within these 900 companies, one can recognise all the big names acng in the local market. So, a big part of

the market, they are registered with us, we represent them and we are collecng the packaging waste. Now to be able to

recover and recycle packaging, based on the fact that recycling was not an issue or was a very small issue for some very few

companies doing the collecon of industrial packaging and recycling on why pay the recycling. A few year back we had to start

everything, almost from scratch. So, we designed the collecon shis, we were consulted by the Belgian system Force Plus,

at the me. So, we designed the systems and began corporaons with local authories to run recycling programs for the

households. Of course, at the same me we ran recycling for the commercial and industrial sector. So, we recycle brown

paper and things from the industry and from the trade sector. But, we also since 2007 we started our rst house programs

with ve municipalies back then. Eventually we grew up to a system with geographical coverage and now we have 85% of

the populaon, we cover almost all the municipalies and a number of communies. But what is le now is more rural,distant lets say from the city centre areas. Of course this system is the only on the market, so eventually we have to cover the

whole of the island with a recycling system. And of course we have also the great part of the responsibility of the communicaon

and sensi raonalisaon of the populaon. We believe that we did a good job given the circumstances in about seven years

me. We calculated that about half of the people in the area where we have the program, parcipate in our packaging

recycling. And these are encouraging numbers, not only because it is something new for Cyprus, but also because the cizens

do not have an obligaon to parcipate. They do not have nes or anybody to put pressure to parcipate, and they also have

an incenve, an nancial incenve to do so because we do not have pay-and-throw systems for example. People are paying

taxes, so in fact if you recycle you more or less are subsidising your neighbour who is not recycling. Of course, we have been

shoung to the authories all these years to do things about these issues, but as you noce governments are slow or have

other things in mind. So, we sll do not have all these supporve mechanisms that would help the programs grow. But, we

are very sased with responses this far, we have problems with the authories, but we are doing quite well with the people

that accept us. In the mean me we will also add by the industry to develop other collecon systems. So, we will built up the

system for electronic waste. And that is done by two organisaons, two separate organisaon, but we manage them. We have

designed them and we manage them. So it is Weee for the waste electric electronic equipment and another one for household

baeries. So, we run three recycling programs now under a single roof. Of course, through these years of existence in the

market and the experience with local authories and following up all these developments in the greater waste management

sector and the strategies of the governments to deal with waste problems, because we also have problems with exisng

dumps. Actually the two large cies are served by dumps, not even secure landlls. This is something we are in the European

courts for now. But, looking aer all these issues and talking to the local authories and also looking at the planning of the

government, we saw in the process that one of the big issues that needs to be dealt with, and in fact something that is now

more and more regulated by the EU, is the green waste, organic waste, from households and from the industry. Although we

are not directly involved, we scanned the market and tried to nd out what are the opons available. There are already two

composng facilies, small composng facilies in the Nicosia area. But, the most important thing that we realised in the

process, is that Cyprus is already equipped with, I think it must be 12 by now it was 11, biomass plants at farms to deal with

farm waste. And of course, aer talking to these people we found out that even as we speak today they have an incapacity ofaround 150.000 tons a year. That is about the amount of organic waste that is produced in Cyprus. So if you collect organic

waste separately from the households and the industries, you already have facilies to deal with it. Okay, two of them are

already fully equipped to doing so, the others need some pasteurisaon equipment but this is equipment of, lets say, less than

half a million euros per unit. So it is not something signicant. And addionally, these are facilies that are very well

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geographically located everywhere on the island. In mean, all the areas that have signicant producon have such a facility

close to them, with an excepon of Paphos. But sll there are farms in Paphos that need to solve their waste problem as well.

So, here we will have a full-blown network of the farms, full-blown system for organic waste. In that sense we tried to

convince the government and the local authories that they also need to start up separate collecon programs for organic

waste, because denitely we would have much lower cost of treatment because those are exisng facilies. So, it is not that

they have to deal with more waste, they want more waste. So, they are really ready to have a deal with a very small gate fee,

about ten euros per ton, which would give a very good soluon to the local authories and the government. But, apparently,

as I said earlier, the governments are not always thinking very raonally. Well, we saw the planning of the government, we

saw that they basically are ignoring all the stascs and going for the construcon of new SRF facilies that would actually drythe organic waste and prepare this as fuel. We are not saying that being on an island denitely we will have to take energy

recovery criteria and see what we can do with energy recovery. But if you have exisng facilies that can take the material at

a very low cost, then you have to think twice before you get into huge investments based on the scale of the market for energy

recovery. Of course we also have a cement plant on the island, so energy recovery can be co-combuson in cement producon,

that does not have to be an incinerator or a new waste-to-energy facility. But sll, we believe these exisng biogas facilies

are a very good way to deal with the organic issue and have electricity on one hand, heat you can use in the farms especially

during the winter and of course you also have the compost at the end of the day which when you have properly sorted organic

waste you have very good quality compost that can compete with compost that comes Holland, peat moss. It is not very clear

how this will proceed. The government was very adamant to go ahead with the planning to have new facilies for SRF. They

have made a couple of steps back, because those that were supposed to be projects funded by the EU, or great extent by the

EU, but it seems that they are not geng all the money from the EU now. So, they are now talking about having a SRF facility

in thr Limassol area, to deal with Limassol, the Greater Limassol waste area. But, for the case of Nicosia they are now talking

about a secure landll, to start with, and of course this means that Cyprus will have, if we go in that direcon, we will have

two plans, with the Larnaca-Famagusta plan and the Limassol plan, two plans for SRF less say with a capacity of about 350.000

tons to 400.000 tons. The producon is close to 600.000 tons, so there is room to do other things with the waste. So, without

being able to predict exactly what will happen, because it is sll at the back of the mind of the government to nd ways to nd

ways to proceed with yet another plant for Nicosia, a SRF plant for the Nicosia area. But we hope that they will not manage

that there will be area for other things to happen. We spoke to a number of local authories and we showed our interest to

begin separate collecon of organic waste, if they decide to go into another direcon and come up with an agreement with

some of those biomass facilies so that we can take organic waste there. Now there is a small pilot with a number of

communies that Kypros spoke with. It was also an iniave from our minister of environment, because we kind of found this

strange situaon that two ministries involved in the management of waste, the ministry of environment and the ministry of

interior. And there is of course conict between them, they have dierent agendas and although the ministry of environment

is more or less in line with what we are saying and trying to promote separate collecon of organic waste as well. The ministry

of interior is pushing things towards the direcon of SRF rather than any other type of treatment of organic waste. So, cannotsay what will exactly happen in the future, but we hope it will be more towards separate collecon than anything else.

S: I wonder, how long did it take for people to start recycling since you put up the whole campaign?

G: Okay, some people begin recycling day one, it is not a big percentage of people but they are more or less waing for an

organised system. And of course this changes through me. I mean, we began programs seven years ago and we began

programs three years ago. Especially the parcipaon three years ago, the inial parcipaon was beer than the inial

parcipaon seven years ago. We believe having 50% of the people parcipang in a period of ve to six years, more or less,

is quite an successful for Cyprus. In fact, many people never thought this would actually happen in Cyprus. And given the fact

that the supporve mechanisms that should be in place, are sll not there. I mean, if you take into account, for example, that

two dumps which served about for 70% of the populaon actually. The two dumps, at Nicosia and Limassol where most of

the people are, are basically almost free, because it is two or three euros per ton. And if you would have a competor, that

is sucking all the material because it is free. Anything that costs even a euro is an issue to convince people to do it, even the

industry. When they can just send their trucks to the landll and pay, lets say, 7 euro or 10 euro, it is an issue to spend 20 euros

for the truck to be recycled. So that is something that is unbelievable that is happening, but it shows quite well the dierent

agendas at the government level. To say, okay but you know the dumps are there and sll the material is going there, we have

to do something else because it is not working. Well, what have you done for it to work? So, it depends I mean, looking at

the area demographics are important. You can see dierent numbers in dierent even adjacent municipalies, because here

older people are living and not willing to parcipate, as in the next municipality has beer demographics and much beer

parcipaon.

S: But you think if now an extra separaon possibility comes with organic waste, people would then easily also separate this?

G: Denately! I think you rst have to break the barrier of the too many years of habit of throwing it together. And of course

you keep listening to people and they will say it is dicult to do it. But when they do it, they will say is was so simple. In thebeginning they do not know where to put the bins, but once they do it they say it is very simple. If they already think that it

is simple, it is much easier to convince them to do something else. So I think that the work that has been done for packaging

for all these years. It is instrumental for electric and electronic waste, for baeries, for organic. Whatever you try to do, it is

easier to do it. Organic is a challenge of course. But sll, breaking the habit of pung everything together and geng into the

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mindset of sorng things makes a lot of dierence.

S: How do you see that possibility? Because we have seen a lot of open bins, even staying open. Cats inside, eang, making

rubbish. And it is not even warm now, already it smells.

G: Well, the exisng situaon, as you described very well, is not hygienic anyways. It smells, it is dirty, it is whatever. So, try to

deal with the organic directly is not necessary a big change. The same material, but keep them separately. So denitely, when

we have a separate collecon system and you also manage things in a beer order, you will more or less abandon the exisng

system with all the dirty bins etcetera. And you will have to nd ways to deal with the issues in a beer way, so I think thingscan only improve when they are not good. We believe, and of course the culture is the part that not everything is aligned

to push people to do it properly. You have to do things that are very convenient to people, so that they will parcipate. So

we believe that the collecon of organic is also something that should be done to the extent that you can do it. With at site

collecon rather than bins and stu like that, because the cies are not build for bin places.They do not have the area. So at

site collecon, possibly once a week. Maybe in the summer you have to increase the collecon because of the temperature.

Now garbage is collected twice a week. And of course always the problem is with the organic. If you have to do with the

organics and if you have to collect twice a week, you will have to do it with the organics as well. And of course it will mean also

denitely bins for organised facilies like restaurants and hotels and things like that. So I believe that it will be a combinaon

of at site collecon for the households and some collecon points for our facilies. With bins, closed bins. Already many

hotels have air condioned areas that are well climate controlled to keep the waste in the summer. So we have to use that as

well. And even convince some of them to go in that direcon. Because if you have organised collecon, for example you have

a hotel with 600 or 700 people in the summer. We know now that many hotels have all-inclusive programs, so that means

that people eat three meals a day in the hotel. That means a lot of organic waste, so for those you have to deal with either

denitely climate controlled storage facilies or even some kind of a press to keep the materials.

S: What we also wondered, we looked at a lot of dry rivers. And we have seen a lot of garbage that has been dumped in these

areas and we do not understand it. Because, you do not have to pay to put your garbage in the bins.

G: Yes, we are very good in that. You have to drive with it. We do not understand it either, but it happens.

S: But it is also strange stu, like household waste of which you think you can just throw it in the normal bin. And they just

think, no lets leave it here.

G: If they take their car for example to take the garden waste to throw it or even some small furniture.

S: Yes, we already saw twenty televisions

G: Yes, this is a cultural thing. It is something that we have. We are very sensive with the area within the walls of our house

and our garden. But it is, like, someone can have a perfect garden and throw the materials outside. It does not make sense of

course because waste is sll there, but that is something we have. The other thing we have to admit, is that we do not have

areas where people can take their waste and organise it. We do not have points where people can take their construcons. So

even some construcon waste of a small restructuring of your house, you do not know what to do with it, so you just throw

it somewhere. It is an issue not only of the society, but it is an organising issue. Waste has not not been an important issue

unl we joined the EU. As a tourisc economy, we do not really care about the environment. But it is something we have been

doing for years. I have some friends from the Czech Republic who were involved in a project about seven/eight years ago.

They needed to nd out all the areas where be the waste areas are.

S: Polemidia, that is one! Near Limassol.

G: Somemes we have to take the waste away and what is amazing, that even twenty/thirty years ago people were throwing

their construcon waste here, there other waste here. The other thing we were amazed about was, why do people throw

their waste from the hill down? Because when you throw it from the hill, you do not see it anymore. Out of sight, out of mind.

So, it is both a cultural issue, but is also an issue of a non-organized state to take care of it. We even have problems because

of the way we built it in the city. For example, you are in the Netherlands, Amsterdam. You see the city is solid built, when you

build in areas, you build all the plots and then you move on. Now we have houses, with empty spots in between. So people

nd it easy to go to these places and dump their waste. Especially when it is not close to their house. Even the way we build

creates some of these problems. If you have a solid built area you cannot throw it away, there are no places to throw it away.

Especially the last couple of years we go through nancial problems. The municipalies do not have the money to do their

cleaning properly. If you drive around you see the city is full of garbage. Maybe not a lot of household garbage, but you see

other kinds of garbage. Like electronic, furniture. But you know, people do not have an idea of where to put their garbage.

S: Where does the plasc and stu actually go? Is it shipped o to be recycled somewhere else?

G: A very small amount stays here, because we have a plasc fabric one locally, but not a big one. Most of it is pressed and

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exported. Same happens with paper, all the paper goes out. All the metals go out. With glass, we keep it here and we use it

as a raw material in the cement factory. Because we do not have a glass recycling facility. Today, most of the treatment, it is

not feasible to do it here. I mean for example for paper, you need a lot of water and energy for paper. Water we have scarce

of and the energy here is the most expensive energy. So it is not feasible to do it here, unless there is some new technology

we do not know.

[...]

S: The only thing that we are missing, is that we would actually liked to speak to the municipalies where we want to make adesign, just an example design. They are really careful and suspicious on what you want to do with the informaon.

G: Well, it is a strange me for the municipalies to say the truth. The last two years have been very dicult, most of them

are, for the rst me, facing very serious nancial problems. In fact, there is this whole discussion going on with consults from

the UK, about the future of the local authories. So, most of these people are not sure if they will be there as a municipality as

they are today six months from today. So, for them it is like okay this is beyond, at this me. Of course, if you had some more

me on the island, we could to more people and arrange things for you.

[...]

G: I can tell you for sure, in the last two years, in terms of cleanliness and diness etcetera, things have been going backwards.

Mostly, because of these nancial problems.

[...]

G: If one compares things in the last ten years, a lot has happened. It has been a long way since then, but there is a longer

way ahead.

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VI Transcript Hadjipanagi


Interviewee: Stella Hadjipanagi

Cypriot


Locaon: Starbucks, Germasogeia, Limassol


H = Stella


S: We were curious what kind of people Cypriots are.

H: It depends how you means this. What do you want to know.

S: For example, in The Netherlands, they say that the people are easy going, like these characteriscs people can have. So, if

you are open or closed, I do not know.

H: Well, one things I can tell you for sure, is because we are a small island people might be, how to say, prejudiced. Like they

are not so easy to new ideas. Now the new generaon is slightly beer in this. But, we have also another thing, here we think

we are the center of the world. It sounds funny, but really, because we are on this island and you have to travel with a plane or

a boat to go outside. How to say, you think everything is here, but when you go out you see what is going on. So, the people

that go out usually, I do not know, they change their point of view on things. Well, we are known for our hospitality here,

especially up in the villages, like amazing. This thing does not exist in many countries. Another thing we have is with the family,

we consider it very important here Like, having say lunch or dinner with the family, is something standard. Which I think is not

so common in other countries outside the Mediterranean.

Well, the other thing is that not a lot of people are into the environment here. They just see what money they can take

come it mostly, instead of what they would do for the environment. But, there are some people that are very interested

in the environment, like mr. Theopemptou for example, my family also, we want to do something. But the regulaon, the

government does not help. The problem is, in order to make the laws, policies and stu that will help, help us to do somethingbeer with the environment, you have to see the nancial point of view. And because we are also in the EU, it kind of makes

them, you have to do this. So, they have to do things, this and that. They think of energy, and Cyprus energy regulaon

authories are on this. Like, they have to put up in the road of this, to do it. That is the majority, of course we have excepons.

Well, what else about Cypriots. They like good food, they have good taste for sure. What else? We like to mainly like to show

they have like a nice car, a nice house. This is probably the reason we had this crisis here. Everyone was borrowing money

from the bank, the bank was like: yes, you can get the money no problem. In the end they did not have such big salary to pay

it back.

S: You already told that they are not very caring about the environment, but are they aware of the climate change?

H: Some of them yes. Many of them are, but I do not really think there is that much interest in that. What they care about is

what car they will have. You tell them there is a hybrid car, but I like the BMW it is nicer. They do not care about the petrol.

Some of them do, but mostly because they save money on petrol not that much for the environment. Now, with the PVs that

I see the client that wants to install PVs. From all the clients I have only seen one, me, that wants to install because it is good

for the environment. The rest just wants to save money.

S: For their own benets?

H: Yes!

S: And what about the awareness on water scarcity?

H: Well, this we are very aware of it. Except some ladies that like to get the water hose and splash the pavement or wash the

car during summerme. We are very aware of it, because we have water cuts. If it does not rain a lot, they cut water during

summerme. You have to arrange when you have a shower, when you do the washing machine, everything. It is somethingthat we do not waste that much, we are really trying to save it. But, there are always people that just do not care. We are

usually having a ght with them, my father and I. We are trying to do something about that. Well, the good thing that we know

this about the water, we try to , I do not know, at least not wash the car at home, take it somewhere where they use recycled

water. Or, use a full washing machine to put everything in, so that you save some water. But, anyway in the summerme when

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you know that there will be water cut outs, you will denitely try to save some. Otherwise you will not have a shower.

H: What is next?

S: We are also interested in organic waste, in separang waste, do you know something about that?

H: Yes, well they started doing this in the schools to educate the students. I know some people are doing this, I also do it at my

house. We separate the fresh vegetables from the meat, the cooked stu, also the fresh eggs and, how do you call it, around

the egg, the peel of the egg. Also things from the garden, when you cut the trees, the grass, everything. All this is put in aspecial bin to make our own ferliser. And you can noce that we reduce our garbage. Like if we put everything in their would

be. I do not know, one cubic meter. It is half of this these days. It is really saving from rubbish for the municipality. I think

people in a family are now do probably also recycling. We change our rubbish, garbage, once or twice a week, as where we

would every day in the past. Recycling is going even beer now. Like in most cies and villages on the island there is recycling,

but sll there are people that are like no I do not do recycling.

S: But, what does the majority of the people do?

H: Most people now are recycling.

S: But not the greens, the organic waste, because for Limassol that is not a standard opon?

H: If you want to do it, you have to do it yourself, in the backyard. I heard many people trying to organise this in larger scale.

But, the municipalies are really giving us a hard me. I am not sure what is the problem, but they just do not care that much.

The thing is, they do not realise the benet they could have. They could have free ferliser ...

S: And biogas?

H: Biogas is a dierent case. You can only do it, I think, with processed and cooked food. You need to have a place to put it,

like an anaerobic digester. It has to be closed. With the fresh vegetables, you do it in your garden, it does not smell and also it

is not really a problem to do it. With the other thing you need to have special equipment and educate people. Because, you

have gas producon and you have to be careful with that. The thing is they do not even do it with the fresh vegetables and

stu. That would be very good to organise it. I heard people were trying, but ...

S: But, not all people have a garden, so ...

H: Yes yes, but one thing they did, was with the sewage system in Limassol. If you go towards ...

[Interrupon]

H: But, let us do the biomass stu. Well, I think, if people had beer informaon or more easiness on how to do this. They

would be more willing to do it. Like with the recycling a company said, GreenDot, we have to separate. People slowly slowly,

from mouth to mouth, you see your neighbour doing it. That is one thing we do in Cyprus, you see the neighbour doing

something and you want to do the same. That is one way to make things happen. So, this is how things are spreading now.

You see your neighbour and you think I also want to do that. Something like that.

H: The sewage system, I forgot to say, are already doing everything. Making ferliser, biogas and the energy they make, they

use it to process the rest of the water, sewage stu. I think, it is not enough, they even need some more from our electricity

authories. But, the thing is they are going to do it in all towns now. You have some regulaons, it is a plan the government,

I am not sure.

H: There is something I forgot to tell you about Cypriots. Cypriot people have been through a lot, a lot of stu, since the

ancient mes. We have been a country that everyone wanted to conquer. They wanted our trees, they were cung our trees

to make boats, ships and everything. The were digging the land to take copper, now we do not have much le. They did, you

know, major changes, even villages were modied because of copper ndings they had. And its an island with huge resources.

We have some of the biggest variees of plants from all over the world. We also have our unique animal, the mouon. It is

like a goat with big horns. And the thing is be have been through war many many mes and this made us as a naon very

suspicious. Although we are very hospital, we are not that open to new ideas and stu. We need to meet someone that tried it

and then we do it. You can see, unless you are open minded, it is not so easy to cooperate. And due to the last war we had, in

1974, and the Turkish invasion, people lost their homes and whatever they had. They lost it when they came to the southernpart of Cyprus. So, was this tendency to buy expensive stu, giving your kids everything they did not have, That is why you see

so many expensive cars around and people do not care that much about the environment. I think, we did not the me and

chance to go into that. And another reason that not many things happened for the environment is that the government and

policians spending their me and money trying to solve the Cyprus problem. Not that they are doing much there, but it is

234



like considered it more important. Now, we see all this climate change and they start to somehow think about how it works.

They have done very serious research on why we are like this. But, many people love Cyprus now, we have many foreigners.

Okay, and now there is this mix of cultures and we are not so used to having many cultures. Now they have to adapt.

H: What I also forgot to tell you about Cyprus, is that we have it all here, dierent climates. You drive 30 minutes you are at

the beach and you can swim. Another day you drive into the mountains, where there is a more pleasant temperature. And we

have cies. Yes, you have what you need on the island, I guess.

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VII Transcript Hellicar


Interviewee: Marn Hellicar

Birdlife Cyprus

Medium: Email

Locaon: -


Dear Dianne,

Thank you for your email. I am forwarding you the words of my colleague Marn Hellicar regarding the river systems of

Cyprus:

The river systems of Cyprus are important habitats for birds in their full- length from the source to the mouth. This is especially

true for dry islands like Cyprus. In higher - usually more wooded parts of Cyprus’ rivers clusters of dense vegetaon are

created, which are aracve shelters, feeding and nesng places for forest bird species. Such species include the Eurasian

Wren Troglodytes troglodytes which is a permanent resident of the island and the Nighngale Luscinia megarhynchos whichis a summer visitor from Africa. The Ce’s Warbler Cea ce - a crypc and noisy bird - also has a special liking to the

dense riparian vegetaon regardless of altude. Large numbers of invertebrates idened close to river systems are vital

for these insecvorous species. The increased concentraon of invertebrates aracts members of the swallow family, like

the Barn Swallow Hirundo rusca, the Red-rumped Swallow Cecropis daurica, the House Marn Delichon urbicum, and the

Sand Marn Riparia riparia. For the Red-rumped Swallow bridges and pipes direcng water make the rivers are ideal nesng

site. Even hawks like the Hobby Falco subbueo, the Eleonora’s Falcon Falco eleonorae and the Red-Footed Falcon Falco

vespernus are aracted by the numbers of insects along the rivers. The Black Francolin Francolinus francolinus, likes riparian

thickets in the lowlands and estuaries for reproducon.

The reeds that grow in at areas with slow ow , are important breeding places for the Eurasia reed warbler Acrocephalus

scirpaceus, a relavely rare summer visitor from Africa. The winter posts in reed beds are occupied by the Reed Bunng

Emberiza schoeniclus. Reed systems are also points of aracon for the Spoed Crake Porzana porzana, the Lile Crake

Porzana parva and the Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus, the laer breeding even in wells near rivers. Although mostcommonly found along the coast or in wetlands and dams, the Kingsher Alcedo athis, uses rivers during winter and migraon,

although it doesn’t breed in Cyprus. Along the lower reaches, where the river creates steep slopes in so sediment, the bee-

eater Merops apiaster and more frequently the Roller Coracias garrulus dig holes for nesng. Cyprus oers a summer refuge

to a signicant poron of the European populaon of the Roller, a species whose protecon is of global concern.

The only bird that specializes in hunng through the rivers is the Grey Wagtail Motacilla cinerea, located in rapidly owing

rivers with shallow areas where the bird collects aquac invertebrates. It is a frequent winter visitor to the island and for the

rst me breeding evidence was conrmed in Troodos in 2013.

Wading birds such as the Lile Biern Ixobrichus minutus, the Squacco Heron Ardeola ralloides, the Night heron Nyccorax

nyccorax, the common Sandpiper Acs hypoleucos, the Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola and the Green SandpiperTringa

ochropus use rivers especially during migraon periods as resng and foraging areas and as migratory routes. Even ducks like

the Teal Anas creccakai and the Garganey Anas querquedula have been observed to migrate along rivers.

In addion to the above , the streams and rivers of Cyprus are important habitats for almost all bird species on the island ,

because they provide water.

Specically to Garyllis and Pedieos:

We don’t hold much specic informaon about Garyllis. Pedieos however is a river that is linked to 3 Important Bird Areas

(IBAs) (for more info on IBAs read here hp://birdlifecyprus.org/en/html-8-Habitats_and_Sites.html ) in Cyprus. These are

Mia Milia Sewage Treatment Plant, Mesaoria Plain and Famagusta Lakes. Famagusta Lake has been idened as an IBA for

its importance for breeding Plegadis falcinellus, Himantopus himatopus, Vanellus spinosus and Francolinus francolinus. Also

recorded regularly breeding at the site are Egrea garzea, Nyccorax nyccorax, Ardeola ralloides, Bubulcus ibis, Burhinus

oedicnemus, Charadrius alexandrinus, Coracias garrulus, Galerida cristata, Oenanthe cypriaca, Sylvia conspicillata and non-breeding Egrea garzea, Nyccorax nyccorax, Ixobrychus minutes, Ardeola ralloides, Botaurus stellaris, Phoenicopterus

roseus, Platalea leucorodia, Falco vespernus, Circus aeruginosus, Grus grus, Porzana porzana, Porzana parva, Tringa

erythropus, Tringa glareola, Tringa tetanus, Numenius arquata, Glareola prancola, Charadrius leschenauli, Larus audouinii,

Chlidonias niger, Chlidonias hybrida, Alcedo athis, Melanocorypha calandra, Calandrella brachydactyla, Lanius nubicus, Lanius

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minor, Lanius collurio, Emberiza caesia. Mia Milia Sewage Treatment Plant has been idened as an IBA for its importance

for the regular occurrence on migraon of the Oxyura leucocephala, and for breeding Vanellus spinosus, Homantopus

himantopus and Meanocorypha calandra. Also recorded regularly breeding at the site are Francolinus francolinus, Alectoris

chukar, Burhinus oedicnemus, Oenanthe cypriaca, Sylvia conspicillata, Galerida cristata. Non breeding Egrea garzea,

Nyccorax nyccorax, Ardeola ralloides, Ixobrychus minutus, Bubulcus ibis, Ardea alba, Ardea cinerea, Ardea purpurea,

Plegadis falcinellus, Aythya nyroca, Aquila fasciata, Buteo buteo, Falco peregrinus, Falco vespernus, Pernis apivorus, Falco

subbuteo, Accipiter nisus, Circus aeruginosus, Circus cyaneaus, Tringa erythropus, Tringa glareola, Tringa totanus, Luscinis

svecica, Calandrella brachydactyla, Alcedo athis, Coracias garrulus, Acrocephalus melanopogon are regularly recorded.

Mesaoria Plain has been idened as an IBA for its importance for breeding Burhinus oedicnemus, Melanocorypha calandra,Francolinus francolinus and Galerida cristata. Also recorded regularly breeding at the site are Alectoris chukar, Athene noctua,

Pterocles orientals (possible breeding area), Coracias garrulus, Oenanthe cypriaca, Sylvia conspicillata and non breeding

Buteo runus, Buteo buteo, Falco peregrinus, Falco vespernus, Pernis apivorus, Falco naumanni, Falco subbuteo, Milvus

migrans, Circus macrourus, Circus pygargus, Circus aeruginosus, Circus cyaneaus, Lullula arborea, Calandrella brachydactyla,

Antus campestris, Lanius nubicus, Lanius minor, Lanius collurio, Emberiza caesia, Emberiza hortulana.

I hope this informaon is useful for you.

I wish you all the luck with you project.

Regards, Vasiliki

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VIII Transcript Kordatos


Interviewee: Harris Kordatos


Medium: Face-to-face, notes

Locaon: Cyprus Energy Agency, Nicosia


Look at:

• Law on renewable energy, Direcve 2/2006

• cera.org.cy

• cie.org.cy

• Enerscapes.eu (guidelines to reduce the impacts in the landscape)

• energy4farms.eu (Geronimo II project)

• Greendot

Some info:• Cyprus has the following renewable energy sources: solar, wind, biomass. (mostly solar)

• Green residues (organic waste) has great potenal in Cyprus.

• There are now 14 biogass plants in Cyprus (mean capacity 500 kWh) (for manure)

• We have to check how big a anaerobic digester needs to be to be economically feasible, but sll allowed in urban area.

CEA info package send to us by email:

• ENERSCAPES - Territory Landscape and Renewable Energies

• Powerstaon map

• Biogas map

• Wind mill map

• VP map

• Geranimo2 biogas: Farmers Guide to Implemenng a Biogas Project

• REAK table

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Interviewee: Harris Kordatos


Medium: Email

Locaon: -

Date: 13 December 2013

Duraon: approximately 30 minutes

• Law on renewable energy (what is the legislaon on having (small scale) digesters in urban areas)?

If the capacity of the digester is over 30 kW please read the aached pdf (CEA regulatory framework), page 59.

Also keep in mind the general provisions of Direcve 2/2006, page 16.

The provisions of the Direcve 2/2006 are described in the aached document

• Locaon of dierent energy sources on the island (where are the windmill parks, solar parks, biomass plants (farms), and

the ‘normal’ energy plants)?

We have the maps with RES -wind and solar potenal in cyprus. Also please nd aached a map with the biogas plants

installaons that was created under the Geronimo project. Please note that this map was created before one year therefore

a few more biogas plants have been installed since then. We don’t have any maps showing the exact locaons of the dierent

wind parks, solar parks.

Wind map potenal: hp://www.moa.gov.cy/moa/ms/ms.nsf/0/da0b0c1b609e174fc22578e2002bcf6b/$FILE/Final_

CYPRUS%20MEAN%20ANNUAL%20WIND%20SPEED.JPG

Cyprus solar potenial: hp://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pvgis/cmaps/eu_cmsaf_opt/G_opt_CY.png

• How much energy is producted by what source (and maybe who consumes it and how much of it)?

Aached (see raek pdf). At the moment all RES plants are connected with the electricity grid (Electricity Authority of Cyprus-

The main provider of electricity in the island at the moment) and the res electricy is consumed by the public . But in some

cases like farms which they installed biogas plant, they can use a part of the energy that they produced for their own needs.

The rest is supplied into the electricity grid (EAC).

• The potenal of biomass energy producon from organic waste in Cyprus?

Biogas potenal and permits see the aached pdf-Geronimo guide book.

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IX Transcript Nicolaidou


Interviewee: Maria Nicolaidou

Kypros & Zena Kyprianou Ltd.

Medium: Email

Locaon: -


Here are the answers on your quesons:

• How many households are joining the collecon of organic waste?

700 households declare willingness of parcipaon but some of them never took out their house the organic waste for

collecon. The average amount of the households who parcipate in pracce is 350.

• What is the mean weight of organic waste per household per week?

The mean weight of organic waste per household per week is 20 kg.

• Did the households join the program themselves or did your company try to persuade them?

All the households had informaon about the program structure and signicance and they decided whether on not to

parcipate.

• Do the households receive something from your company for joining the program? (Like compost, biogas, electricity etc.)

The Department of Environment (it is a Government department which runs the organic waste program) provided the

households with the organic waste bin. The future movaon for them to parcipate will be the electricity provision in

proporon with the collected waste, but for now the program is pilot and the amount of organic waste we collect is very low.

• Do you know what the most common reason for the households was to join the program?

We believe the most common reason for the households to join the program was their environmental consciousness and

awareness.

In general, Cypriot cizens start to parcipate in environmentally based programs, but we have a lot more to do in order to

persuade more people to be sensized.

For any more informaon, please do not hesitate to email us.

Kind regards

Maria Nicolaidou

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X Transcript Panayiotou


Interviewee: Ioanna Panayiotou (with translator)

Commissioner of the Environment


Locaon: Oce of the Commissioner of the Environment, Nicosia


I = Ioanna


S: What are the task of the Commissioner of Environment, as there is also a Minister of Agriculture, Natural Resources and

Environment?

I: The Constuon says that no extra Ministers can be appointed and there was a desire from the Green Party 8 - 10 years

ago to have have someone extra in Parliament considering the environment. The Commissioner now has a checking andcoordinang posion on all ministries. The Commissioner is on an independent state to advise the president, the ministers

and the pares.

S: What is the environmental mindset of the Cypriots?

I: A survey we have conducted has shown that only 1% of the Cypriots care about the environment. This 1% is mostly made

out of people connected to the Green Party.

S: Is that why there is a Commissioner of the Environment?

I: As said, this was a desire from the Green Party. Also, as Cyprus entered the EU, a lot needs to be discussed.

S: What are the goals of your period as Commissioner?

I: The main goal is to reduce consumpon. But, water and energy are not the main problem of Cyprus. Waste is. We need

to change a lot around waste, especially the management. 40% of the waste in Cyprus is organic and there are a lot of

possibilies to create energy from this. In 2014 the EU is going to give funds for separang organic waste in Cyprus. Also, there

needs to be a new law, it is now on the agenda of the President, to make sure the money saved due to, for example, reduced

energy consumpon, can be used on the environment.

S: How can more awareness be created for the environment?

I: People do separate into some categories already, but do not know how to do the organics yet. A campaign is going to inform

the people how to do this. Also, municipal green spots are in planning, to prevent the uncontrolled dump sites. The waste

from the green spots will be separated later. We are thinking about building a new automac separaon plant in Limassol.

S: We see that a lot of public green is not really maintained well, can you tell something about this?

I: There is just no money, it is not a priority. As said, if this law is accepted we can use the money saved for the environment.

For example saving energy with energy saving buildings, this saves money and this money can be used for maintenance of

public green.

S: Do you think Cyprus is ready for design?

I: Every new idea needs me and paence, but it will become a habit. We need examples to get used to the idea. So, I think

this is the right me to show what you can do in design.

S: Has public parcipaon become more important in Cyprus, or is it sll a very top-down style of government?

I: The Government is more open for listening and people also tend to talk a lile more. There is an improvement, but people

are sll not trusng the government very much. Therefore, they tend to go to independent body, like the Commissioner of

Environment or NGOs.

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XI Transcript Sergides


Interviewee: Christakis Sergides

Expert on history of Limassol


Locaon: His house, Limassol


Info on Limassol:

• Town started where the old hospital and the post oce are situated, aer this the centre moved to the current old

centre: at the old harbour and old castle.

• In 1940 the town got its roundway, for the movements of military vehicles during WOII.

• the Brish on Cyprus made the port in Limassol more important, therefore ood prevenon in the town became more

important.

• In 1974 (the Turkish invasion) the big expansion started, with refugee estates (governmental) and people building

privately (building boom).

• Limassol expanded to the north and east and municipalies which were ‘far away’ were now stuck onto limassol.• Limassol’s populaon doubled.

• Around 1990 Limassol got a new Planning Law, which from then looked at the Greater Limassol and not only at the

municipality.

Info on Garyllis:

• The le and right branch of the Garyllis river are arcial, the middle one is the authenc one.

• The middle branch did follow a dierent route before, through the old town.

• The le branch was dug aer the big ood of 1894.

• Also walls where built along the authenc middle branch to prevent oods.

• Between the le branch and the middle branch there is a place with the Greek name ‘lake’, this is where the water would

go in the old days.

Other:• During the Byzanne era cisterns and wells could be found in Limassol.

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Interviewee: Christakis Sergides

Expert on history of Limassol

Medium: Email

Locaon: -

Date: 3 April 2014

Duraon: -

Dear mister Serghides,

Last December we have spoken to each other. We are the two landscape architecture student from the Netherlands.

We have some quesons for you about town planning in Limassol. Are there rules in Cyprus on how long a sold building plot

can remain empty?

So for example, if people buy an empty building plot and eventually they do not build a house on it, is that permied or not?

Many thanks in advance,

Kind regards,

Dianne van de Berkt & Vivien Francis

ANSWER:

Dear Ladies,

The answer to your queson is no. There is not, praccally, any such restricon.

Yours sincerely,

Christakis.

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XII Transcript TerraCypria


Interviewee: Leios Sergides & Anthina Papatheodoulou

TerraCypria


Locaon: TerraCypria, Limassol


Amphibians:

• Hyla savignyi

• Rana ridibunda

• Bufo virdis

Reples:

At hp://hscyprus.org/index.php/en/cyprus-reples/lizards you can nd all the lizards we have in Cyprus but the ones living

in towns are:

• Ophisops elegans• Laudakia stellio

• Mabuya viata

• Chalcides ocellatus

• Hemidactylus turcicus (sta spia to bradi)

• Chamaeleon (ektos) - at Athalassa close to Nicosia

• Cyrtopodio kotchie - at Athalassa close to Nicosia

• Ablepharus kitaibelli - at Athalassa park close to Nicosia and also in the Pediaios river

Mammals:

• Mus musculus

• Raus raus

• Hemiechinus auritus dorotheae

• Pipistrellus kuhli• Pipistrellus savii

• Eptesicus seronus

• Rouseus aegypacus

Further notes:

• Interesng book about common tree species: “trees and shrubs in Cyprus”

• Master Dissertaon about trees in town centres (Evaggelos Antreou)

• There are some turtles in the Pedieos river

• Eucalyptus is a common species in the riverbed

• Ask the architect of Limassol for maps

• Reed is a nave species and is good for bioltraon

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Interviewee: Anthina Papatheodoulou

TerraCypria

Medium: Email

Locaon: -

Date: 11 April 2014

Duraon: -

We have some quesons for you about plant growth and maintenance in Cyprus. Do you know in which months the plants in

Cyprus grow most? And in which months does plant maintenance occur? Do you think the plants in Cyprus grow less/more

hard compared to the Netherlands (because of the climate) and what percentage?

Many thanks in advance,

Kind regards,

Dianne van de Berkt & Vivien Francis

ANSWER:

Hello girls,

I cannot give a denive answer to your quesons as all depends on the plants. Which plants are you refering to. I would

say that most of the plants grow beer in spring but yet again this depends on the type of plant. Comparing Cyprus to

Netherlands plants is not feasible as we are talking about deferent plants and completetly deerent climates. Keep in mind

that the “ecological rule” is that a plants growth depends on the factor that is in limitaon (for Cyprus is water for Netherlands

I would say is sunshine). In addion to the confusing answers, if we are refering to landscaping plants that have been planted

in the cies, these are being watered regularly.

I am sorry I cannot help more

Best wishesAthina

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XIII Transcript The Cyprus Instute


Interviewee: Adriana Bruggeman, Katerina Charalambous & Marisa Lau

The Cyprus Instute


Locaon: The Cyprus Instute, Aglandsia, Nicosia

Date: 11 November 2013 + 26 November 2013Duraon: approximately 90 minutes (total)

Info:

• Waste is separated by GreenDot

• Separated waste is probably shipt to somewhere else to process

• Sewerage board Limassol is responsible for stormwater management in Limassol

• In Nicosia the municipalies are responsible

• There is no dam management (both the Tamassos and Polemidia dam are not managed)

• Landll at Polemidia dam, water is polluted

• The only water in the Pedieos river in Nicosia is surface runo from the city

• In Limassol the water in the Garyllis river might also come from the Polemidia dam (but it almost never overows, onceevery 10 year)

• The dierence in quality of urban surface runo and rural surface runo might not be that big

• The municipalies probably have maps of the design of the pedieos park

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XIV Transcript Theopemptou


Interviewee: Charalambos Theopemptou

Former Commissioner of Environment


Locaon: Presse Café, Strovolos, Nicosia


C = Charalambos


C: Why did you come to Cyprus?

S: Well, we wanted to do something in the Mediterranean region with drought and yes actually some water issues. Also, my

father lives in Limassol and he said it is quite easy to come here and they have big problems here. So we looked into Cyprus

and actually found that this might be the place that has the most problems with water and stu like that.

C: I always say if you want to see about climate change, come to Cyprus.

S: That is why we are here. I have been here, this is my fourth me I think. Twice when I was 14 and I already can see in ten

years it changed a lot. I can remember it was much greener, much more plants.

C: The big dierence is up in Troodos. If you came in the winter you sll had snow which was regularly above a meter, a meter

and a half. Now it is only rare that you get a meter, usually a few cenmeter.

S: Yes that is a big dierence. We would like to know something about your blog, because we could not really understand the

Greek. We cannot speak Greek. But, you were the commissioner of environment, now you are a teacher and what else do

you do besides write a blog?

C: Well, I was involved in, I am an acvist of the environmental group from the 1990s. And I was one of the people that

signed and we made the Cyprus Green Party. That was in 1996 and we wait the rst elecon and aer the second me

we parcipated in the elecons, we elected one in P. We sll have one in P who is very vocal in Parliament. In 2006 I was

appointed by the then President, as a Commissioner to the environment, but this lasted only 18 months. You realise I was

the rst Commissioner, so I needed to set up the oce, nd a place to rent, nd a secretary, buy the furniture, whatever.

And then, the whole appointment ended up in the elecons, in the presidenal elecons because the previous President lost

the elecons. So, we had a new President in 2008 in March, who appointed me again as the Commissioner. That lasted unl

this year in March. Because we have a new President again and he appointed somebody else. And now I am teaching at the

university in Limassol.

S: Okay. What are you teaching?

C: I teach environmental sciences to rst year students, so the introducon to environment. I do restoraon, mainly landll

restoraon and gas collecon systems in landlls and the restoraon work you need to do when you do eldwork, when you

pick the wrong methods about it. I also do coastal management, the principles for coastal management.

S: That is a lot.

C: And when i was appointed Commissioner, July the rst, 2006. If you go to my blog, you nd the rst entry there. I wanted

to record what I was doing. I was not, i did not have any contacts with the media and I did not know anybody. So, what I knew

was, I know the internet works very well. So, I started a blog, which is easy. So, rst day I started a blog and I kept wring it

there and became very very popular. It was, I do not know now I do not think so, it was one of the most popular blogs on the

island. And it was made so because I like wring, but it was referenced quite oen from newspapers. And I also have a web

page which I maintain where the heavy stu are, I mean all the documents on policy, what happens, the news. And on top

of that, I have a mailing list which is around 5000 prosperity. The mailing list is in secons, so if I have news that will be ofinterest to paper people, journalists, I have 240 I think of them. So I hand them out. Something to do with energy, I have the

energy people. The biking people. And the general public. The companies. I write them individually, so everybody gets their

follow up for instance, personalised. And I applied what I teach other people to do, use your strength. My strength were the

internet and I used that a lot.

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S: So you now teach every day in Limassol?

C: Yes, ha ha.

S: We do not know a lot of teacher in Holland that teach everyday.

C: Yes, my classes are usually late in the aernoon, or at night. That is why you see me here now. But I have a class at 1 o’clock

and then I have to be 6.30 back in Nicosia.

S: Can you tell us something about the environment here? Maybe what changed negavely and posively, maybe some things

changed posively already?

C: The posive changes, the beginning of the actual applicaon of the European Direcve regarding the environment. So, I am

not happy, I cricise the legislaon quite a lot. Because there are always loopholes if you look in our legislaon. We transpose

the European Direcve to naonal legislaon and you nd loopholes. I know everybody does that. That is why a lot of the

members of Parliament are very angry. Especially with the Waste Direcve are not transposed into naonal legislaon very

well. As an European community we need to do something about that. Second problem here is. That is good, it is good that we

have legislaon, we have problems, but it is good. The big problem is that we are not usually strict in applying the legislaon.

From the moment that it passes parliament unl whoever needs to implement the legislaon understands it. In the day to

day work, whether they will implement it. We lose people. But I think the major change here, the major posive change is the

way people are thinking. The young generaon they are dierent, they are very sensive about the environment, they care,

they parcipate. So I am very hopeful, very hopeful.

S: So, I think we should tell a lile bit what we are researching here.

C: So you are students, what do you do?

S: Yes, we are students in landscape architecture, but I have also like a minor in, actually two, in urban design and in

environmental quality. So, yes more quality to life.

C: Urban design, let me tell you a story. When I was a commissioner I met the Ambassador of The Netherlands here,. You are

from The Netherlands yes? And I said to her I want to go to a typical Dutch city, not a big city but a typical mid-size city, the

size of cies we have here in Cyprus, to see how the cies organise the places where people live, the housing area. I explained

to her about ‘wounef’ about this stu, ‘wounef’ the way you design the street.

S: Oh, ‘woonerf’, yes!

C: Yes, that is it! And I went to, they arranged it, and I went to Leusden.

S: Really? I come from Leusden.

C: Really?

S: I was born there.

C: Ha ha ha, anyway.

S: That is funny!

C: It was interesng and I met the mayor there and they took me around to a few places there. And I went to the, they have

these very peculiar shaped …

S: Yes, they are very popular. Actually, we are from Wageningen, 30 kilometers from Leusden. They always called it, in the

old days, the agricultural university, but now it is also much more about the environment, ecology. They call it the city of life

sciences now. Everything to do with bringing more quality to life, about food, about environment, about policy. Everything

always with sustainability in the background. It is not actually, it is a very small city, only 40 thousand inhabitants, but it is

really green and near a river. Really nice. But what we are doing here now, is to see how we can harvest rainwater, because we

found out when it comes it comes hard and a lot and you have oods. So we are looking at that, how we can maybe capture

it and store it for later use in the summer, and …

C: That is something that they used to do a lot in Cyprus. In a city near Limassol, you can go and see, there is a small village

which has the biggest number of cisterns. You know what a cistern is? You collect rainwater from the roof and you store it in a

underground compartment. They used to do this in the old days. They had a well on top and you bring up the water that you

248



collect. For this reason. In that village, it is very nice, you can go and see and you will love it.

S: What village is this?

C: It is called Lofou, L-O-F-O-U.

S: Okay!

C: This is the reason why, in this village, you are not allowed to have pigeons. Because, they will foul up the roof and thenwhatever.

S: We are looking at ways to naturally treat it, with certain plants which grow here, which can. In Holland we do this a lot

with reed. Water goes through it and it cleans. And we want to nd out if we can nd plants here that have sort of the same

characteriscs. And because we use plants we want to see if we can also use these plants to create biomass energy. So that

it has a double funcon.

C: I do the type, I do not know the name in English, it looks like bamboo or the one you make corn, you know the plant called

corn? Imagine that without the corn. It comes up like this. e have lots of them in places where there is water. So, if you go to

places where we treat sewage like this, you see a lot of them and they grow very very quickly. But they need water.

S: Well, we cycled through Limassol yesterday, 25 kilometers, and found all the dry rivers. And we, for ourselves we just also

found that there is like erosion, rocks falling in clogging it. Somemes they also use it as parking place now, because it is not

wet. And it is really interesng.

C: This is because they built dams. Well, they blocked all the rivers, because their water moo here is ‘Not a drop of water

in the ocean’. That is what they used to say. They blocked up the rivers, that is why we have a lot of coastal erosion as well.

Because do do not get any sediment now arriving.

S: Yes, because you need the sediments from the mountains at the coast. Because we have seen one or two, with the one

near the Crowe Hotel or something, it is really, also they are not really nice places where they end. Only the one, they are

doing something in the old harbour, they are making everything new there, sort of looks nice but also really arcial.

C: You know what they make? They say, they decided to do a marina Dubai style. So you will have a road going into the sea and

you have large villas on the side of the road in the water. You have a place to stay, a house, there will be a parking place for thecar, and a parking space on the other side of the house for the yacht. I think they sell them for 3 million or something like that.

You have to understand that that area is, most of the industry in Cyprus was there along the coast and in the 1960s they would

dump all their industrial waste in the water in that area. So, they needed to do something to restore the place, the condions.

S: Let us see what else we prepared. Yes, so can you maybe tell something about the dams, because the dams in Cyprus are

really important for the drinking and water supply.

C: Okay, the major lifeline in Cyprus in the Troodos’ range of the mountains. Troodos, I think it is 1900 meter high, I do not

know I did not study. But it is enough to give you, to get you snow. In the old days we used to have a lot of snow high up in the

mountains. That snow would melt very slowly and that will give you small rivers and freshwater while running out the top of

the mountains for some me, there were mes it even lasted up to May the melng of the snow.

S: And it starts in March?

C: No, you get the big snowfall around December, January, February, around then and then it starts to melt. Now of course

it melts very quickly. Through the range you get the major basin of water collecon and then you get all these rivers forming

along the island. Some of the rivers will end up, we get rivers on all sides of the island. You get rivers on the west coast near

Paphos, you get in Limassol three rivers, and you get halfway rivers, and then you get very interesng rivers that come from

the mountains and cross the plain and go to Famagusta. That rivers we have here in Nicosia as well, there is a river going right

in the middle. When we say rivers in Cyprus, you do not see any water. We call them rivers, because they have water when

it rains.

S: Yes, so they have water when the dams are full?

C: We let a lile bit of water running out of the dam just to maintain the biodiversity along the river and to replenish thegroundwater as well in the various areas.

S: Because we have also read that the groundwater is used a lot as well.

249



C: Yes, in the small villages, most of the small villages in Cyprus, and we have the biggest number of villages per square

kilometer in Europe. There are a lot of small villages around in Cyprus, a lot. Our villages are really small, you get ve or ten

people living just there. So, the way they get their drinking water is through groundwater, because otherwise it is very dicult

to have a network of drinking water pipelines to go all over the island. It is impossible. You have to have a local source, the

local source is either groundwater or a small dam. We have a lot of them, the small dams. There are a lot of arguments of

people that what we did is wrong and you should not have done that. The point is, at this moment, the way we act now, we

are facing a huge problem with the groundwater level. Because we pipe up a lot of water, out of that. We are a small island,

so it is very easy for sea water to seep through the piping. One of the worst cases we have is, if you see the map of Cyprus

and you go to Ayia Napa, were all the young people go to have fun. That area, which is a cultural area, they have a culturalinuence. They overuse the groundwater and it is now 40 meters below sea level. So it is actually useless now, saltwater is

rushing in now. We should have stopped them earlier, but we did not do anything. Damn polics! Because you cannot x it.

S: No, it takes a long me.

C: And you need water!

S: Yes, to x it.

C: If you have a lot of energy you can do that, you can desalinate and pump it in.

S: And energy wise, we also found that Cyprus is quite sll, a really polluted island with carbon dioxide from cars and actually

one of the things that gives a lot of carbon dioxide, is actually the energy making.

C: We have three power staons which are the major source of CO2 and a lot of air polluon as well. We have a lot of cars in

the streets as you can see, everyone drives a car. Our cies are not designed for pedestrians or cyclists, so it is just cars. And

they killed of the public transport we used to have before. Because when I was young I used to go with the bicycle, busses,

everyone was using the public transport. And then they suddenly these policies and all these things that it is cool to have your

own car and you have deducons to buy a car. If your car was for instance a petrol car, you get even bigger deducons. And

you see the result.

S: Yes, a lot of parking everywhere. We cycled yesterday, it was somemes a lile bit dangerous.

C: Oh yes, because drivers do not pay that much aenon. You are a nuisance.

S: Well, we are fortunate that in Holland we drive, everyone drives the bike. So, we know now to drive a bike. But, if you do

not know, then it is not really safe to do it. But they are making also, like along the sea in Limassol, they are making bicycle

paths. But they stop and you have to go back on the road again.

C: Yes, we have arguments about that.

S: And then you cannot get back on the bicycle path.

C: You are on the cycle path and you do not have priority. There was a big ght two weeks ago. Somebody was telling me, two

guys punched each other Because this guy was going by the bicycle and the other, the other the driver was coming with the

car and he turned over the cycle path to go into his house. When you go to the cycle path, you see that every house entry,

the entrance, there is a stop for the cyclists. Well, how do I know that a car is going to turn in. It is stupid. The driver should

stop, wait for him to pass and then turn. When I saw this it was too late, they did it. i got in touch with the guys, the cycling

organisaon in Limassol. I said to them, they are very good guys, what do you think you agreed to. They said to us it is okay, it

will be for a short period of me. But good, nothing is more permanent than temporary stu. Two weeks ago there was this

ght.

S: In The Netherlands it is actually so that ,although the cyclist is doing it wrong the car is always on who is in fault. It is actually

quite a good thing, that cars go always really big around you. Like if you do anything, that is good, that is why a lot of people

cycle. And we do not have hills of course.

C: Actually, there is this study. I receive a lot of emails from European commission and they tell me this and that. And one

of these, it was a very interesng study, it was done on, it was a university research project, why what are the policies that

Germany, Denmark, and Holland The Netherlands have done to promote cycling, these three countries. And they idened

seven policy reasons. That was very interesng, very very!

S: Well, what I would like to know is, we read that you are also into ecology or sustainability and what we would like to do …

C: Yes, anything environment I handle this.

250



S: And in Holland it is now really, sort of hype or something, are these ecosystem services. I wonder if people here, even policy

makers even know these?

C: No!

S: Oh, that is very interesng, because like it showed that you can gain from it actually. A lot of benets, but that’s a good one,

than we introduce something new. What is now the situaon on Cyprus with renewable energy? We saw some windmills, we

see somemes these solar panels and what else? Do they also do, like they have a lot of dams, do they also do hydropower

with these dams or not?

C: No, they do not let that much there out. They were looking at it, but I think it is not worth it. One of the things they are

looking also, which when you this you smile. It is a good idea. One of the problems we have with a hot climate like this is that

you get a lot of water evaporang in summer, so you have a big dam with a lot of water and a lot of surface. You lose a lot of

water through evaporaon, so the queson is can I do something. And there are various soluons. One soluon would be

trow a million balls on the dam and they prevent evaporaon. They reduce it. Also you have something oang. This company

came up with the idea that we oat solar panels ha ha. It is really heavy and you need a solid boat and it will cost you a lot of

money to get the boat. And what do you do when it is windy? And why should I put it on the water and why not somewhere

else?

S: Have they ever looked into sand dams in Cyprus? What they used in certain African countries? Where they also have of rain

and then droughts, they store water in sand and then the sand already takes out some of the pollutants and then they, or it

goes to the groundwater or they pump it up again. That is also a way of not leng the sun to the water.

C: This is I know a roman technique. The small green spaces in Paris they were for that reason. So when Paris became bigger

and bigger they have to nd a way for drinking water. The romans used to do these dams. No but we do not have them.

S: Okay, and biomass energy, do you do.

C: Biomass yes, biomass we have something like 12 unique digesters that produce electricity. And they also use the compost

in the end. So biomass is nice and I also promoted that a lot, because if you look at the 1999 direcve 31, EU direcve 31 of

1999, it talks about biomass. And the direcve, the 98 of 2008 talks about separate collecon as well, so especially the last

one, the 98 of 2008 talks about organic, separate collecon of organic material. And there is a dierent direcve as well on

the green waste policies that you can do. So I used all this and I kept pushing the government.

S: Yes, that is actually a part of our research. We actually saw that in the Netherlands from the households’ green waste a lot

of biomass can be or energy can be produced. A thing we want to see here as well is actually if, we want to do a quesonnaire

to see if people are for example willing to separate if they get something back for it.

C: Two days ago I sat over there with people who wanted to start a business and they were asking me this and these days I

think, they were going around to interview people, to do a survey. But we have put a lot of eort to the government and they

have an area here in Nicosia. An area of four villages that actually do a separate collecon of organic waste.

S: Okay, and which villages are those?

C: It is Marki, Sha, Lythrodontas and Agia Varvara. And there is the municipality of Dali that does it as well. So, according

to what, only a group of people that are in the government agrees on waste. So, in Nicosia we are going to have separate

collecon. Very complex.

S: Yes, that is a good thing. Because in the Netherlands, I said, oh we do not separate that much and then we started thinking,

we do plascs, glass, paper, green and normal. So you do plasc here?

C: We do plasc in one bag. We have glass, you see there the glass collecon thing. We have paper, also newspaper and

packaging etcetera. So what is le, is garden waste and the food remain. So the garden waste and the food remain, I go

around pep talking and I do talk about composng. Promote, you need to promote household composng. But household

composng will not solve the problem, it will reduce it. But you need to do it. So you do that, and then you try to get the

quality to collect the green waste and to have some use for it. Like compost or biomass etcetera. And the next thing is collect

all the things, the food remain, to produce electricity. That was what I was promong.

S: Yes, that is a good one. That is what we want to try to promote as well, so that is nice. Is it correct that you said that theenvironmental awareness is beer now in the new generaon?

C: Very much beer!

251



S: And is this because of higher educaon or just the internet, that they read more maybe?

C: It is a combinaon of factors, denitely we are doing very good work in high school. Especially in elementary school, so that

need a lile bit of me to show. But, we did a, we have a very good policy on sustainable educaon at schools. Environmental

educaon training. And we have environmental educaon training centre located on the island, and people can go there and

you stay there for a weekend to teach there and learn people how to teach. They are very good, especially at the place, how

is called this place, where you take kids to see. But, especially for teacher to go there and staying a weekend, and train them

how to teach the subject.

S: So it does work if you put in, well we nally have to make a design, and we also thought about awareness, that you can

play with things or stu. In Holland that really works with children, who can see how much water there is and stu like that.

C: There is material like this. I do not think it is a lot in quanty, but there are, there are books and stu. I probably know one

or two games, I do not know anything to play with. I am not so familiar with that. I only saw one one energy, like a snake which

you put on the oor, and throw a dice and do this.

S: It is very interesng, because I wonder how many people know where the rivers are actually. For example, Limassol.

Because we had quite a dicult me nding them. And when we did nd them we thought: oh.

C: People know that there is a river, but we do not know the name. People know, yes yes yes yes. But, we do not know the

name. It is a peculiarity. For instance, if you are a Cypriot and you are lost or so, they will not give you the name of the street.

They will say: do you know where so and so shop is? This trac lights of, we give for example the name of the shop that was

near the trac lights twenty years ago. The shop is not there anymore, but we say the trac lights of … We do not know the

street.

S: And here in Nicosia, at the river in the west, there is a park. We sll have to see it, we are going there this aernoon. But,

there is a park now also with a cycling lane or something. Is it nice, is it working?

C: Yes, I do this every weekend.

S: Okay, so it is working.

C: It is nice, yes it is nice.

S: Okay, we have to see it. Because, I wonder how, because in Limassol the rivers are like polluted, what is le of the river.

C: No, here it is dierent. No, it is very nice. It is not what you see in Holland.

S: We have a lot of water! Interesng ...

C: The only thing is, the Pedieos is very long, you can cycle quite a few kilometers, it is cycling along the river. For most of the

path there is a cycle lane and there is a pedestrian lane. So, when you go there you see the pedestrians are always on the side

of the river, somemes you are on the le side of the river and somemes on one bank and than on the other. So, always they

keep the pedestrian lane on the side of the river. But, it is nice. You get on the bike and you go, you get out of the city easily.

This is, this is one of the places where they were thinking about building a small tram. So that it will take people from outside

the city to the centre. Because it will bring you right in the middle of the city. And I fought against that, because if you read

dierent policies, if you do not restrict the use of the private care, you have not done anything. If it is easy for me to get into

the car to go to the city centre, I will get into the car. I do not want to go to some place to drop o my car and get on a tram

to go to the city.

S: Because, in The Netherlands, like in Amsterdam you take the train or something and the tram, because if you park there it

costs you ve euros per hour. And that is why people do not do it. Because then, the train is cheaper or you can even leave

your car there for free and take the train for 2 euros or something and then you go into the city. It is quite nice, because in the

city it is like only bikes going everywhere.

C: Yes, I know! I have been there quite a few mes.

S: And here it is just cars everywhere, parking everywhere. It is incredible. But, do a lot of people use the river then here, or

the park?

C: Oh yes, now it is working day and you will not see many people. But if you go, for instance in the weekend, yes. I actually

wrote that before in a, and I am going to do it again. Because there are a lot of bikes on the bicycle lane and there is a risk of

accidents, because of design aws. There are certain places where you go straight and then they built this thing, which the

252



architect thought it would be a nice thing to have, but this small bend that you see on the map, if you are moving a bit faster

with the bike you have crashes. You have crashes with the person coming from the other side, because you cannot see them.

S: Yes, yesterday in Limassol as well. We really had to cycle ...

C: Yes, the guys that do this, they never sat on a bike. It looks good on paper, but it does not work.

S: But they also want to do, we actually saw on Google Maps or something, that one of the rivers in Limassol also has a linear

park. But we went there and there was nothing.

C: They are planning it.

S: So they already put it on Google Maps. Like, okay this will be there in the next ten years.

C: What you will see in the city is they are working on the outskirts of the river. It will come to a point that it will end in the

old harbour there.

253



XV Codebook

The qualitave data gained from the 13 interviews is coded to analyse their contents (Creswell, 2009). “Coding is the assigning

of codes (that have been previously dened or operaonalized in a codebook) to raw data. This allows researchers to engage

in data reducon and simplicaon.” (Decuir-Gunby, Marshall & McCulloch, 2011, p.138).

The codesFirst, like Creswell (2009) suggests, categories and themes are made to connect the codes to. Also, these categories, as well

as the themes, are linked to each other. Together the categories and themes make the codes, for example, Energy (category)- Problem (theme). There are also ve codes that are not connected to a theme, but are important subjects within the

categories, for example, Riversystem within the category Water.

X = if the code present in the interview data

The bookCodebooks should exist of six components: code name/label, brief denion, full denion, inclusion criteria, exclusion

criteria, and and examples (Macqueen et al., 1998; cited in Decuir-Gunby, Marshall & McCulloch, 2011) To make it easier,

because coding is not a main method used in this thesis. This codebook is consists of only, like Decuir-Gunby, Marshall &

McCulloch (2011) use, three components: code name/label, full denion, and an example.

Categories

Themes

Loose codes

Energy

Organic waste

Environment

Biodiversity

Economy

Foreigners

Water

Riversystem

Social/General

Seng

Habit/Approach

Awareness

Problem

Change/Future

plan

Polics/Policy

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Full denionCode name/label Example

Environment

Biodiversity

Environment

Habit/Approach

EnvironmentProblem

If data contains informaon

on biodiversity: animal/

plant species, the state of

ecology etc.


on environmental habits/

approaches: nature use,

importance, etc.

If data contains informaonon problems concerning

environment/landscape:

waste, polluon, etc.

And its an island with huge resources. We have some of the

biggest variees of plants from all over the world. We also

have our unique animal, the mouon. It is like a goat with big

horns. (Appendix 3i-VI)

We calculated that about half of the people in the area where

we have the program, parcipate in our packaging recycling.

(Appendix 3i-V)

They blocked up the rivers, that is why we have a lot ofcoastal erosion as well. Because we do not get any sediment

now arriving. (Appendix 3i-XIV)

254



Environment

AwarenessIf data contains informaon

on environmental

awareness: atude towards

the environment.

In general, Cypriot cizens start to parcipate in

environmentally based programs, but we have a lot more

to do in order to persuade more people to be sensized.

(Appendix 3i-IX)

EnvironmentChange/Future plan

WaterRiversystem

Water

Habit/Approach

Water

Problem

Water

Awareness

Water

Change/Future plan

EnergyOrganic waste

Water

Polics/Policy

Environment

Polics/Policy

If data contains informaonon changes made or plans

for change concerning the


creaon of controlled

dumpsites, etc.

If data contains informaonon riversystems: waterow,

dry rivers, etc.


on water habits on/

approaches: water sources,

use, etc.


on problems concerning

water: sources, use, etc.


on water awareness:

atude towards scarcity,

shortage, etc.


on changes made or plans

for change concerned water:

cuts, new sources, etc.

If data contains informaonon organic waste (possibly as

renewable energy source):

amount, potenals, etc.


on policies concerning

water: who is in charge, etc.




new rules, nes, etc.

I always say if you want to see about climate change, come toCyprus. IAppendix 3i-XIV)

So, these rivers when it rains, well not river it is calledsomething else. A river is always with water. These are called

something else. So, when it rains all the rainwater is going

into this thing and to the sea. (Appendix 3i-III))

During the Byzanne era cisterns and wells could be found in

Limassol. (Appendix 3i-XI)

One of the problems we have with a hot climate like this is

that you get a lot of water evaporang in summer, so you

have a big dam with a lot of water and a lot of surface. Youlose a lot of water through evaporaon, so the queson is

can I do something. IAppendix 3i-XIV)

We are very aware of it, because we have water cuts. If

it does not rain a lot, they cut water during summerme.

(Appendix 3i-VI)

But, there are some new, that is to have some retenons

ponds. One is going to be, there are some studies, one is

going to be north of Limassol in [...] area. They are thinking

to make it in a schoolyard, and below to have some specialpipes and collect everywhere, the drainage water there. And

then it will stay for some period and when the rain stops, it

will allow it to go to the sea. But these are studies, they did

not implement anything yet. (Appendix 3i-III)

Green residues (organic waste) has great potenal in Cyprus.(Appendix 3i-VIII)

Info:

• Sewerage board Limassol is responsible for stormwater

management in Limassol.

• In Nicosia the municipalies are responsible. (Appendix

3i-XIII)

But, the municipalies are really giving us a hard me. I am

not sure what is the problem, but they just do not care that

much. (Appendix 3i-VI)

255



Energy

Habit/Approach

Energy

Problem

Economy

Foreigners

Economy

Habit/Approach

Economy

Problem

EconomyChange/Future plan

Energy

Change/Future plan

Energy

Polics/Policy


on energy habits on/

approaches: sources, use,

etc.



energy: sources, use, etc.


on economy driven by

foreigners: expats, etc.


on economy habits on/

approaches: how money is

earned, spend, etc.



economy: debts, etc.

If data contains informaonon changes made or plans

for change concerning

economy: loans, cuts, etc.


on changes made or plans

for change concerned

energy: new sources, use,

etc.



energy: new legislaon,

subsidies, etc.

Cyprus has the following renewable energy sources: solar,

wind, biomass (mostly solar). (Appendix 3i-VIII)

We have three power staons which are the major source of

CO2 and a lot of air polluon as well. (Appendix 3i-XIV)

Then of course, from 1974 the tourist industry started

building up in the whole Med, more people traveling

etcetera etcetera, throughout Europe, on holidays and this

and the other, holiday homes. So, they had a lile bit of an

upside. Why, because they had their own currency, property

was cheap, land was cheap. But, again no bubble. (Appendix

3i-IV)

And it all became very sexy for people to have a bank account

here, to have a second residence here, etcetera etcetera.

(Appendix 3i-IV)

Especially the last couple of years we go through nancial

problems. The municipalies do not have the money to do

their cleaning properly. (Appendix 3i-V)

Now, when the line of Russian money started coming in,then you had two things which happened. You had the

commercial banking which took o in a big way, but also you

had property and prices of ground going up. (Appendix 3i-IV)

It is not very clear how this will proceed. The government

was very adamant to go ahead with the planning to have

new facilies for SRF. They have made a couple of steps back,

because those that were supposed to be projects funded

by the EU, or great extent by the EU, but it seems that they

are not geng all the money from the EU now. So, they are

now talking about having a SRF facility in the Limassol area,to deal with Limassol, the Greater Limassol waste area. But,

for the case of Nicosia they are now talking about a secure

landll, to start with, and of course this means that Cyprus

will have, if we go in that direcon, we will have two plans,

with the Larnaca-Famagusta plan and the Limassol plan, two

plans for SRF less say with a capacity of about 350.000 tons

to 400.000 tons. The producon is close to 600.000 tons, so

there is room to do other things with the waste. So, without

being able to predict exactly what will happen, because it is

sll at the back of the mind of the government to nd ways

to nd ways to proceed with yet another plant for Nicosia, a

SRF plant for the Nicosia area. (Appendix 3i-V)

So biomass is nice and I also promoted that a lot, because if

you look at the 1999 direcve 31, EU direcve 31 of 1999, it

talks about biomass. IAppendix 3i-XIV)

256



Social/General

Seng

Social/General

Habit/Approach

Social/General

Problem

Social/General

Awareness

Social/General

Change/Future plan

Social/General

Polics/Policy


on social sengs, villages,

cies, etc.


on social/general habits on/

approaches: acvies aer

work, mindset, etc.


on social/general problems:low educaon, leaving

knowledge, etc.


on social awareness:

self-knowledge, cultural

awareness, etc.


on social changes made

or plans for social change:

changing social structures,

etc.


on general policies: taxes,

etc.

So for example, if people buy an empty building plot and

eventually they do not build a house on it, is that permied

or not? The answer to your queson is no. There is not,

praccally, any such restricon. (Appendix 3i-XI)

Well, what else about Cypriots. They like good food, they

have good taste for sure. What else? We like to mainly like to

show they have like a nice car, a nice house. (Appendix 3i-VI)

Well, it is a strange me for the municipalies to say the

truth. The last two years have been very dicult, most ofthem are, for the rst me, facing very serious nancial

problems. In fact, there is this whole discussion going on

with consults from the UK, about the future of the local

authories. So, most of these people are not sure if they will

be there as a municipality as they are today six months from

today. So, for them it is like okay this is beyond, at this me.

(Appendix 3i-V)

Every new idea needs me and paence, but it will become

a habit. We need examples to get used to the idea. So, I think

this is the right me to show what you can do in design.

(Appendix 3i-X)

If one compares things in the last ten years, a lot has

happened. It has been a long way since then, but there is a

longer way ahead. (Appendix 3i-V)

So, I am not happy, I cricise the legislaon quite a lot.

Because there are always loopholes if you look in our

legislaon. We transpose the European Direcve to naonal

legislaon and you nd loopholes. I know everybody does

that. That is why a lot of the members of Parliament are veryangry. (Appendix 3i-XIV)

Economy

Polics/Policy



economy: taxes, etc.

There is corrupon everywhere. But, when a country grows

up so fast there are, there is not enough controls in place. So,

it is manipulated. That manipulaon is from top to boom,

through the banking, through economics, through who you

know, who can sign, who can do this and who can do that. So,

this has been a big problem for Cyprus, to get their legislaon

in place. It is coming, but it is sll not there. (Appendix 3i-IV)

257



XVI Informaon per category

In this Appendix the results of the coding process can be found. All data that received the same code is gathered together.

This to be able to nd the needed informaon derived from the interviews.

Environment

Biodiversity

In few words, We recorded dierent kinds of woody ora one can meet in Nicosia, the ecology status of them and problemsin several rows of trees on the sides of the roads. The trees of the roadsides have been recorded and counted and the 10

most common are:

Ficus microcarpa, Brachychiton diversifolius, Olea europaea, Washingtonia lifera, Schinus terebinthifolius, Tipuana pu,

Cupressus sempervirens, Cercis siliquastrum, Robinia pseudoacacia, Casuarina cunninghamiana. (Appendix 3i-II)

And its an island with huge resources. We have some of the biggest variees of plants from all over the world. We also have

our unique animal, the mouon. It is like a goat with big horns. (Appendix 3i-VI)

The river systems of Cyprus are important habitats for birds in their full- length from the source to the mouth. This is especially

true for dry islands like Cyprus. In higher - usually more wooded parts of Cyprus’ rivers clusters of dense vegetaon are

created, which are aracve shelters, feeding and nesng places for forest bird species. Such species include the Eurasian

Wren Troglodytes troglodytes which is a permanent resident of the island and the Nighngale Luscinia megarhynchos whichis a summer visitor from Africa. The Ce’s Warbler Cea ce - a crypc and noisy bird - also has a special liking to the

dense riparian vegetaon regardless of altude. Large numbers of invertebrates idened close to river systems are vital

for these insecvorous species. The increased concentraon of invertebrates aracts members of the swallow family, like

the Barn Swallow Hirundo rusca, the Red-rumped Swallow Cecropis daurica, the House Marn Delichon urbicum, and the

Sand Marn Riparia riparia. For the Red-rumped Swallow bridges and pipes direcng water make the rivers are ideal nesng

site. Even hawks like the Hobby Falco subbueo, the Eleonora’s Falcon Falco eleonorae and the Red-Footed Falcon Falco

vespernus are aracted by the numbers of insects along the rivers. The Black Francolin Francolinus francolinus, likes riparian

thickets in the lowlands and estuaries for reproducon. (Appendix 3i-VII)

The reeds that grow in at areas with slow ow , are important breeding places for the Eurasia reed warbler Acrocephalus

scirpaceus, a relavely rare summer visitor from Africa. The winter posts in reed beds are occupied by the Reed Bunng

Emberiza schoeniclus. Reed systems are also points of aracon for the Spoed Crake Porzana porzana, the Lile Crake

Porzana parva and the Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus, the laer breeding even in wells near rivers. Although mostcommonly found along the coast or in wetlands and dams, the Kingsher Alcedo athis, uses rivers during winter and migraon,

although it doesn’t breed in Cyprus. Along the lower reaches, where the river creates steep slopes in so sediment, the bee-

eater Merops apiaster and more frequently the Roller Coracias garrulus dig holes for nesng. Cyprus oers a summer refuge

to a signicant poron of the European populaon of the Roller, a species whose protecon is of global concern. (Appendix

3i-VII)

The only bird that specializes in hunng through the rivers is the Grey Wagtail Motacilla cinerea, located in rapidly owing

rivers with shallow areas where the bird collects aquac invertebrates. It is a frequent winter visitor to the island and for the

rst me breeding evidence was conrmed in Troodos in 2013. (Appendix 3i-VII)

Wading birds such as the Lile Biern Ixobrichus minutus, the Squacco Heron Ardeola ralloides, the Night heron Nyccorax

nyccorax, the common Sandpiper Acs hypoleucos, the Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola and the Green Sandpiper Tringa

ochropus use rivers especially during migraon periods as resng and foraging areas and as migratory routes. Even ducks like

the Teal Anas creccakai and the Garganey Anas querquedula have been observed to migrate along rivers. (Appendix 3i-VII)

In addion to the above , the streams and rivers of Cyprus are important habitats for almost all bird species on the island ,

because they provide water. (Appendix 3i-VII)

Specically to Garyllis and Pedieos:

We don’t hold much specic informaon about Garyllis. Pedieos however is a river that is linked to 3 Important Bird Areas

(IBAs) (for more info on IBAs read here hp://birdlifecyprus.org/en/html-8-Habitats_and_Sites.html ) in Cyprus. These are

Mia Milia Sewage Treatment Plant, Mesaoria Plain and Famagusta Lakes. Famagusta Lake has been idened as an IBA for

its importance for breeding Plegadis falcinellus, Himantopus himatopus, Vanellus spinosus and Francolinus francolinus. Also

recorded regularly breeding at the site are Egrea garzea, Nyccorax nyccorax, Ardeola ralloides, Bubulcus ibis, Burhinus

oedicnemus, Charadrius alexandrinus, Coracias garrulus, Galerida cristata, Oenanthe cypriaca, Sylvia conspicillata and non-breeding Egrea garzea, Nyccorax nyccorax, Ixobrychus minutes, Ardeola ralloides, Botaurus stellaris, Phoenicopterus

roseus, Platalea leucorodia, Falco vespernus, Circus aeruginosus, Grus grus, Porzana porzana, Porzana parva, Tringa

erythropus, Tringa glareola, Tringa tetanus, Numenius arquata, Glareola prancola, Charadrius leschenauli, Larus audouinii,

Chlidonias niger, Chlidonias hybrida, Alcedo athis, Melanocorypha calandra, Calandrella brachydactyla, Lanius nubicus, Lanius

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minor, Lanius collurio, Emberiza caesia. Mia Milia Sewage Treatment Plant has been idened as an IBA for its importance

for the regular occurrence on migraon of the Oxyura leucocephala, and for breeding Vanellus spinosus, Homantopus

himantopus and Meanocorypha calandra. Also recorded regularly breeding at the site are Francolinus francolinus, Alectoris

chukar, Burhinus oedicnemus, Oenanthe cypriaca, Sylvia conspicillata, Galerida cristata. Non breeding Egrea garzea,

Nyccorax nyccorax, Ardeola ralloides, Ixobrychus minutus, Bubulcus ibis, Ardea alba, Ardea cinerea, Ardea purpurea,

Plegadis falcinellus, Aythya nyroca, Aquila fasciata, Buteo buteo, Falco peregrinus, Falco vespernus, Pernis apivorus, Falco

subbuteo, Accipiter nisus, Circus aeruginosus, Circus cyaneaus, Tringa erythropus, Tringa glareola, Tringa totanus, Luscinis

svecica, Calandrella brachydactyla, Alcedo athis, Coracias garrulus, Acrocephalus melanopogon are regularly recorded.

Mesaoria Plain has been idened as an IBA for its importance for breeding Burhinus oedicnemus, Melanocorypha calandra,Francolinus francolinus and Galerida cristata. Also recorded regularly breeding at the site are Alectoris chukar, Athene noctua,

Pterocles orientals (possible breeding area), Coracias garrulus, Oenanthe cypriaca, Sylvia conspicillata and non breeding Buteo

runus, Buteo buteo, Falco peregrinus, Falco vespernus, Pernis apivorus, Falco naumanni, Falco subbuteo, Milvus migrans,

Circus macrourus, Circus pygargus, Circus aeruginosus, Circus cyaneaus, Lullula arborea, Calandrella brachydactyla, Antus

campestris, Lanius nubicus, Lanius minor, Lanius collurio, Emberiza caesia, Emberiza hortulana. (Appendix 3i-VII)

Amphibians

• Hyla savignyi

• Rana ridibunda

• Bufo virdis

Reples

At hp://hscyprus.org/index.php/en/cyprus-reples/lizards you can nd all the lizards we have in Cyprus but the ones living

in towns are:

• Ophisops elegans

• Laudakia stellio

• Mabuya viata

• Chalcides ocellatus

• Hemidactylus turcicus (sta spia to bradi)

• Chamaeleon (ektos) - at Athalassa close to Nicosia

• Cyrtopodio kotchie - at Athalassa close to Nicosia

• Ablepharus kitaibelli - at Athalassa park close to Nicosia and also in the Pediaios river

Mammals

• Mus musculus

• Raus raus

• Hemiechinus auritus dorotheae• Pipistrellus kuhli

• Pipistrellus savii

• Eptesicus seronus

• Rouseus aegypacus (Appendix 3i-XII)

There are some turtles in the Pedieos river. (Appendix 3i-XII)

Eucalyptus is a common species in the riverbed. (Appendix 3i-XII)

Reed is a nave species and is good for bioltraon. (Appendix 3i-XII)

I would say that most of the plants grow beer in spring but yet again this depends on the type of plant. Comparing Cyprus

to Netherlands plants is not feasible as we are talking about dierent plants and completely dierent climates. Keep in mind

that the “ecological rule” is that a plants growth depends on the factor that is in limitaon (for Cyprus is water for Netherlands

I would say is sunshine). In addion to the confusing answers, if we are referring to landscaping plants that have been planted

in the cies, these are being watered regularly. (Appendix 3i-XII)

We let a lile bit of water running out of the dam just to maintain the biodiversity along the river. (Appendix 3i-XIV)

Habit/approach

They do not necessarily idenfy with environmental issues. (Appendix 3i-IV)

First of all come the family and the business. So, environment will always come second, or third, or fourth, or h. It is not on

their list of priories. (Appendix 3i-IV)

So, environment is, I do not think it is there on the top of their list. (Appendix 3i-IV)

Now, several companies have proposed several types of alternaves. But it all comes to who is going to pay for it? (Appendix

3i-IV)

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They will not tolerate, because they do not have the income base, to for them now to start paying an extra 5 or 10 euros a

month for the waste to be processed through a processing plant. (Appendix 3i-IV)

So, it just goes into a landll, and it is not like the landll is now constructed in such a way you can tap it for gas and have a

biogas. No, it is just landll. (Appendix 3i-IV)

The main aspect of our work is packaging, packaging waste. We were formed by the industry in 2004. But actual operaons,

planning and operaons, began mid 2005 and of course it was an outcome of the acceptance of Cyprus in the EU. So,

since 2002 we have the legislaon on responsibility of packaging. It was the, it was basically the transposion of Europeanlegislaon to a local legal framework. (Appendix 3i-V)

So, a big part of the market, they are registered with us, we represent them and we are collecng the packaging waste. Now

to be able to recover and recycle packaging, based on the fact that recycling was not an issue or was a very small issue for

some very few companies doing the collecon of industrial packaging and recycling on why pay the recycling. (Appendix 3i-V)

We calculated that about half of the people in the area where we have the program, parcipate in our packaging recycling.

(Appendix 3i-V)

But sll, breaking the habit of pung everything together and geng into the mindset of sorng things makes a lot of

dierence. (Appendix 3i-V)

What we also wondered, we looked at a lot of dry rivers. And we have seen a lot of garbage that has been dumped in these

areas and we do not understand it. Because, you do not have to pay to put your garbage in the bins. … Yes, we are very good

in that. You have to drive with it. We do not understand it either, but it happens. (Appendix 3i-V)

Yes, this is a cultural thing. It is something that we have. We are very sensive with the area within the walls of our house

and our garden. But it is, like, someone can have a perfect garden and throw the materials outside. It does not make sense of

course because waste is sll there, but that is something we have. (Appendix 3i-V)

It is unrealisc for a country with a tourisc economy, to not care about the environment. But it is something we have been

doing for years. (Appendix 3i-V)

The other thing we were amazed about was, why do people throw their waste from the hill down? Because when you throw

it from the hill, you do not see it anymore. Out of sight, out of mind. So, it is both a cultural issue, but is also an issue of a non-organized state to take care of it. (Appendix 3i-V)

A very small amount stays here, because we have a plasc fabric one locally, but not a big one. Most of it is pressed and

exported. Same happens with paper, all the paper goes out. All the metals go out. With glass, we keep it here and we use it as

a raw material in the cement factory. Because we do not have a glass recycling facility. Today, most of the treatment, it is not

feasible to do it here. (Appendix 3i-V)

Well, the other thing is that not a lot of people are into the environment here. They just see what money they can take come

it mostly, instead of what they would do for the environment. (Appendix 3i-VI)

They do not care about the petrol. Some of them do, but mostly because they save money on petrol not that much for the

environment. Now, with the PVs that I see the client that wants to install PVs. From all the clients I have only seen one, me,

that wants to install because it is good for the environment. The rest just wants to save money. (Appendix 3i-VI)

I think people in a family are now do probably also recycling. We change our rubbish, garbage, once or twice a week, as

where we would every day in the past. Recycling is going even beer now. Like in most cies and villages on the island there

is recycling, but sll there are people that are like no I do not do recycling. (Appendix 3i-VI)

But, what does the majority of the people do? Most people now are recycling.(Appendix 3i-VI)

There is something I forgot to tell you about Cypriots. Cypriot people have been through a lot, a lot of stu, since the ancient

mes. We have been a country that everyone wanted to conquer. They wanted our trees, they were cung our trees to make

boats, ships and everything. The were digging the land to take copper, now we do not have much le. They did, you know,

major changes, even villages were modied because of copper ndings they had. (Appendix 3i-VI)

That is why you see so many expensive cars around and people do not care that much about the environment. I think, we did

not have the me and chance to go into that. And another reason that not many things happened for the environment is that

the government and policians spending their me and money trying to solve the Cyprus problem. Not that they are doing

much there, but it is like considered it more important. (Appendix 3i-VI)

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What I also forgot to tell you about Cyprus, is that we have it all here, dierent climates. You drive 30 minutes you are at the

beach and you can swim. Another day you drive into the mountains, where there is a more pleasant temperature. And we

have cies. Yes, you have what you need on the island, I guess. (Appendix 3i-VI)

People do separate into some categories already, but do not know how to do the organics yet. A campaign is going to inform

the people how to do this. (Appendix 3i-X)

Info:

• Waste is separated by Greendot.• Separated waste is probably shipped to somewhere else to process. (Appendix 3i-XIII)

Problem

Here, they are sll using landll, which is again the EU rules. So, they are having to pay a ne every month, because they are

using landlls. (Appendix 3i-IV)

Of course, through these years of existence in the market and the experience with local authories and following up all these

developments in the greater waste management sector and the strategies of the governments to deal with waste problems,

because we also have problems with exisng dumps. Actually the two large cies are served by dumps, not even secure

landlls. This is something we are in the European courts for now. (Appendix 3i-V)

And given the fact that the supporve mechanisms that should be in place, are sll not there. I mean, if you take into account,

for example, that two dumps which served about for 70% of the populaon actually. The two dumps, at Nicosia and Limassol

where most of the people are, are basically almost free, because it is two or three euros per ton. And if you would have a

competor, that is sucking all the material because it is free. Anything that costs even a euro is an issue to convince people to

do it, even the industry.(Appendix 3i-V)

The other thing we have to admit, is that we do not have areas where people can take their waste and organise it. We do not

have any green points where people can take their construcons. So even some construcon waste of a small restructuring

of your house, you do not know what to do with it, so you just throw it somewhere and it will be okay. It is an issue not only

of the society, but it is an organising issue. (Appendix 3i-V)

The main goal is to reduce consumpon. But, water and energy are not the main problem of Cyprus. Waste is. We need to

change a lot around waste, especially the management. (Appendix 3i-X)

They blocked up the rivers, that is why we have a lot of coastal erosion as well. Because we do not get any sediment now

arriving. (Appendix 3i-XIV)

You have to understand that that area is, most of the industry in Cyprus was there along the coast and in the 1960s they would

dump all their industrial waste in the water in that area. So, they needed to do something to restore the place, the condions.

(Appendix 3i-XIV)

Awareness

So they do not, they do not see a problem themselves in the environment. (Appendix 3i-IV)

And of course we have also the great part of the responsibility of the communicaon and sensi raonalisaon of the

populaon. (Appendix 3i-V)

We believe that we did a good job given the circumstances in about seven years me. (Appendix 3i-V)

And these are encouraging numbers, not only because it is something new for Cyprus, but also because the cizens do not

have an obligaon to parcipate. (Appendix 3i-V)

Especially the parcipaon three years ago, the inial parcipaon was beer than the inial parcipaon seven years ago.

(Appendix 3i-V)

So, it depends I mean, looking at the area demographics are important. You can see dierent numbers in dierent even

adjacent municipalies, because here older people are living and not willing to parcipate, as in the next municipality has

beer demographics and much beer parcipaon. (Appendix 3i-V)

You already told that they are not very caring about the environment, but are they aware of the climate change? Some of

them yes. Many of them are, but I do not really think there is that much interest in that. (Appendix 3i-VI)

In general, Cypriot cizens start to parcipate in environmentally based programs, but we have a lot more to do in order to

261



persuade more people to be sensized. (Appendix 3i-IX)

A survey we have conducted has shown that only 1% of the Cypriots care about the environment. This 1% is mostly made out

of people connected to the Green Party. (Appendix 3i-X)

But I think the major change here, the major posive change is the way people are thinking. The young generaon they are

dierent, they are very sensive about the environment, they care, they parcipate. (Appendix 3i-XIV)

It is a combinaon of factors, denitely we are doing very good work in high school. Especially in elementary school, so thatneed a lile bit of me to show. But, we did a, we have a very good policy on sustainable educaon at schools. (Appendix

3i-XIV)

Change/future plan

I think, the only way you can get environment going up in their list is by EU subsidies. In other words, if they do not have to pay

for it they will denately get it done. But, if you expect them to pay for it, you are never going to get it done. (Appendix 3i-IV)

A few years back we had to start everything, almost from scratch. So, we designed the collecon shis, we were consulted by

the Belgian system Force Plus, at the me. So, we designed the systems and began corporaons with local authories to run

recycling programs for the households. (Appendix 3i-V)

But, we also since 2007 we started our rst house programs with ve municipalies back then. Eventually we grew up to a

system with geographical coverage and now we have 85% of the populaon, we cover almost all the municipalies and a

number of communies. (Appendix 3i-V)

We believe having 50% of the people parcipang in a period of ve to six years, more or less, is quite an successful for

Cyprus. In fact, many people never thought this would actually happen in Cyprus. (Appendix 3i-V)

And of course you keep listening to people and they will say it is dicult to do it. But when they do it, they will say is was so

simple. In the beginning they do not know where to put the bins, but once they do it they say it is very simple. If they already

think that it is simple, it is much easier to convince them to do something else. (Appendix 3i-V)

Waste has not not been an important issue unl we joined the EU. (Appendix 3i-V)

Now, we see all this climate change and they start to somehow think about how it works. (Appendix 3i-VI)

Also, municipal green spots are in planning, to prevent the uncontrolled dump sites. The waste from the green spots will be

separated later. We are thinking about building a new automac separaon plant in Limassol. (Appendix 3i-X)

There is just no money, it is not a priority. As said, if this law is accepted we can use the money saved for the environment.

For example saving energy with energy saving buildings, this saves money and this money can be used for maintenance of

public green. (Appendix 3i-X)

I always say if you want to see about climate change, come to Cyprus. (Appendix 3i-XIV)

The big dierence is up in Troodos. If you came in the winter you sll had snow which was regularly above a meter, a meter

and a half. Now it is only rare that you get a meter, usually a few cenmeter. (Appendix 3i-XIV)

Polics/policy

Companies need to recover in Cyprus certain percentages of their packaging waste and they can either do it individually or

join organisaons, non-prot organisaons, who then run the recycling systems for them. (Appendix 3i-V)

They do not have nes or anybody to put pressure to parcipate, and they also have an incenve, an nancial incenve to do

so because we do not have pay-and-throw systems for example. People are paying taxes, so in fact if you recycle you more or

less are subsidising your neighbour who is not recycling. (Appendix 3i-V)

It was also an iniave from our minister of environment, because we kind of found this strange situaon that two ministries

involved in the management of waste, the ministry of environment and the ministry of interior. And there is of course conict

between them, they have dierent agendas and although the ministry of environment is more or less in line with what we are

saying and trying to promote separate collecon of organic waste as well. The ministry of interior is pushing things towardsthe direcon of SRF rather than any other type of treatment of organic waste. (Appendix 3i-V)

When they can just send their trucks to the landll and pay, lets say, 7 euro or 10 euro, it is an issue to spend 20 euros for the

truck to be recycled. So that is something that is unbelievable that is happening, but it shows quite well the dierent agendas

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at the government level. (Appendix 3i-V)

But, there are some people that are very interested in the environment, like mr. Theopemptou for example, my family also,

we want to do something. But the regulaon, the government does not help. The problem is, in order to make the laws,

policies and stu that will help, help us to do something beer with the environment, you have to see the nancial point of

view. And because we are also in the EU, it kind of makes them, you have to do this. So, they have to do things, this and that.

(Appendix 3i-VI)

But, the municipalies are really giving us a hard me. I am not sure what is the problem, but they just do not care that much.(Appendix 3i-VI)

The Constuon says that no extra Ministers can be appointed and there was a desire from the Green Party 8 - 10 years

ago to have have someone extra in Parliament considering the environment. The Commissioner now has a checking and

coordinang posion on all ministries. The Commissioner is on an independent state to advise the president, the ministers

and the pares. (Appendix 3i-X)

Also, there needs to be a new law, it is now on the agenda of the President, to make sure the money saved due to, for

example, reduced energy consumpon, can be used on the environment. (Appendix 3i-X)

The posive changes, the beginning of the actual applicaon of the European Direcve regarding the environment. (Appendix

3i-XIV)

Especially with the Waste Direcve are not transposed into naonal legislaon very well. As an European community we need

to do something about that. (Appendix 3i-XIV)

And then they suddenly these policies and all these things that it is cool to have your own car and you have deducons to buy

a car. (Appendix 3i-XIV)

Water

Riversystem

Ah, okay, So, in the mountains we have, Troodos mountain, it will snow in the winter period of 3 months and the snow melts

it goes through these rivers downwards. There are a lot of dams, so we collect the water, but aer the dams when we do not

have overow, it is dry. Or upwards, when there is no snow and no rain, again it is dry. So, these rivers are used to, when thereis rain or snow, collecon of the water in the dams. (Appendix 3i-III)

So, these rivers when it rains, well not river it is called something else. A river is always with water. These are called something

else. So, when it rains all the rainwater is going into this thing and to the sea. (Appendix 3i-III)

So, also from the city, it goes in the river and then it goes to the sea? Yes, we saw many mes these rivers full of water. When,

because, okay, some of it is collected in the streets, but a lot of it goes to these kind of rivers. (Appendix 3i-III)

Info on Garyllis:

• The le and right branch of the Garyllis river are arcial, the middle one is the authenc one.

• The middle branch did follow a dierent route before, through the old town.

• The le branch was dug aer the big ood of 1894.

• Also walls where built along the authenc middle branch to prevent oods.

• Between the le branch and the middle branch there is a place with the Greek name ‘lake’, this is where the water would

go in the old days. (Appendix 3i-XI)

Info:

• The only water in the Pedieos river in Nicosia is surface runo from the city.

• In Limassol the water in the Garyllis river might also come from the Polemidia dam (but it almost never overows, once

every 10 year). (Appendix 3i-XIII)

Through the range you get the major basin of water collecon and then you get all these rivers forming along the island.

Some of the rivers will end up, we get rivers on all sides of the island. You get rivers on the west coast near Paphos, you get

in Limassol three rivers, and you get halfway rivers, and then you get very interesng rivers that come from the mountains

and cross the plain and go to Famagusta. That rivers we have here in Nicosia as well, there is a river going right in themiddle. When we say rivers in Cyprus, you do not see any water. We call them rivers, because they have water when it rains.

(Appendix 3i-XIV)

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Habit/approach

We were curious if the sewerage board is only responsible for Limassol or for the Greater Limassol? It is responsible for the

Greater Limassol and for the municipalies around Limassol, like Germasogeia, Agios Athanasios, Agios Tychonas, [...], Meso

Geitonia, Polemidia. Around Limassol, all this area. (Appendix 3i-III)

We do not collect the drainage water, it goes all into the sea. (Appendix 3i-III)

Okay, so you said the water all goes to the sea? All of it yes, by gravity. (Appendix 3i-III)

And what about the awareness on water scarcity? Well, this we are very aware of it. Except some ladies that like to get the

water hose and splash the pavement or wash the car during summerme. (Appendix 3i-VI)

You have to arrange when you have a shower, when you do the washing machine, everything. It is something that we do not

waste that much, we are really trying to save it. But, there are always people that just do not care. (Appendix 3i-VI)

During the Byzanne era cisterns and wells could be found in Limassol. (Appendix 3i-XI)

Info:

• There is no dam management yet (both the Tamassos and Polemidia dam are not managed). (Appendix 3i-XIII)

That is something that they used to do a lot in Cyprus. In a city near Limassol, you can go and see, there is a small village

which has the biggest number of cisterns. You know what a cistern is? You collect rainwater from the roof and you store it in

a underground compartment. They used to do this in the old days. They had a well on top and you bring up the water that

you collect. (Appendix 3i-XIV)

This is because they built dams. Well, they blocked all the rivers, because their water moo here is ‘Not a drop of water in the

ocean’. That is what they used to say. (Appendix 3i-XIV)

Okay, the major lifeline in Cyprus in the Troodos’ range of the mountains. Troodos, I think it is 1900 meter high, I do not know

I did not study. But it is enough to give you, to get you snow. In the old days we used to have a lot of snow high up in the

mountains. That snow would melt very slowly and that will give you small rivers and freshwater while running out the top of

the mountains for some me, there were mes it even lasted up to May the melng of the snow. (Appendix 3i-XIV)

We let a lile bit of water running out of the dam just to maintain the biodiversity along the river and to replenish thegroundwater as well in the various areas. (Appendix 3i-XIV)

So, the way they get their drinking water is through groundwater, because otherwise it is very dicult to have a network of

drinking water pipelines to go all over the island. It is impossible. You have to have a local source, the local source is either

groundwater or a small dam. We have a lot of them, the small dams. (Appendix 3i-XIV)

Problem

You know is Cyprus we do not have rain, too much rain. The rst rain is very polluted, because it collects all the [...] toxics from

the street, all these things. So, we see it is very polluted. We know it is very polluted, because some of it comes through the

sewerage system and goes to the plant and we have seen increased levels so far. Especially [...], because of the car emissions.

Because we have a period of, let say six months, we have rain. When the rst rain is, all the pollutants on the street goes

through the drainage to the sea. (Appendix 3i-III)

They are aware of the water problem, but it is not their, it is not a major issue for them. They do not think so. Unl they do

not have it and then they start complaining. But in fact, they could have done something about it years ago. (Appendix 3i-IV)

Info:

• Landll at Polemidia dam, water is polluted

• The dierence in quality of urban surface runo and rural surface runo might not be that big. (Appendix 3i-XIII)

There are a lot of arguments of people that what we did is wrong and you should not have done that. The point is, at this

moment, the way we act now, we are facing a huge problem with the groundwater level. Because we pipe up a lot of water,

out of that. We are a small island, so it is very easy for sea water to seep through the piping. One of the worst cases we have is,

if you see the map of Cyprus and you go to Ayia Napa, were all the young people go to have fun. That area, which is a cultural

area, they have a cultural inuence. They overuse the groundwater and it is now 40 meters below sea level. So it is actuallyuseless now, saltwater is rushing in now. (Appendix 3i-XIV)

One of the problems we have with a hot climate like this is that you get a lot of water evaporang in summer, so you have a

big dam with a lot of water and a lot of surface. You lose a lot of water through evaporaon, so the queson is can I do

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something. (Appendix 3i-XIV)

Awareness

They are very much aware of the water problem in Cyprus. (Appendix 3i-IV)

We are very aware of it, because we have water cuts. If it does not rain a lot, they cut water during summerme. (Appendix

3i-VI)

But, anyway in the summerme when you know that there will be water cut outs, you will denitely try to save some.Otherwise you will not have a shower. (Appendix 3i-VI)

Change/future plan

But, there are some new, that is to have some retenons ponds. One is going to be, there are some studies, one is going to be

north of Limassol in [...] area. They are thinking to make it in a schoolyard, and below to have some special pipes and collect

everywhere, the drainage water there. And then it will stay for some period and when the rain stops, it will allow it to go to

the sea. But these are studies, they did not implement anything yet. (Appendix 3i-III)

Polics/policy

Info:

• Sewerage board Limassol is responsible for stormwater management in Limassol.

• In Nicosia the municipalies are responsible. (Appendix 3i-XIII)

Energy

Organics

We are trying to do.. they plan to collect the garbage. Produce biogas and then produce power. There are biomass units,

especially farmers, but they have cows. So, they have their own. There are now about 20 units, they use electricity from

manure from the cows or pigs. (Appendix 3i-III)

Green residues (organic waste) has great potenal in Cyprus. (Appendix 3i-VIII)

But, looking aer all these issues and talking to the local authories and also looking at the planning of the government, we

saw in the process that one of the big issues that needs to be dealt with, and in fact something that is now more and more

regulated by the EU, is the green waste, organic waste, from households and from the industry. Although we are not directlyinvolved, we scanned the market and tried to nd out what are the opons available. There are already two composng

facilies, small composng facilies in the Nicosia area. But, the most important thing that we realised in the process, is that

Cyprus is already equipped with, I think it must be 12 by now it was 11, biomass plants at farms to deal with farm waste.

And of course, aer talking to these people we found out that even as we speak today they have an incapacity of around

150.000 tons a year. That is about the amount of organic waste that is produced in Cyprus. So if you collect organic waste

separately from the households and the industries, you already have facilies to deal with it. Okay, two of them are already

fully equipped to doing so, the others need some pasteurisaon equipment but this is equipment of, lets say, less than half a

million euros per unit. So it is not something signicant. And addionally, these are facilies that are very well geographically

located everywhere on the island. In mean, all the areas that have signicant producon have such a facility close to them,

with an excepon of Paphos. But sll there are farms in Paphos that need to solve their waste problem as well. So, here we

will have a full-blown network of the farms, full-blown system for organic waste. (Appendix 3i-V)

So, it is not that they have to deal with more waste, they want more waste. (Appendix 3i-V)

But sll, we believe these exisng biogas facilies are a very good way to deal with the organic issue and have electricity on

one hand, heat you can use in the farms especially during the winter and of course you also have the compost at the end

of the day which when you have properly sorted organic waste you have very good quality compost that can compete with

compost that comes Holland, peat moss. (Appendix 3i-V)

Now there is a small pilot with a number of communies that Kypros spoke with. (Appendix 3i-V)

But you think if now an extra separaon possibility comes with organic waste, people would then easily also separate this?

Denately! I think you rst have to break the barrier of the too many years of habit of throwing it together. (Appendix 3i-V)

So I think that the work that has been done for packaging for all these years. It is instrumental for electric and electronicwaste, for baeries, for organic. Whatever you try to do, it is easier to do it. Organic is a challenge of course. (Appendix 3i-V)

Well, the exisng situaon, as you described very well, is not hygienic anyways. It smells, it is dirty, it is whatever. So, try to

deal with the organic directly is not necessary a big change. The same material, but keep them separately. So denitely, when

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we have a separate collecon system and you also manage things in a beer order, you will more or less abandon the exisng

system with all the dirty bins etcetera. (Appendix 3i-V)

So we believe that the collecon of organic is also something that should be done to the extent that you can do it. With at site

collecon rather than bins and stu like that, because the cies are not build for bin places.They do not have the area. So at

site collecon, possibly once a week. Maybe in the summer you have to increase the collecon because of the temperature.

(Appendix 3i-V)

So I believe that it will be a combinaon of at site collecon for the households and some collecon points for our facilies.With bins, closed bins. Already many hotels have air-condioned areas that are well climate controlled to keep the waste in

the summer. (Appendix 3i-V)

Yes, well they started doing this in the schools to educate the students. I know some people are doing this, I also do it at my

house. We separate the fresh vegetables from the meat, the cooked stu, also the fresh eggs and, how do you call it, around

the egg, the peel of the egg. Also things from the garden, when you cut the trees, the grass, everything. All this is put in a

special bin to make our own ferliser. And you can noce that we reduce our garbage. Like if we put everything in their would

be. I do not know, one cubic meter. It is half of this these days. (Appendix 3i-VI)

If you want to do it, you have to do it yourself, in the backyard. I heard many people trying to organise this in larger scale.

(Appendix 3i-VI)

Biogas is a dierent case. You can only do it, I think, with processed and cooked food. You need to have a place to put it, like an

anaerobic digester. It has to be closed. With the fresh vegetables, you do it in your garden, it does not smell and also it is not

really a problem to do it. With the other thing you need to have special equipment and educate people. Because, you have

gas producon and you have to be careful with that. The thing is they do not even do it with the fresh vegetables and stu.

That would be very good to organise it. I heard people were trying, but … (Appendix 3i-VI)

700 households declare willingness of parcipaon but some of them never took out their house the organic waste for

collecon. The average amount of the households who parcipate in pracce is 350. (Appendix 3i-IX)

The mean weight of organic waste per household per week is 20 kg. (Appendix 3i-IX)

All the households had informaon about the program structure and signicance and they decided whether on not to

parcipate. (Appendix 3i-IX)

The Department of Environment (it is a Government department which runs the organic waste program) provided the

households with the organic waste bin. The future movaon for them to parcipate will be the electricity provision in

proporon with the collected waste, but for now the program is pilot and the amount of organic waste we collect is very low.

(Appendix 3i-IX)

We believe the most common reason for the households to join the program was their environmental consciousness and

awareness. (Appendix 3i-IX)

40% of the waste in Cyprus is organic and there are a lot of possibilies to create energy from this. In 2014 the EU is going to

give funds for separang organic waste in Cyprus. (Appendix 3i-X)

And the direcve, the 98 of 2008 talks about separate collecon as well, so especially the last one, the 98 of 2008 talks about

organic, separate collecon of organic material. And there is a dierent direcve as well on the green waste policies that you

can do. (Appendix 3i-XIV)

It is Marki, Sha, Lythrodontas and Agia Varvara. And there is the municipality of Dali that does it as well. So, according to what,

only a group of people that are in the government agrees on waste. So, in Nicosia we are going to have separate collecon.

Very complex. (Appendix 3i-XIV)

So what is le, is garden waste and the food remain. So the garden waste and the food remain, I go around pep talking and I

do talk about composng. Promote, you need to promote household composng. (Appendix 3i-XIV)

But you need to do it. So you do that, and then you try to get the quality to collect the green waste and to have some use

for it. Like compost or biomass etcetera. And the next thing is collect all the things, the food remain, to produce electricity.(Appendix 3i-XIV)

Habit/approach

And most of them, all of them, they are using the electricity for their own needs, because if you want to buy electricity it

266



is very expensive, you like holland. It is for us like 22, 23, 24, 25 cents, so it is beer to use it for yourself instead of buying

electricity. Because if you want to sell the electricity it is only 11,5 cents. So, it is beer to use it instead of selling it. (Appendix

3i-III)

Cyprus has the following renewable energy sources: solar, wind, biomass (mostly solar). (Appendix 3i-VIII)

There are now 14 biogass plants in Cyprus (mean capacity 500 kWh) (for manure). (Appendix 3i-VIII)

At the moment all RES plants are connected with the electricity grid (Electricity Authority of Cyprus- The main provider ofelectricity in the island at the moment) and the res electricity is consumed by the public . But in some cases like farms which

they installed biogas plant, they can use a part of the energy that they produced for their own needs. The rest is supplied into

the electricity grid (EAC). (Appendix 3i-VIII)

Biomass yes, biomass we have something like 12 unique digesters that produce electricity. And they also use the compost in

the end.(Appendix 3i-XIV)

Problem

We have three power staons which are the major source of CO2 and a lot of air polluon as well. (Appendix 3i-XIV)

Change/future plan

It is not very clear how this will proceed. The government was very adamant to go ahead with the planning to have new

facilies for SRF. They have made a couple of steps back, because those that were supposed to be projects funded by the

EU, or great extent by the EU, but it seems that they are not geng all the money from the EU now. So, they are now talking

about having a SRF facility in the Limassol area, to deal with Limassol, the Greater Limassol waste area. But, for the case of

Nicosia they are now talking about a secure landll, to start with, and of course this means that Cyprus will have, if we go

in that direcon, we will have two plans, with the Larnaca-Famagusta plan and the Limassol plan, two plans for SRF less say

with a capacity of about 350.000 tons to 400.000 tons. The producon is close to 600.000 tons, so there is room to do other

things with the waste. So, without being able to predict exactly what will happen, because it is sll at the back of the mind

of the government to nd ways to nd ways to proceed with yet another plant for Nicosia, a SRF plant for the Nicosia area.

(Appendix 3i-V)

Polics/policy

Law on renewable energy, Direcve 2/2006. (Appendix 3i-VIII)

If the capacity of the digester is over 30 kW please read the aached pdf (CEA regulatory framework). (Appendix 3i-VIII)

But, apparently, as I said earlier, the governments are not always thinking very raonally. Well, we saw the planning of the

government, we saw that they basically are ignoring all the stascs and going for the construcon of new SRF facilies that

would actually dry the organic waste and prepare this as fuel. We are not saying that being on an island denitely we will have

to take energy recovery criteria and see what we can do with energy recovery. But if you have exisng facilies that can take

the material at a very low cost, then you have to think twice before you get into huge investments based on the scale of the

market for energy recovery. (Appendix 3i-V)

So biomass is nice and I also promoted that a lot, because if you look at the 1999 direcve 31, EU direcve 31 of 1999, it talks

about biomass. (Appendix 3i-XIV)

Economy

Foreigners

First of all, there was a very large expat, UK expat, present here. Because of the army bases, which sll are UK terrain. In other

words, it is owned by the UK. Both army and airforce, both here in Limassol and in Famagusta sll belong to the UK. But you

have a lot of people rering from the army etcetera etcetera, and it was cheap to live here. It was cheap to have an apartment

or a small house to rere to. The weather was good, they knew the island. So, there was a certain amount of economical

support for the island. But it did not, it did not bubble. In other words, the economical levels remained steady. Because there

was not enough English or others, actually residing here, or becoming pensioned here, or taking a second house here. It did

not have a great impact on the island. (Appendix 3i-IV)

Then of course, from 1974 the tourist industry started building up in the whole Med, more people traveling etcetera etcetera,

throughout Europe, on holidays and this and the other, holiday homes. So, they had a lile bit of an upside. Why, because theyhad their own currency, property was cheap, land was cheap. But, again no bubble. (Appendix 3i-IV)

But then what happened is, you had the disbandment of Russia. And Cyprus being a tax-heaven as such, its own currency,

its own taxes, its own laws. There was a lot of money of dierent shades, of money, if you know what I mean by shades. I

267



mean, good money, grey money, black money. Call it dierent shades of money, owed into Cyprus and also through Cyprus.

(Appendix 3i-IV)

Habit/approach

With regards to business, Cyprus unlike most of the islands in the Med, they are quite exceponal. Inasmuch that for many

many years, up unl them joining the EU, they were being looked at as being an oshore opportunity for business. (Appendix

3i-IV)

But, Cyprus is an independent naon. So, that makes a big dierence in what they can and cannot do. Up unl joining theeuro, they had their own currency, being the Cyprus Pound. That gave them exibility, in other words, they could value their

currency as they wanted on the open market. So, Cyprus has, shall we say, enjoyed to a certain extend an evoluon from their

independence. (Appendix 3i-IV)

Banks etcetera etcetera, especially with the shipping. Shipping has always found a big place here, because it is a transit

between the eastern part of the Mediterranean. Because it has also a free-port, it has ‘dwang vrij’. You understand ‘dwang

vrij’, with other words, they have a zone in which goods can come in, be remixed, and go out without actually entering Cyprus.

It is a toll-free area. It was very aracve. (Appendix 3i-IV)

And it all became very sexy for people to have a bank account here, to have a second residence here, etcetera etcetera.

(IAppendix 3i-IV)

Economy is on the top of their list, employment is on the top of their list. (Appendix 3i-IV)

Water, as an example, or waste. You have to nd out what is important to them rst. And then, when it is important to

everybody else, the only way it is going to be solved is by external funds coming in and nancing this. (Appendix 3i-IV)

Problem

At the same me of course, when you have this explosion in economy, you have get a lot of mists, a lot of people trying to

make money on the back of other people. You get an inbalance. (Appendix 3i-IV)

Especially the last couple of years we go through nancial problems. The municipalies do not have the money to do their

cleaning properly. (Appendix 3i-V)

I can tell you for sure, in the last two years, in terms of cleanliness and diness etcetera, things have been going backwards.Mostly, because of these nancial problems. (Appendix 3i-V)

Change/future plan

Now, when the line of Russian money started coming in, then you had two things which happened. You had the commercial

banking which took o in a big way, but also you had property and prices of ground going up. (Appendix 3i-IV)

And that all came to an end, in one way, by Cyprus joining the euro, not by joining the EU, but by joining the euro. The cost

of living for the locals went up by 20 or 30%. It did not mean that much for the Russians who had the big money, because it

makes no dierence they just had enough money. (Appendix 3i-IV)

Polics/policy

There is corrupon everywhere. But, when a country grows up so fast there are, there is not enough controls in place. So, it

is manipulated. That manipulaon is from top to boom, through the banking, through economics, through who you know,

who can sign, who can do this and who can do that. So, this has been a big problem for Cyprus, to get their legislaon in place.

It is coming, but it is sll not there. (Appendix 3i-IV)

Social/General

Seng

So, Nicosia was built on a basis of a nancial centre, not a tourist centre, not a residence centre, but a nancial centre. Many

many banks here, all the banks, all the European banks were here processing these funds. (Appendix 3i-IV)

So if Nicosia is a nancial centre, what is Limassol then? It is commercial because of the port. (Appendix 3i-IV)

Port and tourists? And tourists. Limassol is commercial. Many many banks here, because the expats from whatever countrythey are do not reside in Nicosia. Nicosia is not an aracve place to live, it is too hot, it is this and the other. There is no

aracon and distracon. Whereas the coastal places, and Limassol being the major coastal resort, place to live, became also

a type of secondary commercial enty. (Appendix 3i-IV)

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You can see all the buildings, all the property around, extravaganza. (Appendix 3i-IV)

We even have problems because of the way we built it in the city. For example, you are in the Netherlands, Amsterdam. You

see the city is solid built, when you build in areas, you build all the plots and then you move on. Now we have houses, with

empty spots in between. So people nd it easy to go to these places and dump their waste. Especially when it is not close to

their dothouse. Even the way we build creates some of these problems. If you have a solid built area you cannot throw it away,

there are no places to throw it away. (Appendix 3i-V)

If you drive around you see the city is full of garbage. Maybe not a lot of household garbage, but you see other kinds ofgarbage. Like electronic, furniture. But you know, people do not have an idea of where to put their garbage. (Appendix 3i-V)

Info on Limassol:

• Town started where the old hospital and the post oce are situated, aer this the centre moved to the current old

centre: at the old harbour and old castle.

• In 1940 the town got its roundway, for the movements of military vehicles during WOII.

• the Brish on Cyprus made the port in Limassol more important, therefore ood prevenon in the town became more

important.

• In 1974 (the Turkish invasion) the big expansion started, with refugee estates (governmental) and people building

privately (building boom).

• Limassol expanded to the north and east and municipalies which were ‘far away’ were now stuck onto limassol.

• Limassol’s populaon doubled.(Appendix 3i-XI)

So for example, if people buy an empty building plot and eventually they do not build a house on it, is that permied or not?

The answer to your queson is no. There is not, praccally, any such restricon. (Appendix 3i-XI)

You know what they make? They say, they decided to do a marina Dubai style. So you will have a road going into the sea and

you have large villas on the side of the road in the water. You have a place to stay, a house, there will be a parking place for

the car, and a parking space on the other side of the house for the yacht. I think they sell them for 3 million or something like

that. (Appendix 3i-XIV))

Yes, in the small villages, most of the small villages in Cyprus, and we have the biggest number of villages per square kilometer

in Europe. There are a lot of small villages around in Cyprus, a lot. Our villages are really small, you get ve or ten people living

just there. (Appendix 3i-XIV)

Our cies are not designed for pedestrians or cyclists, so it is just cars. (Appendix 3i-XIV)

The only thing is, the Pedieos is very long, you can cycle quite a few kilometers, it is cycling along the river. For most of the

path there is a cycle lane and there is a pedestrian lane. So, when you go there you see the pedestrians are always on the side

of the river, somemes you are on the le side of the river and somemes on one bank and than on the other. So, always they

keep the pedestrian lane on the side of the river. But, it is nice. You get on the bike and you go, you get out of the city easily.

(Appendix 3i-XIV)

Because there are a lot of bikes on the bicycle lane and there is a risk of accidents, because of design aws. There are certain

places where you go straight and then they built this thing, which the architect thought it would be a nice thing to have, but

this small bend that you see on the map, if you are moving a bit faster with the bike you have crashes. You have crashes with

the person coming from the other side, because you cannot see them. (Appendix 3i-XIV)

Yes, the guys that do this, they never sat on a bike. It looks good on paper, but it does not work. (Appendix 3i-XIV)

Habit/approach

Cypriots are nice people, accept they have a history of home-grown Cypriot versus UK Cypriot. (Appendix 3i-IV)

And like most of these islands they have become very protecve of their own culture and their way of life. (Appendix 3i-IV)

They know their island. They are very self-centred in one way. They are very nice people, but they are very protecve.

(Appendix 3i-IV)

From the 750 000 inhabitants of Cyprus, Greek Cyprus, there are 100 000 gun licences. And the male populaon is cars, and

shoong, it is very masculine, very macho tendency. You know, you do as I say and not as I do. (Appendix 3i-IV)

So, it is, the problem is it is a Mediterranean hot blooded existence. They are hot blooded, even the women. When they

have an argument, they have an argument. But then it is forgoen tomorrow and they will have another argument about

something else. (Appendix 3i-IV)

269



They are very lovable, but very hot blooded. (Appendix 3i-IV)

We believe, and of course the culture is the part that not everything is aligned to push people to do it properly. You have to

do things that are very convenient to people, so that they will parcipate. (Appendix 3i-V)

But, we have also another thing, here we think we are the center of the world. It sounds funny, but really, because we are on

this island and you have to travel with a plane or a boat to go outside. How to say, you think everything is here, but when you

go out you see what is going on. So, the people that go out usually, I do not know, they change their point of view on things.

Well, we are known for our hospitality here, especially up in the villages, like amazing. Which I think is not so common in othercountries outside the Mediterranean. (Appendix 3i-VI)

Well, what else about Cypriots. They like good food, they have good taste for sure. What else? We like to mainly like to show

they have like a nice car, a nice house. (Appendix 3i-VI)

What they care about is what car they will have. You tell them there is a hybrid car, but I like the BMW it is nicer. (Appendix

3i-VI)

People slowly slowly, from mouth to mouth, you see your neighbour doing it. That is one thing we do in Cyprus, you see the

neighbour doing something and you want to do the same. That is one way to make things happen. So, this is how things are

spreading now. You see your neighbour and you think I also want to do that. Something like that. (Appendix 3i-VI)

And the thing is be have been through war many many mes and this made us as a naon very suspicious. Although we are

very hospital, we are not that open to new ideas and stu. We need to meet someone that tried it and then we do it. You

can see, unless you are open minded, it is not so easy to cooperate. And due to the last war we had, in 1974, and the Turkish

invasion, people lost their homes and whatever they had. They lost it when they came to the southern part of Cyprus. So, was

this tendency to buy expensive stu, giving your kids everything they did not have. (Appendix 3i-VI)

We have a lot of cars in the streets as you can see, everyone drives a car. (Appendix 3i-XIV)

We cycled yesterday, it was somemes a lile bit dangerous. … Oh yes, because drivers do not pay that much aenon. I14

(Appendix 3i-XIV)

For instance, if you are a Cypriot and you are lost or so, they will not give you the name of the street. They will say: do you

know where so and so shop is? This trac lights of, we give for example the name of the shop that was near the trac lightstwenty years ago. The shop is not there anymore, but we say the trac lights of … We do not know the street. (Appendix

3i-XIV)

But, do a lot of people use the river then here, or the park? Oh yes, now it is working day and you will not see many people.

But if you go, for instance in the weekend, yes. (Appendix 3i-XIV)

Problem

But the problem is either they stayed abroad, or if they came back they all wanted to be managers. So, one of the problems

with the level of educaon here, is that you have a mix of educaon and mentally. And this is a big problem in Cyprus. They

have this external educaon, but this Mediterranean sort of ‘avrio, avrio’, you will get it done tomorrow. (Appendix 3i-IV)

Well, it is a strange me for the municipalies to say the truth. The last two years have been very dicult, most of them are,

for the rst me, facing very serious nancial problems. In fact, there is this whole discussion going on with consults from the

UK, about the future of the local authories. So, most of these people are not sure if they will be there as a municipality as

they are today six months from today. So, for them it is like okay this is beyond, at this me. (Appendix 3i-V)

Awareness

But, it also makes them very much aware of how they have been exploited or how they are not been able to fulll their own

culture, because of you know being occupied by all these other people, or peoples. (Appendix 3i-IV)

This thing does not exist in many countries. Another thing we have is with the family, we consider it very important here Like,

having say lunch or dinner with the family, is something standard. (Appendix 3i-VI)

Every new idea needs me and paence, but it will become a habit. We need examples to get used to the idea. So, I think this

is the right me to show what you can do in design. (Appendix 3i-X)

The Government is more open for listening and people also tend to talk a lile more. There is an improvement, but people

are sll not trusng the government very much. Therefore, they tend to go to independent body, like the Commissioner of

Environment or NGOs. (Appendix 3i-X)

270



People know that there is a river, but we do not know the name. People know, yes yes yes yes. But, we do not know the name.

It is a peculiarity. (Appendix 3i-XIV)

Change/future plan

But, for the local people it was also an opportunity. They started sending their children tom they could aord to send their

children to beer schooling. A lot of their children went to universies outside of Cyprus. (Appendix 3i-IV)

If one compares things in the last ten years, a lot has happened. It has been a long way since then, but there is a longer way

ahead. (Appendix 3i-V)

Well, one things I can tell you for sure, is because we are a small island people might be, how to say, prejudiced. Like they are

not so easy to new ideas. Now the new generaon is slightly beer in this. (Appendix 3i-VI)

And they killed of the public transport we used to have before. Because when I was young I used to go with the bicycle,

busses, everyone was using the public transport. (Appendix 3i-XIV)

Polics/policy

Info on Limassol:

• Around 1990 Limassol got a new Planning Law, which from then looked at the Greater Limassol and not only at the

municipality. (Appendix 3i-XI)

So, I am not happy, I cricise the legislaon quite a lot. Because there are always loopholes if you look in our legislaon. We

transpose the European Direcve to naonal legislaon and you nd loopholes. I know everybody does that. That is why a lot

of the members of Parliament are very angry. (Appendix 3i-XIV)

Second problem here is. That is good, it is good that we have legislaon, we have problems, but it is good. The big problem is

that we are not usually strict in applying the legislaon. From the moment that it passes parliament unl whoever needs to

implement the legislaon understands it. In the day to day work, whether they will implement it. We lose people. (Appendix

3i-XIV)

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q Questionnaire

I Characteriscs

A quesonnaire was made with general quesons (Q1-6), and quesons about water (Q7-10) and energy (Q11-14) use etcetera

of households. This English quesonnaire was translated into Greek for beer understanding under the Greek Cypriots.

GoalThe rst goal of this quesonnaire was to nd out what the opinions (and habits) are of Cypriots and foreigners who live

in Limassol or Nicosia (for at least 6 months a year). This to compare the two cies, as well as Cypriots and foreigners.

Beforehand, the goal was set on 100 lled in quesonnaires. Aer conducng and analysing the quesonnaire, the choice

was made to only look at Limassol. Nevertheless is Nicosia sll menoned in distribuon, response, and reliability.

DistribuonThe inial idea was to distribute the quesonnaire on the street, at dierent locaons and at several me slots. Whilst trying

this it became clear that this is quite dicult in Cyprus. People tend to be in their cars or in restaurants/bars/shops, not ‘loose’

on the street. Therefore, the quesonnaire was digitalised and put online using Qualtrics.com, to distribute the quesonnaire

via email and Facebook. People were reached using contact persons on the island. So-called snowballing (Kumar, 2005) madesure the quesonnaire reached inhabitants of Limassol and Nicosia.

NB. In the online quesonnaire four quesons were added at the beginning to be able to get the informae we would have

goen whilst approaching people on the street:

ResponseOnline 122 quesonnaires were (partly) lled in, of which 96 were usable. The division was as following:

Eventually the 33 quesonnaires of the people living in Limassol were used in this thesis.

ReliabilityThe queson is how reliable the results of this quesonnaire are. The results might be biased.

SnowballingDue to the fact that people were reached through snowballing, the results of this quesonnaire can be biased. Most of

the contact persons on the island were somehow connected with creang a beer environment. If they only shared the

quesonnaire with people with a similar mindset, this inuences the quesonnaire.

Queson Answer opons

a) Where does your household live? (Greater) Nicosia, Cyprus

(Greater) Limassol, Cyprus

Other city/village

b) What is your gender? Male

Female

c) What is the environmental view of your household? We think the environment is important

We do not think the environment is important

d) I originally come from … Cyprus

Abroad

Limassol TOTALNicosia

Cypriots

TOTAL

Foreigners

27

33

6

53

63

10

80

96

16

272



Social desirability bias

When lling in quesonnaires people somemes tend to answer in a way they think is wanted, instead of their real opinion

(Van de Mortel, 2008). Therefore, this quesonnaire - with a strong environmental vibe - could have goen a more opmist

response towards environment than is true. Also, there is the possibility people answer dierently to online quesonnaires

than to paper quesonnaires (Sax, Gilmarn & Bryant, 2003).

Response and results

The response and some of the results from the general quesons can give ome insights on the level of bias.

The division between responses from Limassol and Nicosia:

The division between responses from Cypriots and foreigners:

The environmental view:

The number of people in a household:

The type of house:

QuesonnaireReality Conclusion

Limassol: 42.9%

Nicosia: 57.1% (Appendix

3s-I)

Limassol 34.4%

Nicosia: 65.6%

It would have been beer to have more response from

Limassol, but it is not assumed that this will severely alter

the outcomes because of the minor dierence.


Cypriots: 79.4%

Foreigners: 20.3%

Not stated: 0.3%

(Appendix 3s-I)

Cypriots: 83.3%

Foreigners: 16.7%

The dierence between reality and our quesonnaire is not

extreme, it is not assumed that this will severly alter the

outcomes. Although it might be the case that less foreigners

are reached because of the snowballing.


Important: 1%

Not important: 99%

(Appendix 3i-X)

Important: 99%

Not important: 1%

The dierence between reality and our quesonnaire is

extreme, maybe the result of the snowballing or ‘social

desirability’. It is assumed that this will severely alter the

outcomes and this needs to be remembered when using the

results.


1 person: 20.8%

2 or 3 persons: 49.1%


6+ persons: 4.1%(Appendix 3s-I)

1 person: 18.8%



6+ persons: 7.3%


people living with 1, or 2 or 3 persons in a household, but

it is not assumed that this will severely alter the outcomes

because of the minor dierence.


Apartment: 28.7%

Terraced: 7.6%

Semi-detached: 13.7%

Freestanding: 40.1%Other: 9.9%

(Appendix 3s-I)

Apartment: 44.8%

Terraced: 5.2%

Semi-detached: 7.3%

Freestanding: 42.7%


people living in terraced or semi-detached houses. It is

assumed that this could alter the outcomes and nthis needs

to be remembered when using the results.

273



Α ξ ι ό τ ι μ ο ι κ ύ ρ ι ο ι , κ υ ρ ί ε ς

Ε ί μ α σ τ ε

φ ο ι τ η τ έ ς τ ο υ

Π α ν ε π ι σ

τ η μ ί ο υ

τ ο υ

Β α χ ε ν ί ν γ κ ε ν

τ η ς Ο λ λ α ν δ ί α ς .

Γ ι α

ν α

ο λ ο κ λ η ρ ώ σ ο υ μ ε

μ ε τ α π τ υ χ ι α κ έ ς μ α ς σ π ο υ δ έ ς σ τ η ν Α ρ χ ι τ ε κ τ ο ν ι κ ή Τ ο π ί ο υ π ρ α γ μ α τ ο π ο ι ο ύ μ ε μ ί α έ ρ ε υ ν α σ τ ι ς π ό λ ε ι ς

Λ ε μ ε σ ο ύ κ α ι τ η ς Λ ε υ κ ω σ ί α ς . Ε ρ

ε υ ν ά μ ε φ υ σ ι κ ο ύ ς τ ρ ό π ο υ ς γ ι α ν α κ α θ α ρ ί σ

ο υ μ ε κ α ι ν α δ ι α τ η ρ ή σ ο

τ ο

ν ε ρ ό

τ η ς β ρ ο χ ή ς κ α ι τ ρ ό π ο υ

ς γ ι α

ν α

χ ρ η σ ι μ ο π ο ι ή σ ο υ μ ε τ α

α σ τ ι κ ά α π ό β λ η τ α

γ ι α

ν α

π α ρ ά γ ο

α ν α ν ε ώ σ ι μ η ε ν έ ρ γ ε ι α α π ό β ι ο μ

ά ζ α .

Σ

’ α υ τ ή

τ η ν

έ ρ ε υ ν α

θ ε ω ρ ο ύ μ ε

τ η

γ ν ώ μ η

τ ω ν

κ α τ ο ί κ ω ν

τ ω ν

π ε ρ ι ο χ ώ ν ,

τ η

δ ι κ ή

σ α ς

γ ν ώ μ η , π ο λ ύ

σ η μ α ν τ ι κ ή . Γ ι α

τ ο

λ ό γ ο

α υ τ ό θ

α

ε κ τ ι μ ο ύ σ α μ ε π ο λ ύ

α ν θ α

μ π ο ρ ο ύ σ α τ ε

ν α

σ υ μ π λ η ρ ώ σ ε τ ε α υ τ ό

δ ι σ έ λ ι δ ο

ε ρ ω τ η μ α τ ο λ ό γ ι ο

π ο υ

α φ ο ρ ά

τ η

χ ρ ή σ η

ν ε ρ ο ύ

κ α ι ε ν ε ρ γ ε ί α ς τ ο

υ

ν ο ι κ ο κ υ ρ ι ο ύ

σ α ς . Γ ι α

σ υ μ π λ η ρ ώ σ ε τ ε τ ι ς 1 4 ε ρ ω τ ή σ ε ι ς θ α

χ ρ ε ι α σ τ ε ί τ ε λ ί γ ο π ε ρ ι σ σ ό τ ε ρ ο α π ό 5

λ ε π τ ά . Τ ο ε ρ ω τ η μ α τ ο λ ό

α υ τ ό

ε ί ν α ι ε μ π ι σ τ ε υ τ ι κ ό

κ α ι δ ε

θ α

ζ η τ η θ ο ύ ν

ή

χ ρ η σ ι μ ο π ο ι η θ ο ύ ν

τ α π ρ ο σ ω π ι κ ά

σ α ς σ τ ο ι χ ε ί α . Τ α

α π ο τ ε λ έ σ μ α τ α θ α χ ρ η σ ι μ ο π ο ι η θ ο ύ ν μ ό ν ο γ ι α τ η ν έ ρ ε υ ν α μ α ς ( ο ι ο π ο ί α σ υ

ν δ έ ε τ α ι μ ε τ ο Π α ν ε π ι σ τ ή

τ ο υ Β α χ ε ν ί ν γ κ ε ν τ η ς Ο λ λ α ν δ ί α ς

) .

D e a r m i s t e r , m a d a m ,

W e a r e s t u d

e n t s f r o m W a g e n i n g e n U n i v e r s i t y , T h e N e t h e r l a n d s . T o n i s h o u r M a s t e r s t u d y L a n d s c a p e

A r c h i t e c t u r e w e a r e d o i n g r e s e a r c h i n L i m a s s o l a n d N i c o

s i a . W e a r e l o o k i n g a t w a y s t o n a t u r a l l y c l e a n

a n d r e t a i n s

t o r m w a t e r a n d w a y s h o w t o u s e w a s t e p r o d

u c t s t o p r o d u c e r e n e w a b l e b i o m a s s e n e r g y .

I n t h i s r e s e a r c h w e n d t h e i n h a b i t a n t ’ s o p i n i o n , y o u r o

p i n i o n , v e r y i m p o r t a n t . T h e r e f o r e , w e w o u l d

a p p r e c i a t e i t v e r y m u c h i f y o u c o u l d t a k e t h e m e t o l l i n t h i s d o u b l e - s i d e d q u e s o n n a i r e a b o u t y o u r

h o u s e h o l d ’ s w a t e r a n d e n e r g y u s e . T h e 1 4 q u e s o n s t a

k e j u s t a l i l e m o r e t h a n 5 m i n u t e s t o l l i n

.

T h i s q u e s o

n n a i r e i s c o n d e n t a n d n o n a m e s a r e a s k e d

o r u s e d . T h e r e s u l t s w i l l o n l y b e u s e d i n o u r

r e s e a r c h ( c o n n e c t e d t o t h e W a g e n i n g e n U n i v e r s i t y i n T h

e N e t h e r l a n d s ) .

274



II Single results

The single results of Q2 to Q14 for Limassol are shared here (Nicosia has been le out of the single results).

M o s t C y p r i o t s l i v e i n a f r ees t an d i n g ho us e, w her eas mo s t f o r ei g n er s

l i v e i n an a p ar t men t

Mo s t Cy p rio t s

ha ve bo t h

a ga rde n a

nd a ba lco n

y,

w he rea s mo s t fo

rei g ne r s

o n ly ha ve a

ba lco ny

B ot h C y pr i ot s as w el l as t he f or ei g ner s hav e mos t l y pl ant s out s i d e

277



I t seems they a gree on the

fac t tha t there is public

green nearby

C y pr i ot s s eem t o d i s l i k e l i v i n g i n t he ci t y mor e t han f or ei g ner s

S o m e C y p r i o t s d i s l i k e

m e e t i n g p e o p l e i n p u b l i c

g r e e n s p a c e .

Mos t Cyprio ts do no t thin

k

Limassol is a heal thy place

to be

278



A t the momen t econo

my

is seen as the mos t

impor tan t, bu t in

the

fu ture Cyprio ts would like

na ture to be the m

os t

impor tan t

B o t h C y p r i o t s a s w e l l a s

t h e f o r e i g n e r s t h i n k t h e s h o w e r u s e s

t h e mo s t w a t e r

279



Cyprio ts thin

k they

use the leas t wa ter for

cleanin g and cookin

g

T he o pi ni ons of t he f or ei gner s ar e qui t e

di v i ded on w hat uses t he

l east w at er

M o s t C y p r i o t s a n d

f o r e i g n e r s d o n o t w a n t t o

u s e m o r e w a t e r f o r t h e

c a t e g o r i e s t h e y u s e t h e

l e a s t i n

Mos t Cyprio ts and

forei gners would use

trea ted s tormwa ter

for fl ushin g the to

ile t,

wa terin g the plan ts

, and

cleanin g

280



The majority of Cypriotsand foreigners would

not mind alteration ontheir houses, but some

kind of (direct) bene t isappreciated

M o s t C y p r i o

t s t h i n k

h ea t i n g

a n d c o o l i n g

t h e

h o u s e u s

e s t h e m o s t

e n e r g y

L i g ht eni n g and mai nt enance us es t he l eas t ener g y i n t he hous e, C y p r i ot s b el i ev e

281



M o s t C y p r i o t s a n d

f o r e i g n e r s d o n o t w a n t t o

u s e m o r e e n e r g y f o r t h e

c a t e g o r i e s t h e y u s e t h e

l e a s t i n

Mo s t Cy p r io

t s wo u ld u

se

t he e lec t r i

c i ty a nd t h

e

co m po s t

Mos t f or ei gner s w oul d us e t he el ect r i ci t y

The majority of Cypriotsand foreigners would

not mind alteration ontheir houses, but some

kind of (direct) bene t isappreciated

282



III Cross results

With the help of the stasc analysis program SPSS, cross tables are created to see how certain answers are related to other

answers. Again only the results for Limassol are shared.

Semi-detachedand freestandinghouses often haveboth a garden andbalcony

Always only onetype of outsidespace per type ofhouse

Appartmentssometimes donot have outsidespace, the rest is

mostly with plants

Outside spacesof terraced andsemi-detachedhouses are withplants

CYPRIOTS

FOREIGNERS

CYPRIOTS

FOREIGNERS

NUMBER 1

Type of house <> Type of outside space

LIMASSOL - CYPRIOTS (0 of 27 responses missing)

G a r d e n

B a l c o n y

R o o f t o p

N o o u t s i d e

Apartment 40% 80% 0% 0% 100% = 5

Terraced 100% 0% 0% 0% 100% = 1

Semi-detached 100% 100% 0% 0% 100% = 3

Freestanding 94% 78% 0% 0% 100% = 18

LIMASSOL - FOREIGNERS (0 of 6 responses missing)

G a r d e n

B a l c o n y

R o o f t o p

N o o u t s i d e

Apartment 25% 75% 0% 0% 100% = 4

Terraced 0% 100% 0% 0% 100% = 1

Semi-detached 0% 0% 100% 0% 100% = 1

Freestanding 0% 0% 0% 0% 0

NUMBER 2Type of house <> Characteristics of outside space


N o

W a t e r

P l a n t s

S t o n e

Apartment 40% 0% 40% 20% 100% = 5

Terraced 0% 0% 100% 0% 100% = 1

Semi-detached 0% 0% 67% 33% 100% = 3

Freestanding 0% 0% 83% 17% 100% = 18


N o

W a t e r

P l a n t s

S t o n e

Apartment 0% 0% 50% 50% 100% = 4

Terraced 0% 0% 100% 0% 100% = 1

Semi-detached 0% 0% 100% 0% 100% = 1

Freestanding 0% 0% 0% 0% 0

283



Opinions arespread

Most opinionstotally/mostlyagree on bothstatements

Opinions arespread

Most opinionstotally agree onboth statements

CYPRIOTS

CYPRIOTS

FOREIGNERS

FOREIGNERS

NUMBER 3

S1: Going outside with temperature above 30C

S2: Visiting nature for whole day


Right: S2

Under: S1

T agree 0% 11% 0% 0% 0%

M agree 11% 7% 4% 7% 0%

Neutral 4% 11% 0% 0% 4%

M disagree 0% 7% 0% 0% 0%

T disagree 0% 11% 0% 7% 0%

LIMASSOL - FOREIGNERS (1 of 6 respones missing)

Right: S2

Under: S1

T agree 17% 0% 0% 0% 17%

M agree 0% 17% 0% 0% 0%

Neutral 0% 0% 17% 0% 0%

M disagree 17% 0% 0% 0% 0%

T disagree 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

S1: Enough public green

S2: Public green is important


Right: S2

Under: S1

T agree 37% 19% 0% 0% 4%

M agree 4% 7% 4% 4% 0%

Neutral 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

M disagree 7% 0% 0% 0% 0%

T disagree 11% 0% 0% 0% 0%


Right: S2

Under: S1

T agree 50% 17% 0% 0% 0%

M agree 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Neutral 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

M disagree 0% 17% 0% 0% 0%

T disagree 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

T a g r e e

M a

g r e e

N e u t r a l

M d

i s a g r e e

T d i s a g r e e

T a g r e e

M a

g r e e

N e u t r a l

M d

i s a g r e e

T d i s a g r e e

T a g r e e

M a g r e e

N e

u t r a l

M d i s

a g r e e

T d i s a g r e e

T a g r e e

M a g

r e e

N e u t r a l

M d

i s a g r e e

T d i s a g r e e

284



Most opinionstotally agree withS1 and mostlyagree with S2

Most opinionstotally/mostlyagree with bothstatements



CYPRIOTS

CYPRIOTS

FOREIGNERS

FOREIGNERS


S2: Visiting mature for whole day


Right: S2

Under: S1

T agree 7% 33% 4% 11% 4%

M agree 0% 11% 4% 4% 0%

Neutral 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

M disagree 0% 7% 7% 0% 0%

T disagree 7% 0% 0% 0% 0%


Right: S2

Under: S1

T agree 33% 17% 0% 0% 17%

M agree 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Neutral 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

M disagree 0% 0% 17% 0% 0%

T disagree 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%


S2: Meeting people in public green


Right: S2

Under: S1

T agree 22% 30% 7% 0% 0%

M agree 0% 4% 4% 11% 0%

Neutral 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

M disagree 0% 4% 4% 0% 0%

T disagree 4% 4% 0% 4% 0%


Right: S2

Under: S1

T agree 33% 17% 0% 17% 0%

M agree 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Neutral 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

M disagree 0% 0% 0% 17% 0%

T disagree 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

T a g r e e

M a

g r e e

N e u t r a l

M d

i s a g r e e

T d i s a g r e e

T a g r e e

M a

g r e e

N e u t r a l

M d

i s a g r e e

T d i s a g r e e

T a g r e e

M a

g r e e

N e u t r a l

M d

i s a g r e e

T

d i s a g r e e

T

a g r e e

M

a g r e e

N

e u t r a l

M d

i s a g r e e

T d i s a g r e e

285



Most opinions areneutral concerningS1 and agree withS2

Most opinionsdisagree with S1and agree with S2

CYPRIOTS

FOREIGNERS

Opinions arespread

Most opinionsdisagree with S1and agree with S2

CYPRIOTS

FOREIGNERS

S1: City is healthy

S2: Public green is important


Right: S2

Under: S1

T agree 4% 0% 0% 0% 0%

M agree 7% 11% 0% 0% 0%

Neutral 11% 4% 4% 0% 4%

M disagree 22% 11% 0% 4% 0%

T disagree 15% 0% 0% 0% 0%


Right: S2

Under: S1

T agree 17% 0% 0% 0% 0%

M agree 0% 17% 0% 0% 0%

Neutral 33% 17% 0% 0% 0%

M disagree 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

T disagree 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

S1: Living in city only for work

S2: Like living in city


Right: S2

Under: S1

T agree 0% 4% 7% 7% 0%

M agree 0% 11% 4% 7% 0%

Neutral 0% 4% 4% 0% 4%

M disagree 7% 15% 11% 0% 0%

T disagree 4% 7% 0% 0% 0%


Right: S2

Under: S1

T agree 17% 0% 17% 0% 0%

M agree 0% 17% 0% 0% 0%

Neutral 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

M disagree 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

T disagree 0% 33% 0% 0% 0%

T a g r e e

M a

g r e e

N e u t r a l

M d

i s a g r e e

T d i s a g r e e

T a g r e e

M a

g r e e

N e u t r a l

M d

i s a g r e e

T d i s a g r e e

T a g r e e

M a

g r e e

N e u t r a l

M d

i s a g r e e

T

d i s a g r e e

T

a g r e e

M

a g r e e

N

e u t r a l

M d

i s a g r e e

T d i s a g r e e

286



Apartments,Terraced andsemi-detachedhouses use the

most water forthe shower

No conclusion, toomany reponsesmissing

Opinions arespread

CYPRIOTS

CYPRIOTS

FOREIGNERS

FOREIGNERS

Most think it isE-C-N now andwant N-C-E inthe future

NUMBER 4

Ranking now <> Ranking future (Nature - Culture - Economy)


Right: future

Under: now

N - C - E 7% 4% 4% 0% 0% 0%

N - E - C 4% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

C - N - E 4% 0% 7% 0% 0% 0%

C - E - N 7% 0% 0% 7% 0% 0%

E - N - C 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

E - C - N 19% 4% 0% 0% 0% 0%


Right: future

Under: now

N - C - E 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

N - E - C 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

C - N - E 17% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

C - E - N 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

E - N - C 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

E - C - N 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

NUMBER 5Type of house <> Most water used


S h o w e r

C o o k i n g

T o i l e t

P l a n t s

C l e a n i n g

W a s h i n g

P o o l

O t h e r ?

Apartment 60% 0% 0% 0% 0% 20% 0% 0% 0% 100% = 5

Terraced 100% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100% = 1

Semi-detached 100% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100% = 3

Freestanding 33% 0% 17% 17% 0% 22% 0% 0% 11% 100% = 18


S h o w e r

C o o k i n g

T o i l e t

P l a n t s

C l e a n i n g

W a s h i n g

P o o l

O t h e r ?

Apartment 50% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 25% 100% = 4

Terraced 0% 0% 100% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100% = 1

Semi-detached 0% 0% 0% 100% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100% = 1

Freestanding 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0

E - C - N

N - C

- E

N - E

- C

C - N

- E

C - E

- N

E - N

- C

E - C

- N

N - C - E

N - E - C

C - N - E

C - E - N

E - N - C

287



Semi-detachedand freestandinghouses use theleast water forcleaning

Opinions arespread

CYPRIOTS

FOREIGNERS

When least wateris used for thetoilet, more waterfor this is wanted,also sometimes forwatering plants


CYPRIOTS

FOREIGNERS

NUMBER 6

Type of house <> Least water used


S h o w e r

C o o k i n g

T o i l e t

P l a n t s

C l e a n i n g

W a s h i n g

P o o l

O t h e r ?

Apartment 0% 20% 0% 40% 20% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100% = 5

Terraced 0% 100% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100% = 1

Semi-detached 0% 33% 0% 0% 67% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100% = 3

Freestanding 0% 22% 11% 0% 39% 0% 6% 11% 11% 100% = 18


S h o w e r

C o o k i n g

T o i l e t

P l a n t s

C l e a n i n g

W a s h i n g

P o o l

O t h e r ?

Apartment 0% 0% 0% 25% 25% 0% 25% 0% 0% 100% = 4

Terraced 0% 0% 100% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100% = 1

Semi-detached 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100% = 1

Freestanding 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0

NUMBER 7

Wish for more <> Least water used

LIMASSOL - CYPRIOTS (missing responses irrelevant)

S h o w e r

C o o k i n g

T o i l e t

P l a n t s

C l e a n i n g

W a s h i n g

P o o

l

O t h e r ?

Yes x 29% 100% 50% 40% x 0% 50% 50%

No x 71% 0% 50% 60% x 100% 50% 50%

LIMASSOL - FOREIGNERS (missing responses irrelevant)

S h o w

e r

C o o k i n g

T o i l e t

P l a n

t s

C l e a n i n g

W a s h i n g

P o

o l

O t h

e r ?

Yes x x 0% 0% 0% x 0% x x

No x x 100% 100% 100% x 100% x x

0 0

100%

= 1

100%

= 2

100%

= 2

0 0

100%

= 1

100%

= 1

100%

= 1 0

100%

= 1

0

100%

= 7

100%

= 2

100%

= 2

100%

= 10 0

288



Alterations areaccepted by most,but all peoplewould like directbenets

Alterations areaccepted by all,not everyonewants directbenets

CYPRIOTS

FOREIGNERS

Alterations areaccepted by most,but most peoplewould like indirectbenets (less thandirect)

Alterations areaccepted by all, allpeople would likeindirect benets(more than direct)

CYPRIOTS

FOREIGNERS

NUMBER 8

S1: Alterations on house

S2: Direct benefits


Right: S2

Under: S1

T agree 44% 11% 0% 0% 0%

M agree 7% 22% 0% 0% 0%

Neutral 0% 7% 0% 0% 0%

M disagree 0% 4% 0% 0% 0%

T disagree 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%


Right: S2

Under: S1

T agree 33% 0% 0% 17% 0%

M agree 0% 17% 0% 0% 0%

Neutral 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

M disagree 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

T disagree 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

S1: Alterations on house

S2: Indirect benefits


Right: S2

Under: S1

T agree 37% 15% 4% 0% 0%

M agree 7% 22% 0% 0% 0%

Neutral 0% 7% 0% 0% 0%

M disagree 4% 0% 0% 0% 0%

T disagree 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%


Right: S2

Under: S1

T agree 33% 17% 0% 0% 0%

M agree 0% 17% 0% 0% 0%

Neutral 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

M disagree 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

T disagree 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

T a g r e e

M a

g r e e

N e u t r a l

M d

i s a g r e e

T d i s a g r e e

T a g r e e

M a g

r e e

N e u t r a l

M d

i s a g r e e

T d i s a g r e e

T a g r e e

M a

g r e e

N e u t r a l

M d

i s a g r e e

T d i s a g r e e

T a g r e e

M a g r e e

N e

u t r a l

M d i s

a g r e e

T d i s a g r e e

289



NUMBER 9

Type of house <> Most energy used


H e a t i n g

L i g h t i n g

M a i n t a i n

T

r a n s p o r t

C o o k i n g

E l e c t r o n i c s

A i r - c o

W a s h i n g

O t h e r ?

Apartment 20% 20% 0% 20% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 20% 100% = 5

Terraced 100% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100% = 1

Semi-detached 0% 0% 0% 0% 33% 0% 33% 33% 0% 0% 100% = 3

Freestanding 22% 6% 0% 6% 6% 11% 22% 17% 0% 11% 100% = 18


H e a t i n g

L i g h t i n g

M a i n t a i n

T r a n s p o r t

C o o k i n g


A i r - c o

W a s h i n g

O t h e r ?

Apartment 0% 25% 0% 25% 0% 0% 25% 0% 0% 0% 100% = 4

Terraced 0% 0% 0% 0% 100% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100% = 1

Semi-detached 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100% = 1

Freestanding 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0

NUMBER 10

Type of house <> Least energy used


H e a t i n g

L i g h t i n g

M a i n t a i n

T r a n s p o r

t

C o o k i n g


A i r - c o

W a s h i n g

O t h e

r ?

Apartment 0% 20% 20% 0% 20% 0% 0% 20% 0% 0% 100% = 5

Terraced 0% 0% 100% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100% = 1

Semi-detached 0% 67% 33% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100% = 3

Freestanding 11% 28% 33% 0% 17% 6% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100% = 18


H e a t i n g

L i g h t i n g

M a i n t a

i n

T r a n s p o

r t

C o o k i n g


A i r - c o

W a s h i n g

O t h

e r ?

Apartment 25% 0% 50% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100% = 4

Terraced 100% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100% = 1

Semi-detached 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100% = 1

Freestanding 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0

Opinions arespread

Opinions arespread

CYPRIOTS

FOREIGNERS

Terraced andfreestandinghouses use theleast energy formaintenance,semi-detachedhouses for lighting

Apartments usethe least energyfor maintenance,terraced housesfor heating

CYPRIOTS

FOREIGNERS

290



NUMBER 11

Wish for more <> Least energy used

LIMASSOL - CYPRIOTS (missing responses irrelevant)

H e a t i n g

L i g h t i n g

M a i n t a i n

T

r a n s p o r t

C o o k i n g


A i r - c o

W a s h i n g

O t h e r ?

Yes 50% 25% 22% x 50% 0% x 100% x x

No 50% 75% 78% x 50% 100% x 0% x x

LIMASSOL - FOREIGNERS (missing responses irrelevant)

H e a t i n g

L i g h t i n g

M a i n t a i n

T r a n s p o r t

C o o k i n g


A i r - c o

W a s h i n g

O t h e r ?

Yes 0% x 0% x x x x x x x

No 100% x 100% x x x x x x x

NUMBER 12

S1: Separating organic waste

S2: Direct benefits

LIMASSOL - CYPRIOTS (3 of 27 responses missing)Right: S2

Under: S1

T agree 37% 15% 7% 0% 0%

M agree 4% 19% 4% 0% 0%

Neutral 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

M disagree 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

T disagree 4% 0% 0% 0% 0%


Right: S2

Under: S1

T agree 17% 0% 17% 17% 0%

M agree 0% 0% 17% 0% 0%

Neutral 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

M disagree 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

T disagree 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

T a g r e e

M a g r e e

N e u t r a l

M d i s a g r e e

T d i s a g r e e

0 0 0

0

0

T a g r e e

M a g r e e

N e u t r a l

M d i s a g r e e

T d i s a g r e e

100%

= 1 0

100%

= 1 0

100%

= 2 0

100%

= 2 0 0 0

100%

= 2

100%

= 8

100%

= 9 0

100%

= 4

When leastenergy is usedfor the washing,more energy for

this is wanted,also sometimesforheating andcooking


CYPRIOTS

FOREIGNERS

Waste separationwould be done bymost, but mostpeople would likedirect benets

Waste separationwould be doneby all, and aminority wouldlike direct benets

CYPRIOTS

FOREIGNERS

291



S1: Separating organic waste

S2: Indirect benefits


Right: S2

Under: S1

T agree 41% 19% 0% 0% 0%

M agree 7% 15% 4% 0% 0%

Neutral 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

M disagree 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

T disagree 4% 0% 0% 0% 0%


Right: S2

Under: S1

T agree 50% 0% 0% 0% 0%

M agree 0% 0% 17% 0% 0%

Neutral 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

M disagree 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

T disagree 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

T

a g r e e

M

a g r e e

N

e u t r a l

M d

i s a g r e e

T d i s a g r e e

T a g r e e

M a

g r e e

N e u t r a l

M d

i s a g r e e

T

d i s a g r e e

Waste separationwould be done bymost, but mostpeople would likeindirect benets(more an direct)

Waste separationwould be doneby all, but mostpeople would likeindirect benets(more than direct)

CYPRIOTS

FOREIGNERS

292



s Statistics

I Stascs Cyprus

1.Populaonperdistrictandurban/rural

2.Censusofpopulaon 3.Waterresources

4.Wateruse

5.Priceofpotablewater-households

6.Energy/electricityuse

7.Renewableenergycapacity

8.Priceofelectricity-households

9.Generaonandtreatmentofmunicipalwaste

10.Populaonpermunicipality/community

11.Populaongrowth

1. Populaon per district and urban/rural

293



(Source: Excel le from hp://www.mof.gov.cy/mof/cystat/stascs.nsf/populaoncondion_21main_en/

populaoncondion_21main_en?OpenForm&sub=1&sel=2)

2. Census of populaon

294



(Source: Excel le from hp://www.mof.gov.cy/mof/

cystat/stascs.nsf/index_en/index_en?OpenDocument)

3. Water resources

(Source: Table from

hp://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/

portal/page/portal/stascs/

search_database)

295



(Source: Table from



search_database)

4. Water use

(Source: Table fromhp://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/


search_database)

296



5. Price of potable water - households

(Source: Water Board Lemesos)

297



6. Energy/electricity use

(Source: Excel le from hp://www.mof.gov.cy/mof/cystat/stascs.nsf/energy_environment_81main_en/energy_

environment_81main_en?OpenForm&sub=1&sel=2)

298



7. Renewable energy capacity

(Source: Table from Cyprus Energy Agency)

299



8. Price of electricity - households

(Source: Table from



search_database)

9. Generaon and treatment of municipal waste

(Source: Excel le from hp://www.mof.gov.cy/mof/cystat/stascs.nsf/energy_environment_82main_en/energy_environment_82main_en?OpenForm&sub=2&sel=2)

300



10. Populaon per municipality/community

301



302





303



11. Populaon growth



304



II Stascs the Netherlands

1.Priceofpotablewater-households

2.Priceofelectricity-households

1. Price of potable water - households

(Source: Private bills)

305



2. Price of electricity - households

(Source: Table from



search_database)

306



307



PART 4

308



c Calculations


1. Treatment surface

Surface Little Garyllis watershed in m2 1,072,798.3

Surface treatment in m2 (2% (1)) 21,455.97

SUB-W 1 SUB-W 2 SUB-W3 SUB-W 4

Surface sub-watersheds in m2 231,726.1 374,619.4 359,982.6 106,470.2

Surface treatment sub-watersheds in m2 (2% (1)) 4,634.5 7,492.4 7,199.7 2,129.4

(1) = (Bratieres et al., 2008)

309



I Design exploraons Lile Garyllis scale level

1.Urbanorganicwasteharvesnglocaons

2.Pathlocaons

1. Urban organic waste harvesng locaons

The inial idea was to use empty plots for urban organic waste harvesng, but this resulted in some areas having a lot of

harvesng possibilies and others almost none.

e Extra information

310



Therefore, besides empty plots also spacious streetscapes and mulfunconal areas (car parks, sports elds, etcetera) were

used to make sure everyone in the Lile Garyllis had to only walk 100 m to the nearest harvesng locaon.

311



2. Path locaons

For the placement of the 3.5 m wide pedestrian and cyclist path in Lile Garyllis Performing Park, an exploraon on the

opons for the locaon was conducted. Including the locaons: river, park, treatment and city, six opons are possible. In the

design of Like Garyllis Performing Park it is made sure that all path opons are present, and ensure variety.

river-river

park-park

treatment-treatment

city-city

park-river

river-treatment

city-river

park-treatment

city-park

city-treatment

312



II Design exploraons Four Fanaria scale level

1.BasinshapesofFourFanaria

2.Dierentpathsforexperience

1. Basin shapes of Four Fanaria

During the design exploraon quite some shapes of the

basins of the third treatment facility were tested. Also, the

amount of basins was elaborated. Although more basins

would be beer for the experience, in the end the third

treatment facility only consists of three basins. The reason

for this is the height dierences needed to keep the water

owing. To make sure the experience is high enough, gabions

are used to create smaller ‘fake’ basins at Four Fanaria.

2

1 3

313



2. Dierent paths for experience

2

1 3

The role of the paths is important in the Performing Park,

as they bring people to certain parts of the park. Beside the

ongoing pedestrian and cyclist path with a width of 3.5 m,

Four Fanaria also has a ground level pedestrian path with

a width of 2.5 m, and narrow 1.5 m wide paths going into

the second and third basin. Although the locaons of these

paths are related to the locaon of the energy building (see

chapter 4.4), also some exploraons are done to nd the

most opmal locaons for the experience.

314



I Transcript Achterkamp


Interviewee: Wouter Achterkamp Swillgasser, Huisman Elektrotechniek bv


Locaon: Van Der Valk Hotel Cuijk

Date: 30 January 2014

Duraon: approximately 30

Info:

• The Swillgasser is an anaerobic digester, which ts in a standard container.

• On and around this container an one meter safety zone is needed, although there is almost no danger.

• The digester should be odorless and quiet.

• At Van Der Valk only swill (kitchen waste) is processed, but more woody materials should be possible too. Most likelysome other bacteria have to be added, and more compost will be produced.

• Op en rondom deze container hoe er maar één meter vrij te blijven als veiligheidszone, maar er is vrijwel geen gevaar.

• In principle is de Swillgasser gereukloos en geluidloos.

• At Van Der Valk nothing is really done with the biogas at the moment, but test are done to see what the possibilies are.

Electricity as well as green gas seem an opon.

• A Swillgasser, in a standard container, costs around € 150,000.

i Interviews

315




Interviewee: Wouter Achterkamp

Swillgasser, Huisman Elektrotechniek bv

Medium: Email

Locaon: -

Date: 27 Februari 2014

Duraon: -

Beste Wouter,

De uitleg in Cuijk vonden we erg nug, nogmaals bedankt daarvoor.

Wij hebben wel nog een paar vragen over de Swillgasser.

• Op de site staat dat de Swillgasser geschikt is voor minimaal 100 m3 organisch afval, zou je kunnen zeggen hoeveel kg

dat ongeveer is?

• Wat is de maximale hoeveelheid organisch afval wat de Swillgasser (opstelling Cuijk) aan kan?

• Hoeveel m3 biogas kan er met de Swillgasser worden geproduceerd met 1 kg organisch afval?

• Zal de biogas produce sterk afnemen als er meer houg organisch afval wordt verwerkt, zou je iets kunnen zeggen over

het eect?

• Hoeveel water per kg organisch afval is er nodig jdens het proces?

• Hoeveel energie per kg organisch afval is er nodig jdens het proces?

We zullen het voor nu bij deze vragen houden, hopelijk kunnen ze beantwoord worden.

Alvast bedankt!

Vriendelijke groeten,

Dianne & Vivien

ANSWER:

Hallo Dianne & Vivien,

Onderstaand in rood de antwoorden op jullie vragen.

Met vriendelijke groet, Kind regards,

Huisman Elektrotechniek

Wouter Achterkamp

(Projectengineer)

• Het soortelijk gewicht is ca. 1kg/liter, dus ca. 100.000kg

• Dit is aankelijk van de samenstelling, maar komt neer op ca. 150 m3/jaar in een container uitvoering. Grotere installaes

buiten een container zijn uiteraard ook mogelijk. Daarbij zijn er in theorie geen beperkingen meer.

• Uit 1kg swill komt ca. 200liter biogas.

• Zie onderstaande tabel wat betre de biogasproduce van verschillende materialen. Over het algemeen kun je zeggen

dat vezelachg materiaal niet wordt afgebroken. Mark van der Ham kan je hier overigens veel meer over vertellen dan ik.

[hp://www.bronot.nl/images/opbrengstschema-biogas.jpg]

• Uitgaande van voedselafval, dienen wij een 25% water toe aan de ‘grondstof’

• Op jaarbasis verbruikt de installae ca. 5.800 kWh (verwarming, pomp, besturing, etc.). Uitgaande van 100 m3/jaar komt

dit neer op 58W/kg.

316






Medium: Email

Locaon: -

Date: 6 June 2014

Duraon: -

Beste Wouter,

We hadden nog een klein vraagje over een assumpe die wij hebben.

Wij denken dat het omzeen van biogas naar electriciteit minder gevaren (explosie etc.) met zich mee brengt, dan biogas

naar groengas? Kan je dit bevesgen?

Groeten,

Dianne & Vivien

ANSWER:

Hallo Dianne, Vivien,

Excuus voor mijn late reace, maar door wijzigingen in mijn werkzaamheden heb ik nog maar beperkte toegang tot mijn

email.

Met onderstaande bewering omtrent de veiligheid ben ik het niet eens. Beide situaes zijn zonder problemen veilig

uitvoerbaar, het is hooguit een kwese welke van de twee opes de meeste/minste kosten met zich mee zal brengen. Dit is

echter weer sterk aankelijk van de situae. Het aardgasnet in Nederland zou vergelijkbaar kunnen zijn met een biogasnet

en is daarmee dus niet onveilig te noemen.

Met vriendelijke groet, Kind regards,Huisman Elektrotechniek

Wouter Achterkamp

317






Medium: Email

Locaon: -

Date: 12 June 2014

Duraon: -

Hallo Wouter,

Bedankt voor het antwoord, hier kunnen we wel iets mee. Je zegt dat het misschien een kwese is van meeste/minste kosten.

Wat hee gemiddeld gezien een hoger rendement groene elektriciteit of groen gas? Hiermee bedoelen we wat is de betere

ope als we het toch voor het kiezen hebben?

We stellen jouw hulp erg op prijs.

Groeten,

Dianne & Vivien

ANSWER:

Hallo Dianne, Vivien,

rendement zegt iets over verliezen. De verliezen hebben betrekking op de gekozen verbruiker, niet of deze elektrisch of op

gas werkt.

Met het ‘rendement’ wat jullie noemen bedoelen jullie denk ik wat kostentechnisch het beste terugverdien model gee. Dit

is weer aankelijk van de ter plaatse geldende kWh (kiloWa-uur) en aardgas prijzen. Kortom, lasg om hier een uitspraak

over te doen.

Over het algemeen is elektriciteit breder toepasbaar en gemakkelijk te transporteren (de buurman gebruikt het immers weervan je). Het opwekken op kleine schaal is echter nog lasg. Toch zou ik aanhouden dat wanneer er in er omgeving van de

vergister GEEN warmte vraag is, dat er DAN beter elektriciteit van gemaakt kan worden. Dit met name in verband met het

transport.

Hoop dat dit jullie iets verder helpt.

Met vriendelijke groet,

Wouter Achterkamp

318



319



PART 5

320




1.Detenonsurface

2.Showdigester

1. Detenon surface

2. Show digester

c Calculations

Needed


Precipitation in mm (1) 57,9 57,9 57,9 57,9

Runoff in mm 46,32 46,32 46,32 46,32

Surface 231726,1 374619,4 359982,6 106470,2

Runoff in m3 10.733,55 17.352,37 16.674,39 4.931,70

Runoff in mm Precipitation * 0.8 (run-off coefficient)

Runoff in m3 Runoff in mm * surface / 1000

Available in design


Detention 1 1.072 3.717 3.053 4.287

Detention 2 6.332 1.610 4.129 1.340

Detention 3 3.348 12.111 2.953

Detention 4 7.043

TOTAL 10.752 17.438 17.178 5.627

(1) = (Appendix 3c-III)

Households Park

Potential urban organic waste Little Garyllis in kg (1) 897.413 195.757

Percentage 82% 18%

Capacity show digester in kg 300.000 = 27%

Housholds Park

Contribution in kg 246.000 54.000

Biogas yield in m3 (2) 24.599,89 3,781,40

Electricity yield in kWh (2) 49.199,79 7.562,76

TOTAL electricity yield show digester in kWh 56.762,55

TOTAL electricity yield show digester in MWh 56,76

(1) = (Appendix 3c-I)(2) = infobox 1.2

321




1.Wateruse

2.Electricityuse

1. Water use

Water use by digester

Water use in L per kg feedstock (1) 0,35

Amount of feedstock per year in kg (2) 300.000

Water use in m3 by digester 105

Water use for irrigation

Water yield stormwater harvesting in m3 (3) 255.862,39

Water use in m3 by digester 105

Excess water 255.757,39

Eto in inch

per day (4)Plant factor Square feet Constant

January 0,055880112 1 961.055,70 0,63

Februari 0,075928009 1 961.055,70 0,63

March 0,106680213 1 961.055,70 0,63

April 0,148293963 1 961.055,70 0,63

May 0,190500381 1 961.055,70 0,63

June 0,224409449 1 961.055,70 0,63

July 0,232410465 1 961.055,70 0,63

August 0,214630429 1 961.055,70 0,63September 0,17191601 1 961.055,70 0,63

October 0,120650241 1 961.055,70 0,63

November 0,077427822 1 961.055,70 0,63

December 0,054610109 1 961.055,70 0,63

Efficiency

Gallons of

water per day(5)

m3 per day

TOTAL water

in m3 per

month

January 0,75 45,111.28 170.76 5,293.71

Februari 0,75 61,295.68 232.03 6,496.82

March 0,75 86,121.53 326.01 10,106.17

April 0,75 119,715.76 453.17 13,595.20

May 0,75 153,788.44 582.15 18,046.73

June 0,75 181,162.78 685.78 20,573.27

July 0,75 187,621.90 710.23 22,017.01

August 0,75 173268.31 655.89 20,332.65

September 0,75 138,785.52 525.36 15,760.81

October 0,75 97,399.35 368.70 11,429.60

November 0,75 62,506.46 236.61 7,098.38

December 0,75 44,086.02 166.88 5,173.40

TOTAL 155.923,70

100% can be covered by the stormwater harvesting

322



2. Electricity use

(1) = (Appendix 4i-I) (0.35 L / kg is used due to drier feedstock)

(2) = (Appendix 5c-I)


(4) = (Bruggeman et al., 2011)

(5) = (Irrigationtutorials, 2011) ( (Eto * plant factor * square feet * 0.63) / efficiency = gallons of water per day)

Electricity use by digester

Electricity use in kWh per kg feedstock (1) 0,058

Amount of feedstock per year in kg (2) 300.000

Electricity use in MWh by digester 17,4

Electricity use for lighting

Electricity yield show digester in MWh 56,76

Electricity use in MWh by digester 17,4Excess electricity 39,36

Length of path in m 5.000

Amount of lights (one every 10 m) 500

Annual consumption per LED light in kWh (3) 292

Total electricity use lights in MWh 146

27% can be covered by the show digester

(1) = (Appendix 4i-I)


(3) = (LED, n.d.)

323



73% of watershed's urban organic waste

Housholds Park

Contribution in kg 651.413 141.757

Biogas yield in m3 (2) 65.141,30 9926,62

Electricity yield in kWh (2) 130.282,60 19.853,24

Green gas yield in kg (3) 39.084,78 5.955,97

Biogas yield in m3 (3) 75,067.92

Electricity yield in kWh (3) 150,135.84

Electricity yield in MWh 150.14

Green gas yield in kg (3) 45,040.75

Remaining household organic waste Greater Limassol

Amount of inhabitants Greater Limassol (1) 180,201


Number of households 65,290.22


Amount of household organic waste Greater Limassol in kg 50926371.60

Amount of household organic waste Little Garyllis in kg 897,413

Remaining household organic waste in kg 50028958.60

Biogas yield in m3 (3) 5002895.86

Electricity yield in kWh (3) 10005791.72

Green gas yield in kg (3) 300173.52

TOTAL

TOTAL electricity yield in kWh 10.155.927,56

TOTAL electricity yield in MWh 10.155,93

TOTAL electricity yield in GWh 10,16

TOTAL green gas yield in m3 934.855,30


(2) = infobox 3.2 (15 kg per week is used for cities, instead of the 20 kg per week for

rural areas)

(3) = infobox 1.2


1.Urbanorganicwastefarmpotenal

2.Carsascomsumer

1. Urban organic waste farm potenal

324



2. Cars as consumer

Driving electric or on green gas

Electric Green gas

Efficiency 10 m3 biogas = 20 kWh (1)

1 km = 0.08-0.3 kWh (2)

10 m3 = 67-250 km 10 m3 = 100 km (1)

Comparing costs petrol and electric

Petrol (95 unleaded) Electric

Costs 8.3 L = 100 km (1:12) 8-30 kWh = 100 km (2)

2011: 1 L = 1.208 euro (3) 2011: 1 kWh = 0.22 euro (4)

100 km = 11.93 euro 100 km = 1.76-6.60 euro

(1) = infobox 1.2

(2) = (Driven by Helmond, n.d.)

(3) = (Enemalta, 2011)


325



I Slope types

e Extra information

326



II Vegetaon list

This vegetaon list is made with the help of TsTsindes, Hadjikyriakou & Christrodoulou (2002), Janssen (2006) and images on

Google. The following aspects were of importance whilst chosen vegetaon:

• Able to grow in lower altudes up to 100 m.

• Mostly trees and shrubs are chosen that are already present on the island, the only excepon is made for lter plants.

• Fing in the white, green-yellow, orange, red, brown, black colour scheme.

SchemesIn three schemes (indigenous/endemic, advenve/culvated/extoc, and new to the island) the following characteriscs are

shared.

Type

• Origin: indigenous/endemic or advenve/culvated/exoc

• State: evergreen or deciduous

• Tree, shrub or dierent (possibly climbing)

Height

• Maximum height

Transparency • Esmate: open/medium/dense

Crown shape

• Only if it is a tree, otherwise: N.A.

• Esmate: columnar/oval/round/oblate/narrow pyramidal/wide pyramidal/ovate/wide ovate/narrow obovate/v-shaped/

wide v-shaped/ narrow weeping/wide weeping

Lan name English name Type Height Trans-

parency

Crown shape

Indigenous/endemic

Alnus orientalis

Arbutus unedo

Asparagus spularis

Clemas cirrhosa

Crataegus monogyna

Cyprinia gracilis

Ficus carica

Ballota integrifolia

Bosea cypria

Cels australis

Ceratonia siliqua

Oriental Alder

Strawberry Tree

Wild Asparagus

Virgin’s Bower

One-Styled Hawthorn

?

Common Fig Tree

Enre-Leaved

Horehound

Cyprus Bosea

Southern Nele-Tree

Carob Tree

indigenous evergreen

shrub

indigenous shrub


climbing shrub

indigenous deciduous

tree/shrub


climbing shrub

indigenous deciduoustree/shrub

endemic shrub

endemic evergreen

shrub


tree


tree


tree

oblate

n.a.

n.a.

round

n.a.

oblate

n.a.

n.a.

oblate

oblate

oval

5 m

2 m

5 m

7 m

8 m

6 m

1.5 m

2 m

20 m

10 m

20 m

medium

open

medium

medium

medium

medium

dense

dense

medium

dense

medium

327



Leaves Flowers Seeds/fruits Role

Leaves

• Type

• Size: small/medium/large

• Colour: pale/medium/dark

Flowers

• Type

• Colour

• Time

Seed/fruit

• Type

• Colour

• Time

Role

• Role in providing human comfort: shade in summer (HS) and or wind barrier in winter (HB), medium crown

transparency: + needles or hairy leaves = ne dust (HF), + needles or waxy/leathery leaves = volale organic maer

(HP), + at large leaves = ozone (HO) (Hiemstra, Schoenmaker – Van der Bijl & Tonneijck, 2008)

• Role in ltering stormwater (F)

• Appearance: crown shape (AC), owers (AF), seeds/fruit (AS), leaves (AL), odour (AO)

• Storytelling capacity of: ‘where there is water, there is vegetaon’ (SW) or of cultural (SC)

In:

1. Winter

2. Spring

3. Summer

4. Autumn

catkins – yellow/red

– winter

petals – white –

autumn/winter

petals – green/yellow

– spring

blossoms – white/

yellow – winter

blossoms – white –

spring

petals – yellow/green

– summer

blossoms – white –spring

blossoms – white/red

– spring

petals – green/brown

– spring


- spring

petals – green/

brown/orange –

autumn

nuts – brown –

summer

berries – orange/red

– spring

berries – black –

autumn/winter

achenes – white –

spring

pomes – red –

autumn

follicles – brown –

autumn

syncarps – brown/purple – summer

nuts – brown –

summer

berries – red –

summer

drupes – green/

brown – autumn

pods – brown –

summer

HS (2-4)

SW

HP (1-4)

AS (2)

AL (2-4)

SC

AF (1)

AS (2)

AS (3)

HP (2-4)

HO (2-4)AF (2)

AS (3)

AL (2-4)

SW

SC

HB (1-4)

AS (3)

HS (2-4)

HB (1-4)

HP (1-4)

AF (4)

AS (3)

SC

alternate, simple, ovate, serrate, glabrous –

medium – medium green

alternate, simple, leathery, narrowly ellipc –


alternate, scaly, membranous – small – pale

green

opposite, simple – medium – medium green

alternate, simple, lobed, ovate, oblong –


opposite, simple, leathery, glabrous, ellipcal –

small – medium green

alternate, simple, lobed, ovate – large – darkgreen

opposite, simple, obovate – small – dark green

alternate, simple, glabrous, broadly lanceolate

– small – medium green

alternate, simple, narrowly ovate – medium –

medium green

alternate, compound, parinnate, leathery –


328



Hedera Helix

Helichrysum

conglobatum

Ononis spinosa

Origanum majorana

Phragmites australis

Pistacia atlanca

Polygonum

equiseforme

Cyprus Oak

Rubus sanctus

Salix alba

Pinus brua

Platanus orientalis

Nerium oleander

Olea europaea

Inula viscosa

Laurus nobilis

Lawsonia inermis

Myrtus communis

Henna Plant

Common Myrtle


tree/shrub


shrub

6 m

3 m

medium

medium

round

n.a.

Juniperus

phoenicea

Ivy

Everlasng

Spiny Resth-harrow

Sweet Marjoram

Reed

Terebinth Tree

Horsetail Knotweed

Quercus infectoria

Holy Bramble

White Willow

Calabrian Pine

Oriental Plane

Oleander

Olive Tree

Clammy Inula

Laurel

Phoenician

Juniper


climbing shrub

indigenous subshrub

indigenous subshrub

endemic shrub

indigenous perennial

herb


tree

indigenous subshrub

indigenous semi-

deciduous tree


shrub


tree


tree


tree


shrub


tree/shrub

indigenous subshrub


tree/shrub


tree/shrub

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

oblate

n.a.

oblate

oblate

round

wide pyramidal

round

n.a.

round

n.a.

round

oblate

?

80 cm

80 cm

1 m

3 m

15 m

1 m

15 m

2 m

30 m

25 m

30 m

4 m

10 m

1.5 m

10 m

10 m

medium

medium

medium

open

medium

medium

medium

medium

medium

dense

medium

open

medium

medium

medium

medium

dense

medium

n.a.50 cmindigenous shrubPrickly BurnetSarcopoterium

spinosum

329



opposite, simple, obovate – large – medium

green

opposite, simple, ovate – medium – medium

green

petals – white/yellow

– spring


spring/summer

capsules – orange/

brown – summer/

autumn

berries – black/white

– autumn/winter

HO (1-4)

AS (2)

SC

AO (1-4)

SW

SC

alternate, simple, ovate, ellipc – medium –

dark green

alternate, simple, hairy, ovate – small – pale

green

alternate, compound, hairy, ovate – small –

medium green

opposite, simple, lamina long, hairy – small –

pale green

alternate, dischous, linear, glabrous – medium

– pale green

alternate, compound, pinnate, lanceolate –


alternate, simple, linear-lanceolate – small –

dark green

alternate, simple, glabrous, - medium –

medium green

alternate, compound, imparippinate, obovate –


alternate, simple, lanceolate, hairy – small –

pale green

spirally, scale-like, needle-like – medium – pale

green

alternate, simple, leathery, hairy/glabrous –

large – pale green

opposite, simple, think, narrowly lanceolate –

medium – dark green

alternate, simple, leathery, narrowly ellipc –

small – pale green

numerous, simple, lanceolate – small –

medium green

alternate, simple, coriaceous, ellipc – small

size – dark green

opposite, scale-like – small – dark green


– autumn


– spring

blossoms – white/

pink – spring/

summer/autumn


spring/summer/

autumnpanicles – brown –

summer/autumn

petals – brown/green

– winter/spring

petals – white/red

– spring/summer/

autumn

catkins – green/

yellow – spring

blossoms –pink/white

– all year

catkins – green/

yellow – winter

cones – yellow/red –

spring

petals – green –

spring

blossoms – white

– spring/summer/

autumn

petals – white/green

– spring


– summer/autumn


– winter

cones – yellow/brown

– winter

berries – black/yellow

– autumn/winter


spring

pods – brown –

summer/autumn

nuts – green/brown –

summer/autumn

caryopsises –

brown – summer/

autumn

drupes – red/green –

autumn

achenes – brown

– spring/summer/

autumn

nuts – brown/green –

autumn

berries – black – all

year

capsules – green/

yellow – spring

cones – brown -

spring

achenes – brown -

autumn


autumn/winter

drupes – black/purple

– autumn/winter


autumn


autumn

cones – red/brown –

autumn

SW

SC

HF (?)

HF (1.4)

SW

HF (1-4)

AO (?)

SCF

SW

HS (2-4)

SC

HS (2-4)

AF (1-4)

AS (1-4)

SW

HS (2-4)

HF (2-4)F

SW

HF (1-4)

HP (1-4)

AC (1-4)

SC

HS (2-4)

HF (2-4)

HP (2-4)SW

HB (1-4)

AF (2-4)

SW

HP (1-4)

AS (4-1)

SC

AS (4)

SW

HB (1-4)

AS (4)

AO (1-4)

SW

HB (1-4)

HF (1-4)

HP (1-4)

AS (1-4)

petals – white/

yellow/red – winter

achenes – green/red

– spring

AS (3)alternate, compound, ovate – small – medium

green

330



dense

medium

medium

open

medium

medium

open

medium

medium

dense

medium

medium

medium

medium

dense

medium

dense

medium

medium

medium

open

n.a.

round

oblate

n.a.

oval

n.a.

round

n.a.

oblate

n.a.

n.a.

round

n.a.

n.a.

ovate

round

n.a.

oval

n.a.

narrow pyramidal

n.a.

50 cm

6 m

15 m

3 m

10 m

3 m

10 m

7 m

15 m

1 m

6 m

4 m

10 m

3 m

6 m

10 m

4 m

45 m

3 m

70 m

1.5 m

indigenous subshrub


tree/shrub


tree/shrub


shrub


tree


shrub

exoc evergreen

tree/shrub

advenve evergreen

perennial herb

exoc deciduous tree

advenve shrub

advenve evergreen

perennial herb

advenve evergreen

perennial herb

advenve evergreenperennial herb

exoc evergreen

shrub

culvated evergreen

tree

exoc deciduous tree

advenve evergreen

shrubexoc evergreen tree

advenve evergreen

perennial herb

exoc evergreen tree

advenve herb

Woody Catchy

Storax

Desert Tamarisk

Tamarisk

Mediterranean Elm

Caste Tree

Willow Wale

Century Plant

Silk Tree

Shrubby Wormwood

Giant Reed

advenve deciduous

shrub/tree

exoc deciduousclimbing shrub

Night Jessamine

Sweet Orange

Sissoo

Hopseed-Bush

Eucalypt, Tuart

?

Norfolk Island Pine

Bristly Hollyhock

Silene frucosa

Styrax ocinalis

Tamarix tetragyna

Tamarix tetrandra

Ulmus canescens

Vitex agnus-castus

Acacia salicina

Agave americana

Albizia julibrissin

Artemisia

arborescens

Arundo donax

Caesalpinia gilliesii

Campsis radicans

Cestrum nocurnum

Citrus sinensis

Dalbergia sissoo

Dodonaea viscosa

Eucalyptus

gomphocephala

Arundo plinii

Aracaria heterophylla

Alcea setosa

Lan name English name Height Trans-

parency

Crown shape

Advenve/culvated/exoc

Type

331




spring


spring


winter/spring


spring

petals – red/brown –

winter


summer/autumn

petals – green/white

– autumn

panicles – yellow/

green – ?


– spring/summer

petals – yellow/white

– spring

panicles – grey –

summer/autumn

blossoms – yellow/

red – spring/summer/

autumn

petals – orange/red – spring/summer/

autumn


– summer/autumn


spring


– spring


green – winterpetals – white –

spring

panicles – grey –

summer/autumn

cones – brown –

autumn


– spring/summer/

autumn

capsules – brown –

spring/summer

drupes – brown –

summer/autumn

achenes – green/red

capsules – brown/

white – spring

capsules – brown/

white - spring

samaras – brown –

summer

drupes – brown -

autumn

pods – brown –

spring

capsules – brown - ?

pods – brown –

autumn

achenes – brown –

summer/autumn

caryopsises – brown

– autumn

pods – brown –

summer/autumn

capsules – green/brown – summer/

autumn

berries – white –

autumn

berries – orange –

autumn/winter

pods – green/brown

– autumn/winter

capsules – yellow/

brown – summercapsule – green/

brown - summer

caryopsises – brown

– autumn

cones – brown –

spring

schizocarps – brown

– summer/autumn

HF (2-4)

AO (2)

HS (2-4)

SW

SW

HS (2-4)

AO (1-4)

SW

AO (4)

AC (1-4)

SW

HS (2-4)

HO (2-4)

AF (2-3)

AO (1-4)

SC

HB (1-4)

F

SW

AF (2-4)

HF (1-4)HO (2-4)

HP (1-4)

HO (1-4)

AL (1-4)

HP (1-4)

AS (4-1)

SC

HS (2-4)

HB (1-4)

AF (1)HB (1-4)

HP (1-4)

AO (1-4)

SW

F

SW

HB (1-4)

HF (1-4)

HP (1-4)

AC (1-4)

HF (2-4)

HO (2-4)

opposite, simple, glabrous, obovate – small –

medium green

alternate, simple, broadly ovate, hairy –

medium – pale green

alternate, scale-like – small – medium green

alternate, scale-like – small – medium green

alternate, simple, ovate-ellipc – medium –

medium green

opposite, compound, linear-lanceolate – small

– pale green

alternate, linear, slightly falcate – medium –

pale green

crowned in rosees, lanceolate – large – pale

green

alternate, bipinnate, oblong – large – medium

green

alternate, oblong-deltoid – medium – medium

green

alternate, dischous – medium – medium

green

alternate, bipinnate, oblong – small – pale

green

opposite, compound, imparipinnate, hairy –large – medium green

alternate, simple, enre, ovate – large – dark

green

alternate, simple, ovate, leathery – medium –

dark green

alternate, compound, imparipinnate – medium

– medium green

alternate, simple, lamina lanceolate – small –

medium greenalternate, simple, leathery, lanceolate –

medium – pale green

alternate, dischous – medium – pale green

dimorphic, spirally arranged

alternate, simple, hairy – large – medium green

Leaves Flowers Seeds/fruits Role

332



medium

open

medium

medium

medium

medium

medium

medium

medium

medium

medium

medium

medium

medium

dense

medium

dense

medium

open

dense

open

dense

n.a.

round

round

round

oblate

round

oblate

oblate

round

n.a.

n.a.

narrow obovate

round

n.a.

oblate

n.a.

n.a.

oval

wide v-shape

round

n.a.

wide weeping

8 m

20 m

10 m

20 m

25 m

25 m

15 m

8 m

7 m

3 m

20 m

30 m

15 m

6 m

14 m

5 m

4.5 m

12 m

10 m

4 m

4 m

12 m

exoc evergreen

climbing shrub

exoc deciduous tree

advenve deciduoustree/shrub

exoc deciduous tree

exoc evergreen tree

advenve deciduous

tree

exoc evergreen tree

exoc deciduous tree

advenve deciduous

tree/shrub

culvated evergreen

shrub

exoc deciduous

climbing shrub

advenve evergreen

tree

exoc evergreen tree

exoc climbing shrub

exoc evergreen

tree/shrub

advenve shrub

advenve evergreen

shrub

advenve deciduous

tree

exoc evergreen tree

exoc evergreen

tree/shrub

exoc deciduous

climbing shrub

exoc evergreen

tree/shrub

Russian Vine

Honey Locust

Common Elder

Japanese Pagoda Tree

Holm Oak

False Acacia

Brazialian Pepper

Tree

Frangipani

Pomegranate

Firethorn

Ampelopsis

Date Palm

Bellasombra

Japanese

Honeysuckle

Bracelet Honey

Myrtle

Prickly Pear

Juscia

Sweet Gum

White Popinac

China Rose

Spanish Jasmine

Benyan Fig

Fallopia auberi

Gleditsia triacanthos

Sambucus nigra

Sophora japonica

Quercus ilex

Robinia pseudoacacia

Schinus

terebinthifolius

Plumeria alba

Punica granatum

Pyracantha coccinea

Parthenocissus

quinquefolia

Phoenix dactylifera

Phytolacca dioica

Lonicera japonica

Melaleuca armillaris

Opuna cus-

barbarica

Juscia adhatoda

Liquidambar

styraciua

Leucena

leucocephala

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis

Jasminum

grandiorum

Ficus benjamina

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– spring/summer/

autumn


– spring

petals – white - spring

panicles – green/

yellow – summer

catkins – green/

yellow – spring


spring


summer

blossoms – white/

yellow – summer

blossoms – red –

spring


spring

petals – white/red

– spring/summer/

autumn


– spring


– spring


– spring/summer


– autumn/winter


orange – spring


spring/summer

petals – green –

spring

blossoms – white/

green – spring

blossoms – red –

spring/summer/

autumn


summer/autumn

blossoms – white (?)

– summer/autumn

nuts – black -

summer/autumn

pods – brown

summer/autumn

drupes – purple/black- summer

pods – green/yellow

– autumn

nuts – brown –

autumn

pods – green/brown

– summer

drupes – orange/red

– autumn


autumn

syncarps – red/yellow

– summer/autumn

pomes – red/orange

– autumn


summer/autumn

drupes – red/brown -

autumn


autumn


summer


winter/spring

berries – orange/red

– summer/autumn


summer

capsules – brown -

summer

pods – brown -

summer

capsules – brown - ?


autumn/winter

syncarps – yellow/

brown - ?

AC (1-4)

HS (2-4)

AS (3-4)

HS (2-4)HF (2-4)

HO (2-4)

AF (2)

SW

HS (2-4)

AF (3)

HB (1-4)

HP (1-4)

AL (1-4)

HS (2-4)

AS (4)

HS (2-4)

HO (2-4)

AF (3)

AO (3)

HP (2-4)

AF (2)

AS (3-4)

SCHB (1-4)

AS (4)

HO (2-4)

AL (4)

AC (1-4)

AC (?)

HB (1-4)

AF (4-1)

HF (1-4)

AF (2)

AS (3-4)

AL (1-4)

HB (1-4)

HO (1-)

AF (2-3)

AL (1-4)

HS (2-4)

AL (4)

SW

AO (2)

HB (1-4)

AF (2-4)

AO (3-4)

HB (1-4)

HP (1-4)

AC (1-4)

alternate, simple, ovate – medium – medium

green

alternate, compound, lanceolate – small –

medium green

opposite, compound, imparipinnate, oblong-lanceolate, hairy – large – dark green

alternate, compound, imparipinnate, obate-

oblong – medium – medium green

alternate, simple, leathery, ovate – medium –

dark green

alternate, compound, immparipinnate, oblong

– medium – medium green

alternate, compound, pinnate, imparipinnate,

ovate-lanceolate – medium – medium green

alternate, simple, glabrous, oblong-lanceolate

– large – dark green

opposite, simple, lamina oblanceolate, leathery

– medium – pale green

alternate, simple, lanceolate, ellipc or

obovate – small – medium green

alternate, peolate, ellipcal oblong-ovate –

large – dark green

pinnate, arched – large – medium green

alternate, simple, enre, ovate – medium –

medium green

opposite, simple, lamina oblong – medium –

medium green

alternate, simple, very narrow – small – dark

green

areoles round, hairy – large – pale green

opposite, simple, enre, ellipc – large – dark

green

alternate, simple, glabrous – medium –

medium green

alternate, glabrous, oblong-lanceolate – small

– medium green

alternate, simple, broadly ovate – medium –

medium green

opposite, compound, imparippinate, ovate –


alternate, simple, leathery oblong-ovate –


334



medium

medium

medium

dense

medium

medium

medium

open

medium

medium

medium

medium

wide pyramidal

F

F

F

F

F

n.a.

n.a.

narrow ovate

n.a.

v-shape

oblate

40 m

1 m

1 m

70 cm

8 m

70 cm

4 m

6 m

30 m

1.5 m

12 m

7 m

exoc deciduous tree

Perennial grass

Perennial herb

Perennial subshrub

Tree/shrub

Perennial grass

exoc evergreen

shrub

advenve deciduous

climbing shrub

advenve evergreen

tree

advenve subshrub

exoc evergreen tree

advenve deciduous

tree/shrub

Swamp Cypress

Tall Sedge

Black-anther Flax-lily

Cushion Bush

Swamp Paperbark

Weeping grass

Cape Honeysuckle

Grape

Washingtonia

Common Winter-

Cherry

Spineless Yucca

Jujube

Taxodium dischum

Carex appressa

Dianella revoluta

Leucaphyta brownii

Melaleuca ericifolia

Microleana spoides

Tecomaria capensis

Vis vinifera

Washingtonia lifera

Withania somnifera

Yucca elephanpes

Zizyphus zizyphus

Lan name English name Height Trans-

parency

Role

New to the island (species for ltering (Braeres et al., 2008)

Type

335



catkins – green/

brown – spring

blossoms – orange/

red – autumn/winter


– spring

panicles – white/

yellow – summer

petals – green – all

year


summer

petals – yellow/green

– spring

cones – brown –

summer

capsules – brown

– autumn/winter/

spring

berries – purple/red -

autumn

drupes – black –

autumn

berries – red –

spring/summer/

winter

capsules – red/brown

- ?

drupes – red/brown –

autumn

HS (2-4)

AC (2-4)

SW

HB (1-4)

AF (4-1)

HO (2-4)

AL (2-4)

AS (4)AL (1-4)

HO (?)

AL (1-4)

AF (3)

HS (2-4)

AL (2-4)

AS (4)

linear, at, spirally arranged – small – medium

green

opposite, compound, imparipinnate, ovate –


alternate, simple, broadly cordate – large –

medium green

terminal clusers – large – medium green

alternate, simple, broadly ovate – large – dark

green

dense fascicles, lanceolate – large – dark green

alternate, simple, oblong – medium 0 medium

green

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Performing Urban Landscapes

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